"MOTHER'" Westmoreland county thus was considerably cut in area within 10 years after its formation. Washington county was named in honor of the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army before he was thought of as the first President of the United States. It was the first county established after the Declaration of Independence. The very next county to be erected was named for General Marquis de LaFayette. Part of Washington county became Greene in 1796 named for Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary War general (the same man whose name was borrowed for the present county seat of Westmoreland), thus completing the organization of counties in southwestern Pennsylvania. Allegheny county furnished most of the territory for the formation in 1800 of the counties north of the Ohio river and west of the Allegheny river in Pennsylvania. T'his section was finally purchased from the Indians in 1785, three years before Allegheny county was sliced off Westmoreland county. So you see there isn't much doubt about the derivation of the nickname "Mother" as applied to Westmoreland in America, with her family tree extending back to medieval England. How the name originated may be imagined. Perhaps it was due to the English county's geographical situation as the Saxons pushed toward the Irish sea, seizing "moreland-in-the-west," in northwest England. That description would apply to the origin of Pennsylvania's Westmoreland at any rate, as settlers from east of the mountains pushed westward! The names given the original townships in Westmoreland show the influence of the Scotch-Irish, so named because they immigrated from Scotland to Ireland, later to America. Some of the names were borrowed from other counties already established. Most of the townships were former Bedford county bailiwicks. In fact Bedford county township lines were followed generally in the new Westmoreland. But Fairfield was split and Donegal established, 10INDEX WESTERN Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute, 86. WEST Fairfield, 66. WESTMORELAND, "Mother," 9; origin of name, 10; "Star of the West," 11; boundaries, 15; woodland, 16; people, 17; population, 19; geologic, 21; coal, 22; farmers, 25; Indians in, 29; Indian names in, 30; settlers suffer, 32; aboriginal, 33; archeology, 34; important date, 37; most important battle, 39; 11th county, 41; original size, 42; first election, 43; civil unit, 47; "Rattlesnake Flag," 48; forts and blockhouses, 49; Greensburg made county seat, 50; military quotas, 51; institute song, 53-4; government, 55; first judge, 56; congressional district, 58; personalities, 61; first congressman, 62; United States senators, 64; mining captains, 65; governors from, 66; church leiaders in, 67; trails, 71; railroads, 73; postoffices, 74; pioneer products, 77; agricultural county, 78; crop production in, 79; farm bureau, 80; manufacturing, 81; early schools in, 85; academies, 86; school consolid,ations, 87; big business, 88; high rank, 89. WE,STMORE!LAND City, 9. WEiSTMOREILAND Coal Company, 65. WESTMORELAND Depot, 9. WESTMORELAND-Fayette Branch of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society, 64. WESTMOREILAND Furnace, 25. WESTMORELAND Homesteads, 78. WEST Leechburg, 19, 81. WEST Newton, 19, 33, 47, 71, 73, 86, 87. WEST Overton, 62, 64. WEST Penn Railways, 73. WEST Point, 61. WEST Virginia, 50. WHIGS, 11, 65, 66. WHISKEY Insurrection, 50, 52, 77. WHITNEY, 88. WILLIAM Penn Highway, 71, 73. WILLIAMS' Blockhouse, 49. WILSON, Col. George, 11. WILSON, IGeorge, 41. WILSON'S Blockhouse, 47. WILSON, William, 43. WIIMMER, Rt. Rev. Arch Abbot Boniface, 68. WOLF Tribe, 29. WOOD, Cyrus E., 67. WORLD War, 51. _yYANKEE-Pennamite War, 44. YOHOGANIA, 47. YORK, 11, 12, 64. YORKTOWN, 61. YOUiGHIOGHENY, 15, 33, 42. YOUNIGSTOWN, 19, 34. YOUNGWOOD, 19, 73, 82, 87, 88. YUKON, 34. -zZEISBERGER, David, 32. ZION, 48, 85. 100NOTES"STAR OF THE WEST" and the new Huntingdon and Manallin townships were set up. Pitt township, of course, was named for Fort Pitt. Armstrong township was name'd for Colonel John Armstrong, a Scotch-Irishman, who served with General John Forbes, and who destroyed the Delaware Indian town at Kittanning in 1756. Derry (first erected after the original townships), Rostraver, Tyrone and Donegal were named for places in Ireland. Hempfield township (so called because much hemp was raised there) was named after a township of the same name in Lancaster county. The somewhat indefinite township of Spring Hill was so named because of the many springs in the foothills of West Augusta county, Virginia, whence Colonel George Wilson of the 8th Pennsylvania regiment had moved. The even more indefinite new Manallin township (so far as Westmoreland was concerned) was named for a township in Adams (formerly York) county. Another new township, Huntingdon, was named for an English town. Present day townships cut from the older ones were named for places nearby or for men who came into prominence. Those named for men include Washington, Cook, (named for Edward Cook, a county-lieutenant), Upper and Lower Burrell, (named for Jeremiah M. Burrell, a native of Murrysville who became a noted jurist), Franklin, Penn, and St. Clair. The nickname "Star of the West" was attached to Westmoreland county by eastern politicians because of the Democratic party majorities over the Whigs each election in the 1840s. The name probably had its origin in a German newspaper, "Star of the West," published for a time in Greenslburg and later in Adamsburg catering to the "Pennsylvania Dutch" element in Hempfield township which clung to the Democratic party. Westmoreland voted the Democratic ticket with few exceptions, such as a majority for Lincoln in 1860 and the election of Republican James A. Hunter as judge of court of common pleas, in 1880. Since then party affiliations fluctuated. 11ORIGINS Original Townships in 1773 Pitt Fairfield Donegal Huntingdon Mt. Pleasant Hempfield Spring Hill M~anallin Rostraver Armstrong Tyrone Derivation of Fort Pitt "Fair Fields" Place in Ireland Place in England "Pleasant Mounts" Where hemp is grown Springs in foothills Township in Adams (formerly York county) Place in Ireland,Colonel John Armstrong Place in Ireland Name Present Division Allegheny, Washington and Beaver counties. Upper and Lower Burrell, Franklin, and Penn townships. Fairfield, St. Clair, and Ligonier townships. Donegal and Cook townships. North, South,,and East Huntingdon and Sewickley townships. Mount Pleasant and Unity townships. Hempfield, Salem, Penn, Loyalhanna, Bell, Washington, Allegheny townships. Fayette and Greene counties. Fayette county. Rostraver township and part of Fayette county. Armstrong and Indiana counties. Loyalhanna and Derry townships. Fayette county. 12FOR FURTHER STUDY Refer to an English history for an account of Scottish raids in the English Westmorland county. From the story of the Battle of Bushy Run, see how the westward rolad for white civilization was kept open in the Pennsylvania Westmoreland county, with the aid of Highlanders. How many Westmoreland (both spellings) counties are there in the world? How many towns? Consult the encyclopedia and write something about at least two. What county might rightly be called the "Mother" of Westmoreland? Grandmother? Great rGrandmother? (See chapter V.) Hdw did the place in which you live get its name, and what does it mean? Examples: Adamsburg, named for President John Adams; Monessen, first syllable of Monongahela river and Essen, European iron center. Albert's or Boucher's histories of Westmorel'and county will help you. Godcharles' or Donehoo's histories of Pennsylvania or' Walkinshaw's Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania also will prove useful. Also see list of reference reading in back of this book.CHAPTER 2 GEOGRAPHICAL A S NOW formed, Westmoreland county is a territory fifty miles long and forty miles wide between the 79th and 80th meridians of west longitude and the 40th and 41st parallels of north latitude. It has an area of 1,039 square miles and is seventh largest in area among the 67 counties of Pennsylvania. The eastern boundary is the crest of Laurel Hill ridge where Westmoreland county meets Cambria and Somerset counties. On the north the boundary line is the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas rivers, adjoining Armstrong and Indiana counties. To the west the boundary lies along the Allegheny river, Allegheny county, the Youghiogheny river, Washington county, and the Monongahela river. The county meets Fayette county on the south with Jacobs creek (named for a famous Indian chief), part of the common boundary line. The surface, which averages 1,500 feet above sea level, includes eastern highlands and rolling western table-lands with a general slope toward the northward drained by the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. Between Laurel ridge and Chestnut ridge in the eastern part of the county is the beautiful Ligonier valley. Farther west is the Dry ridge and then come the rolling foothills, drifting westward from the Allegheny plateau. Only one river flows within the county's confines, the Youghiogheny (the "Roaring Yough" during spring floods) in the southwest flowing about 20 miles northwest, completely separating Rostraver township from the rest of the county and forming a short portion of the western boundary. Loyalhanna creek is next in size, rising near Stahlstown and flowing northwest, touching Ligonier, Latrobe and New Alexandria and emptying into the Conemaugh river near Saltsburg. Other streams are Brush creek in the middle west, Beaver run in the north, Sewickley creek in the southwest and Pucketee creek in the northwest. Grist mills for grinding grain into flour, using water 15FORESTS for power, were fairly well distributed on these streams in the past century. Few remain. Smaller streams popular with hunters, campers, and fishermen are Four-mile run, Lynn run, Tub Mill run, Trout run, Powder Mill run, and Pike run. Serious flood damage has been confined to northern and southern river boundaries. Flood control dams have been built. The Loyalhanna flood control dam is an example. Mine-sealing operations by the government have helped to prevent pollution of streams by mine drainage. The average rainfall in the county is between 40 and 45 inches per year. T'he average temperature for summer is 73 degrees; for winter, 30 degrees. The total woodland area of Westmoreland county is estimated at 210,000 acres, although this is increasing through considerable forestation work, especially on farm land abandoned because of mine cave-ins. More than 5,000 acres of the state Forbes Forest district are in Cook, Ligonier, and Donegal townships. These forest regions are a healthy mixture of hard woods and cone-bearing trees. Originally "Penn's Woods", west of the Appalachians, was of the oak-hickory-maple type with hemlocks on the mountain slopes. Forest fire observation towers are to be found at Bear Cave on the summit of Chestnut ridge, elevation, 2,629 feet; St. Boniface, east of Lycippus, elevation, 2,090 feet; Kooser, near the Westmoreland-Somerset county line, elevation, 2,920 feet; Bald Knob, on the summit of Laurel Hill south of Ligonier, elevation, 2,920 feet. Rolling Rock tower, near Laughlinstown, is privately owned. Bear Cave (named for huge fissures in rocks formerly occupied by bears) has a 60-foot steel tower. The others are 80 feet high. Recreational areas in Westmoreland county are to be found at Adams Falls, south of Ligonier; Lynn run in the Forbes Forest, and at Bushy Run Battlefield state park near Harrison City. The last mentioned park's 133 acres 16THE "MELTING POT" include a reproduction of the original forests, picnic camps, a museum, a replica of a Delaware Indian religion "Big House", and a pre-historic Indian stockade and hut. Westmoreland county, like most of Pennsylvania, was settled by people of Scotch, Irish, German, English, and French Huguenot origin. In Old Westmoreland the Scotch-Irish largely settled about the forks of the Ohio river at Pittsburgh and along the Monongahela river, although there were some, like Robert Hanna, who established homes along the Forbes Road. Derry was an Irish settlement. There was a small English Quaker settlement on Sewickley creek. Those of German origin, the offspring of early settlers in Berks, Lancaster, and Cumberland counties, settled largely in Hempfield township around Harrold's, Brush Creek and the Manor valley. The French Huguenots, scattered over Europe after the Edict of Nantes and making their way to America, settled in parts of the Ligonier valley. All of these became completely Americanized in customs and names with the years. As the development of natural resources matured and Westmoreland, like the rest of the nation, began an industrial march, many Italians, Slavs, Poles, Greeks, Bohemians, Scandinavians and other nationties entered the mines and workshops. Mining hamlets and sections of industrial towns inhabitated almost entirely by these so-called "foreigners" changed the complexion of the county's population to a pronounced degree. Westmoreland's "Melting Pot" has been at work, and today the second and third generations of this "foreign" influx mingle with people of other national origins to form the broad group called "Americans." Mining and industrial activities for a time isolated these groups, but this no longer is the case. Westmoreland county is divided into sixty-four civil divisions: twenty-three townships, thirty-six boroughs and 17'STATISTICS five third-class cities. In addition to these divisions there is one independent school district, namely, Seward. The following table shows the townships with their areas and populations based on the census of 1940:'Townships Allegheny Bell Cook Derry Donegal East Huntingdon Fairfield Franklin Hempfield Ligonier Lower Burrell Loyalhanna Mt. Pleasant North Huntingdon Penn Rostraver Salem Sewickley South Huntingdon St. Clair Unity Upper Burrell W,ashington Area in Sq. Miles 33.45 23.40 46.06 100.65 48.90 34.45 60.68 37.40 90.14 91.98 16.26 21.97 57.10 35.00 35.10 37.65 47.90 27.62 46.60 29.62 69.00 14.60 53.47 Population 1930 1940 2,718 1,904 946 12,857 1,234 6,159 2,196 3,535 19,947 3,763 3,114 1,897 10,918 9,384 5,591 8,867 5,652 7,155 6,667 711 10,717 523 2,941 3,585 2,138 1,211 14,175 1,303 6,149 2,028 3,797 20,687 4,446 4,214 1,884 10,534 9,642 6,085 9,203 5,446 6,858 6,566 927 10,994 811 2,538 Dates of incorporation and land county municipalities: 1940 census of WestmoreThird Class Cities Arnold (b( Greensburg (b( Jeannette (b4 Monessen (boc New Kensington (bi Year Incorp. )rough 1896) )rough 1785) orough 1889) )rough 1899) orough 1.892) 1939 1926 1938 1921 1934 Population 1930 1940 10,473 16,387 15,117 20,260 16,753 10,898 16,743 16,220 20,257 24,055 18STATISTICS Year Incorp. Boroughs Adamsburg 1841 Arona 1895 Avonmore 1893 Bolivar 1863 Derry 1881 Donegal 1867 East Vandergrift 1901 Export 1912 Hunker 1929 Hyde Park 1898 Irwin 1853 Latrobe 1851'Ligonier 1834'Livermore 1865 Madison 1876 Manor 1890 Mount Pleasant 1828 New Alexandria 1834 New Florence 1870 New Salem (Delmont 1833 North Belle Vernon 1841 North Irwin 1894 Oklahoma 1931 Penn 1865 Scottdale 1874;Seward 1904 Smithton 1901 South Greensburg 1890 Southwest,Greensburg 1892'Sutersville 1902 Trafford 1904 Vandergrift 1897 West Leechburg 1928 West Newton 1842 Youngstown 1831 Youngwood 1902 The 1940 census places the population -land county at 303,411, fifth most populous counties of Pennsylvania. 