Annals of
SoutAwester_u Pennsylvanla4              SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
instructor, being later admitted to the bar in I784 in Washington.
He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of I790o and
elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate in I794 and
reelected and served until I803. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for Governor, removed to Pittsburgh, and practiced law until his
death on November 27, I847.
Beaver County furnished the next United States Senator, Abner
Lacock, whose political activities have been detailed in a previous
chapter concerning Beaver County.
Walter Lowrie, of Butler County, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, December Io, 1784, and after a period of service as a teacher
and surveyor, as State Representative I81I-I2, and State Senator in
I8I3-I9, he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate
and served one term in that body, I819-25. He declined reelection
and after a period as Secretary of the United States Senate, he became
the secretary of foreign missions for the Presbyterian Church.
William Marks removed, with his parents, to Remington, on the
Steubenville Pike, in Allegheny County, some time after his birth in
Faggs Manor, Chester County, on October 13, I778. He was first
a tanner, and later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh. He served in the Pennsylvania Legislature, I8Io-I9, and was
Speaker of the House for the last six years of that period. He was
in the State Senate, I820-25, then elected to the United States Senate
as a Democrat, serving from 1825 to I83I. Being unsuccessful for
reelection, he returned to the practice of law in Pittsburgh and Beaver,
where he died on April Io, I858.
For about forty years after the adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of I790, Pennsylvania kept step politically with the Democratic party of the Nation, and then began the period of the KnowNothings and Anti-Masons. Southwestern Pennsylvania was affected
by these movements, as were other parts of the country. Many
Masonic lodges that were more or less flourishing, lost their identity
in the movement, but one in Pittsburgh, old No. 45, has had a continuous history through the years from the time of its founding. During this period Judge William Wilkins came into national prominence.
He was born in Carlisle on December 20, 1779, and after a college
education at Dickinson College, Carlisle, was admitted to practice law
at Pittsburgh on December 28, I8oi. He was active in manufacturing and banking circles, and after a brief service in the Lower HouseSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
iel Ewing was its first president. It was largely built during I 859, and
was opened for traffic on January I, I86o, thus giving a connection
with Pittsburgh through Connellsville. Later it was leased to the
Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad Company, which in turn leased
it to the Baltimore and Ohio in December, I875. It was later extended
down to Point Marion to connect with the southerly Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad system at Morgantown and other points in West Virginia. As showing the interest which local people took in the construction of these early railroads, let us give the list of the first stockholders of the Fayette County Railroad Company: Samuel A. Gilmore,
Nathaniel Ewing, John Huston, Andrew Stewart, Joshua B. Howell,
Alfred Patterson, Daniel Kaine, Henry Yeagley, John Dawson, H. W.
Beeson, Isaac Beeson, Smith Fuller, Ewing Brownsfield, James Veech,
William Thorndell, Eleazer Robinson, Alpheus E. Wilson, William
Beeson, Jacob Murphy, William Bryson, John K. Ewing, Samuel W.
Boyd, William C. McKean, John Chaney, John Freeman, George
Paull, Samuel Nixon, Thomas B. Searight, Samuel D. Oliphant,
Edmund Beeson, John Bierer, Elias B. Dawson, Armstrong Hadden,
George McClean, Isaac Winn, Robert Patterson, Thomas Sturgis,
Jesse B. Gardner, and Alfred McClelland. These and other historic
names have, in many cases, been used to name the stations on the railroads and the mining towns all about the region served by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Another later branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Company was the
Mt. Pleasant and Broad Ford Railroad Company, incorporated April 6,
I870, and financed by local residents who were highly interested in the
development of the communities: Daniel Shupe, C. S. Overholt, J. B.
Jordan, William J. Hitchman, Joseph R. Stauffer, A. O. Tinstman,
Israel Painter, C. P. Markle, and James Neel. With the activity on
the part of the Baltimore and Ohio interests manifesting itself, those
lines which later joined up with the Pennsylvania Railroad interests
began to be formed. The incorporators of the Southwest Pennsylvania Railway Company on March I6, I87I, were: Israel Painter,
Alpheus E. Wilson, James E. Logan, Samuel Dillinger, and Christopher Sherrick. This company was capitalized at $5oo,ooo, and at
its first meeting at Greensburg, Thomas A. Scott was elected its president.
With the coming of the railroads, the Pittsburgh, West Virginia
and Charleston Railway Company was incorporated April 8, I867,
94FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
starting at the Monongahela Valley Railroad Company. It was built
as far as Rice's and Brownsville, and a line was later built up Redstone
Creek, to become the later Monongahela Division of the Pennsylvania,
and to connect with the Southwest Pennsylvania at Uniontown. These
and other projected railroads, some of which were started and never
completed, served to stimulate railroad building all over the southern
counties.
One of the most progressive and well-managed railroads in southwestern Pennsylvania is the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie. Its construction arose out of a situation which would not now be tolerated. Much
of railroad development and business came from competing railroads,
granting rebates to shippers, and fixing rather prohibitive rates at
times. Under the operation and control of the Interstate Commerce
Commission of later years that cannot be done. But following the
construction and operation of the Pennsylvania Railroad through central Pennsylvania, between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and on westward, and the Baltimore and Ohio to the southward, each had more
or less of a monopoly in their respective districts, and they could fix
rates that were burdensome to the shippers in this area. Pittsburgh
area shippers were thus discriminated against, and freight rates and
service needed to be equalized, so that competitor communities might
not benefit.
It was to obtain relief from this discriminatory situation that
the building of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad was promoted
by a group of Pittsburgh business men, headed by the late Colonel
J. M. Schoonmaker. It sought and obtained a connection with two
trunk lines which crossed northwestern Pennsylvania diagonally, the
Erie Railroad at Youngstown, Ohio, and the New York Central Railroad at Ashtabula, Ohio. The condition of the shipping business at
the time the railroad was projected is best shown by a prospectus put
out by Pittsburgh business men, each then prominent in the business
life of the Ohio Valley. It was dated December 2I, I876:
"The estimated cost of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
for the line complete is $4,000,000; $2,000,000 of stock and a like
amount of bonds. We believe it will be more profitable than our
best bank stocks. But what is of vastly more importance to us all is
the great want supplied to our suffering business. With rents reduced,
houses empty, mills idle, and our strongest firms struggling against
95SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
the low freights given to other cities and the exorbitant rates taken
from us, this becomes of paramount importance. Let it be built at
once.  Then let every manufacturer, merchant, real estate owner,
capitalist, clerk, mechanic, and laboring man join in this important
work. If you cannot subscribe much, subscribe a little. Let us again
call your attention to the fact that this is not a branch, with its business
yet to be made, but a link in a great main line with the business already
awaiting its completion. Signed by William McCreary, W. S. Bissell,
Joshua Rhodes, J. D. Scully, J. F. Dravo, W. M. Short, George C.
Reis, New Castle, James Westerman, Sharon, P. W. Keller, Sharon."
The Harmony Society, which owned much of the land through
which the road was to pass, stepped in and offered its aid. The
Economites not only granted free right-of-way through its land, but
subscribed to a large share of the company's stocks and bonds. Stocks
and bonds were subscribed for, rights of way obtained, and the road
was soon constructed, with these first directors: Jacob Painter, Dr. D.
A. Hostetter, James I. Bennet, John F. Dravo, and Henry W. Oliver.
The Harmony Society, and particularly Jonathan Lentz, one of its
trustees, took a great interest in its construction. When money was
once needed to meet the first pay day of the road, and it was hard to
obtain at the bank, Jacob Henrici, another of the trustees, had boxes
of silver half dollars brought up to the directors' meeting in the
Monongahela House. This money had been buried by Father Rapp
for a special purpose and, when brought in, made a large pile of silver
in the directors' room, vand took care of the emergency.
The construction of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie was completed
to Youngstown, Ohio, in I879.  In order to afford an outlet for
immense deposits of coal along the Youghiogheny and Monongahela
rivers, as well as the coke fields of the Connellsville region, the Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Youghiogheny Railway was built as a connect!on with the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, following the completion
of the road to Youngstown. It was familiarly dubbed the "Peemicky."
The Monongahela Railway, from Brownsville to Martin, which was
owned jointly by the Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, and Pittsburgh and Lake Erie interests jointly, was completed and opened
August 31, 1903, and then a later extension into West Virginia,
through Morgantown and Fairmont, largely increased the road's
usefulness, beginning with July I, I9I5. More than a hundred coal
96FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
mines have been opened up along the system up the two rivers. An
important connection was also made with the Western Maryland Railway at Connellsville, on January I4, I9Io, which afforded through
connections to Baltimore. Other connections to the southward of
Pittsburgh on its main line towards Beaver, give the railroad additional business. The New York Central interests, due to the latter's
great contribution to its volume of business, soon acquired control of
the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie.
While the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad have had to contend with mountainous grades in their construction and operations, the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie is an example
of how an almost water grade can be maintained in reaching the east
through its New York Central connections. It also has a Cleveland
connection through a branch of the Erie Railroad from Youngstown,
Ohio. Perhaps its only mountainous connection is that of the western
Maryland up the Youghiogheny and Castleman rivers, as it proceeds
eastward through Frostburg, Maryland, to Cumberland.
Railroad grades have been the great problem for the east and west
lines across Pennsylvania, and they now use what are called "snapper" engines to push the long trains over the ridges and mountains.
On the water grade of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie it has been able
to haul great trains of one hundred cars with a single engine. With
but a single mileage of two hundred and thirty-one, the Pittsburgh
and Lake Erie Railroad considers itself a southwestern Pennsylvania
institution, because it was promoted and built by Pittsburghers, and
has always been closely linked with the commercial and industrial
development of this great area.
The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad made an interesting entry into Indiana County to the northward, but its main line
was constructed southerly from Rochester and Buffalo, New York, as
far as Punxsutawney. Later it was extended down the Mahoning
through Dayton, and across to Butler, where it connected with the
Buffalo and Ohio running to New Castle. This construction enabled
it to reach Allegheny, on the north side of present Pittsburgh, where
it had its terminal. The Indiana branch was constructed southerly
in I904, to the town of Indiana, with branches at Creekside to Clarksburg and Shelocta. It was also extended to Josephine, near Black Lick,
with passenger rights up to Vintondale, over the Pennsylvania branch
S. P.-III-7
97SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
to Ebensburg. This railroad was the means by which vast coal lands
in northern and western Indiana County were developed, and the
coal taken northerly to the eastern connections to market.
The story of the South Penn Railroad, a project on which more
than ten million dollars was spent, and over which no train ever ran,
is of the keenest interest, especially in view of its road bed and tunnels
being in the process of transformation to provide a low-grade motor
toll highway through the Pennsylvania mountains, in relief of other
roads. Some writers are wont to call it "Andrew Carnegie's Dream,"
due to his favoring it; but the actual financing and construction was
done by the Vanderbilt interests in New York. Early surveys for the
line were made for this proposed middle rail system in I837 from
Chambersburg to Pittsburgh. In I 844, another was made from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, under State supervision by J. L. Schlatter, engineer.
Under various legislative names the South Pennsylvania Railway
family finally came into being under the Act of April I, I863, (P. L.
206), when the Duncannon, Landisburg and Broad Top Railroad
Company was changed to that name. Colonel Worrall was its president, beginning with 1864, and little was done but to keep the charter
alive until i88 i, when the Vanderbilt interests took hold. A large corps
of engineers and surveyors, under the supervision of Oliver W. Barnes,
chief engineer, and William F. Shunk, assistant, were placed in the
field, and the work pushed vigorously. The surveys were completed
and contracts awarded in the fall of I883. The initial work was done
on the Sideling Hill Tunnel, starting at each end, and work on the
others was soon started. Much grading was done, with the necessary
cuts and fills, the scars of which remain to the present time, as far
west as Donegal and Carpentertown in Mt. Pleasant Township. There
was considerable work done on a bridge across the Susquehanna River,
near Duncannon, the piers of which can still be seen in the river, and
there were the following nine tunnels through the mountains: Blue
Mountain, 4,240 feet; Kittatinny, 4,620 feet; Tuscarora, 5,225 feet;
Sideling Hill, 6,662 feet; Ray's Hill, 3,534 feet; Allegheny, 5,919
feet; Negro Mountain, I,Ioo  feet; Quemahoning, 700 feet; Laurel
Hill (familiarly known as Knupp's), 5,389 feet. The four last named
are west of New Baltimore, Somerset County. The date of July I,
I886, was definitely fixed as the time for the completion of the work,
and there were great expectations concerning it. These were, how98FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
ever, to be blasted, for the Vanderbilts sold the railroad, incompleted
as it was, to the Pennsylvania Railroad. All work ceased November
I, I884, and the contractors and engineers packed their belongings
and left the works.
By appropriate acts of legislation, during the year I937, the State
of Pennsylvania has secured rights to the roadbed and tunnels of the
old South Pennsylvania, and is now in process of constructing an "allweather" motor highway from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, using the
roadbed of the old "South Penn."  When this shall have been completed, and motor cars and trucks shall be passing over it, history
shall again be made.
There have been other extensions into this area, and one in particular, the Cambria and Indiana Railroad, a subsidiary of the New York
Central lines, has penetrated Cambria and Indiana counties to the
eastward, and tapped coal areas at Clymer, Dixonville, Heilwood,
and other points on the upper Blacklick and Two Lick waters, and
near Glen Campbell and Arcadia on the waters of the Susquehanna.
The Penn-Gas Coal Company, later merged with the Westmoreland
Coal Company, built a narrow gauge railroad from Irwin to Gratztown, which was later changed to standard gauge, and taken over by
the Pennsylvania Railroad. This network of transportation facilities
brought into being many mining communities, which stimulated general business throughout the many valleys all about, sometimes far
removed from the main trunk lines of the railroads.
The main railroads entering the two cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, maintained a good local passenger service for those patrons
who lived close to the line. The widening areas of the cities, and the
close proximity of boroughs which later became a part of them, needed
passenger transportation facilities as well, and this gave rise to a
new form of railroad, which is generally known as the street car.
Beginning with I859, horses were used to pull the cars for the next
thirty years, when the cable lines and electric power began to be used.
The pioneer was the Citizens Passenger Railway Company, incorporated by the Act of March 22, I859, with a capitalization of $Ioo,ooo, and having as its first stockholders these well known citizens:
James Verner, Alexander Speer, Richard Hays, William M. Darlington, Joshua Rhodes, Rich, rd L. Ewalt, Nathaniel Holmes, O. H. Rippey, R. W. McGowin, William Coleman, James P. Barr, J. H. Jones,
Thomas D. Loomis, J. F. Mackenzie, A. S. Bell, F. M. Hutchinson,
99M. B. Brown, T. R. Sill, Andrew L. Kerr, and D. L. Eaton. It was
given power to lay out and construct a railway of single track, and the
necessary sidings and switches, from the intersection of Market Street
and Fifth Avenue to Liberty Street, thence along and across Liberty
Street to Cecil's Alley, thence along Cecil's Alley to Penn Street,
thence along Penn Street by a single or double track, as the councils
of the city may direct, with the necessary switches and turnouts, to
the Greensburg and Pittsburgh
turnpike road, thence by said
single or double track along the
said turnpike road to Butler
Street, in the borough of Lawrenceville, and thence along said
street to the Lawrenceville and
Sharpsburg plank road, thence
byway of the Sharpsburg Bridge
into the borough of Sharpsburg.
This first line was constructed to the Allegheny Cemetery gate on
Butler Street, and from that point stagecoaches conducted the passengers up the hill and on out to the next town of East Liberty.
Within the next year or two horse car lines were constructed by
these newly incorporated companies; Pittsburgh and Birmingham
Railways Company, extending across the Smithfield Bridge to the
Southside; the Federal Street and Pleasant Valley Railways Company
to the Northside; the Pittsburgh and Ormsby Railway Company, out
Second Avenue along the Monongahela River; and the Central Passenger Railways Company. The Pittsburgh and East Liberty Railways Company was the first to adopt cable cars, beginning with September I2, I889, going out Fifth and Shady avenues. This type of
street transportation had first been used in the city of San Francisco,
California, to get quicker transportation up the hills, and the ElkinsWidener interests of Philadelphia, securing control of the Pittsburgh
and East Liberty line, decided on the cable system for it. A gripper
appliance ran down from the car through a slot in the middle of the
rails, and gripped an endless cable, running at the rate of about twenty
miles per hour. The cable was divided into sections about two miles
in length and was supported in the channel on pulleys spaced at regular
intervals. This cable was kept in continual motion by large steam
engines in power houses located at intervals along the line. By means
EARLIEST TYPE OF STREET CAR
USED IN 1859 IN PITTSBURGHFROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
of a lever mechanism, the operator, or gripman gradually caught hold
of the cable and drove the car forward at the same rate of speed as the
cable. By releasing the grip on the cable, and applying a lever which
operated the brakes on the car wheels, the vehicle could thus be
brought to a stop.
The success of the cable car was immediate, and larger cars, of
both single and double-deck variety, were later placed in service. The
road became popular over the horse car line, because speeds were
increased and the running time, between downtown and East Liberty
reduced from one hour and forty-five minutes, by horse car, to thirty
minutes by cable car. Although the cable car system was a distinct
advance in urban transportation, it was very expensive to construct and
operate. The life of a cable was very limited, and frequent breaks in
it caused a suspension of operations over that section, until it was
repaired. After the cable had been in service for a time, the surface
became worn and frayed, and in this condition it permitted the youngsters to amuse themselves by tying a number of cans together with a
rope and dangling the free end in the slot until it caught on the cable.
This resulted in a collection of cans going rattling and clanging up
the middle of the street, frightening horses ontoi sidewalks and into
stone fronts, and finally forcing the engineer to stop the machinery to
remove them at the power house. The cable line on Fifth Avenue was
operated for about ten years, last running about I898.
The electric car came into the transportation picture; only three
cable car lines were built in Pittsburgh. The first electric line was
installed on the Southside, Pittsburgh, operating from Carson and
South Thirteenth streets up the steep hillside to Knoxville. Electric
power on this first line was furnished to the car by means of a small
carriage running on two overhead trolley wires and connected with
the car by a limp electric cable. Great difficulty was experienced in
maintaining contact on the trolley wires and in keeping the cars on the
track. The Observatory Hill Passenger Railway electrified their line
running from Ohio and Federal streets, in the city of Allegheny, to
the Observatory, by way of Perrysville Avenue. The city required the
company to place their trolley line underground along Federal Street,
but to continue the Knoxville type of operation overhead and up the
hill along Perrysville Avenue. This type of electrification did not last
long, but continual experimentation by the Westinghouse and other
IOISOUTHWESTERN P ENNSYLVANIA
companies, pioneering in the electric field, soon brought a type which,
with modifications, has continued down to the present day.
The pioneer of successful electric trolley operation in Pittsburgh
was the Second Avenue line, which began in the horse car days as the
Pittsburgh and Ormsby. It has been well said that Pittsburgh's transit system in I890o was a veritable laboratory, and that one needed to
visit Pittsburgh every month to keep up with the progress being made
in street railway development. Visitors to the city were there able to
find almost every known method of transportation. The period of
business depression beginning with 1893 was hard on the new lines to
the suburbs. The Forbes Street lines were built and controlled by
the interests headed by Christopher L. Magee and William Flinn,
and the Fifth Avenue lines were in the hands of the Widener-Elkins
syndicate. These warring interests were finally merged into the Consolidated Traction Company in I895. Then came the organization
of the United Traction Company in i896, and the Southern Traction
Company in I900, each acquiring large trackage in their respective
areas. On January I, I902, however, the present merger of some two
hundred subsidiary companies in the metropolitan area about Pittsburgh, created a system of unified control of over six hundred miles
of track, under the name of the Pittsburgh Railways Company.
The abundance of coal all about Pittsburgh, and particularly south
of it, caused the building of electric car systems in the larger towns and
industrial centers so that, beginning with I903, the Pittsburgh Railways Company has been able to operate two substantial interurban
lines to Charleroi and Washington, the latter being acquired in I9o6.
The Washington line extends through Canonsburg, and the Charleroi
through Finleyville and Monongahela. The Pittsburgh Railways Company discontinued its last horse car service on Sarah Street, Southside,
as late as August 25, I923.
The city of Greensburg early became a trolley center from an
interurban standpoint. Following close upon the heels of the Pittsburgh companies in I890o, local capitalists, led by Col. Frank Y. Clopper, built a trolley line from the Harrison Avenue bridge over the
Pennsylvania Railroad to Huff Station, more than two miles. The
cars and power house were equipped with Westinghouse dynamos and
this company has prided itself in the production and successful operation of this early equipment. This initial Westmoreland County Company was incorporated as the Greensburg and Hempfield Electric
I102Street Railway Company, and the joy at its completion is well expressed
in an editorial in "Sparks," a local newspaper, under date of Saturday,
October i8, I890:
"OUR ELECTRIC RAILWAY. At last, after numerous delays, our
electric street railway is a reality. Last Wednesday evening the engine,
dynamo, motors, etc., were thoroughly tested, car No. I being run on
the end of the line for that purpose. Thursday morning, however,
the first round trip was made over the entire line, without hitch or
jolt, and during the whole day the car was crowded with interested passengers. There was no'formal opening' of the line. It was a'go as
you please' affair, without the usual invited guests, speechmaking and
all that sort of thing, but the opening was a success, nevertheless. The
test was perfect. Whether switching, running backward, forward, fast
or slow; heavily loaded up a
steep grade, or on a sharp curve,
it made no difference, and those
of our citizens who took part in
the impromptu opening, were delighted with the results, and became enthusiastic in their congratulations. The Greensburg
and Hempfield Electric Street
Railway Company is a success."
Antedated but a few weeks
or months by the electric cars
installed in Pittsburgh, this first
street car in Greensburg-the
likeness of which has been preserved so well for us by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company and herewith reproduced
in aid of this narrative was the beginning of one of the large interurban
systems now operating in Westmoreland, Allegheny and Fayette counties. The Greensburg and Hempfield line was first extended to Jeannette and Irwin, by the organization of the Greensburg, Jeannette and
Pittsburgh Street Railway Company by Carlisle capital. Greensburg
interests soon organized the Greensburg and Southern project towards
Mt. Pleasant, and in the meantime the Greensburg, Jeannette and
Pittsburgh was extended to Hunkers. In Uniontown, Fayette County,
street car developments began on April 14, I890, by the incorporation
ONE OF THE FIRST ELECTRIC CARS IN
SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
THE THIRD WESTMORELAND COUNTY
COURT HOUSE (NOW RAZED)
IN BACKGROUNDBEAVER, BEAVER COUNTY, FROM A SKETCH ON STONE BY EMIL BOTT. MADE IN 1853SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
of the Uniontown Electric'Street Railway Company, by A. D. Boyd and
other Fayette capitalists. The first car on this line was not operated
until May 6, 189 I. The line was later involved in financial difficulties,
as many of the earlier lines were, and through reorganization, extended
its line to New Haven, later a part of the city of Connellsville. Permission was finally secured to cross the Youghiogheny River bridge,
and through the formation of a new corporation, Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Greensburg Street Railway Company, and extensions, cars
were run through to Greensburg on September 6, 1904. There were
other subsidiary lines: the New Haven and Leisenring, the Uniontown and Monongahela Valley, extending to Masontown and Martin,
and final mergers of these lines under the West Penn Railways, which
is now the operating company.