19 Population 1930 1940 227 210 457 503 1,237 1,354 783 811 3,046 3,003 163 258 2,441 2,005 2,184 1,990 378 348 736 717 3,433 3,441 10,633 11,111 1,978 2,111 131 113 365 409 1,305 1,289 5,863 5,824 615 639 796 864 721 705 3,070 3,022 1,064 1,153 868 926 1,081 6,695 6,493 741 845 709 737 2,520 2,616 3,105 3,002 918 937 4,200 4,017 11,479 10,725 1,004 1,123 2,953 2,765 482 547 2,783 2,546 of Westmoreamong the 67 The population in 1790 was 16,018; in 1840, 42,699; in 11890, 112,819; in 1930, 294,995.FOR FURTHER STUDY Draw a map of Westmoreland county and fill in details of your city, borough, or township. Describe in detail the recreation,al area nearest to your home. How many others have you visited? What do you remember about them? Has the population of your city, borough, or township gained or lost in the last ten years? Can you give a reason for it? Which is the largest city in the county by population? Largestborough? Township? Which is the smallest by population of the above in the county? Oldest? Youngest? Why are there no small grist mills along present-day streams?CHAPTER 3 GEOLOGICAL M ~ILLIONS of years ago, say geologists, Pennsylvania was part of an inland sea with land to the east extending far out into what is now the Atlantic ocean. Rivers flowing westward from this land deposited in this inland sea the sands, muds, and limy material that today form our sandstones, shales, and limestones. One hundred feet of mud eventually became 60 feet of shale. Westmoreland then was below water to the westward of this land. The earth's crust moved up and down at intervals of a million years or so. Pennsylvania's "shores" moved westward. When what is now Westmoreland county was a part of the eastern shore of the huge sea covering all of the present Mississippi valley bowl, vegetation was rank. Ferns, mosses, and rushes grew as high as present day forest trees. The vegetation grew, died, and settled in the swamps, and was preserved until scores of feet deep. This buried vegetation became peat and eventually coal as other sediment was piled on top of the layers by the years, and the moisture was squeezed out. Each foot of coal required the plant accumulation of not less than 300 years. The entire area settled in a wrinkling of the earth's crust and was covered with shallow water. Another growth of vegetation followed. The process was repeated again and again until many beds of coal were formed. This all happened in what the geologists call the Paleozic era which includes the Carboniferous age, perhaps a matter of 400 million years. Life then included a form of fish in the sea, and giant lizards, dragon flies, and cockroaches which lived in water or on land. There followed other geological eras called the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, subdivided into periods by the geologists, during which what now is Westmoreland still was just a short distance away from the Mississippi valley sea but above sea level. Here and there the molten interior of the earth may have squeezed what became igneous or melted rock toward 21COAL the surface. Of such origin are feldspar and quartz. Soon reptiles and the ancestors of birds appeared. This story is told in fossil remains which have been found in mines and quarries. Just before the present, a geological period called the Pleistocene or Quarternary saw marked changes of climate on the earth's surface. Millions of years ago huge icesheets covered the northern half of the American continent. The glaciers gouged out the Great Lakes as they moved southward and melted. They did not reach what is now Westmoreland county, but some of the debris was floated down what is now the Allegheny river. Bones of equus, the ancestor of the horse, just before it became extinct on the American continent, were found along Tinker's run southwest of Irwin. During this period mastodons and other large prehistoric animals probably roamed this section. The horse, of course, was re-introduced on the American continent when this land was discovered and settled by the white man. Gradually (had we been there then we probably would not have noticed the change, it was so slight in a thousand years) the sea to the westward retreated and the "shore" of which Westmoreland was a part eventually became merely the foothills of the Appalachian mountain range, which once was flat until the waters cut the valleys through the softer rock. Beneath this lay beds of coal and gas awaiting development by man. Westmoreland is underlaid with several beds of bituminous or "soft" coal. The principal Pittsburgh veins lie in the Irwin basin,west of Grapeville ridge; the Greensburg basin, between the Grapeville ridge and Dry ridge; the Connellsville basin, between the Dry ridge and the Chestnut ridge; and the Ligonier basin, east of the Chestnut ridge. The veins extend southward into Fayette and Greene counties. Beneath the Pittsburgh veins is the Freeport vein, which crops out in the northern part of the county. 22COKE The best coal for coking because of its low sulphur content is that of the Connellsville basin. Coke is "roasted" coal and corresponds to charcoal made from wood. Both give greater heat as fuel for melting iron ores. Geologists a few years ago estimated the number of tons of coal in Westmoreland county at more than six billion with about half that quantity profitably minable. New mining methods may increase this. Fayette county with its tremendous mining of coal for coking purposes always has led in the production of' bituminous coal. For some years Westmoreland was second. In 1940 Westmoreland was fifth with Fayette, Washington, Cambria, and Allegheny leading in the order named.. Coal is mentioned in historical records dealing with Brownsville and Pittsburgh sections as early as 1759. Probably the earliest mention in Westmoreland county was that of Arthur St. Clair, representing the Penns, who granted Frederick Rohrer military permission to cultivate a tract of land at the mouth of Coal Pit run on the Loyalhanna creek on April 11, 1767. The abundance of forest firewood held back extensive mining until about 1850 when outcrop mines were esta-- blished. However, about 1870 mining began in earnest. The making of coke in the oldtime beehive ovens increased by leaps and bounds as its use for fuel to transform the Lake Superior iron ore into steel in the Pittsburgh mills. was perfected. Andrew Carnegie experimented in making coke nearLarimer from slack coal. But by 1900 the demand forslack coal for steam-making became so great that cokemaking there no longer was profitable. Henry Clay Frickbrought the coke-making industry to its height about that time in the Connellsville section. Little more than an episode in the development of Westmoreland's natural resources was the salt industry, leaving behind names such as Saltsburg, on the northern 23SALT AND GAS bank of the Kiskiminetas river in Indiana county, and.Salina, a little farther down the river on the Westmoreland side. Salt, that necessary ingredient required by the body and which is added to food for seasoning, in early times was scarce and often used instead of money. Salt bottoms (licks which deer and other animals frequented) along the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas rivers and along the Big Sewickley and Jacobs creeks were developed in this county early in the last century, and for several years salt well drilling and pumping was quite an industry. Better transportation facilities, making it cheaper to import salt from productive salt mines elsewhere in the United States, resulted in the dying out of the industry. Natural gas, too, has dwindled as a natural resource development in the county. Oil and gas probably came originally from water plants buried and compressed deep under the folds of the earth; hydrogen and carbon remains escaped to porous rocks, to await the arrival of the drill. It was oil for which drillers were seeking when they bored into the earth on Henry Remaley's farm, near Turtle Creek, not far from Murrysville, on the old Northern Turnpike in 1878, and found instead a huge supply of natural gas. For a time the gas was allowed to escape and when lighted could be seen at night and heard rushing for miles. The Haymaker brothers and Hilary J. Brunot established a lampblack (carbon) factory which lasted until 1881. Later, gas from this well and others was piped to Pittsburgh and the new fuel gave impetus to Western Pennsylvania industry. While drilling a salt well near Grapeville, gas was discovered but for a time was allowed to escape. This excellent fuel attracted H. Sellers McKee and others who built large glass works and founded the city of Jeannette in 1888. Clay suitable for the manufacture of brick exists in several parts of the county, notably at Bolivar, where there are kilns..24IRON FURNACES Quarrying has been done extensively in many quarters. Perhaps the hardest stone, formerly used largely for street paving blocks, is the well known "Ligonier granite", an especially hard sandstone. Limestone also is mined widely, principally for the burning of lime. Application of lime releases food elements in the soil for the use of crops. Westmoreland farmers have led for several years in the use of lime among the 67 counties of the state. Limestone also helps remove impurities from iron ore in the smelting process, forming the waste called slag. Iron ore was mined and smelted in the early part of the last century in Donegal, Ligonier, Fairfield and Derry townships, utilizing charcoal for fuel for the furnaces. Timber was plentiful and cheap for the making of charcoal. Limestone also was available. The first furnace in the county was the Westmoreland Furnace near Laughlinstown. Grape and shot were made there for use in the War of 1812. Arthur St. Clair owned the Hermitage Furnace north of Ligonier. Some outcrop coal was used as fuel. Near Donegal was the Mount Hope Furnace, and California Furnace was erected near the site of the former Westmoreland Furnace. Kingston Forge (present Kingston remains) was on the Loyalhanna creek and Ross Furnace in Fairfield township. Other smaller operations included Washington Furnace on Laurel mountain slope and Hannah!Furnace on Tub Mill creek, Fairfield township. Oak Grove Furnace persists today as a Ligonier valley hamlet. Development of transportation facilities for hauling ore, coal, and limestone and a greater supply of water along the rivers eventually took the larger units of the iron and steel industry in this county to Monessen on the Monongahela river and to Vandergrift on the Kiskiminetas river. Sizeable steel tool making plants have been developed along the smaller Loyalhanna creek in Latrobe, where coal for fuel is abundant nearby.FOR FURTHER STUDY What is a fossil? Visit Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh and see how the horse developed from an animal no larger than a rabbit. Draw a map of Westmoreland county and locate the three basins of coal mentioned. Discuss reasons why coal was not mined extensively until long after this section was seittled. What other natural resources than coal have played an important part in Westmoreland's industrial development? In what section? Bring to class specimens of rocks found in your vicinity. Coal mines are near every school building in the county. A study of,a mine's operations with information furnished by the superintendent of the mine may be made. The meaning of terms used in mining such as "slope", "pit", etc. may be included. Interview some coal miner and have him tell about his day's work in detail.,A Prehistoric Chief The artist has idealized the aboriginal Indian chief in the adjoining drawing. In most Indian tribes, in what is now the United States, the people of the tribe selected their chief. But he had little power. Important decisions were made by the council. Indian government, then, wyas usually a simple form of democracy. Many different languages (giving rise to tribal names) were spoken among the eastern forest Indians. People of different villages, therefore, even when not. many:-miles distant from one another, were often strangers. Perhaps hunters from one village, when g,ame was scarce, would go into the hunting grounds of their neighbors. Such acts led to trouble because if the game were driven away or destroyed, the neighboring village would go hungry. Sometimes a warrior would come upon a hunter from a neighboring village in the forest and kill him. In this way wars were started. The Indian borrowed his war strategy from the panther, attacking secretly by sudden assault. The aboriginal Indian loved to engage in contests of athletic prowess. Each village had a story teller better than the rest who would tell tales of the past. Reconstructing the story of how they lived is a fascinating archeological study.CHAPTER 4 THE INDIAN LONG before the white man reached America a number of brownish red-complexioned people made their way from Asia across the narrow Bering strait to Alaska and in time spread over the American continent. Columbus mistakenly called them Indians. Without domestic animals these people progressed slowly and lived closely to nature with only makeshift bark huts which often were moved. Thousands of years ago in the present Westmoreland county there probably lived tribes of Alligewi (Allegheny is a survival of the name today). Other tribes were known as the "Mound Builders." These tribes existed rudely and not much removed in ways of living from the animals of the forest. They however, used fire. The stockade (to keep out animals) and huts reproduced at Bushy Run park are examples of prehistoric Indian homes, made after a study of disclosures by excavation in Somerset county. Long ages past, two speech stocks of Indians known as the Lenape and Mengwe migrated eastward from the plains of the Mississippi. For generations the newcomers fought with the Alligewi until the latter were driven out of the wooded country where game and fish abounded and where the soil was well adapted for growing maize or corn. The Mengwe, or Iroquois, took over the country along the Great Lakes, now New York state, and the Lenape took the region to the south. After many more years some of the Lenape warriors crossed the great mountains and established themselves along what is now the Delaware river, dividing into the Munsie or Wolf, Unami or Turtle, and the Unalachtigo or Turkey tribes. The Lenapes developed a crude civilization somewhat further advanced than that of most other tribes. Their annual religious ceremony in the "Big House" was beautiful in its concept of relationship to the Great Spirit and the 29"0 UII Il~INDIAN TOWNS hereafter. A Delaware Indian religion "Big House" has been reproduced at Bushy Run park with pictures and maps on its walls explaining the ceremony. The Munsie division of the Delawares was the most warlike and after being forced westward by the arrival of the white man, remembered the notorious eastern Pennsylvania "Walking Purchase" of 1737 (the white man ran rather than walked when measuring land) and wreaked vengeance upon the frontier regions. What is now Westmoreland county had few Indian villages prior to the advent of the Delawares, Shawnees, and other tribes forced to move westward. The Delawares were more or less under the rule of the Iroquois and thus received permission about 1724 to migrate from the Susquehanna near Sunbury to what is now Ligonier to found the Loyalhanning village. The name means "middle stream." The Loyalhanna is midway between the Ohio and Juniata rivers. It also was the crossroads of Indian trails leading north and south (Iroquois, New York, to Catawba, Carolina) and east and west (Susquehanna to the Ohio). Other Delaware place names in Westmoreland county include Conemaugh, "an otter"; Kiskiminetas, "cut spirit" or "plenty of walnuts"; Youghiogheny, "a circuitous stream." When the first white men came they found Conemaugh Old Town, a Shawnee and Delaware settlement on the site of the present Johnstown. Keckenepaulin's Town was at the mouth of the Loyalhanna. Blacklegs was a Shawnee village on the Indiana bank of the Kiskiminetas. Kittanning, a Delaware town, was along the Allegheny river. Several Indian towns were close to the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and along the Ohio, including Shannopin's Town on the Allegheny and Allaquippa's Town at McKees Rocks. Sewickley was a Shawnee town near the present Tarentum, while another similarly named place was along the Youghiogheny river near West Newton. The name originated from a corruption of "Asswekales," 30CHILD OF THE FOREST a Shawnee clan. A French trader named Cavalier from Canada probably was the first white man to visit these places in 1730. Christopher Gist, who made the first English settlement west of the Alleghenies for the Ohio company (organized in Virginia) at Mount Braddock, Fayette county, tells in his diary about being treated when sick in a "Sweathouse" at a Delaware Indian's cabin in 1740. This was Cockey's Cabin on a site between the present Harrison City and Export. George Croghan was a well known Pennsylvania trader during this period. In the struggle between the French and English for control of this western country the Indians sided with the French and spread terror, desolation, and death among the settlers who had crossed the Appalachians. Memories of the "Walking Purchase"' and other fancied and real injustices fanned their hate. General John Forbes, however, had many Cherokee and Catawba (southern Indians) as allies in his campaign to take over Fort Duquesne. William Penn's kindly treatment of the Indians gave way to harsher methods by his successors. During the French and Indian war and Pontiac's war, John Penn offered to buy scalps. During the Revolutionary war the British Commander of Detroit, "Hair-buyer" Henry Hamilton, also offered rewards for scalps. The Indian was a simple child of the forest and acted as the life around him in the savage woods taught him. He lived on the flesh of wild animals, especially deer and bear, and fish. In winter he dressed in the skins of wild beasts, in summer went almost naked. When his hunting grounds were invaded by the white man he was dissatisfied and thus was driven further westward. The first contact of white men and Indians in this territory, of course, was for the purpose of trade. The Indian, who had a childlike love for showiness, readily traded skins and furs for trinkets. Both the French and the 31ABORIGINAL English sought to increase this profitable trade. The English won, and then the contest was between Pennsylvania and Virginia with hope of white settlements in the background. The foundation for Pennsylvania was laid by the visit of Conrad Weiser to Logstown, "the Indian capital" on the Ohio river (near the present Ambridge), in 1748. During the American Revolution many white settlements in Westmoreland county suffered severely because many of the Indians became allies of the British. However, due to the efforts of David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder, Moravian missionaries, the Delawares generally were friendly to Pennsylvanians during the Colonial Revolution. General Lachlan McIntosh, Washington's western commander at Fort Pitt, signed a treaty with the Delawares in 1778, which included a promise to the tribe of a future state in the American union. Like so many other promises the white man made to the Indian, it failed to materialize. The Indians who roved over Westmoreland county were mostly Shawnees, Senecas, and Cornplanters from north and west of the Ohio river. The Indians were few in number. Archaeology, or the study of prehistoric remains, has become a hobby among a few people, and some light has been thrown on the manners and customs of Indian tribes who lived in what is now Westmoreland county long before the white man came. Digging in several Indian village sites in the county disclosed skeletons of early Indians, buried in a crouching position adjoining their bark huts. Fire pits with charcoal remains, also have been found. Shards, or pieces of pottery, bone beads, bone needles, and other artifacts, or things made by humans, were brought to light. Across the Kiskiminetas river from Saltsburg are rocks in which good sized holes were bored centuries ago. 32PREHISTORIC One large rock has 76 such holes, perhaps receptacles for animal blood offered by the savages as a sacrifice to their gods, perhaps containers in which water was evaporated to provide