The present West Penn System, which includes the operation of
immense power plants at Connellsville and Springdale, included also
the electric lines of the light and heat companies scattered over the
area. The idea of such a system came about through the dreams
of W. S. Kuhn, of the Pittsburgh Bank for Savings, and his associates.
He was also engaged in financing great irrigation projects in the west.
The Pittsburgh Railways Company was also overshadowed by a great
electric business merger, known as the Philadelphia Company, and its
interests are now in the control of H. M. Byllesby and Company, of
Chicago, which is in turn under the control of the Standard Gas and
Electric Company. This network of public utilities cannot be appropriately detailed in a general narrative.
With the entry of the motor car into southwestern Pennsylvania
transportation history, there has come with it the development of the
motor coach. The operations of the Beaver Valley Traction Company are a good example. It was rendering a service about the communities of Beaver, Beaver Falls, New Brighton and Rochester, with
connections up the Ohio River towards Sewickley, and down this river
towards East Liverpool, O;hio. The Beaver Valley Traction Company went into receivership, and the Beaver Valley Motor Coach Company was chartered on February 29, I934, to take over this business
when the car lines were not profitable. The latter company operates
three routes with a total one-way mileage of twelve and a half miles,
and carries about a half million passengers annually.
The Pittsburgh Motor Coach Company was organized in I925,
and began its operations by getting the franchises of independent
1o4FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
operators. They used double deck coaches at first, with wooden seats
and solid rubber tires, but have since adopted the most modern equipment. The routes were first operated from downtown Pittsburgh to
East Liberty and Squirrel Hill, and they have been extended to other
parts of the city since. In many of the larger cities and towns similar
coach service is gradually being adopted, and particularly where street
car lines have been abandoned.
One of the distinctive interurban services was that rendered
between the cities of Pittsburgh, and the county seats, Butler and New
Castle, during the first quarter of the twentieth century. There were
two of these interurban lines, operating large cars and making good
time between these two county seats, but they have been superseded by
a competent motorcoach service, called the Harmony Short Line. Its
modern buses now cover routes in divers directions to Butler, Franklin,
Erie, Buffalo, Parker, Clarion, Kittanning, Indiana, Johnstown, New
Castle, Meadville, and other northwestern points. This system has
also been welded together, through mergers and working agreements,
and it reaches many communities more directly than through former
circuitous railroad connections of a half century ago. For some years
the Southern Cambria Company operated an efficient interurban street
car line between Johnstown, Ebensburg and South Fork, but the coming of the automobile lessened its patronage, and its service was
abandoned.
In the many-valleyed city of Johnstown there is still in operation
a convenient system of street railways, which had its inception back
in the former years when Tom L. Johnston, of Cleveland, Ohio, was in
control of them. There one may see them going up and down all of
the various narrow valleys, where reside compact communities, each
with its distinctive name, coined from old settlers, or from historical
and industrial places, and men. Out of Johnstown also goes a bus
service to Somerset, and the through lines of the Greyhound buses
give good service to this great community.
The Pittsburgh Railways Company has been the only system in this
area to adopt a decidedly modern street car. It has a beautiful streamlining, and is equipped with the latest devices to afford easy and
quick stops and starts, and maximum of comfort in riding it. It
remains, however, to be demonstrated whether the traveling public
will accept and use such type of street car, to the profit of the company
and its stockholders. By many it is considered that the day of the
I05SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
street car is about over, due to the adoption of quicker bus lines on
some of the streets by the street companies. The continual improvement of city streets with tarvia and other materials demands the
removal of street car rails to produce a smoother street.
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has been keenly alive to the
necessity of good roads, due to the increase in automobile ownership, and its highway department has caused many curves to be eliminated, and many deep valleys to be bridged, in aid of an adequate
highway system. The late Governor William C. Sproul, a State Senator from Delaware County at an earlier period, was the father of the
idea of connecting every county seat with its neighboring county seats.
It took a decade or two to get the "Sproul Road System" started. The
State took over the improvement of a few of the main roads. It
negotiated with the more populous counties to build "State-aid" roads,
where a part of the cost was paid by the county, and a part by the
State. In other counties, like Allegheny County, the commissioners
were induced to establish county road departments, and to build strictly
county roads. It is to the great credit of Allegheny County that it
had a comprehensive county road system built and in operation before
the present extensive State plan. In these early days there were also
strictly township roads, still graded and scraped in the old-time way,
but the great part of these have likewise gone into the State system.
Following in the ways of Governor Sproul, one of the most progressive governors to stabilize the road system was Governor John S.
Fisher. He gave every encouragement to legislation that would make
roads of solid foundation, and readily approved appropriation measures to that end. Being to the manner born, he knew the needs of this
great area in bridging its chasms, and lessening its grades over and
around its hills and mountains. Credit must also be given to early
highway commissioners, like Edward M. Bigelow and J. Denny
O'Neil, who were prominent in southwestern Pennsylvania's business
life, and who were pioneers in the good roads movement. A monument stands in Schenley Park to honor Mr. Bigelow and his deeds,
and the city of Pittsburgh, in further honor of him, has given the name
"Bigelow Boulevard," to the road skirting the steep hillside overlooking Washington's Crossing and the great Indian domain of I784, and
extending from the post office building to Schenley Park. On account
of his contribution to the preservation and beautification of Presque
io6FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
Isle Park at Erie, the State has named one of its main roads "Fisher
Boulevard," and placed a fine big marker at its intersection.
The building of good roads gave rise to the operation of many
bus lines over them, between larger towns. The greater part of
them were operated on a small scale, with primitive bus accommodations. Some are still in operation, but a large part of them have
merged into the transcontinental lines, and these have extended their
service to reach all of the larger towns and cities. One of the most
distinctive and far reaching in this area is the "Greyhound Lines."
This system started with rather primitive designs of coaches at
Hibbing, Michigan, in I9I4, under the ownership of the Mesaba
Transportation Company. The driver of the initial bus, C. E.
Graves, later became the vice-president and general manager of the
Greyhound Lines. In this particular Commonwealth the Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines were organized, under the direction of the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and financed by the Pennroad Company, a Pennsylvania corporation. The latest type of "cruiser" buses
now radiate in all directions out of Pittsburgh bus terminal, and
carry passengers from coast to coast, on a well-kept schedule. As
this ramification of local and through buses was established, regulation was necessary through the old Public Service Commission of
Pennsylvania, now the Public Utility Commission, which established
complete supervision of operators, rates and connections.  It also
seeks to prevent infringement of these interurban and transcontinental lines on the rights and territory of local bus operators. This
same measure of supervision has extended to the operation of taxicabs in the local towns and cities.
There are some smaller systems operating here also, one of
which, the "Harmony Lines," arose out of the basic street car operations between Pittsburgh, Butler and New Castle. Good service is
rendered by the Blue Ridge Lines, extending from Pittsburgh as a
center, and reaching out to Cumberland and Hagerstown, Maryland;
Wheeling, Morgantown and Clarksburg, West Virginia; Steubenville, Ohio; and Indiana, Pennsylvania. The Somerset Bus Company
operates a successful line from Pittsburgh, through Greensburg, Mt.
Pleasant, Somerset, and Myersdale, to Cumberland. The great
Trailways System operates a successful line from the west, but it only
transports interstate passengers, into and out of Pittsburgh and
Io7SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
intermediate points. This line in part traverses the National Trail,
No. 40, and the Lincoln Highway, No. 30, but renders a quick service.
For those who desire a greater speed in travel, the development
of the airplane is of even greater interest. One of the Pittsburgh
pioneers in aviation was Dr. Samuel P. Langley. He was born in
Boston, Massachusetts, on August 24, I834, and died at Aiken,
South Carolina, on February 26, I906. He was but a high school
graduate, but he mastered architecture and civil engineering, and was
an assistant at the Harvard Observatory in I865. Later he was
assistant professor of mathematics in the United States Naval Academy, and came to Allegheny, now the northside of Pittsburgh, in
I867, as the director of the Allegheny Observatory. Then followed
his engagement as secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, where he
had ample opportunity to study. In I896 he designed and drove an
airplane which accomplished the first sustained flight, as a result of
which Congress voted him $5,ooo to carry on his investigation in
the aviation field. He had been trained to exactness, as he sent out
the time to the whole Pennsylvania Railroad system from his Allegheny observatory. He worked out the law that the faster a body
travels through the air, the less energy is required to keep it afloat.
Despite Professor Langley's first models, which were rather
crude during the experimentation period, he finally developed a form
of machine which was destined to succeed, but which another should
guide. He built a 52-horse power motored plane and made an
attempt to launch it into the air at Quantico, on the Potomac River,
but when it shot off its landing, it fell into the river on December
8, 1903. Using the knowledge of Langley, the Wright brothers
made a machine which they flew successfully on December I7, I903,
at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. For a time it was nicknamed
"Langley's Folly," but Glenn Curtis rebuilt the Langley ship in I9I4
and flew it successfully. As aviation developed more perfectly and
sustained flight for long periods became the vogue, the Pittsburgh
Aero Club was organized to foster this quick means of transportation.
C. P. Mayer, of Bridgeville, has the honor of laying out the first airport, in 19I9. Later Rodgers Field, in honor of a Pittsburgh aviator, C. P. Rodgers, was established near Fox Chapel, in I925. This
was followed by Bettis Field, near McKeesport, in I926; and the
first air mail service into Pittsburgh was established in I927. This
iosFROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
field was called for Cyrus Bettis, who was killed in an airplane accident on his return home from the field.
Allegheny County then became air-minded, and July I2, I929,
saw work started on the new County Airport, one of the finest in the
country. Much acreage was acquired at high prices, and after much
grading and other preliminary work it was dedicated in September,
I93I, thus beginning one of the greatest services to transportation in
all this district. Allegheny County was not alone in this fine contribution, but other county seats all about began the construction of airports, particularly during the period when flying was rather hazardous, and had not yet been brought to the condition of safety. The
succeeding years saw the organization of corporations to conduct
transportation service with Pittsburgh as a base, first using Bettis
Field. An airport was laid out at Greensburg in I929, and the Main
Flying Service conducted a service through Pittsburgh to Cincinnati.
This line has since been discontinued. In the early days of aviation
here there was much rivalry, and the Pennsylvania Airlines, and the
Transcontinental and Western Airlines, shortened to TWA, came
into business conflict in I934, particularly with reference to contracts
for carrying the mail. Due to lack of business the Main Flying Service
and the Pittsburgh Airways ceased to function, and the contests
between Central Airlines, a new entry into the field, and Pennsylvania
Airlines, finally led to a merger into Pennsylvania-Central Airlines
Corporation. These two lines, TWA and PCA, carry the bulk of
traffic over the air in and out of Pittsburgh, and to all points in the
country reached by these lines.
The fine big airport in Allegheny County is managed by Dr. John
J. McLean, of Homestead, and its efficient service has been well set
out by Henry Ward, a West Newton newspaper man, in these words:
"Although situated high and dry above the rivers of Allegheny
County the airport had its share of tumult when the St. Patrick's
Day flood hit the golden triangle of Pittsburgh. Air lines scrapped
their schedules in order to serve hundreds of passengers who in a
near state of hysteria were attempting to get out of Pittsburgh.
Flooded power houses left the field without power for lights. Relief
supplies were piled ceiling high in the administration building. It
was the most hectic period in the history of the airport. Earlier in
iogSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
this year I936 the airport had been snowbound for nearly a week.
Huge drifts of snow blocked the runways and when the weather went
to below zero the piles of heavy snow froze into walls of ice. It
took hours of labor to return travel to normal.... Pittsburgh's
PCA has branched out to touch Baltimore, Buffalo, Chicago, and
Sault Sainte Marie. The largest ships that fly the airways today are
brought daily to Pittsburgh by TWA. The latest improvements in
aviation are found here, and Pittsburgh has become the style plate
for American airports. Massive as it is today the aviation business
in Allegheny County still grows. It is no idle boast that while Allegheny County has set the pace of aviation for the past ten years, it
will continue to hold the lead for years to come. The skeptics now
concede that aviation is here to stay."
The pioneer venturing in all lines of transportation has its hazards and its fatalities, and the air service has suffered three major
crashes in southwestern Pennsylvania. In I936 a liner crashed in,
the mountains southeast of Uniontown; and a sight-seeing plane near
the County Airport in the same year; and in I937 another airliner
crashed west of the airport. Bettis Field, located easterly of the
County Airport, has become largely a place for the conduct of an
aviation school. Other airports have been established in the other
counties in the area, with the Allegheny County airport as a center.
Here is the largest surfaced landing area in the world, an army air
corps base, and a large number of private planes, ranging from the
lightweight to the speediest in the air.
IIOCHAPTER VI
Lawrence County
Its Historical Setting in Indian Days-Kuskuskies Indian Town and Its
Life-General Hand's Squaw Battle at Present Edenburg-The
County of Lawrence Erected March 20o, I849-Its First County Officers and Judges--The New Townships Erected-  Its First and
Only Courthouse--Early Roads-Life on the Erie Division of the
Pennsylvania Canal-Early Days of the City of New Castle-Its
Artisans and Early Factories-The Building of the Early Iron
Works-The American Sheet and Tin Plate Company-The Street
Railways-The Early Schools and Teachers-Water Power on
Neshannock and Slippery Rock Creeks-The Beautiful McConnell's
Mill and Glen.
Because of its having come into the municipal picture forty-nine
years after the lands north of the Ohio River and west of the Allegheny River were cut up into eight additional counties, the compact
and busy county of Lawrence belongs to the more modern days. Historically it supersedes any other in constructive Indian history. The
"Forks of the Beaver" was a safe harbor for peaceful interviews,
because here was located the famed group of Indian towns to which
the Moravian missionaries Zeisberger, Senseman and others came.
Their peaceful attitude and influence possibly had most to do with
making this a place of conference, and less one of warfare. The
visits of Christian Frederick Post to Kuskuskies, and the many contacts he had with the Indians, as detailed in earlier chapters, give this
section an air of importance, for the part it had in western civilization.
Flowing eastward out of Ohio is the Mahoning River, and down
from the north flows the Shenango River, joining to form the Beaver.
Mahoning is translated, "where there is a lick," and Shenango, orSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Chenango, "beautiful flowing water." It is little wonder that the
Indians selected this country as a proper place for a quiet habitation.
The term "Kuskies" is applied by some historians to a group of
towns, possibly four. Some are inclined to give it the name of Goshgoshing, but that properly belongs to the main village on the Catawba
trail at Tionesta. The Moravian missionary, David Zeisberger, was
at both places in the course of his religious journeys. Goshgoshing,
locally designated by residents at Tionesta as Gashgoshunk, was a
former Munsee and Delaware village at the mouth of Tionesta
Creek and was built up about I765. The name is translated, "place
of hogs." Zeisberger came there about I767, and found three villages, one two miles up the Allegheny from the mouth of Tionesta
Creek, and another four miles down the Allegheny from the main
town. He was much opposed by the Munsees, and he departed for
Kuskuskies on April 17, I770, to extend his influence, and do a more
effective work there.
While there are four towns indicated at Kuskuskies by some historians, there were at least two main ones, and other added villages
close by. The map-makers, Lewis Evans in I755, and Thomas
Hutchins later, confused it some by placing Kuskuskies on the east side
of the Beaver River below the forks, and also on the west side a mile
below. When General William Irvine came up to explore the donation lands, he made report to Governor Dickinson that "from the
mouth of Shenango to Cuskuskey on the west branch is six or seven
miles." This would seem to be the main town of Kuskuskies, which
is a mile or more below Edenburg, on the north side of the Shenango
River. It is further particularly located by means of the location of
General Edward Hand's "Squaw Battle," on the meadow land
south of the Mahoning River at Edenburg. The other larger town,
sometimes called Kaskaskie, was located at the site of present New
Castle.  Chief Packankie held forth here, and was favorable to
Zeisberger's Christian Indians, and their good work. These Indian
towns were finally deserted, as their inhabitants moved further westward into the Tuscarawas valley in Ohio:
The first migratory group coming into present Lawrence County
arrived from Allegheny County, opposite Pittsburgh, in I793. Some
of them went on westerly, and others returned to their former homes.
The original plan of New Castle was laid out by John Carlyle
I  112LAWRENCE COUNTY
Stewart in April, I798, while it was yet a part of Allegheny County,
and when the new counties of Mercer and Beaver were laid out in
I8oo, the county line ran through the middle of the town, and thus
created a divided county allegiance. The folks living on the north
side of the line carried their legal troubles to'Mercer for adjustment,
and those south of the line, to Beaver. The agitation for a new
county started back in 1840, or earlier, and there was much difference
of opinion, possibly brought about by their respective county allegiance. The Whigs, as a political party, opposed its erection, while
the Democrats were favorable. The latter finally won out in the
Legislature, and it was given the name of Lawrence, in honor of
Commodore Perry's famous craft in the War of 8I 2 on Lake Erie,
whereon he shouted, "Don't give up the ship."
The county of Lawrence was created by the Act of March 20,
I849, from "parts of Beaver and Mercer counties, within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point in the line between Butler
and Mercer counties, at the corner of Wolf Creek and Slippery Rock
townships, in Mercer County, thence northwest with the line dividing
said townships to the southeast corner of Springfield Township;
thence westwardly between the townships of Springfield and Slippery
Rock to the southwest corner of Springfield; thence westwardly along
the line dividing Springfield and Lackawannock townships, threefourths of a mile; thence westwardly parallel with the south line of
Mercer County to the Ohio State line; thence with said line about
eighteen and three-fourths miles; thence eastwardly parallel with the
north line of Beaver County to the line between Beaver and Butler
counties; thence north along the line of Butler County to the place of
beginning." The act further provided for officers for the new county,
the legal transfer of actions to the new court, and the adjustment of
matters due to former divided county allegiance. In the allotment
of the old townships, Mercer County contributed its townships of
Pulaski, Wilmington, Slippery Rock, North Slippery Rock, Mahoning
and Neshannock, and Beaver its townships of North Beaver, Big
Beaver, Little Beaver, Shenango, Wayne, Perry and North Sewickley.
At the first election, David Emery was chosen sheriff; James D.
Clarke, prothonotary of the Common Pleas, and clerk of the Quarter
Sessions and Orphans' courts; Joseph Justice, treasurer; James McS. P.-III- 8
II3SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
of the Pennsylvania Legislature, became president judge of the Fifth
Judicial District, on which bench he served from I82I to I824. He
was a judge of the United States District Court for western Pennsylvania from I824 to I831. He was elected to the House of Representatives at Washington but never served, and in the same year was
elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat and Anti-Mason.
He served but three years in the Senate and became Minister to Russia, I835-36. He was elected to the Lower House of Congress and
served there in  843-44, and was Secretary of War in President John
Tyler's cabinet, I844-45. Later he served in the Pennsylvania State
Senate, I855-57, and was a major-general of Pennsylvania Home
Guards as the Civil War began in I86I. He died June 23, i865, at
his home in Homewood, Pittsburgh, a mansion of colonial architecture that was only demolished in recent years. Wilkinsburg Borough and Wilkins Avenue, Pittsburgh, are named for this outstanding
citizen.
The next wearer of the Senatorial toga from this section was
United States Senator Daniel Sturgeon, of Fayette County, who
served from 1840 to i85i, as a Democrat. Because he was averse
to making speeches he was dubbed the "Silent Senator," but he was
effective in good judgment and in his correct support of vital issues.
Senator Sturgeon was born in Adams County, Pennsylvania, October
27, I779, and after graduation from old Jefferson College at Canonsburg, studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin Stevens, of Uniontown. He
chose Greensboro, Greene County, as the place of his first practice,
after I8Io, and returned to Uniontown after a year to follow in his
preceptor's footsteps. He served three terms in the Lower House
at Harrisburg, then in the Sate Senate, from 1825 to I829. Governor
George Wolf appointed him Auditor-General in I830, in which post
he served six years, and then served as State Treasurer, I838-39.
While in this last position he would not honor an order for twenty
thousand dollars given by Governor Joseph Ritner to pay troops in
the so-called "Buckshot War" for guarding the treasury. This delayed
his election to the United States Senate for about a year, but he was
elected and served, beginning with i840. He was described as a man
of large stature and commanding presence, and he played his part well
in the political drama as it was then being enacted.
One of the most interesting of the Pennsylvania United States
Senators was Edgar Cowan from Westmoreland County. He was
6Clane, register and recorder; John K. Swisher, James Oliver, John
Randolph, county commissioners; Isaac P. Rose, William Work and
A. Galloway, county auditors; and John L. Warnock, coroner.
Hon. John Bredin, then a judge at Butler, was designated to preside over the early sessions of the new county courts, with Jacob Bear
and Charles T. Whippo as associate judges. In the earlier years of
its judicial existence, the new county joined with Beaver and Butler
counties to form the Seventeenth District of Pennsylvania, and Judge
Daniel Agnew was chosen in I85I and again for a second term, presiding until his election to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in
I863, and his resignation to assume his new duties in December,
1863.  Along with Judge Agnew  served the following associate
judges of Lawrence County, as
they were successively elected
at different times: John Reynolds, James Henry, Jacob Bear,
Thomas Pomeroy, Samuel Van
Horn, and Joseph Cunningham.