necessary salt. Two pre-historic Indian village sites have been explored south of Irwin. Effigies of animals outlined in mussel shells were found. Wherever mussel shells (fresh water clams) are found at a distance from a stream, there, it is almost certain, once was a prehistoric Indian village, for the savages of the long ago used mussels for food and threw the shells and other refuse outside the doors of their bark huts. Pieces of broken pottery, a stone Indian plow, and bone needles were found at the south of Irwin sites. Temporary Indian camp sites were examined along Beaver Run near Delmont. Near Robbins station, also known as Hugh Crawford's Sleeping Place in frontier days, many artifacts and mussel shells were found. Near the Allegheny-Westmoreland boundary west of Stewartsville, beads, skeletons, and a flying bird effigy in clay were uncovered. Here also were found many broken bones. The Indians broke the bones of game to get at the marrow. This prehistoric Indian village site apparently covered about five acres. Other similar sites have been found along the Youghiogheny river, west of Scott Haven, and north of Gratztown. North of West Newton a burial mound was found. On the site of a brewery in Monessen once was an Indian village. "Red bones", colored with dye as part of a religious ceremony, were found near Webster. Four village sites were examined on Sheppler's hill in Rostraver township. Many skeletons were found. Four village sites were found near Tarr station. Occasionally, while on a hunting expedition, the prehistoric Indian braves would seek shelter in caves or under shelving rock, and leave behind evidences of habitation. Such 33rock shelters were found near Yukon, north of Youngstown, and between Delmont and Slickville. There is a mound west of New Alexandria, along the Loyalhanna creek, which is one of the few remains of the race known as the "Mound Builders", about whom little is known. [Prehistoric Indian villages averaged about half an acre in size. Crude stockades were erected to keep out wild animals. Huts were of saplings inserted in the earth and bent over with tops fastened together. The roofs were made of bark. Few articles were buried with the Indian although burials usually were within village sites, and naturally many artifacts were found nearby when skeletons were exhumed. Charred corn, beans, and even potatoes have been found in fire pits in several of the prehistoric Indian village sites explored. Stone mortars for grinding corn and stone tomahawks were found on most sites. The surface only has been scratched (literally) in this interesting bit of exploration in Westmoreland county. "MOUND BUILDERS"35: FOR!FURTHER STUDY The forest Indians who lived in the eastern part of the United States did not live in tepees as did the western or "plains" Indians, but in bark huts or houses. In the library read the first chapters of. "The Rise of American Democracy," by Casner and Gabriel, for a concise picture of Indian life. Why was there slightly more permanence to an Indian village in the forest section than on the plains? Most histories of Pennsylvania have a chapter on the Indians. Sipe's "The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania" and "The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania" will be useful for further reading. After a visit to the Big House at Bushy Run tell the story of the Delaware religion. See Speck's "Delaware Indian Big HouseCeremony." Why may it be said that the Indian was "more sinned against. than sinning"? Examine the maps in this book for Indian trails and discuss what effect they had on later transportation. What modern highwlays follow these trails? Discuss how the absence of domestic animals held back Indian civilization. Give an account of the Indian village site nearest your home. Library references dealing with the tribe who lived there will help. Make a class collection of Indi,an relics and pictures and discuss uses. Visit the Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh for studies of Indian life. Bushy Run park museum also will be helpful. Another meaning of Kiskiminetas is "to make daylight." The differences in the translation may be compared to the several meanings of the English words "ring" or "present." R. S. Drake, telephone engineer, developed a hobby of looking, for Indian village sites. Some of the things he found are described in this chapter. Look for mussel shells at a distance from a stream. And then look for arrow heads, or other artifacts. There may be a prehistoric Indian village site near your home!Sketch of strategy used by Colonel Henry Bouquet during Bushy Run Battle.CHAPTER 5 FIVE BY FIVES A SERIES of remarkable events occurred in the 20 years preceding the establishment of Westmoreland county. Appropriately, in the middle of five dates successively five years apart, stands 1763, most important internationally, nationally, and locally. It was that year which marked the end of the French and Indian war, by which Great Britain obtained from France all of Canada and the region west of the Allegheny mountains to the Mississippi river. It saw the beginning of the British empire and planted the seeds which later matured as the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States of America. In that year also was fought the Battle of Bushy Run, when Colonel Henry Bouquet, in command of the British forces, defeated the Indians under Pontiac and Guyasuta, thus keeping open the pathway for the westward advance of white civilization through Pittsburgh (the gateway to the west) and the eventual growth of the Mississippi valley and the extension of the United States to the Pacific coast. 1753 Virginians formed the Ohio company which planned to develop this wilderness for settlement. In 1753, the first of our "five dates," young George Washington was sent into this section by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to warn the French to stay out. The French had occupied Canada and were establishing trading posts along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers enroute to the mouth of the Mississippi river. The French refused. It was on this journey that Washington and his companion, Christopher Gist, almost drowned as they dodged floating ice while crossing the Allegheny river. Gist had headquarters for advance explorative work in what is now Fayette county. The French continued pushing southward and every so often buried a leaden plate as a symbol of ownership. Two Virginians, William Trent and John Fraser, started to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio, but Captain Contrecoeur with a French force, sent by Marquis Duquesne, governor of Canada, seized it. 37Washington, at the head of a small force of Virginians, was sent to recover the fort at the forks, named Fort Duquesne by the French. Threatened by a large force of the French, he built Fort Necessity. A French officer, Coulon de Jumonville, was killed during a skirmish. Washington was compelled to retreat. This spark set off the French and Indian war on two sides of the Atlantic (in Europe it was known as the Seven Years' war). The Indians in America sided with the French because they were primarily traders and did not build settlements which destroyed the forests and drove out the game. Two years later General Edward Braddock, in command of British troops, marching from Virginia, built "Braddock's Road" in an unsuccessful effort to wrest Fort Duquesne from the French. He got no farther than the present city of Braddock and died in the attempt. 1758 Then in 1758, five years after our start with young Washington, General John Forbes built "Forbes Road," leading from eastern Pennsylvania over the mountains. There were heated discussions between the Pennsylvanians and Virginians about the route to choose. The Pennsylvanians won. Forbes' venture proved successful, due to some degree to the activities of Christopher Post, a Moravian missionary, who pacified some of the Indians. Enroute General Forbes had built Fort Ligonier, named for a military friend, along a stream the Indians called Loyalhanna. The French burned Fort Duquesne and abandoned the site. The English, thereupon, took it over and called A S T Jo- m v - L2 G o-zER the place Fort Pitt for the famous English statesman. The Indians, pushed westward by white settlements along the Delaware river, were told by General Forbes and JUMONVILLE KT,T,LLEDNOT "IMPASSABLE" others that just as soon as the French were driven out the western white invasion would be confined to trading posts. But white men with their families-"squatters" as they were called-came across the Alleghenies, cleared acreage and built cabins. The Indians in the big Mississippi valley bowl were disgruntled. Under Pontiac, an Ottawa chief of superior attainments, all tribes were combined into one big army, which, it was hoped by the Indians, would drive the white man into the sea (the Atlantic). The plan almost succeeded. 1763 We come again to the all important middle of our "five dates," 1763. The treaty that made England master in America and Europe was signed in February. The battle which pushed back the Indians under Guyasuta at Bushy Run and relieved besieged Fort Pitt was fought August 5 and 6. The following year Colonel Bouquet invaded the Ohio country and brought about the release of 206 white captives. The Indians were kept at bay in the Ohio country. "Squatters" continued to flock into the region beyond the Alleghenies; in spite of King George's threat that anyone who settled on lands not officially thrown open would be buried without the bentifit of clergy." The broad belt of land along the Atlantic coast was "over populated" for these venturesome people. They ignored the king's order. 1768 So it was that in another five years, 1768, a treaty was made at Fort Stanwix in New York, by which the Indians transferred to Pennsylvania all lands south of the Ohio river and eastward from the Allegheny river at Kittanning, including a wide strip running diagonally northeastward through the province. The Indians were given ten thousand HENRY BOUQUETOTHER BOOIkS BY THE SAME AUTHOR: THE BATTLE OF BUSHY RUN, 1928 TWELFTH COLONY PLUS, 1934 COPYRIGHT BY THE JEANNETTE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1941 Printed In The United States of America -7 1 l 1,4 REASON FOR ICOUNTY dollars in provisions and money together with an unlimited supply of rum. This was the signal for hordes of settlers to cross the mountains the French once had called "impassable." The soldiers with Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet had taken back east with them glowing accounts of this wonderful country! William Penn, in setting up his "Holy Experiment" in government in Pennsylvania, started off with Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester counties (1682). The Quakers feared to endanger their hold on the assembly by adding new counties. Penn's heirs, likewise, sought to sell land in established counties before authorizing new ones. From time to time, keeping up with the settlers who invaded land really not open for settlement, but which was considered by them as "not belonging to anybody" and therefore "free", it was necessary to create new counties both to establish definitely the province's ownership and to introduce some semblance of law and order. Eventually Lancaster, cut from Chester county in 1729, and York (1749) counties, were established, followed by Cumberland (1750), which had superficial civil jurisdiction over settlements to the indefinite western boundary of the commonwealth. Bedford (1771) was set up 21 years after Berks and Northampton had taken care of the trend of population northward from Philadelphia. A year later Northumberland county was established to care for population increases along the banks of the Susquehanna in the eastern section of the Purchase of 1768. In the west where the largest and best tract of the purchase was located there were many unruly fur traders and "squatters" who cared little about civil law. There were many Irish, Scotch, and English settlers in the "far west," plus the pious "Pennsylvania Dutchmen" of Harrold's "Good Purpose" and the Brush Creek region. These welcomed the efforts of the renowned Arthur St. Clair, who lived near Ligonier, to form a new county out of that portion of Bedford county west of Laurel ridge. The great Forbes Road was a rough military way, 40HANNA'S HOUSE winding over three ranges of mountains from Bedford until it reached Pittsburgh, about a hundred miles away. That was too far to send deputy sheriffs on short notice. Besides, the quantity of supplies needed by the people beyond the Alleghenies was growing. Already traders with the Indians ventured far to the westward of Pittsburgh. All this and more St. Clair pointed out to the authorities in Philadelphia representing the Penn heirs when he presented the petition of the settlers west of Laurel ridge in old Bedford county for a new county. St. Clair's most convincing argument was that there also was a heavy migration from Virginia under way and the district needed some step which would place a check on the influence of that colony. 1773 This reasoning prevailed and the county of Westmoreland, the eleventh and last county under the Penn proprietary government, was established in 1773, bringing us to the last of our five dates five years apart. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR The first place west of the Appalachian mountains where due process of English law was applied was Hannastown. It also was the site of the last English court to be established in the colonies. Later county seats were set up under the United States of America, for the American Revolution was just around the corner. Robert Hanna, Joseph Erwin and Samuel Sloan, three Hannastown members of the board of trustees appointed to choose a county seat, easily outvoted George Wilson and John Cavett, who favored the more logical location at Pittsburgh. The agreement was that court should be held at11 TOWNSHIPS Hanna's house, a tavern along the old Forbes Road midway between Ligonier and Bushy Run, until the unsettled state of the western boundary of the province could be settled or a court house and jail built. Hanna and his friends saw to, it that the uncertainties mentioned continued for 14 years! Eventually a separate county, Allegheny (1788), had to be established to secure a county seat for the important city of Pittsburgh. The first court at Hannastown was held April 6, 1773. Justice William Crawford (later cruelly burned to death by the Indians) presided. The first business of the court was to divide the county into 11 townships. Most of these township names already had been given to localities in old Bedford. The eleven townships covered all the territory of the then Westmoreland county between Kittanning and Cherry Tree in what is now Armstrong county, south of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, to the western boundary and indefinitely south to the Mason and Dixon line, which, however, had been halted by the Iroquois at Dunkard creek, near Mount Morris, now Greene county. Philadelphia officials proposed that the first Westmoreland county was not to extend farther westward than the Youghiogheny river and the forks of the Ohio river. But the court laid out the 11 townships, superimposing Manallin township over parts of Tyrone and Spring Hill. Manallin township, however, only existed in the minutes of that first court session. It was definitely established later as part of Fayette county. Based on the description given in the court minutes Pitt township included a huge section in the northwest, now Allegheny and Washington counties. Spring Hill township was in the southwest; with Tyrone township now comprising Greene and Fayette counties. Armstrong was in the northeast and now is Armstrong county and part of Indiana county. Others of the original townships, divided and redivided with the years, were Fairfield, Donegal, Huntingdon, Mount Pleasant, Hempfield and Rostraver. 42THE MANORS According to the minutes of that first court, John Carnahan was foreman of the first grand jury. Missing jurymen were haled into court and fined. Innkeepers were licensed and prices for selling liquor spread on the minutes. Arthur St. Clair was the first prothonotary and clerk of courts. He also was a justice of the peace. His office clerk was James Bryson, a fine penman. John Proctor, who later organized the famous "Rattlesnake Flag" regiment during the Revolution, was the first sheriff. All of these were appointees. The first election was held at Hanna's house October 1, 1773. Proctor was elected sheriff and was commissioned on October 18th. Joseph Beeler, James Smith, and James Cavett were elected county commissioners; James Kinkaid and William Wilson were chosen coroners. Benjamin Davis, Charles Hitchman, Christopher Hayes, Philip Rodgers, James McLain, and Alex Barr were elected assessors. William Thompson was chosen assemblyman. All were sworn into office by St. Clair. The commissioners proceeded to adjust debts and to levy a county tax. English civil law was functioning west of the Alleghenies. But it lasted only a few years before George the Third's attempt at "taxation without representation" brought about the birth of a new nation. It was the policy of the Penns to reserve 500 acres out of every block of 5,000 acres which they sold. In Old Westmoreland there were three such reservations: Denmark, 4,861 acres, now the fertile Manor valley in TPenn township; Sewickley or Penn's Lodge, 5,568 acres, now in Unity and Mt. Pleasant townships, on Sewickley creek, underlaid with coal; and Pittsburgh, 5,766 acres, now in Pittsburgh. The Penns held these manors until 1799 when the state legislature bought the land from them. 4344 FOR FURTHER STUDY George Washington was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia. Some of the most stirring of his youthful exploits took place in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. He narrowly escaped drowning in the Allegheny river returning from delivering a message to the French at Venango. His horse lwas killed under him at Braddock's defeat. He was fired on mistakenly by his own Virgini~a troops at Loyalhanna, enroute with Gen. John Forbes to capture Fort Duquesne. Why was Washington so deeply interested in this territory? Read in the story of Washington's life about the number of visits he made west of the Alleghenies. How many? Give the reasons for each visit. Between the years 1763-67 English astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to settle la boundary dispute with Maryland, ran their famous line 39 degrees 43 minutes 26.3 seconds north latitude as the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. When they reached a point about 244 miles west of the Delaware river they were halted by the Iroquois Indians at the Catawba trail, which had been pushed westward. The Iroquois Indians in what is ndw New York state maintained a trail to what is now North Carolina and engaged in battle with the Catawba Indians there every so often before white settlements were made along the Atlantic coast. This trail originally followed the Susquehanna river and Chesapeake bay southward. The present 302 mile southern Pennsylvania boundary was not extended until during the Revolution when Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to the five degrees of longitude west of the Delaware river and the meridan from th,at point north to establish the southwest right angle (now Greene county) of the state forever. Interesting additional facts may be uncovered by study of the Mason and Dixon line which became noted in slavery times. Explain Iwhy Bushy Run was the most important battle ever fought on Westmoreland soil. Why was Virginia vitally interested in the formation of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania? Give your impressions of the French and British methods of invasion of Indian country. Where is Fort Necessity? Why so named? What sp,ark started the Seven Years' war. Indians in 1763 wiped out Connecticut's Westmoreland Settlement in -northwestern Pennsylvania. This was the first episode in Connecticut's claims on Pennsylvania territory and led to the "Yankee-Pennamite War," settled during the American Revolution. Pennsylvania had several other boundary disputes in addition to that with Virginia in which our Westmoreland was concerned. See March's "History of Pennsylvania" or Bomberger's "Twelfth Colony Plus" for concise accounts.ICHAPTER 6 PART OF A NEW NATION T HE year following the establishment of Westmoreland county by Pennsylvania, Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, took forcible possession and appointed John Connolly, of Pittsburgh; "captain commandant of Pittsburgh and its dependencies." He mustered the militia under the Virginia law, seized and garrisoned Fort Pitt, bullied the Pennsylvania magistrates, marched some of them off to prison, and established the District of West Augusta, including Yohogania, Ohio, and Monongalia counties. Pennsylvania had no militia law at the time and was powerless to resist. However, Pennsylvania had a civil unit in Westmoreland county, supported by St. Clair, the Scotch Irish, and the Pennsylvania Germans, who did not approve of Virginia's slavery and religious laws. Moreover, the Indians, stirred by Dunmore's cruel treatment, visited their wrath upon the Virginia settlers rather than the Pennsylvanians, who thus became more firmly established. Although the Shawnees and Mingoes insisted their war was only with the Virginians it was difficult to determine to which group some settlers belonged. It became necessary to prepare forts and blockhouses to ward off Indian assaults. These places of safety from Indian attacks included old Fort Ligonier, later called Fort Preservation; Hannastown, also called Fort Reed, at the county seat; Wallace's fort on Magee's run near Blairsville: Lochry's fort, near where St. Vincent's college is now located in Unity township; Perry's Blockhouse on Big Sewickley creek; Carnahan's Blockhouse near Perrysville, Bell township; Shield's near New Alexandria; Proctor's, also called Fort Shippen, near the old Unity Presbyterian church in Unity township; Markle's Blockhouse near West Newton in South Huntingdon township; Fort Barr, Pomeroy's Blockhouse, and Wilson's, not far from Derry; Fort Palmer, in the present Fairfield township; Walthour's, near the present western end of the Pennsylvania turnpike east of Irwin; Fort 47WESTMORELAND'S FLAG Allen, near historic Zion (Old Harrold's) Lutheran church in Hempfield township, where Balthaser Meyer conducted the first school and catechetical class probably about 1769. Petitions from these several communities for aid to ward off Indian attacks were forwarded periodically to Governor John Penn, of Pennsylvania. The beginning of the American Revolution tended to minimize the importance of the Pennsylvania-Virginia territorial dispute in view of the larger question of national freedom. Much more important to the people of this western country, then and now, were the famous Hannastown Resolutions of Independence, adopted May 16, 1775, and the formation of a military body with its flag showing a rattlesnake with 13 rattles, the motto "Don't Tread On Me" and the initials "J. P. F. B. W. C. P." (John Proctor, First Battalion, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania). This flag now is in the State museum at Harrisburg. Formation of the Eighth Pennsylvania regiment, which was ordered east to aid Washington, left the frontier at the mercy of the Indians who had been bribed by the British to stage scalping parties. The region west of the Appalachians had its darkest hours in 1777-78, the same period in which Washington's army was enduring the terrible winter at Valley Forge. It was in 1778 that the historic expedition of George Rogers Clark captured the Northwest from the British and effected the surrender of Colonel Henry Hamilton, the "hair-buyer," at Vincennes, Indiana; but this failed to stop raids in southwestern Pennsylvania. Every here and there throughout the district, forts were constructed, either in addition to or to replace those erected during Dunmore's war as places of refuge for theHANNASTOWN BURNED harassed settlers. Within the present confines of Westmoreland county was Fort Hand, named for General Edward Hand, an Irishman, commander of Fort Pitt for a time. The site of this fort is in the present Washington township. Fort Crawford, commanded at intervals by Colonel William Crawford, was located on an old Indian trail near the mouth of Puckety creek on the Allegheny river. Crawford was burned to death later when captured by the Indians in Ohio. Simon Girty, a white renegade, refused to end his misery when he begged to be shot to death. Crawford was a Virginia supporter. Another was Rugh's Blockhouse, about two miles south of Greensburg, named for Michael Rugh, who, with his family, was carried to Canada by the Indians, but later returned. Rugh eventually became a judge of the common pleas court for Westmoreland county. Still others were Stokely's Blockhouse, near Waltz's Mill; McDowell's Blockhouse, near Madison; Marchand's, near Millerdale, Hempfield township; Philip Klingensmith's Blockhouse, now the northern part of Jeannette; Reed's Station on the Allegheny below the mouth of the Kiskiminetas; Miller's Station, southeast of Hannastown; Adam's Blockhouse, near Miller's Teague Island fort, northwest of Hannastown in the Manor valley; Adam Saam's Blockhouse near the present Long Run Presbyterian church in North Huntingdon township; Conrad Byers' Blockhouse in Mount Pleasant township; Kepple's Blockhouse on the Greensburg-Delmont road; William's, between Stahlstown and Donegal. There were others. Each has its story of Indian attack and often death or captivity. It was a confusedly perilous period for Westmoreland settlers, who were torn between thoughts of returning eastward or remaining to fight it through. The most woeful day was Saturday, July 13, 1782, when a band of British Tories and Indians burned Hannastown, the last hostile act of the Revolutionary war. Guyasuta, the Indian chief in command, had revenge for the defeat at Bushy Run! 49PREFACE CARRANGED as a textbook for school purposes this book also is intended to help the,adult to make himself a better citizen of a United States of America where freedom's privileiges and responsibilities prevail. Knowledge of the past will help solve today's and tomorrow's problems. Fidelity in knowing about and caring for the domain of neighborhood government means faithfulness in guarding greater ones. If citizens are wise enough to choose efficient local officilals they may be counted upon to vote intelligently for state and federal officials. Neglect of local patriotism hampers development of national patriotism. As the family is the basis of society, so local government is the basis of the n,ational state. The importance of Westmoreland county historically as the first American frontier west of the Appalachian mountains becomes evident when examining the record. Development of natural resources and industrial and agricultural activity have added to that importance. The story heretofore has been told in cumbersome volumes. This is a short history of the county with accompanying maps for better visualization. Acknowledgment of material assistance in preparation of manuscript hereby is made to William, Loughner, who painstakingly delved in the Hannastown and other records in the Westmoreland county court house; Assistant County Superintendent of Schools James E. Hughes; Superintendent of Jeannette Schools Dr. F. B. Snowden; Dr. C. Maxwell Myers, teacher in Jeannette High school; County Farm Agent William L. Treager; ICounty Solicitor Scott Fink; Marion Hollendonner,and James E. Gardner, of the Jeannette News-Dispatch staff; Eric Zimmerman, for drawings, and others who were helpful. Jeannette, Pa. September 1, 1941. C. M. B.50 GREENSBURG NAMED Western Pennsylvania was forever freed from Indian raids when General Anthony Wayne compelled the Ohio Indians to sign the Treaty of Greenville, Darke county, Ohio, in 1795. The civil strife between Pennsylvania and Virginia over control of the region west of the Appalachians which included Westmoreland county, ended in 1780, by friendly agreement. But before that, agitation to have the Continental Congress form a new state to be called "Westsylvania", to include parts of what is now Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia, was begun. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, however, legislated that such agitation was an act of treason in 1782, and the movement died. After the burning of Hannastown, which coincided with the end of the Revolutionary war, the state legislature appropriated two thousand dollars to build a highway from western Cumberland to Pittsburgh. This road ran south of the Hannastown site. A site for a new county seat was then selected at Christopher Truby's, or Newtown, on December 10, 1785. It was named Greensburg, after General Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary fame. A temporary court house was erected until a new one was constructed in 1801. This court house stood until 1854 when the increased business of the county required a new edifice. This proved adequate until the eighteen nineties when agitation was begun for a new structure, the present, which, however, was not completed until 1907. The claim then was made that it was "the finest rural court house in the United States." Early Westmoreland county, as now, was largely agricultural, and considerable grain was raised. Surplus grain was made into whiskey in southwestern Pennsylvania counties for easier transportation to the eastern market. Imposition of an excise tax by the new federal government led to the Whiskey Insurrection in the counties which had been cut from Old Westmoreland. United States mails were searched near Greensburgfor information about the excise tax commissioners. Simon Drum's hostelry in Greensburg, where the commissioners stayed over night was pelted with stones. Thirteen Westmorelanders were arrested and nine convicted of rioting. Fines imposed were remitted a year later (1795) by Governor Thomas Mifflin "in consideration of their poverty and in compliance with a respectable recommendation." It was a test of the power of the Federal Union and fortunately was amicably settled by President Washington. Westmoreland county as an integral part of Pennsylvania shouldered its share of duties as a political subdivision since then throughout the years and furnished more than its quota of military strength in the War of 1812, Mexican war, Civil war, Spanish American war and the first World war. TEST OF POWERFOR FURTHER STUDY Consult Albert's "Frontier Forts of Western Pennsylvania," Sipe's "Fort Ligonier and Its Times," and Bomberger's "Twelfth Colony Plus." Copy the H,annastown Resolutions of Independence and read them in class. What is at Hannastown today? Bring to class at least one story of Indian attacks on the frontier fort which was nearest your home. See Chapter III for another proposal of a state formation in western Pennsylvania.'Give a detailed account of the burning of Hannastdwn. Why was the county seat moved? Histories of Western Pennsylvania all include an account of the Whisky Insurrection. In fact, it is included in all histories of the United States as the first test of federal government powers. "The Latimers", a novel by Henry C. McCook, gives a good portrayal of th,at period. Look up the meaning of "Tom the Tinker" warnings posted in Westmoreland, Washington, Allegheny, and Greene, the four counties in which the disturbance prevailed. How did the Whisky Insurrection test the federal government poWers? See dictionary for definition of excise t,ax. Name at least two present day excise taxes. Albert Gallatin, of Friendship Hill, New!Geneva, Fayette county, opposed the excise laws, but made pleas for law and order. He became secretary of the treasury in Jefferson's and Madison's administrations. What is at Friendship Hill today?Westmoreland Institute Song. (To Supt. Robt. C. Shaw.) By A. R. SHAW. 1. Once again we gather, from our 2. We'vecome to gather knowledge from in3. And when the session's ended, we school rooms far and Ilear, Old frliends to greet, and new ones find,to grace the struc-tors tried and true, Whose ef-forts we ap- pre - ci- ate,whose plans we take our homeward way, With high am- bi - tion burning, and with cour-age, clos-ing year. Our hearts are light,ourmindsintenton aining whatis best, will pursue; We'll take these on their merits and we'll put theim to thle test, day tby day We'll strive to do our du - ty,and our la-bors will be blest;We're the teach-ers of West-more-land,'The Star of the West." Then hail to old Westmoreland,may herglory never wane, Then hail to old WestCHORUS. more-land,and hail a - gain; May her course be ev - er upward,she's the brightest and the best, Then hail to old Westmoreland,' " The Star of the west." e5 7 _CHI\PTER 7 GOVERNMENT T HE English shire or county plan was used by William Penn when dividing Pennsylvania into civil units. Counties in turn under Pennsylvania law were divided into townships or separate incorporations (charters) granted by the state to cities and boroughs, carrying the duty to collect taxes for the payment of expenses for the welfare of these units, and to maintain law and order. When Westmoreland county was formed, Pennsylvania was a British province and Richard Penn, governor for the Proprietaries, named its officers in pursuance of British law. Court sessions were brief. The judges also followed other pursuits. The justices of the county courts of common pleas and orphans court were not necessarily learned in the law. This limitation came only in the adoption of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790 after the United States of America had been formed. Even after that, appointment of judges by the governor rather than election by the people, as now, was followed until 1850, when the state constitution of 1838 was amended. Under British law, court business began with "The King and John Doe." Immediately after July 4, 1776, "The King" was dropped, and records used "Republica" or "Respublica". Later the word "iCommonwealth", still in use, was instituted. Whipping of convicted offenders, the pillory, branding, and other atrocious practices commonly imposed by the early courts disappeared along with the indentured servant system. The "redemptioner" practice by which an individual sold his services for a period of years to pay for his passage from Europe ended even before the abolition of African slavery. The latter was abolished by degrees in Pennsylvania beginning in 1780. There were many slaves held in Old Westmoreland county, especially by settlers from Virginia. During the Revolution an important officer was the county lieutenant who had broad military powers to conscript militia and supplies. 55THE FIRST ELECTED JUDGE The first judge to be elected by the people of Westmoreland county was Jeremiah M. Burrell, a man fond of his library and music. He sat on the bench from 1852 to 1855 in the Tenth Pennsylvania Judicial district which then included Cambria, Indiana, Armstrong, and Westmoreland counties. Westmoreland county today is the tenth district including only the territory within the county boundaries. It now has three judges of the common pleas court and an orphans court judge. All judges are paid by the state. Our law is built on English common law, and the functions of the court officers in the beginning of the county have not changed much, although additional offices and duties have been set up., Westmoreland today is a county of the third class, determined by its population of more than 250,000 and less than 800,000, according to an act of~ assembly. The other third class counties are Delaware, Lackawanna, Luzerne and Montgomery. Sheriff-the principal peace officer whose duty is to take charge of prisoners, serve writs, and maintain law and order. Prothonotary-serves as clerk and registrar for the business conducted by common pleas court which acts in matters of equity between individuals. Naturalization is a function of this office. Register of Wills and Clerk of Orphans Court-serves in the court business of settling up estates such as wills and letters of administration and distribution of the property of the deceased. In this county he also issues marriage licenses. Recorder of Deeds-principal duty is the proper recording and indexing of deeds, mortgages and other papers. Clerks of Courts of Quarter Sessions-serves as clerk for criminal court, juvenile court and domestic relationship: and oyer and terminer court sessions. 