Hon. Lawrence L. McGuffin was first appointed and then
elected in i864 to succeed Judge
Agnew, and a new alignment of
counties was made, by which
Beaver and Washington counties formed the new Twentyseventh District and Butler and
Lawrence counties remained in the Seventeenth District. Associate
judges serving with Judge McGuffin during the years were: James
McLane, Samuel Taylor, Thomas Pomeroy, James P. Aiken, Robert
Cochran, Robert Fulkerson and 0. H. P. Green. A change in judicial
arrangement was then made by which the associate judges were done
away with, and Judges Eben McJunkin and James Bredin were chosen
to preside in the two counties. For a few years later, Judges Aaron
L. Hazen and John McMichael presided over both counties, and when
Butler County was made a separate district, Judge Hazen continued
until the later selection of Judge William D. Wallace in the separate
district comprising Lawrence County. Succeeding judges have been:
William E. Porter, S. Plumer Emery, R. Lawrence Hildebrand, James
A. Chambers, W. Walter Braham, and Thomas W. Dickey.
LAWRENCE COUNTY COURT HOUSE
(Photo by Arthur Swoger)LAWRENCE COUNTY
The new townships formed after the erection of the county were:
Taylor, February I9, I853; Washington and Scott, April I3, I854;
Plaingrove, February I4, 1855; Pollock, which became a part of New
Castle later, May 28, I858; Union, September Io, I859; Hickory,
I86o. As in other counties, a commission was appointed to run the
county line, composed of Colonel James Potter, Sr., of Mifflin; William F. Packer, of Lycoming; and William Evans, of Indiana. John
Potter, of Mifflin, was later substituted for Mr. Packer, and these
commissioners proceeded to lay out the county, approximately nineteen miles square. Some contention arose over the selection of a
courthouse site, but the buildings were erected on the present site in
I852, a picture of which is given herewith. The total cost of the
structure at that early date was $32,000, but alterations and additions have been made through the years as the needs required. The
old imposing structure still remains, partly hidden by spreading
maples. The first sessions of the court were held in the old Methodist Church on January 7, I850.
Lawrence County had fairly good roads at the time of its erection,
so that the new court was not greatly concerned with road matters in
its earlier sessions, but made ample provisions as the county grew
into larger communities and great business needs for intercommunication. Early road construction was begun back in I8o5, when a State
road was laid out from Scrubgrass Creek, by way of New Castle, to
Youngstown, Ohio. There was also constructed the Pittsburgh
Turnpike, and the Mercer Road through Fayette, with another
branch to Wilmington. An early road construction was that of the
New Castle and New Wilmington Plank Road, eight feet wide,
which, like other plank roads, wore down in time, and had to be
changed.
After the early roads came the interesting system of canals up
the Beaver, Mahoning and Shenango rivers. The Beaver division
of the Pennsylvania Canal was completed five miles above New Castle
in the month of November, I833. That portion up the Mahoning,
known as the Ohio division, was built in I838. The details of this
construction have been previously described, and New Castle was thus
permitted to enjoy canal transportation until I87I. Many interesting captains plied the canal on their way to Erie and down to Beaver.
II5Dr. Joseph Pollock built a boat with a peculiar paddle wheel,
which others improved upon. He named his craft the "Isaphena."
This boat was superseded by others of more effective type, but the  
doctor retained his interest in navigation during all his years. He
served a term in the Pennsylvania Legislature, and was superintendent of the Beaver division of the Pennsylvania Canal for three years.
It is an interesting historical fact that a memorable trip was taken by
President Zachary Taylor and Governor William F. Johnston on the
Erie division from Beaver to Mercer on August 22, 1849. They
stopped off at New Castle, visited Sophia Iron Furnace, attended a
reception given by the ladies of the town in the Presbyterian Church,
and then went up to Mercer.
The city of New Castle derived its name from New Castle, Delaware, whence came three pioneers, brothers-in-law: John Wood,
Hugh Wood, and John McWhorter. McWhorter was the surveyor
who joined with Stewart, the other surveyor, in laying out the town
in I798. Other early settlers in the community were: Joseph Townsend, Jr., William Munnell, John Watson, Cornelius Hendrickson,
Daniel Hendrickson, Jesse DuShane, Isaac Jones, Jared Irwin, Robert Irwin, James Reynolds, Nicholas Vaneman, Benjamin Elliott,
John Elliott, Crawford White, John Tidball, Thomas Hendrickson.
CANAL LOCKS ON OHIO RIVER, BEAVER COUNTYBefore John Hendrickson built the first mill on Neshannock Creek,
these pioneers had to take their grain to Beaver Falls by canoe or
flat-boat to have it ground. Joseph Townsend, Jr., had the first store
and tavern.  Cornelius Hendrickson was the first old-time herb
doctor, who went about the community attempting to cure many ills,
and thus became a very familiar and interesting character. Thomas
lTendrickson operated a distillery at Mahoningtown, and Joseph
Boyd soon established the second mercantile business, later taking in
John Wilson as a partner.
Up until 1812 New Castle and the surrounding country secured
its mail by way of Fort McIntosh, at the mouth of the Beaver, and
in that year a regular post-road service was established. It did not
come into a daily mail service until I838, which ran between Beaver,
New Castle and Mercer. In due time the canals and the railroads
greatly improved this service, so that when the county was erected
in I849, it became a real industrial and business center for the whole
county. There were in New Castle in i85o two foundries, two rollCANAL PACKET BOATSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
ing mills, three gristmills, three sawmills, a small window glass
factory, a tool factory, a brewery, three tanneries, and five hotels,
which gave it an air of industrial permanency, which has existed down
to the present day.
The town was incorporated as a borough on March 25, I825,
with a population of approximately three hundred. In the year 1840,
the historian, Day, gives this interesting picture of the community:
"In i 806 it contained about twenty houses. Its population in I 840
was six hundred and eleven. The surrounding country is well adapted
for the growth of wheat and wool. Its healthy and picturesque situation has been much admired by visitors.
"The Pennsylvania Canal, which is to connect Lake Erie with the
Ohio River, passes through the town, and when completed'will open
another channel for the rich productions of the neighborhood. Iron
ore is found in abundance for fifteen miles around; on the run near
the town a furnace is being built, and a rolling mill and nail factorin town. Bituminous coal, fire-clay, and quartz, suitable for making
glass exist in abundance in the neighboring hills. The water-power
of the Neshannock and Shenango is immense; and if all are brought
into use, must create a large manufacturing town. At three different
points power may be created with a sufficiency of water, and from
sixteen to twenty-eight feet fall. The town is passing the second
stage of improvement, from frame building to brick. There are here
Presbyterian, Seceder, and Methodist churches, and a Protestant
Methodist Church is organized."
In the early days, in addition to those merchants already mentioned, were Samuel McCleary, Alexander McConahy, and John B.
Pearson. There were also these business men: hatters, Isaac'Jones,
James Dunlap, William Cox, Joseph Justice; blacksmiths, George
Myers, John Reed, David Seibert; carpenters, Joseph Emery, Matthew Justice; tanners, Thomas Falls, William Dixon; tailor, Michael
Corman; shoemaker, Nathaniel McElevy; saddler, James Lutton;
wagon-maker, Eli Rigby. With the city now dotted with modern
shops and department stores of every type, it is rather difficult to
really appreciate the type of work these pioneers did. When the
local tanner finished his hides, the shoemaker took the leather which
he produced, and built boots and shoes from the bottom up. The
ii8latter's shop was a whole shoe factory in itself. He would travel
out through the town and country, take the measurement for whole
families, and return in due season with the finished product. Shoes
and boots so made lasted a long, long time. Wagon-makers and
blacksmiths could build wagons right from the hickory and poplar
woods, and much iron as was produced in those days, and hatters
adopted a standard style for the community, and everybody wore
them, even to church. Thus did New Castle, like other communities
dotted over southwestern Pennsylvania, provide for its immediate
needs until commerce brought to it the goods of mass-production, in
return for which it sent out its products of iron, steel and tin plate
to those in other parts who did not possess such mills.
While there were many iron furnaces farther east, New Castle
began early to make iron by the establishing of its first furnace in
I8o6. A second bar iron furnace was built on Neshannock Creek in
I8IO. The first rolling mill was built in Lawrence County in I839
by James D. White, Shibal Wilder and J. H. Brown, and its principal
product was cut nails and bar iron. The Shenango Furnace was built
in I845 by Joseph H. Brown, Joseph Higgs and Edward Thomas.
The Aetna Iron Works had its beginnings with the Casalo Iron
Works in I85o, and for some time was also called Orizaba Iron
Works. Shortly afterwards this was changed in ownership to Peebles
and Company, and then to P. McCormick in I852, who erected also
the Sophia Furnace in I855. The Shenango Furnace was rebuilt and
TIN MILL, NEW CASTLESOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
enlarged in I863, and then was erected the Rosena Furnace on June
3, I873. Later these were dismantled and sold, with the exception
of the Rosena Furnace, when they had ceased operation after the
death of William H. Brown, one of the largest owners.
Other later operations, due to the increase in the iron and steel
industry, caused the organization of the Crowther Iron Company
and the Elliott-Blair Steel Company. Then came the New Castle
Steel and Tin Plate Company, organized in I892, which was headed
by George Greer. At the organization of the American Sheet and
Tin Plate Company, it was acquired by that combination, but it still
retained the nickname of "Greer's Tin Mill." The Shenango Valley
Steel Company had been constructed in I897, and in I898 joined up
with the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company. The different
mergers of these interests in the steel business, is a technical story
that need not be related here. At the present time, and through the
the years, there have been fifty mills operating in this industry and
covering sixty acres of land.
Others that have added to New Castle's industrial life through
the years have been: the Pennsylvania Engineering Works, the Neshannock Iron Company (now a Carnegie-Illinois concern), the New
Castle Manufacturing Company, the Union Sanitary Manufacturing
Company, the Lawrence Foundry and Mlachine Company, the New
Castle Agricultural Works, the New Castle Stamping Company, the
Standard Wire Company, the New Castle Forge and Bolt Company,
the American Car and Ship Hardware Company, and other lesser
concerns.
The town of West New Castle was laid out by Ezekial Sankey
in 1836, and was dubbed "Mulleintown," but it has long since become
a part of the city; likewise, the town of Croton, laid out by William
Crow, of Bucks County in I846. In this same year a market was
started, and the following year the residents sat for their daguerreotypes at the gallery of Richmond and Pomeroy. The first regular
doctor in Lawrence County located at New Castle in the person of
Dr. John Dickey; and George P. Shaw is credited with being the
first lawyer there. Later, when Lawrence County was erected, the
attorneys admitted at the first sitting of the new court were: Jonathan
Ayres, L. L. McGuffin, J. K. Boyd, David Craig, Lewis Taylor, W.
P. Buchanan, D. B. Kurtz, J. Hoffman, D. C. Cossitt, John M. Craw120LAWRENCE COUNTY
ford, George W. Watson, John N. McGuffin and James Pollock.
Some from adjoining counties, who did not intend to reside in Lawrence County, were also admitted at that sitting.
Lawrence County had a population of twenty-one thouand and
seventy-nine when the county was erected, among whom was a colored
population of one hundred and thirty-two. The city of New Castle,
alone, had but one thousand six hundred and fourteen of these souls
in it, while the last census of I930 shows forty-eight thousand six
hundred and seventy-four inhabitants. The county was early enlisted
in the cause of education, and its first schoolhouse is reputed to have
been a log cabin, eighteen feet square, located near a spring at the
base of Shaw's Hill. About the year I825 a frame building was
erected on a lot owned by the First Presbyterian congregation, which
was used exclusively for school purposes. These early schools were
supported by private subscriptions, and sometimes lessons were taught
also in private houses, as early as I804, by Robert Dickey, and his
brother, John Dickey. Succeeding the Dickeys were: Richard Shearer
in I8o6; Joseph Thornton, Alexander Duncan, and Sarah DeWolf.
About 1814 Matthew Calvin taught a school on Beaver Street, across
from the residence of Joseph Justice.
New Castle and the county of Lawrence profited much by the railroad extensions hither to secure proportionate shares of the tonnage
emanating at the New Castle mills. This caused other towns to grow
up along these lines, which brought also the interurban street car lines.
The New Castle Electric Street Railway Company provided adequate service within the city, and this was extended by connections
to Mahoningtown, Youngstown and Pittsburgh. One of the most
active interurban lines organized and operated up until the abandonment of the street car and the substitution of buses a few years ago
was promoted and financed by R. H. Boggs and known as the Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway Company. It
maintained fast and efficient service, with large and substantial interurban cars, for many years. This was in historic contrast to the old
canal boats that carried passengers down the Beaver River to Pittsburgh beginning with i 834, when the traveler could leave New Castle
at 7 P. M., and by using transportation up the Ohio River, possibly
arrive at Pittsburgh the next evening. When the railroad was built
down the Ohio, and connections could be made at Beaver or Beaver
Falls, the trip could be made in about twelve hours.
i2iLawrence County has within it some interesting old communities
of antiquity, which have helped to make it a substantial county. Wampum was first settled by Robert and John Davidson in I796, and later
incorporated in 1876; Pulaski by Daniel Ault in 18oo; Parkstown by
William Park in I8oo; Rose Point by the Stickles in I803; Fayetteville by William Mays in I828; Clinton by James Davidson in I830;
Enon Valley, by Enoch Marvin in I838, and Princeton in I84I.
The early schools of the county are best described in an old school
report written in I877, memorializing the county's early educational
advantages: "A school house was built near Harlansburg, and another
in Little Beaver Township in I 8oo.... James Boyles was, perhaps,
the first teacher in the latter place, and Cornelius Stafford in the former. Stafford is mentioned as an Englishman, who made teaching
a business. He taught in different parts of the county. Houses were
built and schools taught, in I8o2-03, in New Bedford, in Pulaski
Township in North Beaver, near the present location of Westfield
Church; also in the northeastern part of the county, Washington and
Plaingrove townships. James Walker was one of the first teachers in
the vicinity of New Bedford. He taught in a log building erected by
the Presbyterian Church, and afterwards in his own house....
George Monteith was one of the first teachers in the neighborhood
of Pulaski in I804-o5. About this time, houses were built and schools
in operation in Perry Township, southeastern part of the county.
Some of the teachers were Samuel Sterritt, John Hines, and later
Andrew Elliott. Schools were opened in Quakertown in the western
part of the county in I806-o7; also, in Shenango Township, near
PASSENGER CANAL BOAT USED ON THE ERIE DIVISIONLAWRENCE COUNTY
Moravia, now Taylor T'ownship, John Gallagher was one of the first
teachers. Near the same date, I 806-o7, James Leslie taught in North
Beaver; Sampson Dilworth and Joshua Hartshorn, in what is now
Little Beaver Township; John Byers, near Pulaski, John Gibson
taught in Shenango Township, in one of the first school houses, and
was considered a successful teacher. A house was built as early as
I806-07, on the Lindall farm, and William Arnold was the first
teacher. The first school house in the present limits of Washington
Township was built in the fall of I803, on the Jordan farm, west of
the present residence of Henry Jordan. Joseph Campbell was the first
teacher. The first school in Union Township was in i 806, in what is
called Parkstown. A man by the name of Shearer was the first teacher.
A school house southwest of Princeton, in Slippery Rock Township,
was built about i 808; and another on the Young farm in I8 io-I I. A
man by the'name of Lewis was one of the early teachers. In the northern part of the county, the earliest schools were in private dwellings,
about 1812-13.
"In what is now Neshannock Township, Miss Sarah DeWolf was
the first teacher, and she appears to have been successful. A school
was afterwards opened on the King farm, and James Galbraith taught
several years. A house was erected a short distance east of King's
Chapel, and Samuel Richards taught in 1823, and for some time after
this. Houses were built and schools opened in different parts about
this time. In Wilmington school houses were built in I8IO, or about
that time. Some of the early teachers were Master McCready and
Hugh Watson. Hon. Thomas Pomeroy taught several terms; Dr.
Popino also was a teacher for several years. Hon. William M.
Francis, who was a member of the State Senate, was a member of
the school board for over fifteen years, and also examined the teachers of the township during the same length of time. Most of th
early teachers were males, and the schools were open for about three
months in the winter.
"The schools were supported by subscription; each scholar paid
so much per month or per quarter. Often pupils had to travel along
paths two and three miles to reach the nearest school. All the houses
were built of logs, and most of them had a large fireplace, in which
wood was burned and this fuel was prepared by the patrons and older
pupils. A part or whole log was cut out of the building, and over this
123POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
born in Sewickley Township, Westmoreland County, September I9,
I8 5; graduated from  Franklin College, Ohio; and later taught
school for a time. He was admitted to the bar of Westmoreland
County and practiced at Greensburg from I842 until the time of his
death. Senator Cowan was a Republican presidential elector when
Lincoln and Hamlin were first chosen, and was elected as a Republican
to the United States Senate, serving from I86i to I865. He was in
disagreement with the policies of his party on the question of reconstruction, and was unsuccessful in his candidacy for reelection. President Johnson appointed him Minister to Austria, but the Senate would
not confirm the appointment. Senator Cowan had also a distinguished son, Dr. Frank Cowan, who was private secretary to President Andrew Johnson, later a lawyer, physician, and world traveler
of interesting personality, and who, under the terms of his will, gave
to the city of Greensburg the beautiful Mt. Odin park site on the Lincoln Highway. In the court forum Senator Cowan was a vigorous
advocate and matched his legal skill with many others of similar ability. He remained a Democrat until his death at Greensburg, August
29, i885.
Matthew Stanley Quay became the next United States Senator
who represented this area, but his entry into the interesting arena of
Pennsylvania politics came through a series of developments following
the Civil War period. He was an apt student at the political feet of
United States Senator Simon Cameron. Senator Cameron had formerly been a Democrat, serving as a successor to Senator James
Buchanan, afterwards President, from I845 to I848. The Whigs
had battered away at the Democrats in an attempt to dislodge them
from political power, and finally dissolved on the formation of the new
Republican party. Senator Cameron joined in with the new Republicans in 1854, and then tried to reenter the Senate by seeking election
as a successor to David Wilmot. He was Secretary of War in President Lincoln's cabinet, 1861-62, and resigned from that position. The
story of his defeat is linked up with western Pennsylvania and is indicative of the tense political contests of those years.
United States Senators were not then elected by popular vote, but
by joint sessions of the two bodies in the State Legislature. There
were one or two more Democrats than Republicans in the joint assembly, and Senator Cameron's henchmen knew that he would need a vote
or two. In the Lower House at that time was Rev. Samuel Wake7SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
opening greased paper was pasted to give light. Houses were floored
with puncheons, and seats were made of slabs. These kinds of houses
were generally in use until the adoption of the present school law,
when more and better houses were built. The branches taught in
these schools were spelling, reading, writing, and arithmetic. The
books used were few, the Bible as a text book in reading; for advanced
classes, the spelling book and arithmetic."
To this word picture of early school days in Lawrence County,
should be added the beauties of its natural resources all about. It
has been shown that the Neshannock Creek, by its natural waterfall,
afforded ample water power with which to turn the machinery of the
first mills of different sorts, before steam came into general use. The
Shenango, the Mahoning, and the Beaver rivers furnished ample
water for navigation, as locks were placed in them. But to the southeastward Slippery Rock Creek, as it added to the waters of the Conoquonessing Creek, flowing out of Butler County, furnished power for
water mills, to provide flour for the county's residents of earlier years.
A beautiful old mill still stands on this creek, a mile or two south of
the Highway Route 422, and known as McConnell's Mill. It was first
built by Daniel Kennedy in 1852, just above a beautiful rocky glen, in
Slippery Rock Township. The old mill was burned in I868, and the
present one erected in its place. Just below the mill, is an old covered
bridge, without piers, but resting upon the rocky ledges on either side.
Extending on down stream towards Ellwood City is one of the most
beautiful continuous rocky glens in all this western country, not excelled
in its natural beauty by the distinctive trout streams in the Laurel
Hill. Thousands motor to the glen and McConnell's Mill each year
to enjoy its pristine beauty.
New Castle, in Lawrence County, due to its important place in
the steel and tin plate industries, will be a part of the iron and steel
and other narratives following. The county, as a whole has taken
its place in the galaxy of counties of Pennsylvania, and contributed
liberally to the political, economic, industrial and religious life of the
Commonwealth. It has been a close rival of Mahoning County, Ohio,
on the westward, with the progressive city of Youngstown, as its great
industrial center, but in all of this rivalry, it has held its own at this
western portal of the State.
I24CHAPTER VII
Iron and Steel
The Alliance Furnace on Jacobs Creek-The Union Furnace of Isaac
Meason on Dunbar Creek-Early Furnace Operations About Johnstown-Isaac Meason's Business Operations-Many Early Furnaces
Scattered Along the Laurel Hill and the Chestnut Ridge, and Close
to Water Transportation-The Building and Growth of the Cambria Iron Works-The Schoenberger Furnaces--The Kloman Forge
and the Carnegie Steel Company-The Edgar Thomson Works and
Later Acquisitions-The Homestead Steel Strike and Its Attendant
Casualties-Sketch of Andrew Carnegie-The Constructive Work
of Henry Clay Frick-His Equity Suit With the Carnegie Company
-The Formation of the United States Steel Corporation-Sketch of
Charles M. Schwab-The Betblehem  Steel Corporation-Other
Iron and Steel Companies.
Sacred history gives us the name of the first iron master, but not
the manner of his work, when we read in Genesis 4:22; "And Zillah,
she also bore Tubalcain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and
iron." Centuries afterwards workers in brass and iron have been
busy perfecting the processes by which present day iron and steel are
manufactured. The preeminence of southwestern Pennsylvania in the
iron and steel industry necessitates an orderly record of its beginning, and its development through the years. For many years Pittsburgh has been the foremost iron and steel city of the world, but it
has reached this high plane of industry through the humble beginnings
of the iron furnaces dotted all about it in the pioneer days.
The records of Virginia, at Richmond, must be resorted to that
one might obtain the earliest record, at the time when that State
attempted to exercise jurisdiction over these hills and valleys. No
record seems to be earlier than that of Benjamin Johnston, whoSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
received a warrant for five hundred acres of land on May I2, I780,
fifty acres on lands of said hills, "where an old sugar camp was made
by Mr. Christopher Harrison, situate on the waters of'Yohogania,'"
to include a bank of iron ore. In some way the Virginians contracted the names Monongahela and Youghiogheny to Monongalia
and Yohogania, using the last two words as names for their counties,
and carrying it down through their records.
The first recorded iron furnace is that one on Jacob's Creek, which
is referred to in the minutes of the Quarter Sessions Court of Fayette
County, when the court was considering "a view of a road, from the
furnace on Jacob's Creek to Thomas Kyle's mill," at the June sessions
of I789. At the March sessions of I79I, "the petition for a road
from Jacob's Creek Iron Works, to intersect the road leading to Mr.
Thomas Kyle's mill" was approved. This furnace was first put in blast
on November I, I789, by William Turnbull, Peter Marmie and Colonel John Holker, who named it "Alliance Furnace," and carried on
their trade under the name of Turnbull, Marmie and Company. The
land on which the furnace was located was later patented to'William
Turnbull, of Pittsburgh, on July 13, I789, by the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, after the Virginians had withdrawn. William Turnbull
had been a commissary officer during the Revolutionary War, and
after forming his partnership with Marmie and Holker, sent Marmie
to Pittsburgh to manage a mercantile business at Fort Pitt. Later
they became interested in the iron business, and it is reputed that this
firm furnished the shot and shells for General Anthony Wayne's
expedition to the northwest. On January 6, I792, Major Isaac Craig,
commandant at Pittsburgh, was asked this question by the Secretary
of War: "Is it not possible that you could obtain shot for the sixpounders from Turnbull  Marmie's furnace?" Fifteen days later
the Secretary again stated in a letter: "Although I have forwarded
the shot for the six-pounders, I am sorry that you ordered those from
Turnbull and Marmie. Let them send their proposals at what rates
they will cast shot, shell, cannon and howetzers, etc." As shown by
the Fayette County court records, roads were considered from "Turnbull's Iron Works by the Little Falls"; from "Jacob's Creek Furnace
to the road leading to Peterstown"; from "the county line on the
bridge across Jacob's Creek at Alliance Furnace"; and from "Col.