56THIRD CLASS CITIES Treasurer-has the custody of county funds and also issues dog, hunting, and fishing licenses. District Attorney-acts as prosecutor in cases in which violation of the commonwealth law is charged. Three Commissioners (one of whom must be of the minority political party)-transact most of the business of the county such as assessment and collection of taxes; care of roads, bridges, and public buildings, and holding of elections. Since the abolishment of poor directors, the commissioners also serve ex-officio in direct charge of the institution district of Westmoreland county, which discharges the duty of care and housing of the poor. Two Jury Commissioners-have charge of the selection of jurors to serve in the county courts. Grand jurors (usually 24 in number) "weed out" cases in which it is held that there is insufficient evidence for trial in the courts. Common or petit jurors (12 in number) serve in common pleas and criminal court. Controller-an accounting officer who sees to it that money appropriated by other county officials, principally the commissioners, is expended for the purpose named. He has some power as auditor of the treasurer's accounts. Surveyor-as the name implies, acts in the case of county property. Coroner-determines cause of sudden or violent death. Each officer has the privilege of naming a deputy and clerks to assist him in his work. The chief clerk to the county commissioners is an important appointive place. Appointment of two sealers of weights and measures and road viewers are instances of other more or less important officers, as are also warden of the county jail, the solicitor, and engineer. The five third class cities (chartered by the state when a community of more than 10,000 electors by majority vote asks for it) in the county have as their principal officers, elected by the people, five councilmen, one of whomis mayor in charge of public affairs and others heading accounts and finance, streets and public improvements, parks and public property, and public safety departments; a treasurer, and a controller. Council appoints a clerk, solicitor, engineer, chief of police, fire chief, health officer, and other officials. Boroughs also are incorporated municipalities and are governed by a burgess and a council, with minor officers usually named by the council. The tax collector usually is elected by the people. The principal officers in a township are the road supervisors. They are empowered to assess road taxes. The office of tax collector is next in importance. Each of these units includes elective members of the minor judiciary. In cities they are called aldermen and in boroughs and townships justices of the peace. They hold court for minor violations of the law. Constables, who make arrests upon warrants, also are elected and usually are attached to the minor "judge's" offices. Election boards are chosen for each voting district. Westmoreland county is a separate congressional district, the 28th Pennsylvania. It is a separate state senatorial district, the 39th. Westmoreland county has six members of the general assembly, two representatives from each of three districts, with the first district including the eastern portion; the second district, the northern portion; and the third district, the remainder of the county.'SQUIRESFOR FURTHER STUDY The abolishment of slavery in Pennsylvania was accomplished slowly in Westmoreland county. In 1811, Judge John Moore, at his death, set free a number of his slaves, and willed the remainder to his children. As late as 1817 a Negro girl was auctioned off at Greensburg. Why do think this delay was so pronounced in southwestern Pennsylvania? Refer to Albert's "History of Westmoreland County" or Boucher's "Old and New Westmoreland" for accounts of the court procedure at Hannastown. Also the appendix of Sipe's "Fort Ligonier and Its Times" and Bomberger's "Twelfth sColony Plus." Discuss how court practices have become more humane. In what local unit of government do you reside? Describe its officers and their duties, length of term, paid or unpaid, and give names of present office holders. Inquiry at the court house or examination of the county controller's report will provide the roster of present county officials. Write this list. The Pennsylvania Manual issued by the commonwealth every two years following the biennial sessions of the general assembly is a necessary reference. See dictionary for definition of oyer and terminer. What officials fix the taxes in your city, township or borough? What is the millage?MAPS Battle of Bushy Run Map - - Bushy Run Strategy Map Frontier Forts Map - - - Old 1756 Map - - Original'County Township Map Original Map West Augusta District Topographical Map - - - Page - - - 27 -- - 36 _- - 46 - - - 70 - - - 14 -- - 45 - - - 76 ILLUSTRATIONS Arthur St. Clair - - - - - - 41 Blockhouse -.... - - - - - 60 Co,al Mine Entrance 26 Conestoga Wagon - - - - - - 74 Covered Bridge - - - - - - - 58 Hannastown Court House - - Title Page Henry Clay Frick - - - 63 Henry Bouquet - - - - 39 Historical House - - - 8 Indian Hunting - - 13 Indian Hunting,and War I;mplements - - - 20 John Covode - - - - 65 Laurel-State Flower (Kalmia latifolia) - 84 Prehistoric Indian Chief - - - - 28 Rattlesnake Flag - - - - - - - 48 Richard Coulter - - - - - - 66 Robert S. Jamison - - - - - - - 66 Seton Hill College - - - - - - 89 Sir John Ligonier - - - - - - - 38 St. Cl,air's Last Home- - - - - - 59 St. Vincent College - - - - - - 69 Spinning Wheel - - - - - - 83 Trading With Indians - - - - - - 51 Wampum Treaty Belt - - - - - - 34 Washington - - - - - 75 William Penn - - - - - - - 90 Institute Song - - - - - -..- 53-54 Westmoreland County Seal - - FrontispieceThere were a comparatively small number of actual forts along the frontier in the days immediately preceding and following the establishment of Westmoreland county. The principal forts were Bedford, Ligonier and Pitt. Forts Ligonier and Pitt were constructed purely for military defenses. Albert's Frontier Forts includes an outline map of the plan of construction for Fort Ligonier, which was named by Forbes for Sir John Ligonier, Lord Viscount of Enniskillen, the head of the British army at that time. The fort, built of logs and stone, was enclosed by a stockade of heavy planks. Within the stockade were blockhouses, pierced with loop holes for musketry and occupied by soldiers and refugee settlers. There w,as an underground passage leading to the Loyalhanna stream nearby. While Fort Ligonier w,as built by the army of General John Forbes, it was determined by Colonel Henry Bouquet and superintended by Colonel James Burd. It was about 100 feet square, with diamond shaped projections on each corner, called bastions. On these cannon wvere mounted. A ditch or moat surrounded it. Old Fort Ligonier was replaced by Fort Preservation during the Revolution. It was a much smaller structure. Before and during the Revolutionary War log cabins of settlers often were built with the second story projecting beyond the first so that defenders could shoot, or throw scalding water on the attackers. Many of the so-called "forts" really were little more than large log cabins to which settlers fled when Indian attacks threatened. These farm houses were selected because of location or because of their superior size. Sometimes a stockade was thrown around these log houses as additional defense.CHAPTER 8 PERSONALITIES M } tANY men and women contributed to the building of Westmoreland county. The outstanding personality of the original Westmoreland county, was, of course, General Arthur St. Clair. Younger son of a Scotch nobleman, St. Clair studied medicine. However, he joined the Royal American regiment in London and later saw service in the siege of Quebec, during the French and Indian war. He married the wealthy Phoebe Bayard, of Boston, and moved to Bedford, later to Ligonier, where he became the agent of the Penns in military and land affairs and took title to large tracts of land, first in the Ligonier valley and later on Chestnut ridge. He was an officer of Bedford county but did not come into prominence until after the Westmoreland county seat was established at Hannastown. He served as a justice for the county court and upheld the claims of Pennsylvania to this territory in the dispute with Virginia. He was active in the movement which resulted in the adoption of the "Westmoreland Declaration of Independence" just before the outbreak of the Revolution. He began his quarterof-a-century military and governmental career in 1775 as a colonel commanding a Pennsylvania battalion. The following year he was made a brigadier general at Ticonderoga by action of the Continental Congress, although he was criticized for retreating before being attacked by Burgoyne. Later he commanded at West Point and was at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown. He supported Washington loyally during dissension within the Continental army. For a time he served as vendue master at Philadelphia. In 1786 he was elected a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and the next year was chosen its president, the highest office in American government until the Constitution created the office of President of the United States later in 1787. He supported the Northwest Territory ordinance and 61HIS REAL MONUMENT was chosen as the first governor of the territory. Thus, after helping in the introduction of British civil law in the region west of the Alleghenies, he was the principal figure in the establishment of United States civil law in the territory north of the Ohio river, west of Pennsylvania. A county, embracing nearly the whole of Illinois, was formed in April, 1790, and called St. Clair. Suffering from gout and with an army ill-equipped and sadly lacking in discipline, St. Clair, now a major general, was defeated by the enraged Miami Indians and their allies on the Wabash river. An investigation exonerated him from blame. General Anthony Wayne succeeded St. Clair and finally quieted the Indians forever in this section. President Thomas Jefferson removed St. Clair as governor in 1802 because of his Federalist activities. St. Clair's fortune had been dissipated by debts incurred to feed his troops. An annuity from the federal government and a pension from the state did little to ward off poverty. He kept a tavern on Chestnut ridge in his old age. He died in 1818 from injuries sustained when thrown from a wagon. There is a monument to Arthur St. Clair at Greensburg, but his real monument is the growth of the Northwest Territory, in which he planted civil government. First Congressman William Findley, who lived along the Loyalhanna creek near Latrobe, was Westmoreland county's first Congressman, serving for 22 years. Congressman Findley was an anti-Federalist. He is buried at Unity cemetery. An Industrial Giant The turn of the century marked the zenith of the tremendous work of Henry Clay Frick, born in West Overton in 1849. Frick rivalled the famous Andrew Carnegie in the development of coal and coke production and the iron and steel industry. He attended school at West Overton, Alverton, and Mount Pleasant. For a time he clerked in stores nearby 62FRICK AND CARNEGIE before becoming bookkeeper for his grandfather's firm, A. Overholt Company, at Broad Ford. In 1871, when 21 years old, he entered the coke business with Jacob Rist and A. O. Tinstman. The latter was a cousin of Frick's. Eleven years later the succession of companies he formed became the H. C. Frick Coke company, now a subsidiary of the United States Steel corporation. Manufacture of coke at a reasonable price is essential to the manufacture of steel, and before long he became associated with Andrew Carnegie. In 1889, he was made chairman of Carnegie Brothers Company, Limited. Frick was the leading spirit in the company. He assembled its productive units into a workable whole, including mines, HENRY CLAY FRICK steamers on the Great Lakes, railroads, limestone quarries, gas wells, and furnaces. Business was increased greatly, and by 1899 the production of the Carnegie company had multiplied eight times, while sound policies and efficient management under Frick's chairmanship increased the pro,fits eleven times. However, a dispute largely over the price of coke to be paid by the Carnegie company to the Frick company resulted in a battle between the two industrial titans, and Frick resigned as a member of the board of manufacturers of the Carnegie company. The outcome of the dispute was the formation in 1901 of tlhe gigantic United States Steel corporation. Frick emerged at the age of 52 a capitalist of the first rank and his directorship in many railroads and banks necessitated his moving from Pittsburgh to New York. He had a love for art and excellent taste as evidenced by the "Frick Collection" of paintings now open to the public at No. 1 East 70th street, New York, where he lived from 1914 until his death in 1919. Through his will substantialFIRST' STATE SUPERINTENDENT bequests were made to the Westmoreland hospital at Greensburg, the Henry Clay Frick Memorial hospital at Mount Pleasant, the Cottage State hospital at Connellsville and the Uniontown hospital. To Pittsburgh he gave a park of 456 acres and through an educational commission named for him made it possible for Pittsburgh teachers to attend summer schools at little expense. His birthplace at West Overton, called the Historical House, now is the headquarters of the WestmorelandFayette branch of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. Statesmen James Findlay, a young lawyer who calne to Westmoreland county from York in 1824, was an assistant Pennsylvania attorney general and served in the legislature from 1831 to 1833. He was elected speaker of the house but resigned. He became secretary of the commonwealth, and when the public school system was established in 1834 the act provided that this office should be headquarters for the system. Findlay thus became the first superintendent of public instruction for Pennsylvania. Two Pennsylvania United States Senators were natives of Westmoreland county. Edgar Cowan was born in Sewickley township. He served as Senator from 1861 to 1865 but failed of reelection because he differed with the Republican party on reconstruction. The Senate would not confirm his appointment as minister to Austria by President Andrew Johnson. Senator Cowan's son, Dr. Frank Cowan, was private secretary to President Johnson. Dr. Cowan, a picturesque and scholarly character, presented the Mt. Odin park site to Greensburg. United States Senator Joseph Finch Guffey also was born in Sewickley township. He was first elected in 1934. His father, John Guffey, was sheriff of the county in 1874. Another Sewickley creek valley native, born in Unity township, was John Latta, who was the first lieutenant64SIMPLICITY governor of Pennsylvania under the new constitution of 1873. He was a prominent Greensburg attorney. King Coal Westmoreland county's thick seams of bituminous coal produced many captains in the mining industry. "Honest" John Covode, of Fairfield township, was a Congressman from the Westmoreland-Indiana-Armstrong district for six terms, first as a Whig and later as a Republican. Covode defeated August Drum, a Greensburg lawyer, for the 34th Congress. Drum made enemies among the Abolitionists because of his stand on the Wilmot proviso. This was in 1854. During the session of the 36th Congress he was chairman of a committee to investigate charges that President James Buchanan had used corrupt influences to induce support of the Lecompton bill which provided for the admission of Kansas into the union as a slave state. No action was taken by Congress although the investigation furnished considerable ammunition for the campaign which elected the Republican Abraham Lincoln, president. Buchanan's mother died in Greensburg. Covode retired from Congress in 1863 but was sent back for two more terms. His simplicity made him a power in Lincoln's councils during the Civil war. He was instrumental in the construction of the Pennsylvania railroad with Thomas A. Scott, afterwards president of the railroad and for whom Scottdale is named, and General William Larimer, for whom Larimer was named. Covode was an incorporator of the Westmoreland Coal company in 1854. He was the first president of this company which today is one of the larger coal mining JOHN COVODEoperations in Westmoreland with activities centered in Irwin. Covode is buried at West Fairfield. Richard Coulter, the commander of the renowned LAY FOUNDATIONS Eleventh Pennsylvania regiment during the Civil war, read law with his uncle, Richard Coulter, who was justice of the state supreme court from 1852 to 1874, the only Westmorelander to reach this high judicial position. Later the nephew became a banker in Greensburg and with George F. Huff, who also served as a Congressman, laid the foundations for the extensive Keystone Coal company, operating in the central portion of the county. RICHARD COULTER Another familiar present day concern, originated by Robert S. Jamison and called the Jamison Coal company, operates mainly in the