Holker's Iron Works to near Laurel Hill Meeting House."  The
I26IRON AND STEEL
foregoing names referred to one and the same furnace, as it was
locally known by the people.
John Hayden, on George's Creek, Fayette County, found "blue
lump ore" on his plantation, and after working some of it into iron at
his forge, induced his kin, John Nicholson, to help him construct a
furnace and bloomery, in I792. Previously to this, however, the second furnace in point of time was that known as "Union Furnace,"
built by Isaac Meason on Dunbar Creek, in I79o, and put in blast in
March, I79I. It was succeeded by a larger furnace built by the firm
of Meason, Dillon and Company in I793, which this firm still called
"Union Furnace."
During the establishing of these first furnaces west of the Alleghenies, substantial shipments of iron were coming westward from
the furnaces farther east. Stoves, kettles and other small articles
were cast at Bedford Furnace on Black Log Creek in 1787, and at
Bedford Furnace on Little Aughwick Creek. Pig iron was also cast
there, while horse shoe and wagon tire iron were made at the forge.
Among the earlier transactions was one of Hugh Neely, on March
2, I790, when he contracted with the Bedford Furnace to deliver
twenty-eight ten-gallon kettles and seven Dutch ovens, to Daniel
Depue, "on or near the Monongahelia River, near Devoe's Ferry, in
eight days ensuing the date hereof."  Pack horses conveyed these
forged articles, and bar iron was bent in the shape of a U and put on
the backs of the horses. Much of it was carried to Pittsburgh by the
pack horses over the great roads. Some bar iron from Centre County
was brought over the northwest trail to Clarion and then shipped to
Pittsburgh. Huntingdon County iron was transported over the
Frankstown Road, and down its branch to Johnstown, and then
floated down to Pittsburgh on the rivers. Flat boats to convey it were
built at Johnstown, and up Stony Creek as far as the mouth of Ben's
Creek. This kind of transportation had to be made during high
water, and one of the largest warehouses at Johnstown, where iron
was kept, was conducted by Isaac Proctor, who also had some competitors.
John Holliday, son of Adam Holliday, founder of Hollidaysburg,
Pennsylvania, is entitled to credit for his early contribution to Johnstown's future industrial history. Joseph Johns, founder of old Conemaugh Town, which later became Johnstown, sold the remainder of
I27SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
his possessions in realty to William Hartley and John Anderson, of
Bedford, who sold to John Holliday in I8o8. The last named sold
to Peter Levergood in I8II and returned to Hollidaysburg, but in
the meantime he had built the first forge up Stony Creek, which he
called "Cambria Forge." Water power and charcoal for fuel were
used at this forge, and when the dam was washed out in I9II, the
forge was moved to M/lillvale, which was a small Johnstown community close to the present Pennsylvania Railroad station.
While this earlier iron was being transported through Johnstown
from the east, the Union Furnace of Colonel Isaac Meason, on Dunbar Creek was being built up to one of the greatest enterprises in all
of this western country. Colonel Meason had a wharf and boatyard
at the mouth of Dunbar Creek and shipped the products of his furnace
down the rivers as far as New Orleans. He also had a gristmill and
company store, and as the partners, Isaac Meason, Matthew Dillon
and John Gibson, dealt with themselves, their workmen, and with the
general marketing public, they kept a meticulous account of every
transaction. We have before us the day book of the company, from
April to November, I794, written in a fine hand, and from which we
quote these items, in aid of the business picture nearly a century and a
half ago, and just as the Revolution was closing.
"April 23, I794: Jacob Beason, 2 sides leather, I calf skin, I pound,
I7 shillings, six pence.
Moses Dillon, buckles and girth, 6 shillings, 9 pence.
Israel Burrows, 2 large ovens and I small, I pound, I6 shillings,
63/4 pence.
May I4, I794: Turnbull  Co., 118 cw iron and drawing, 3 pounds,
9 shillings.
Isaac Meason, 2 bushels corn, 5 shillings, 6 pence.
James Francis, cutting 27 cords wood, 4 pounds, I3 shillings, 9
pence.
July 2 I1, I794: James Mahara, I day raising Blair's House, 3 shillings.
William Simonton, furnace moulding and work, 8 pounds, 9
shillings, 7 pence.
John Jones, 2 bush. rye, 6 shillings.
September 22, I794: Joseph Worthington, leather for boots, I pound,
I shilling, 6 pence.
I28Alexander Kirkpatrick, a coffin for child, and digging grave, 9
shillings, 6 pence.
James Robinson, 32 lbs. beef, I shilling, 4 pence."
An advertisement which appeared in the "Pittsburgh Gazette" on
April I9, 1794, read that Meason and Dillon, had for sale: "At their
furnace on Dunbar's Run, Fayette County, three miles from,Stewart's
crossings, on Youghiogheny river, a supply of well assorted castings,
which they will sell at the reduced price of Thirty-Five Pounds per
ton." The original furnace built by Mr. Meason was a smaller concern, but the larger furnace of Meason, Dillon and Company produced large quantities of castings, stoves, pots, kettles, irons for fireplaces, and different sizes of ovens, thus supplying the immediate
needs of the Youghiogheny Valley and far beyond.
This firm furnished the iron for the first bridge in which this metal
was used, and erected over Jacob's Creek between Mt. Pleasant and
Connellsville, at a place which was known by the community name of
"Iron Bridge."
MT. BRADDOCK, BUILT BY ISAAC MEASON, ESQ., 1802SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
In addition to the Hayden Furnace on George's Creek, otherwise
called "Fairfield," there were these additional furnaces in Fayette
County:
Mt. Vernon Furnace, on Mount's Creek, reputed to have been
built about I795.
Spring Hill Furnace, on Ruble's Run, near the mouth of the
Cheat River, built about I794, and in the ownership of Benjamin and
Robert Jones. It was operated as late as I88I.
Plumsock Furnace, in Menallen Township, built in I794, with a
later mill erected about I803 by Jeremiah Pears. Isaac Meason
bought this property in I8 I5, and the first rolling mill in the United
States is said to have been built there by Isaac Meason.
Old Laurel Hill Furnace, located on Laurel Run in Dunbar Township, was built by Joshua Gibson and Samuel Paxon about I797.
Shortly afterwards the New Laurel was built and operated until I838.
Old Redstone Furnace, built in I797 by Jeremiah Pears, and
operated until about I87I. It was located on Redstone Creek in
South Union Township.
Pine Grove Forge, built by Thomas Lewis on Pine Grove Run
in Georges Township, about I798, did not prove a financial success,
and only operated until I 8oo.
Hampton Forge, on Indian Creek, one-half mile from its mouth,
was operated by Reuben Mochabee and Samuel Wurtz, beginning
with  800o.
Fairchance Furnace was built by John Hayden about I804, and
operated in conjunction with his Fairfield and Mary Ann furnaces a
few miles away. In later years this furnace passed into the hands
of F. H. Oliphant, who experimented much there, in the effort to use
coke and other ores. In I834 Mr. Oliphant erected a rolling mill at
Fairchance which remained in operation until I870.
Other later furnaces were Wharton, I837, near the National
Road in Wharton Township; Fayette, I827, in Springfield Township;
Etna, I815, on Trump's Run at Connellsville; St. John, I807, in Salt
Lick Township; Finley, or Breakneck, I8I8, on Breakneck Run in
Bullskin Township; Little Falls, I8oo, which was afterwards named
Franklin Iron Works, after F. H. Oliphant acquired it; Yough Forge,
18 I 17, near Connellsville; and Lemont Furnace in North Union Township, which began operations as late as I873.
I30IRON AND STEEL
With this prolific start Fayette County must be accorded the place
of pioneer in the iron industry west of the mountains, due to the start
which it secured through the great business acumen of Isaac Meason.
One steel furnace existed at Bridgeport, adjacent to Brownsville in
1811, and operated by Truman and Company. There was an early
furnace in Greene County on Ten-Mile Creek opposite Clarksville,
but it operated but a short time, and was possibly the only one in
Greene County.
The date of birth of Colonel Isaac Meason is not available, but
he came to the later Fayette County as early as I770, while a young
man in his twenties. He died January 23, I8I8, and the Connellsville "Herald," published at that time this brief summary of him:
"Mr. Meason was an early settler in this county, frequently a representative in the assembly and, for some time, of the Supreme Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania; after the adoption of the
present constitution, he was appointed one of the Associate Judges of
Fayette County. His life has been spent in unremitting industry and
with uncommon success; he was the first who manufactured iron in
this country with success, and the present improved state of that manufacture is indebted to him; he is now brought to the close of his
labors, but as a useful member of society, his place will not soon be
supplied."
For many years he kept his marriage with Catharine Harrison
secret until it was revealed on the court records of Yohogania County
at Heathtown, reference to which has been hitherto made. He and
his wife, Catharine Harrison, were first buried on the old Gist Plantation which he owned, and their remains were later interred in Oak
Grove Cemetery, in Uniontown.
Due to its proximity to the Laurel Hill, where there were extensive pioneer ore beds, the iron furnaces of Westmoreland County
next embellish the industrial picture in point of time. The original
county had been dismembered greatly, and then added to by the
Indian purchase north of the Ohio River. But this later portion,
while dotted with furnaces at many points through the years, did not
share so much the early operations. The first furnace in the county
was named "Westmoreland," and was located on the later California
Run, called for the California Furnace, which was the later name of
I3ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Westmoreland Furnace. This first furnace was close to the first
incorporated great road which first came over the Laurel Hill a little
to the southward of the Lincoln Highway, and flourished so long as
the road was there. It was built by John Probst, and was managed by
George Anshutz for a time, before he moved to Pittsburgh. The
newspaper of the day carried an advertisement of August I, I795,
that stoves and castings were for sale at Westmoreland Furnace.
The second Westmoreland Furnace was that of General Arthur
St. Clair built at the Hermitage, on Mill Creek above Ligonier, about
I802. As he was coming to the close of his long term as Governor
of the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair had planned to build
up a mill and furnace business at the Hermitage, but the long period
of financial disaster then overtook him; he was sold out by the sheriff;
and retired to the crest of the Chestnut Ridge on the old Forbes
Road, there to die in a poverty which his country could well have
avoided, had it given him its due respect and consideration. This
furnace made stoves and castings, and John Henry Hopkins, a later
Episcopal bishop, was connected with it as late as I817Washington Furnace became the next in importance in Westmoreland, when it was erected in I809, by Johnston, McClurg and Company. It was located on Washington Furnace Run, about one mile
above present Laughlinstown, and was operated by its founders until
I826, doing a large volume of business. It was rebuilt by John Bell
and Company, in I848, and remained in blast until about I855. It
had a group of houses almost as large as Laughlinstown, and was of
easy access to the Greensburg and Stoystown Turnpike, over which
its products were hauled to market.