vicinity of historic Hannastown. John M. Jamison of Greensburg, a member of this extensive family, served as a state senator. Governors William Freame Johnson was born in Greensburg in 1808, while his father, Alexander Johnson, was sheriff of Westmoreland county. In 1848 he was named the first Whig governor of Pennsylvania as a resident of Armstrong county, succeeding Francis Rawn Shunk, of Allegheny county, who resigned because of illness. John White Geary, born near Mt. Pleasant, governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1876, had a varied career. His father, Richard Geary, conducted a private school,'and the son left his studies at Jefferson college to open a school to support his mother after the father's death. ROBERT S. JAMISONVARIED CAREERS In turn he was a school teacher, engineer, assistant superintendent of the Portage railroad, officer of the army during the War with Mexico, postmaster of San Francisco, the last alcalde and the first mayor of San Francisco, declined the governorship of Utah, was governor of Kansas, general in the Civil war, military governor of Savannah, Georgia and then governor of Pennsylvania. The state debt was reduced six million dollars during his administration. Geary was responsible for the state constitution of 1873, which made many changes in Pennsylvania government. Westmoreland county has had one president protempore (the lieutenant-governor is the usual presiding officer) of the state senate, Cyrus E. Woods, of Greensburg, who also served as secretary of the commonwealth. He also was ambassador to Japan. Thomas Mellon was a judge for the United States district court for western Pennsylvania and spent his boyhood in Franklin township near Murrysville. He left the bench in 1869 to found a vast financial institution with his sons in Pittsburgh, which included the development of the aluminum factories at New Kensington and the Rolling Rock recreation area near Ligonier. Among other notable sons of Westmoreland county was Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, during whose chancellorship in 1908 the Western University of Pennsylvania was moved to the Schenley Farms district from old Allegheny to become the University of Pittsburgh. He was a native of Irwin. Church Leaders Pennsylvania, thanks to William Penn, alone among all the colonies enjoyed absolute freedom of conscience. This accounts for the many religious denominations. In the early days of Westmoreland, frontier hardships hampered the growth of church organizations, but Emerson's. remark that "An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man" applies to religious developments here. So it is that Westmoreland Presbyterians point to the 676HAND IN HAND Reverends James Finley and James Powers as pastors in Sewickley and Mt. Pleasant townships about the time the county was erected. It was Powers who was preaching at Unity church, perhaps in John Proctor's house, on the afternoon that Hannastown was destroyed. The congregation was hastily dismissed and hastened to take steps for defense of their homes. The distinction of being the first organized church west of the Alleghenies is difficult to place. Mt. Pleasant Presbyterian church was organized in 1776, and the building still stands on the original site. The Rev. James Brown was the first pastor. Another old church still in existence is Rehoboth church near Belle Vernon which was built in 1836. The Methodist Episcopal church counts Robert Rickford Roberts, a Ligonier man elected bishop in 1816, as a Westmoreland county notable. The founder of the Benedictine Order of the Roman Catholic church in the United States was the Right Reverend Arch Abbot Boniface Wimmer, O. S. B. The first establishment of an abbey in the United States was at St. Vincent in 1846. The site on which the abbey stands was a Roman Catholic parish as early as 1790. The tract was known as "Sportsman's Hall" and was owned by Reverend Father Theodore Browers. This parish was the parent of Roman Catholic churches in Westmoreland county. The German Reformed church (now the Evangelical and Reformed) and the German Lutherans worked hand in hand and used the same log cabin churches. Even today among others, Brush Creek church is alternately used by these denominations. Leading Reformed workers were the Rev. John William Weber and the Rev. Dr. Nicholas P. Hacke. The latter was pastor of the Greensburg, Harrold's and Brush Creek charges for 59 years. He died in 1878. The Lutherans had as their foundation stones from 1791 to 1868 the Rev. John M. Steck, his son, the Rev. Michael J. Steck, and the Rev. Jonas Mechling, who labored in central Westmoreland. 68FOR FURTHER STUDY Why is the Northwest Territory over which St. Clair presided of such historical importance? What states were formed out of it? Who is Westmoreland's congressman today? Who are Pennsylvania's two United States Senators? Write something about present day coal operators in Westmoreland county. Who are they and where are their mines? Other industries, especially those near your home? See dictionary for. definition of alcalde. Inquiry of your pastor will disclose the history of the denomination and church to which your f,amily belongs. Earliest religious denominations which served Westmoreland county settlers included the Baptists, Presbyterians, Reformeds, and Lutherans. Old map on next page is of Eastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania in 1756. ST. VINCENT COLLEGECONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. Names Chapter 2. Geographical (includes Census) Chapter 3. Geological - Chapter 4. The Indian - Chapter 5. Five by Five (1753-1773) - - Chapter 6. Part of a New Nation -. Chapter 7. Government - Chapter 8. Personalities - Chapter 9. Transportation... Chapter 10. Industries and Products - - Chapter 11. Educational Facilities - - For Reference - Index Page - 5 - - 9 - 15 - -21 - 29 - -37 - 47 - - 55 - 61 - -71 - 77 -- 85 - 91 - 93CHAPTER 9 TRANSPORTATION EARLY Indian trails used by the natives in search of good game and fishing country or for fighting expeditions became traders' paths with the coming of the white man. An important crossing of the Allegheny trail east and west and the Catawba trail extending north and south was at Loyalhanna, later recognized in the settling of Ligonier. There were many other Indian trails used by early traders in Westmoreland county. Early military roads such as Braddock's and the later Forbes road were not adapted to ordinary travel. Easier routes for military purposes and for transporting goods westward to trade with the Indians were laid out. For example, Col. Henry Bouquet, who helped to build The Great or Forbes road, a year later, (1759) laid out a short and more level route from Ligonier to Pittsburgh through the Turtle Creek valley. It was near this latter route that the Battle of Bushy Run was fought. However, the Great road was generally used until after the county seat was moved from Hannastown to Greensburg, and even today the important Lincoln highway (route 30) roughly follows it in the eastern portion of Westmoreland county. While southwestern Pennsylvania still was a part of Bedford county, before the erection of Westmoreland county, a big township east of the Laurel mountain was called the "Great Glade" by William Scull, an English map maker. This was the name given to the important road (route 31) extending today through Somerset, Mt. Pleasant, and West Newton. After the War for Independence, the Frankstown road, predecessor of the Northern turnpike and the present William Penn highway (route 22), was built. Stephen Franks, a Jewish fur trader with the Indians, had a post along the Juniata river, near Hollidaysburg, as early as 1746. 71THE "STEAM HORSE" The western division of the Pennsylvania canal system traversed the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas, and Allegheny rivers and was continued over the mountains by the Portage railroad. Charles Dickens in his "American Notes" talks about it. The canal was an interlude before the building of the Pennsylvania railroad and the present network of improved state highways. A great stream of traffic was carried by the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh turnpike( approximately the present Lincoln highway) and the Northern turnpike through Westmoreland county beginning about 1818. Later the canal route took some of this traffic. Conestoga wagons, stage coaches, wagons drawn by oxen, men and women on horseback, droves of cattle and sheep passed by or stopped for the night at picturesque taverns along the turnpike. In 1852, when the difficult job of building tracks from Grapeville ridge to Loyalhanna creek, including the construction of three tunnels and deep fills, was completed, trains ran over iron rails from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and the "steam horse" completely replaced the picturesque Conestoga wagon as well as the canal boat. This was and is the Pennsylvania railroad. The introduction of automobiles resulted in the reconstruction of most of the old turnpikes and the building of a great network of hard surfaced roads. In 1941 there were 1,201 miles of improved state roads and 75 miles of improved county roads in Westmoreland county. There also were 1,350 miles of township roads, some hard surfaced. The airplane needs no roads but must have well-prepared landing places and beacons for guidance. The principal present-day airports of the county are near Greensburg and Latrobe with smaller ones in many sections. Opened to the public in 1940 was the Pennsylvania turnpike, four-lane toll road without grade crossings extending from Irwin to Carlisle. It has three entrances and73 WOODEN BRIDGES exits in Westmoreland county,-Irwin, the western terminus; New Stanton, and Donegal. In addition to the Pennsylvania railroad's main line, which, within the county, touches Trafford, Irwin, Penn, Jeannette, Greensburg, Latrobe, Derry, Torrance, Bolivar, New Florence, and Seward, there are spurs including the Southwest branch from Greensburg to Uniontown through Youngwood and Scottdale; the Allegheny and the Conemaugh divisions along the northern boundary touching New Kensington, Vandergrift, and Saltsburg; and the Turtle Creek branch in the north central part from Trafford to Export and Delmont. Other railroads in the county are the Baltimore and Ohio line, touching Sutersville, West Newton, and Monessen; the Western Maryland in the southwestern part, touching Monessen; the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, touching Monessen; the Ligonier Valley railroad from Latrobe to Ligonier; and the West Penn Railways company's electric road from Scottdale through Mt. Pleasant (with a spur to Latrobe), Greensburg, Jeannette, Irwin, and Trafford. These "trolley lines" gradually are giving way to bus lines. Much traffic formerly carried by the railroads has been diverted to the highways with busses and trucks making daily trips between centers of population in the county and Pittsburgh, not to mention scheduled trips to all points of the compass. Several transcontinental bus routes traverse the Lincoln and William Penn highways and the turnpike. The picturesque covered wooden bridges over smaller streams now are history. Even the stone bridges of the past have given way to the modern concrete structures like those seen along the turnpike. The earliest "mail" deliveries were the messages exchanged by military authorities between Forts Pitt and Ligonier and eastern points. Messengers on horseback carried these letters. Stations for the exchange of horses were established about every 20 miles. Andrew Byerly had such a station at Bushy Run now Harrison City. Sometimes friendly Indians were used as message carriers. An Indian with a branch covered with green leaves stuck in the barrel of his gun could approach a white man's fort in safety. Later, mail was shipped by stage coach until more recent times when train, bus, and airplane were utilized. The United States Official Postal Guide for July, 1939, lists 93 post offices in operation in Westmoreland county. Since rural free delivery was established, many rural post offices have been discontinued. First came the solemn, silent, single-filed movement of the Indian through the forest, then the packhorse of the trader and the tramp of soldiers. Roads following their trails were cut over the mountains toward Pittsburgh, the gateway to the west, and brought stage coach and Conestoga wagons pulled by horses hitched in pairs, sixes, or eights. Some vehicles were drawn by oxen. Before long the canal boat made its bid for traffic, and still later the locomotive puffed up and down the grades on iron rails. Then came the self-propelled vehicle on rubber tires, the automobile of today. There has been added the heavierthan-air ship of the sky through the miracle of aviation. 93 -POSTOFFICESFOR FURTHER STUDY Draw a map of Westmoreland county and place thereon all routes of travel as they came successively throughout the years. Write an essay on each of the following: the Lincoln highway stretch within Westmoreland county, the Glades road, the William Penn highway, the Pennsylvania turnpike, the Pennsylvania canal, the steam railroad and the street car system. Which are the most important north and south roads passing through the county? Why? What factors caused the location of transportation routes and how were obstacles overcome? List shortest route from Ligonier to Export, giving highway numbers and towns touched. New Kensington to Monessen. Scottdale to Vandergrift, Donegal to West Newton, etc. Are there any covered bridges in Westmoreland county? Why were they covered? What products were shipped from Westmoreland county in the early days? At the present time? Interesting "travel" discussions may be developed by following a given transportation route passing through Westmoreland county to its destination on the Atlantic or Pacific ocean or Gulf of Mexico. Communication h,as grown in Westmoreland county since its formation! For example, there were more than 36,000 telephones within the county limits as of September 1, 1941.CHAPTER 10 PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES P IONEER Westmoreland county settlers cut away the forests to let in the sunlight so that the seeds they planted might sprout and produce harvests. Farmers and their families were self reliant. The axe, the scythe, and the plow, with a primitive forge nearby, and the farmer's muscles were the foundation in the fields. The women helped there too, in addition to caring for the log house and dairy and weaving most of the clothes the family wore. Rye became a principal crop early in the history of Westmoreland county for it could be converted easily into whiskey or into flour for bread. As noted previously this situation led to the Whiskey Insurrection. Turnpikes and canals during first half of the last century opened up trade with eastern points. Railroads made the distribution of farm products easier. The use of oxen gave way to horses. The reaper was invented, and other machinery was added to the farmer's necessities. Gasolinedriven tractors have removed much drudgery. At the outbreak of the Civil war almost everybody in Westmoreland county lived in the country. There were only 11 boroughs with a population of 5,421, while the townships boasted of 47,818. The rolling hills of Westmoreland were well adapted for grazing sheep and cattle. The creek bottoms produced good crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, and grass. When attention was diverted to what was beneath the soil instead of what could grow on the surface, in about 1880, the farmer whose land was underlaid with coal often decided to retire or to make his living other than by the oldest and still the most important industry of man-tilling the soil. The development of the coal mining industry had its effect even on those farmers who did not own land underlaid with the "treasure". Many sold ties and pit posts to the mine operators and temporarily abandoned plowing and sowing. 77FERTILE SOILS The tendency of young people, born and raised on farms, to go to the city increased. In spite of these changes, Westmoreland may be considered an agricultural county even today. The 1940 census places the urban population at 146,573 and the rural population at 156,838 in Westmoreland county with an increase for rural population of 1.1 per cent from 1930. Good roads and rural free mail delivery have helped to make farm life more endurable. Within recent years life in the country has assumed surprising proportions. Suburban sections of cities have been developed. Mining hamlets grew as mining developed and dwindled as the coal became exhausted, but truck gardening increased. The most notable example of this is Westmoreland Homesteads in Mt. Pleasant township. The most fertile soils are those along the streams and rivers. They are used to produce vegetable crops which yield more to the acre. Next in fertility are the soils of limestone origin. These are found in those sections of the county underlaid with the Pittsburgh vein of coal, and many are cultivated although the coal beneath has been removed. Such soils are found in Hempfield, Mt. Pleasant, Derry, Unity, Salem, Penn, North Huntingdon, East Huntingdon, South Huntingdon, Franklin, Rostraver, and Sewickley townships. Some of the limy shales such as are found in the northwestern part of the county also are productive of good crops of grain, hay, and pasture. Ligonier valley soils contain considerable sandstone and have been found suitable for growing potatoes. Good crops of grains and hay also may be grown on this soil with proper fertilization and liming. Fruits do well on all the soils of the county. Apples, pears and plums, however, thrive better on the heavier soils, while peaches and cherries prefer the sand soils. Grapes have been grown extensively in several sections of the county. The length of the growing season is between 140 and 170 days in Westmoreland county.3,930 FARMSIIS From the standpoint of markets, Westmoreland county is admirably situated; farm and garden products find a ready sale in nearby Pittsburgh as well as in the several industrial cities within the county. Statistics The 1940 census places the number of farms in Pennsylvania at 169,027. Of these, 3,930 are in Westmoreland county, placing it tenth in this respect among the 67 counties of Pennsylvania. The approximate area of land in Westmoreland county is figured at 666,103 acres with 355,577 acres in farm land. The number of farm operators dropped from 4,707 in 1930 to 3,924 in 1940. It is significant that among these there were 3,155 full owners, 29 managers, 582 tenants, and the remainder part owners. There are only four farms of 1,000 acres or over and 423 from 30 to 49 acres, showing that farm land is widely distributed in ownership. In 1939 Westmoreland county ranked fifteenth in crop production among the counties of the state with a value of $2,815,630. Crop Rank Value. Corn 10 $898,310 Tame Hay 15 636,480 Potatoes 29 233,580 Wheat 12 337,560 Oats 3 371,440 Buckwheat 30 9,660 Barley 24 11,760 Rye 13 16,340 Apples 14 167,000 Peaches 11 66,340 Pears 4 25,930 The figures representing agricultural values are from the 1939 Pennsylvania Crop and Livestock Report. In milk production Westmoreland county ranked thirteenth with a production of 13,338,150 gallons valued at $2,801,010. Even though this county has a ready market for raw 79In 3 0 It 0 0 H C) CW nYOUNG FARMERS milk, a great deal of butter is still produced. The production in 1939 was 367,750 pounds. Westmoreland county, on January 1, 1940, ranked tenth in the number of chickens on her farms. The total number was 460,480 valued at $428,250, while in 1939 there were 3,697,380 dozens of eggs produced which were valued at $850,400 Westmoreland county has the largest number of apiaries and the most beekeepers of any county in Pennsylvania. Over one thousand persons in the county are beekeepers. The total number of colonies of bees in the county is 4,040. Beekeepers of Westmoreland county harvested approximately 90,190 pounds of honey in 1939 and, in addition, 3,000 pounds of beewax was rendered from cappings and old combs. These products had a retail value of about $20,000. It is interesting to note that the farmers in Westmoreland county used more lime than any others in the state in 1940, while in the use of commercial fertilizers they dropped to thirteenth place. Since 1915 information determined by United States and Pennsylvania agricultural department experiments on how to help farmers grow bigger and better crops and how to better their home life has been extended by the Agricultural Extension association, formerly called the Westmoreland County Farm bureau. L. F. Engle was the first county farm agent. Since 1919, W. L. Treager has served in that capacity. A feature of this activity has been 4-H (head, hand, heart, and health) club work which began with 45 members and included a pig-feeding club. There are now 244 members in agricultural clubs and 217 home economics clubs. In addition there were, in 1941, 717 boys enrolled in agricultural courses in county high schools and 3,268 girls enrolled in home economics courses. As noted in Chapter 3, Westmoreland county, in 1940, stood fifth, with 8,756,882 tons, in the mining of bituminous 80INDUSTRY GROWS coal, among the counties of the state. The state department of mines census for 1940 shows 8,994 men employed in the mines as compared to 20,246 in 1925. Increase in the use of machinery has been a factor in this change. Coal has been the richest natural resource of the county and still is most important, although other coal sections of the ~country are being developed in competition. Millions of dollar's worth of this mineral have been mined in the following townships: Hempfield, Salem, South Huntingdon, Franklin, North Huntingdon, Penn, Mount Pleasant, Unity, Bell, Loyalhanna, Derry, East Huntingdon, Sewickley, Rostraver and Lower Burrell. In practically all of these townships large mines are still operating. Recently, the making of coke has shown an increase in the coal mining industry. Monessen leads the county in the steel and tin plate industries. There, mills produce immense quantities of woven wire and tubes. Other large steel mills are located at Vandergrift, Latrobe, Braeburn and West Leechburg. Foundries which manufacture rolls and iron equipment of various kinds are situated at Hyde Park, Trafford, Avonmore, Jeannette, Greensburg, and Monessen. The hub of the aluminum industry is at New Kensington. Aluminum for various uses, is fabricated there, including sheets and beams used in the construction of railroad cars, busses, automobiles, and airplanes. Aluminum foil is also manufactured there, being used extensively for insulating buildings and for packing various kinds of foods, including candy bars, and also for packaging shaving cream tubes, toothpaste, and other items so marketed. Jeannette is the center of the county's glass industry. Six different plants located there are engaged in the production of window glass, safety glass for automobiles, bullet-proof glass, tableware, automobile and aviation lenses, table tops and decoration, lighting units, and ovenware. Window glass is also manufactured at Arnold, and novelty glass at Greensburg and Mt. Pleasant. 81Other varied industries are located in Westmoreland county. A large rubber products plant is located at Jeannette where automobile, truck and bicycle tires, tennis balls, novelties, and mechanical rubber goods including badminton sets are manufactured. Garment factories are located at Greensburg, New Kensington, and Mt. Pleasant. A woolen goods factory is situated at Latrobe. Plants at Greensburg, Derry, Latrobe, Trafford, New Kensington, and Irwin make electrical equipment. Mining equipment plants are located at Irwin and Penn. Bricks are manufactured at Salina, Greensburg, Latrobe, Bolivar, and Hunker. Plants at Greensburg and Jeannette make valves and fittings. A sizable plant in Jeannette manufactures power plant units and accessories. A plant manufacturing thermostats is situated at Youngwood. Cereal food products are made at Cereal near Irwin. A plant in Trafford manufactures carbon dioxide gas. Youngwood and Derry have railroad yards. VARIED PRODUCTSFOR FURTHER STUDY List the farm crops grown in your immediate vicinity in the order of their importance. It has been said that when the roosters start crowing before daybreak on the farnis of the United States, they blow the factory whistles for the greatest industry in the world. Westmoreland still has an important part of this industry. Why is Westmoreland fortunate in proximity of markets? Library books will help you to prepare a paper on the importance of agriculture and holw it feeds the world. List the mill or factory products made in communities near your home. Which leads? Where is it marketed? What causes may have led to the establishment of the factories near you? Labor? Transportation? Fuel? Markets? iDiscuss changes brought about in county industry by America's defense program begun in 1941.The eastern boundary of Westmoreland county is Laurel mountain ridge, so called because of the abundant growth of mountain laurel. Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and writer, visited William Penn's colony in its infancy and chose the laurel as the most beautiful American plant. In June, 1933, the legislature'asked Governor Gifford Pinchot to choose between the azalea or "wild honeysuckle" and the laurel for state flower honors. The governor's wife chose the evergreen laurel. It blooms in June, white and pink, waxy in appearance, with blossoms arranged in terminal clusters. The cup-like flowers h,ave 10 dark-colored pockets on the inner lining into which the anthers of 10 stamens snugly fit. When a bee enters the released anther flies up and dusts its pollen on the back of the insect, which then will carry it away to fertilize another flower.CHAPTER 11 EDUCATION T T HE beginning of the nineteenth century, school buildings of Westmoreland county for the most part were crude, uncomfortable, and poorly lighted and heated. In the remote sections of the county many of the buildings were constructed of logs. There were few books, and some of these were printed in the language of the community. In areas where the people were of German origin, that language was the language of the schools. This was true in several sections of what is now Westmoreland county.' The first school in Western Pennsylvania was the log schoolhouse of old Zion Lutheran church near Fort Allen in the Harrold settlement, not far from the present Hempfield township junior high school. It was completed about 1772. Balthaser Meyer was the teacher. The four R's-- reading,'riting,'rithmetic, and religion, including, of course, the catechism, were taught. One of the last log schoolhouses in the county was Cary's Run school between Laurelville and Mt. Pleasant. It was built in 1800 by Colonel John Bennett and his neighbors and was used for many years. The passage of the Free Public School act by the Pennsylvania general assembly in 1834 was the most forwardlooking step ever taken in public education in the state. By this law provision was made for the establishment of a sufficient number of schools in each school district of the state for the education of every child, within the limits of the district, who wished to attend. Unfortunately, the act left the acceptance of the provisions of the law to the districts, and in Westmoreland county only ten of the twenty-one school districts took favorable action. The people were opposed because they felt powers they wanted to hold themselves were to be taken away. It was not until many years later that free schools were to be found throughout the entire county. Progress in public education in Westmoreland county has kept pace with new school laws which provided for better schools. In 1854 a state law wias passed establishing the office of county superintendent of public schools. 85FIRST SUPERINTENDENT The first county superintendent in Westmoreland county was the Rev. Matthew McKinstry, of West Newton. He was elected by the school directors of the county for a term of three years, but because of the unpopularity of his position he resigned after he had served one year. He was succeeded in office by James I. McCormick, of North Huntingdon township, who filled out the unexpired term. Superintendent McCormick held the first county institute for teachers in October, 1855. Institutes of a local nature were held prior to that year. Ever since that time institutes have been the most important educational meetings of the year. The Free Textbook act of 1885 was made compulsory instead of optional in 1893. This law, with the addition of the Compulsory Attendance act of 1895, was far reaching in its wholesome effect upon school conditions. Higher Education Forerunner of the present-day high school was the academy, a private school for preparing young men and young women for college entrance and for teaching in the public schools. There were a number of such schools in Westmoreland county. Five of the best known were the Greensburg academy, founded in 1810; the Western pennsylvania Classical and Scientific institute at Mt. Pleasant, founded in 1889; the Turtle Creek academy at Murrysville, founded in 1861; the Markle academy, located in Allegheny township, organized in 1875, and the Greensburg Seminary, established in 1848. These schools made a valuable contribution to the educational life of the county. They made it possible for hundreds of young people to secure higher educational training at a nominal cost, and they opened the way to the learned professions. A large percentage of the professional men of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries received their preliminary training in schools such as these. These schools gave way to the establishment of public high schools. The growth of secondary or high school education in Westmoreland county is a significant event of the past 86VOCATIONAL TRAINING 30 years. In 1910 there were twenty-three high schools. By 1940 this number had increased to forty-three with a pupil enrollment of more than 24,000. The program of studies has been expanded to include courses in the practical arts as well as in the academic subjects. The year 1913 marked the opening of departments of vocational education. This extension of the high school program was made possible by the passage of the SmithHughes Vocational Education law by the national congress. Provision was made for the financial support of these departments by both the federal and state governments. The first department organized in Westmoreland county was a course in vocational agriculture in the Mt. Pleasant township high school. Today there are fifteen departments of vocational agriculture and seventeen departments of vocational home economics. The home economics departments are located in the schools at Arnold, Bell township, Bolivar, East Huntingdon township, Greensburg, Hempfield township, Jeannette, Latrobe, Monessen, Mt. Pleasant township, South Huntingdon township, West Newton, and Youngwood. Twenty-one departments of general economics have been established in the various high schools of the county. In the large industrial towns of New Kensington, Monessen, and Arnold, trade schools have been established. These schools have the cooperation and support of local industries. Vocational shops are a part of the high school programs in East Huntingdon township and Latrobe. Twenty-two other school districts have departments of industrial arts, the successor to the old course of manual training. Consolidation and Transportation The consolidation of small rural schools and the transportation of pupils who had attended such schools, to larger, better graded and better equipped buildings, have effectively improved the educational standards of Westmoreland county. In 1901 a state law was enacted which provided for centralized schools, but such action could not be taken 8788CONSOLIDATION unless a majority of the voters of a school district voted favorably for "centralization". No centralized schools were established in Westmoreland county under this law. In 1911 directors were given the authority to close small schools and to transport the pupils to larger schools at public expense. This was the beginning of a program of consolidation in Westmoreland county, which has grown to be an important feature of the school systems of the townships. The consolidation of schools was begun under the superintendency of Robert C. Shaw and has been efficiently continued under the direction of his successors, W. G. Dugan and Charles F. Maxwell. Since 1911, 136 one and two-room schools have been closed and the pupils transported to thirty-seven approved consolidated centers. During the school year 1939-40, a total of fifty-eight busses were transporting 11,726 pupils to consolidated schools and high schools of the county. The Scope of Education Education is a big business in Westmoreland county. There are 332 school buildings valued at more than $15,000,000 situated in the county. A total of 2,184 elementary, junior high school, and senior high school teachers have under their instruction approximately 65,500 pupils. There are sixty-three school districts which spend about $6,000,000 annually for instruction, maintenance of school property, transportation of pupils, medical service, and debt service. In addition to the public school organizations there are nineteen parochial schools in Greensburg, Irwin, Jeannette, Latrobe, Monessen, Mt. Pleasant, New Kensington, Penn, United, Whitney, and Youngwood. Two colleges, St. Vincent college for men, at Latrobe, and Seton Hill college for women, at Greensburg, are located in the county. St. Vincent began in 1846 as a school principally for the training of priesthood candidates for the Order of St. Benedict. It was chartered as a full fledged college by the Pennsylvania legislature in 1870. St. Vincent includes a theological seminary, a college and a preparatory 88school for boys. It has a library of more than 50,000 volumes. Seton Hill college is under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. It was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1889. There are three private schools, St. Xavier's academy in Unity township, established in 1844, and conducted by the Sisters of Mercy; St. Joseph's academy, under supervision of Seton Hill college, at Greensburg, and Kiskiminetas Springs school for boys, established in 1888 near Saltsburg. Westmoreland county ranks high among the counties of the state in the opportunities which she offers to her youth for preparation for successful and worthwhile living. PRIVATE SCHOOLS SETON HILL COLLEGECHAPTER 1 NAMES ESTMORELAND county, Pennsylvania, was named for Westmorland county, England. Westmorland county, in northwest England, is best known, perhaps, for its breed of sheep and woolen man. ufactures. It is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as early as 966. It suffered in early times from continuous inroads and devastations from the Scots, who sought to prevent the spread of Saxon settlements. Today it is separated from Scotland only by the English Cumberland county. There are Westmorland counties, also, in New Brunswick, Canada, and New South Wales, Australia. There have been about 18 earls of Westmorland since Ralph Neville became the first, knighted for valorous acts during the English invasion of France in 1380. There are Westmoreland counties in Virginia and in Tasmania. Then there are towns named Westmoreland in California, Kansas, New Hampshire and Tennessee, with a Westmoreland Depot in New Hampshire and a Westmoreland City in Pennsylvania. County is another name for the old English shire, next above the hundred in the administration of government. "Mother" Westmoreland, cut from Bedford county, is one of the nine counties of Pennsylvania named for English shires. The others are Bucks, Chester, Berks, Cumberland, Lancaster, Northampton, Northumberland and Somerset. After the American Colonial War for Independence "Mother" Westmoreland gave of herself directly in the creation of five other counties-Allegheny, Armstrong, Fayette, Indiana and Washington, and is the grandmother or great grandmother of 11 other counties in the western section of Pennsylvania, including Beaver, Butler, Clarion, Crawford, Erie, Forest, Greene, Lawrence, Mercer, Venango and Warren. Washington was the first of these counties, cut from Westmoreland in 1781. Fayette came next in 1783 and Allegheny in 1788. 9FOR FURTHER. STUDY Westmoreland County Public Schools Assistant Superintendent James Hughes, who prepared the foregoing chapter for this book, said in conclusion that "Education is the first line of defense both against ignorance and against attacks on our American traditions." Give your reasons why this is so. With the increase of industrial activities in Westmoreland county, what has been the most marked change in school study offered within recent years? Many Americans value education as!an economic asset. Some count education as the joy of becoming acquainted with the best th,at has been said and done in the past. Discuss these two viewpoints. One is considering education merely as a tool. Which? One values it as an experience. Which? Write a brief history of the school you attend. List the names of county and district superintendents of schools. Who is in charge of your school? Who are the school directors of your district? What is the school tax millage for your district? William Penn91 FOR REFERENCE Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania. L. C. Walkinshaw. Lewis Historical Publishing Co. New York. 1939. A Short History of Pittsbur,gh. 1758-1908. Samuel Harden Church. Pittsburgh. A History of Pennsylvania. Thomas S. March. American Book Co. New York. 1915. Bouquet Papers. Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Harrisburg. 1940. ICol. Henry Bouquet and His Campaigns. Cyrus Cort. Lancaster. 1883. Conspiracy of Pontiac. Francis Parkman. Christopher Gist's Journal. Edited by W. M. Darlington. IDelaware Indian Big House Ceremony. Frank G. Speck. Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Harrisburg. 1931. Department of Internal Affairs Records. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg Early History of Western Pennsylvania. Isaac G. Rupp. 1846. Encyclopedia Britannica. Fort Ligonier'and Its Times. C. Hale Sipe. Butler. 1932. Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. George Dallas Albert. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. George Washington's Journial. Library of Congress, Washington.:Greensburg Quadrangle. Meredith E. Johnson. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Harrisburg. 1925. Hannastown Records on file in the Westmoreland Courthouse. History of Col. Henry Bouquet and the Western Frontiers of Pennsylvania 1747-1764. Mary Carson Darlington. Pittsburgh. 1920. History of Old Zion Church. W. A. Zundel, Greensburg. 1922. Joseph Doddridge's Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783 inclusive. Albany, N. Y. 1876. Official United States Census Reports. Washington. Old and New Westmoreland. John N. Boucher. American Historical Society. New York. 1918. Pennsylvania Iron Manufacturers in the Eighteenth Century. Arthur Cecil Bining. Pennsylvania Historical'Commission. Harrisburg. 1938. Pennsylvania Trees. Joseph S. Illeck. Department of Forestry, Harrisburg. 1923. Pennsylvania Manual. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg. (Formerly Smull's Lelgislative Handbook). (Continued on next page)92 FOR REFERENCE (Contin ued) Pennsylvania Archives and Colonial Records (Several Series) in Westmoreland Law Library, Greensburg. Pennsylvania-A History. George P. Donehoo. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. New York. 1926. Pennsylvania Geology and Mineral Resources. George H. Ashley. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Harrisburg. 1931. Pennsylvania. Frederic A. Godcharles. American Historical Society. New York, 1933. Short History of England. John Richard Green. The Battle of Bushy Run. C. M. Bomberger. Jeannette Publishing Co., Jeannette. 1928. Twelfth Colony Plus. C. M. Bomberger. Jeannette Publishing Co., 1934. Jeannette. The Indilan Wars of Pennsylvania. C. Hale Sipe, Butler, 1931. The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania. C. Hale, Sipe. Butler. 1927. "The Latimers." Henry C. McCook. Philadelphia 1898. A story of the whiskey insurrection. "The Judas Tree." Neal Swanson. A story of Colonial Days in Western Pennsylvania. "The Rolling Years." Agnes Sligh Turnbull. Macmillan Co. New York, 1936. Story of Presbyterian Scotch-Irish in Westmoreland county between 1852 and 1910. "Remember The End." Agnes Sligh Turnbull. New York 1938. The Rise of American Democracy. Casner and Gabriel. Harcourt, Brace and company, 1938. Westmoreland County Controllers' Reports. Courthouse. Westmoreland County History. George Dallas Albert. 1882.INDEX -AACADEMY, Greensburg, 86 ADAMS, 11, 12, 13 ADAMSBURG, 11, 13, 19 ADAMS Falls, 16. ADAM Saam's Blockhouse, 49 AFRICAN, 55 ALASKA, 29 ALBERT, George Dallas, 13, 60 ALVERTON, 62 ALLEGHENY, Co., 9, 10, 12, 15, 23, 29, 33, 42, 66. Mountains, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 68. Railroad, 73 River, 22, 29, 37, 39, 42, 44, 49. Township 12, 18, 29, 86 ALLIGEWI, 29. AMERICA, 10, 22, 29, 38, 39. AMBRIDGE, 32. APPAILACHIANS, 16, 22, 31, 40, 48. ARMSTRONG, 9, 11, 12, 15, 42, 56, 66. ARNOLD, 18, 81, 87. AIRONA, 19. ASIIA, 29. "ASSWEKALES", 30. ATLANITIC, 21, 38, 39, 44. AUSTRALIA, 9. AVONMORiE, 19. -BBALD Knob, 16. BALTIMORE and Ohio R. R., 73. BAIPTISTS, 69. BARR, Alexander, 43. BAYARD, P,hoebe, 61. BATTLE of Bushy Run, 13, 37, 39, 44, 49, 71. BE~A'LER, Joseph, 43. BEAR Cave, 16. BEAVER, 9, 12, 15. BEAVER Run, 33. BEDFORlD, 9, 10, 40, 41, 42, 60, 61, 71. BELL, 12, 18, 47, 81, 87. BELT I.VIERNON, 68. BEINEDICTINIE Order, 68, 88. BENNETT, Col. John, 85. BERKS, 9, 17, 40. BERING Strait, 29. "BIG HIOUSE", 29. BIG Sewickley, 26, 47. BLACKLE!GS Indian Town, 30. BLAI'RSrVILLE, 47. BOHEMIANS, 17. BOLIVIAR, 19, 24, 73, 82, 87. BOSTON, 61. BOUCHER, John, 13. BOUQUET, Col. Henry, 37, 39, 40, 60, 71. BRADDOCK, Gen. Edward, 38, 40, 44. BRAIDDOCiK'S Road, 38, 71. BRAiEBURN, 81. BRITISH, 38, 44, 55. BRITISH Empire, 37. BROAIDFORD, 63. BROWERS, F,ather Theodore, 68. BROWIN, Rev. James, 68. BROWNSVII'LLE, 23. BRULNOT, Hilary J., 24. BRUSH CREEK, 15, 17, 40, 68. BRYSiON, James, 43. BUCKS, 9, 40. BUCHIAlNAN, President James 65. BURD, Col. James, 60. BURREILL, 11, 12, 56. BUiSHY Run Park, 16, 29, 30, 35 42, 73. BUTLEiR, 9. BYERLY, Andrew, 73. -CCALIiFORNIA, 9. CALIFORN~IA Furnace, 25. CAMBRIA, 15, 56. 93INDEX CANADA, 9, 31, 37, 49. CARBONIFEROUS, 21. CARLISLE, 72. CARNAHAN, John, 43. CARNEGIE, Andrew, 23, 26, 35, 62, 63. CAROLINA, 30, 44. CARY'S Run, 85. CATAWIBA, 30, 31, 44, 71. CAVALIER, 31. CAVETT, James, 43. CAV'ETT, John, 41. CENOZOIC, 21. CEREAL, 82. CHEROKEE, 31. CHERRY Tree, 42. CHESAPEAKE, 44. CHESTER, 9, 40. CHESTNUT Ridge, 15, 16, 22, 61, 62. CIVIL WAR, 51, 65, 67, 77. CLARK, iGeorge Rogers, 48. CLARION, 9. COAL Pit Run, 23. COCKY'IS CABIN, 31. COLUMMBUS, 29. COMMOiNW,EALT-H, 55. CONEMAUGH, 15, 24, 30, 72, 73. CONES'TOGA, 72. CONNELLSVILLE, 22, 23, 64. CONNOLLY, John, 47. CONNE!CTICiUT, 44. CONRAID Byer's Blockhouse, 49. CONTRECOUR, Capt. 37. CONTINENTAiL Congress, 50, 61. COOK, 11, 12, 16, 18. CORNlPLANTERlS, 32. CORNWALLIS, 61. COULTER, Richard, 66. COVODE, John, 65. COWAN, Edgar, 64. COW,AN, Dr. Frank, 64. CRAWFORlD, 9. CRIAWFORD, William, 42, 49. CROGHIAN, iGeorge, 31. CUMBEiRLAND, 9, 40, 50. DARKE County,. 50. DAVIS, Benjamin, 43. DECLARATION of Independence, 10. DELAWARE, 11, 17, 29, 32, 35, 38, 44, 56. (DELMONT) New Salem, 19, 33, 34, 73. DEMOCRATIC Party, 11. DENMARK-MANOR, 43. DERRY, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 25, 47, 73, 78, 81, 82. DETROIT, 31. DICKENS, Ch~arles, 72. DI,NWIDDIE, Governor, 37. DI'STRIiCT of West Augusta, 47. DON~EIGAL, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 25, 42, 49, 73. DRAKE, R. S., 35. DRUM, August, 65. DRUM, Simon, 51. DRY Ridge, 15, 22. IDU:GAN, W.;G., 88. DUNKARD, Creek, 42. DUiNMORE, Gov. 47, 48. DUQUEISNE, Fort, 31, 38, 44. DUQUESNE, Marquis, 37. -EEAiST Huntingdon, 18, 78, 81, 87. EA!ST Vandergrift, 19. EDICT of Nantes, 17. EMERSON, 67. EINGLANID, 9, 10, 12, 39. ENGLE, L. F., 80. ENGLISH, 11, 17, 31, 40, 41, 56. ERIE, 9. ERWIiN, Joseph, 41. ESISEN, 13. EURO,PE, 39, 55. EV;ANGEiLI,CAL and Reformed, 68. EXPORT, 19, 31, 73. 94INDEX -F-- FAIRFIELD, 10, 12, 18, 25, 42, 65. FAYETlTlE, 9, 10, 12, 15, 22, 23, 31, 37, 42, 52. FINLEY, Rev. James, 68. FINDLAY, James, 64. FINDLEY, William, 62. FEDERAL Union, 51. FORBES, 11, 16, 17, 31, 38, 40, 44. FORBES Road, 38, 42, 71. FOREST, 9. FORT Allen, 47, 85. Barr, 47. Crawford, 49. Duquesne, 31, 38, 44. Hand, 49. Necessity, 38, 44. Palmer, 47. IPitt, 12, 32, 37, 39, 49, 73. Preservation, 47, 60. Reed, 47. Shippen, 47. Stanwix, 39. Wallace, 47. FOUR-MILE Run, 16. FRANCE, 9, 37. FRAN;KLIN, 11, 12, 18, 67, 78,81. FRANKSTOWN Road, 71. FRANKS, Stephen, 71. FRASER, 37. FRENC,H, 37, 38, 44. FRENCIH, Huguenot, 17. FREINCH and Indian War, 31, 37, 38, 61. FREEiPORT, 22. FRICK, Henry Clay, 23, 62, 63, 64. FRIENDSHIP Hall, 52. GGALLATIN, Albert, 52. GEARY, Gov. John White, 66, 67. GEARY, Richard, 66. GEiORGE the Third, King, 39, 43, 55. GEORGIA, 67. GERMAN, 11, 17, 85. GERMAIN Lutheran, 68. GERMAN Reformed, 68. GIRTY, Simon, 49. GIIST, Christopher, 31, 37. GODCHARLES, 13. "GOOD Purpose", 40. GRAPEVILLE, 22, 29, 72. GRATZTOWiN, 33. "GREAT GLADE", 71. GREAT Lakes, 22, 29, 63. GREAT Spirit, 29. GREEKS, 17. GREENE, 9, 10, 12, 22, 42, 50. GREENSBURG, 11, 12, 22, 50, 51, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 87, 88. GREEINSBURG Seminary, 86. GREENIVIILLE, Treaty of, 50. GUIFFEY, John, 64. GUFFEY, Sen. Joseph F., 64. GUY,ASUTA, 37, 39, 49. HHACKE, Dr. Nicholas P., 68. HAMILTON, "Hair Buyer" Henry, 31, 48. HAND, Gen. Edward, 49. HANNA, Robert, 17, 41, 42. HAINNAH Furnace, 25. HAINNASTOW~N, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 61, 69, 71. HARROLDS, 17, 40, 48, 85. HARRISON City, 16, 31, 73. HARRISIBURG, 48. HAYES, Christopher, 43. HAYMAKER, Bros., 24. HEICKEWELDER, John, 32. HERMITAGE Furn,ace, 25. HEMIPFIELD, 11, 12, 17, 18, 42, 48, 49, 78, 81, 85, 87. HIIGHLANDERS, 13. HIISTORICAL House, 64. HITC1HMAN, Charles, 43. HOLLIIDAYSBURG, 71. "HOLY EXPERIMENT," 40. HUFF, George F., 66. HUGHES, James, 90.INDEX HUGUENOTS, 17. HUINKER, 19, 82. HUNTER, James A., 11. HIUNTINIGDON, 11, 12, 42. HYDE PARK, 19, 82. I-- ILLINOIS, 62. INDIANA, 9, 12, 15, 24, 42, 56. INDIAINS, 17, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 71, 74. INSTITIUTE, 53, 54, 86. IRELAND, 10, 11, 12. IIRISH, 10, 17, 40, 49. IRW-IN, 19, 22, 33, 47, 66, 72, 73, 82, 88. IROQUOIS, 29, 42, 44. ITA,LIANS, 17. JJACOB'IS Creek, 15, 24. JAMISON Coal Co., 66. JAMISO~N, John M., 66. J1AMISON, Robert'S., 66. JAPAIN, 67. JEANNEiTTE, 18, 24, 49, 73, 81, 82, 87, 88. JEFFE;RSON, 52, 62, 66. JEWI0ISKH, 71. JOH.NSON, Alexander, 66. JOHNSON, Gov. William Freame, 66. JOHNSON, President Andrew, 64. JUMONVILLE, Coulon de, 38. JIUNIATA, 71. -KKALM, Peter, 84. KANSAS, 9, 65, 67. KEYSTONE Coal Co., 66. KIN@GSTON, 25. KISKIMINETAS, 15, 24, 25, 32, 35, 49, 72, (school) 89. KITTANNING, 11, 39, 42. KLINGENSMITH, Philip, 49. KOOSER, 16. LACKAWANNA, 56. LAKE Superior, 23. LANAPE, 29. LANCASTER, 9, 11, 40. LARIMER, 23, 65. LARIMER, Gen. William, 65. LATTA, Jodhn, 64. LATROBE, 15, 19, 25, 72, 73, 81, 82, 87, 88. LAUGHLINSTOWN, 16, 25. LAUREL IHILL, 15, 16, 25, 40, 41, 71, 84. LA,URELVILLE, 85. LAWRENCE, 9. LIGONIER, Basin or Valley, 15, 22, 73, 78. Borough, 19, 67, 68, 73. Fort, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60, 61, 71. Railroad, 73. Sir John, 38, 60. Township, 12, 16, 18, 25. LIINCOLN, 11, 65. LINCOLN Highway, 71, 72, 73. LIVIERMORE, 19. LOCHRY'!S Fort, 47. LOGSTOWN, 32. LONDON, 61. LOWER BURRELL, 18, 81. LOYALHANNA, Creek, 15, 23, 25, 34, 38, 44, 60, 62, 71, 72. Dam, 16. Indian Village, 30. Township, 12, 18, 81. LUTHERAN, 48, 68, 69. LUZERNE, 56. ILYCIPPUS, 16. LYNN Run, 16. -MMADISON, 19, 49. MAIGEE'S Run, 47. MANALLIN, 11, 12, 42. MANOR, 17, 19, 43, 49. MARCHAND'S Blockhouse, 49. MARKLE Academy, 86. 96INDEX MA,RKLE'IS Blockhouse, 47. MARY'LAND, 44. MASON and Dixon Line, 42, 44. MAXWELL, Charles F., 88. McCOO.K, Henry C., 52. McCORMIC;K, James L., 86. McCORMICK, Dr. S. B., 67. McDOWELL'S Blockhouse, 49. McINTOSH,:Gen. LIachlan, 32. McKEE, H. Sellars, 24. McKINSTRY, Rev. Matthew, 86. McLAIN, James, 43. MECHLING, Rev. Jonas, 68. MELLON, T~homas, 67. "MELTING Pot," 17. MENGWE, 29. MERCER, 9. MESOZOIC, 21. METHODIST, 68. MEXICAN War, 51, 67. MEYER, Balthaser, 48, 85. MIAMI, 62. MIFFLIiN, Gov. Thomas, 51. MILLERDALE, 49. MILLER'S Station, 49. MINGOES, 47. MISSISSIIPPI, 21, 29, 37, 39. MONESSEN, 13, 18, 25, 33, 73, 81, 87, 88. MONONONGAHELA, 13, 15 17, 25. MONONGALIA, 47. MONTGOMERY, 56. MOORE, Judge John, 59. MORAVIANS, 32, 38. "MOUNID Builders," 29, 34. MOUNT Hope Furnace, 25. MOUNT Morris, 42. MT. Odin, 64. MT. Pleasant, Borough, 19, 62, 64, 66, 71, 73, 82, 85, 86, 88. Township, 12, 18, 42, 43, 49, 68, 78, 81, 87. MUNSIE, 29. MURRYSVILLE, 11, 24, 67, 86. NECESSITY, Fort, 38, 44. NEVILLE, Ralph, 9. NEW ALEXANDRIA, 15, 19, 34, 47. NEW Brunswick, 9. NEW Florence, 19, 73. NEW Geneva, 52. NEW Hampshire, 9. NEW Kensington, 18, 67, 73, 81, 87, 88. NEW Salem (Delmont), 19, 33, 34, 73. NEW Stanton, 73. NEWTOWN, 50. NEW York, 29, 44, 63. NORTHAMPTON, 9, 40. NORTH Bellevernon, 19. NORTHERN Turnpike, 24, 71, 72. NORTH Huntingdon, 18, 49, 78, 81, 82, 86. NORTH Irwin, 19. NORTHUMBERLAND, 9, 40. NORTHWEST Territory, 61, 62, 69. O-- OAK Grove Furnace, 25. OKLAHOMA, 19. OHIO, 17, 32, 37, 39, 42, 47, 49, 50. OHIO Company, 31, 37. OTTAWA, 39. OVERHOLT Co., 63. -p-- PACIFIC, 37. PALEOZIC, 21. PENN, William, 11, 31, 40, 55, 67. Borough, 11, 19, 73, 82, 88. John, 41, 43, 48, 61. Township, 11, 12, 18, 78, 81. PE,NN'S Lodge, 43. ",PENN'S Woods," 16. PENNSYILViANIA, 11, 15, 32, 35, 38, 40, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 64, 66, 67, 72, 78. 97INDEX "PENNSYLVANIA Dutch," 11, 40, 47. PENNSYLVANIA Railroad, 65, 72, 73. PENNSYLVANIA Turnpike, 72. PERRY'iS Blockhouse, 47. PERRYSVI,LLE, 47. PHILADELPHIA, 40, 41, 42, 61, 72. PHILADELPHIA-PITTSBU RGH Turnpike, 72. PIKE Run, 16. PINCHOT, Gov.'Gifford, 84. PITT, 11, 12, 39, 60. PITTSBU,RGH, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 37, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 63, 67, 64, 71, 72, 78, 79. PITTSBURGH and Lake Erie Railroad, 73. PLEISTOCENE, 22. POLES, 17. POMEROY'S Blockhouse, 47. PONTIAC'S War, 31, 37, 39. PORTAGE, 67, 72. POST, Christopher, 38. POWDER Run, 16. POWERS, Rev. James, 68. PROCTOR'S Blockhouse, 47. PROCTOR, John, 43, 48, 68. PRESBYTERIAN, 67, 69. PURCHASE Of 1768, 40. --QQUAKER, 17, 40. QUARTERNARY, 22. QUEBEC, 61. R"RATTLESNAKE Flag," 43, 48. REED'S STATION, 49. REFORMED, 68, 69. REHOBETH, 68. REMALEY, Henry, 24. REPUIBLICAN Party, 11, 64, 65. RESOLUTION of. Independence, Hann,astown, 48, 52, 61. REVOLUTIONARY War, 31, 32, 37, 41, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 55, 66, 71. RIST, Jacob, 63. ROBBINS Station, 33. ROBERTS, Rev. Robert Bickford, 68. ROHRER, Frederick, 23. ROLLING Rock, 16, 67. ROMAN Catholic, 68. ROISS Furnace, 25. ROS:TRAVER, 11, 12, 15, 18, 33, 42, 78, 81. ROYAL Americans, 61. RUGH, Michael, 49. ST. BONIFACE, 16. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, 11, 23, 25, 40, 41, 43, 47, 61, 62. Township 11, 12, 18. ST. JOSEPH'S Academy, 88. ST. VINCENT'S College, 47, 68, 88. ST. XAVIER, 88. SALEM, 12, 18, 78, 81. SAN FRANCISCO, 67. SAiLINA, 24, 82. SALTSBUR'G, 15, 23, 32, 73, 89. SAVANNAH, 67. SAXON, 9, 10. SICANDANAVIANS, 17. SCOT2CH-IRISH, 10, 11, 17, 40, 47. SCOTLAND, 10. SCOTT HAVEN, 33. SCOTT, Thomas A., 65. SCOTTDALE, 19, 65, 73. SCOTS, 9. SCULL, William, 71. SENECA'S, 32. SETON HILL College, 88, 89. SEVEN Years War, 44. SEWARD, 18, 19, 73. SEWICKLEY, 12, 15, 18, 43, 64, 68, 78, 81. SHAW, Robert C., 88. 98INDEX. SHAWNEES, 32, 47. SHIELD'S Blockhouse, 47. SHEPPLER'S, 33. SHUNK, Gov. Francis Rawn, 66. SISTERS Of Charity, 88. SISTERS of Mercy, 88. SLAVS, 17. SLICKVILLE, 34. SLOAN, Slamuel, 41. SMITH-HUGHES Law, 87. SMITHTON, 19. SOMERSET, 9, 15, 16, 29, 71. SOUTH Greensburg, 19. SOUTH Huntingdon, 18, 47, 78, 81, 87. SOUTHWEST Greensburg, 19. SPANISH-AMERICAN War, 51. SPRING Hill, 11, 12, 42. STANWIX, Fort, 39. "STAR of the West", 11. STECK, Rev. John M., 68. STECK, Michael J., 68. STEIWARTSVILLE, 33. STOKELY'S Blockhouse, 49. SUSQUEHANNA, 40, 44. SUTERVILLE, 19, 73. "SWEATHOUSE," 31. -TTARR Station, 33. TENNESSEE, 9. THOMPSON, William, 43. TICONDEROGA, 61. TINKER'S Run, 22. TINSTMAN, A. O., 63. "TOM The Tinker," 52. TORIES, 49. TORRANCE, 73. TRAiFFORD, 19, 73, 81, 82. TREAGER, William L., 80. TRENT, William, 37. TROUT Run, 16. TRUBY Christopher, 50. TU,B Mill Run, 16, 25. TURKEY Tribe, 29. TURTLE Creek, 24, 71, 73. TURTLE Creek Academy, 86. TURTLE Tribe, 29. TYRONE, 11, 12, 42. -UUNALACHTIGO Tribe, 29. UNAMI Tribe, 29. UNIONTOWN, 64, 73. UNITED, 88. UNITY, 12, 18, 43, 47, 62, 64, 68, 78, 81, 88. UNITED STATES 24, 28, 35, 37, 41, 50, 52, 55, 61, 68. UNITED States Steel Corporation, 63. UNIVERSITY Of Pittsburgh, 67. UPPER Burrell, 18. UTAH, 67. -VVALLEY Forge, 48. VANDERGRIFT, 19, 25, 73, 81. VENANGO, 9, 44. VINCENNES, 48. VIRGINIA, 11, 32, 37, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55. -WWAIBASH, 62. WALKINSHAW, 13. "WALKING Purchase," 31. WALLACE'S Fort. WALTHOUR'S Blockhouse, 47. WALTZ' Mill, 49. WAR of 1812, 51. WARREN, 9. WASHINGTON, County, 9, 10, 12, 15, 42 Furnace, 25'George, 37, 38, 44, 48, 51, 61 Township, 11, 12, 18, 49. WAYNE, Gen. Anthony, 50, 62. WEBER, Rev. John William, 68. WEBSTER, 33. WEISER, Conrad, 32. WEST Augusta, 11. WESTERN University of Pennsylvania, 67. 99