Trevor and McClurg built their next furnace in conjunction with
Washington Furnace, at Mt. Hope in Donegal Township, on the
waters of Indian Creek, and at Mt. Vernon, present Freeman's Falls,
on the headwaters of Jacob's Creek-both in the year I8Io. The
latter furnace was located on the Catawba Trail, and afterwards
came into possession of Freeman, who operated it until I820. It was
rather well preserved, with the beautiful falls close by, and is the
mecca of hundreds of people each year.
Hannah Furnace was built on Tub Mill Run by John Bensinger,
in the year I8Io, who also built a forge on the same stream, near
Bolivar.
I32IRON AND STEEL
Fountain Furnace, on Camp Run in Donegal Township, was built
in 181 I, and operated but for a short time. In the same year Kingston
Forge was built by Andrew Johnston at the Loyalhanna Gap, three
miles above Latrobe. Mr. Johnston was born in Ireland July 0o,
I773, and first resided in Greensburg, then in Pittsburgh, and as the
iron business was looking up in western Pennsylvania he selected this
beautiful spot on the north side of Loyalhanna Creek on which to
build his forge. The Greensburg and Stoystown Turnpike ran on the
south side of the creek, and the beautiful stone house which still stands
is occupied by his grandson, Richard Johnston. As the iron business
declined, he sold it and turned his house into a tavern on the turnpike.
His son, William Freame Johnston, became Governor of Pennsylvania in later years.
Ross Furnace, on upper Tub Mill Creek, began operations in
I8I4, and was built by Isaac Meason, or his son, Isaac Meason, Jr.,
more likely the latter, because the father died at Gist's Plantation in
I8i8. It was operated by the Measons, Colonel Jacob Matthiot,
Noah Mendall, and others down to I850.
Baldwin Furnace, on Laurel Run, south of New Florence, and a
short distance from Ross Furnace, was built by James Stewart in
1818. It is beautifully preserved, and is well proportioned, from an
architectural standpoint.
Colonel Jacob Matthiot and Noah Mendall were active operators
of Washington Furnace for a time before it was shut down, and
previous to the Bell ownership. In 1832 there seem to have been but
two furnaces in operation in Westmoreland County: Ross, by Colonel
Matthiot and his associates; and Kingston Forge, by the Johnstons.
There was considerable business pick-up in the iron trade, and between
1844 and i855 seven charcoal furnaces were built, which with others
that had been re-fired, made much pig iron which found its way into
the Pittsburgh rolling mills.
Somerset County had its earliest iron furnace on Shade Creek,
built by Gerehart and Reynolds, on Thomas Vickroy's land, about
I807. The firm did not succeed well, and in November, 18I3, after
his having acquired the land back, was advertised for sale by Vickroy,
and bought in by Mark Richards, Anthony S. Earl and Benjamin
Johnston, of New Jersey, who operated it until I830. In I88o this
firm also built Shade Creek Forge on Stony Creek, some distance
below the mouth of Shade Creek.
I33SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
field, D. D., a noted and much beloved Methodist minister. The
henchmen approached Dr. Wakefield and another, to try and swing
the election to Cameron, offering the minister a large sum for his vote.
He agreed to support Cameron. The vote was close, as the joint
roll was being called, and when Dr. Wakefield's name was reached at
the lower end of the alphabet, he shouted out his vote for Charles R.
Buckalew, who was elected. The Cameron henchmen sought him out
to inquire about his apparent defection, and boldly inquired if it were
proper for a minister of the gospel to lie. Dr. Wakefield promptly
asserted that it was perfectly justifiable in this case, for if they hadn't
tried to buy him off, they might have accomplished their purpose by
"buying off some other poor devil," as the learned doctor expressed it.
United States Senator Matthew Stanley Quay was born at Dillsburg, York County, September 30, I833, and died at Beaver, May
28, I904. After graduation from college at Canonsburg, he was
admitted to the bar at Beaver, Pennsylvania, in I854. He had a distinguished war record and became private secretary to Governor
Andrew G. Curtin. He was a member of the State House of Representatives, I865-67; Secretary of the Commonwealth, I872-78, and
again in I879-82; State Treasurer, I885-87; first elected to the United
States Senate in I887, serving two terms, to I899. A deadlock in
the Legislature prevented his election to succeed himself, and after
the Legislature adjourned, Governor William A. Stone appointed
him, but he was not seated. He was elected again at the next election
and died in office, May 28, I904. Senator Quay, in succession to
Senator Cameron, built up one of the most effective political organizations in the history of Pennsylvania, and due to his great resourcefulness, he was continually opposed by other groups who sought his
political downfall. The fight against him was carried down into
some of the western counties, and particularly in Allegheny County,
where a very large group opposed him. At times the Republican party bitterness thus engendered enured to the benefit of the
Democrats.
Upon the death of Senator Quay the Republicans picked Philander
Chase Knox, eminent Pittsburgh lawyer, to succeed him. Senator
Knox was elected and served in the Senate from I904 to I909. He
was born in Brownsville May 6, I853, and graduated from Mt. Union
College, Ohio, in I872. He served as an assistant United States
Attorney at Pittsburgh, after his admission to the Allegheny County
8SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Peter Kimmell and Matthias Scott constructed a bar iron forge
on Laurel Hill Creek, in Jefferson Township, in 181 I, which ceased
operations in I815. Robert Philson started a furnace on the Casselman River, in Turkeyfoot Township, in I8IO, but it soon failed in
its operations. On the line of the old Forbes Road, west of Jenners,
part way up the Laurel Hill, is an old slag pile, evidence of the old
Ogle Furnace operated there for a short time. They made stoves and
other small articles at this furnace.
Indiana County, being off the main traveled highway, except at its
lower margin along the Conemaugh and the Frankstown Road, had
few furnaces. There was the old Baker Furnace, not far from the
Conemaugh in East Wheatfield Township. It also had the name of
the Indiana Iron Works, and was built by Henry Noble, about the
year I837. The old furnace was acquired by Elias Baker in I848,
torn down, and a later, larger furnace built. A forge was also built
near this furnace, but it soon came into disuse. A bucket factory was
also built here in 1828 by Hart and Thompson, and it also came into
disuse after the furnace was built. On the present highway between
Armagh and Brush Valley, where it crosses Blacklick Creek, was the
old Buena Vista Furnace, which was sometimes called Blacklick Furnace. It was built by David Stewart about the year I844, and is still
well preserved. Its type of architecture is slightly different from that
of the others, but like them, it was located thus, because of its close
proximity to the ore beds, and where wood was plentiful, out of which
the charcoal was made.
The building of the Pennsylvania Railroad brought the making
of iron rails into the iron industry in I852 at Johnstown, but strap
rails had been made at Brady's Bend, on the Allegheny River, by the
Great Western Iron Works, which began operations in I839, under
the direction of Philander Raymond, in the Sugar Creek Valley. The
Great Western Iron Works continued operations until I842, when
the Brady's Bend Iron Company acquired the property. They built a
second furnace in I846, and in I847 rolled the first T-rails west of
the Alleghenies. Alexander Campbell had the honor of rolling the
first rail here, as well as the first rail at the later Edgar Thompson
Works. In I864 a narrow gauge railroad was built by this concern
to haul the products to the Allegheny River for shipment on keel boats.
After doing a productive business of over a million dollars in I871,
this company went down in the financial panic of 1873.
134In addition to the Great Western Iron Works, there were several smaller furnaces dotted over the county, which produced a rather
good quality of iron during the peak of their operations, but which
were closed, like the others, when the Michigan orebeds produced
purer ore, and coke was used in the furnaces, instead of charcoal.
There were Bear Creek, I8i8, operating a tramroad near Parker;
Allegheny Furnace, near Kittanning; Buffalo, on Buffalo Creek in
West Franklin Township, I839; Ore Hill, on Whiskey Run, Pine
Township, 1845; Mahoning, in Mahoning Township, near Reedy,
I845; Cowanshannock, 1845; America, at Rimerton, I846; Phoenix,
on the Mahoning, in Red Bank Township, 1846; Pine Creek, in Valley
Township, I846; Olney, near Eddyville, I847; Stewardson's on
Mahoning Creek, in Red Bank Township, I85i; Red Bank, I853;
McCrea, on the Mahoning, I857; Monticello, on Cowanshannock
Creek, I859.
George S. King was one of Johnstown's earliest builders of the
steel business, who planned its first rail-rolling mill. He and Dr.
Peter Shoenberger owned lands and furnaces, and incorpoarted the
Cambria Iron Company, into a million dollar corporation, and began
operations in 1842. Mr. King had been a merchant, and lost much
of his business in the panic of I837, but he saw the possibilities of
Johnstown, situated as it was on the canal. He even went so far, in
his early days, as to ship pig metal to Pittsburgh, and exchanged it for
GREAT WESTERN IRON WORKS, BRADY'S BEND, ARMSTRONG COUNTYSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
dry goods and other merchandise in the company store formerly operated by Mr. King. In I84I, however, George S. King, David Stewart, John K. Shryock and William L. Shryock had built the earlier
furnace on Laurel Run. The first rails rolled by the Cambria Iron
Company were for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
Some earlier furnaces built in Cambria County: by John Bell and
Company, on Mill Creek in I845; on Ben's Creek, by George S. King
and Company in I846; Mt. Vernon Furnace at Johnstown, by Peter
Levergood and Company in I846; and Ashland Furnace, six miles
north of Gallitzan, by Joseph A. Conrad and Hugh McNeal in I847.
There was also the Eliza Furnace, built by Ritter and Rodgers in
I846, where Blacklick Creek forks, just below Vintondale. It is on
the line between Indiana and Cambria counties, and generally accredited to Cambria County.
Coke was slow in coming into use in the western Pennsylvania
furnaces. Charcoal was preferred for many years, possibly due to
the difficulties of finding proper coking coal at first, proper transportation, and the plentifulness of wood. Perhaps the first coke plant of
any proportion was in blast in I849. F. H. Oliphant made nearly
one hundred tons of coke pig iron at the Fairchance Furnace, but he
returned to the use of charcoal. Perhaps he had in mind the organization of a company, under the provisions of the Act of June I6,
I836, P. L. 799, "to encourage the manufacture of iron with coke
or mineral coal," but it was thirty-five years or more later that the
site of his old furnace was to be well nigh surrounded by blazing
coke ovens.
The Cambria Iron Works at Johnstown grew into the later Cambria Steel Company in I9oI, as the business enlarged, and there was
to come later business combinations. The Cambria Works claims to
have rolled the first thirty-foot steel rails in I855, brought about by
the needs of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The later Bethlehem Steel
Company, which was to absorb the Cambria Works, was incorporated in I904 with a capital of fifteen million dollars. It took over
these mills and shops and now designates it as the Cambria Plant of
the Bethlehem Steel Company.
Two men of business energy came into the manufacturing life of
Johnstown about I882: Tom L. Johnston, later a mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, and Arthur J. Moxham, a president of the DuPont Powder
I36IRON AND STEEL
Company, of Wilmington, Delaware. Mr. Moxham came to Johnstown to superintend the manufacture of steel girder rails, which were
to supersede the old flat steel rails on a wooden stringer, which were
then in use. These were made at the Cambria Iron Company plant,
and fitted to frogs, switches and curves made in Indianapolis. Later
the castings were made at the John Hannan foundry and assembled
in a large yard close by. The idea of the girder rail was worked out,
and the Johnson Steel Street Rail Company was organized by Johnson and Moxham, to care for this new manufacture. Its successor
was the Lorain Steel Company, located at Lorain, Ohio, with branches
at Johnstown, which has now become the Lorain Division of the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, a subsidiary of the United States
Steel Corporation. The Johnstown plant manufactures railway frogs,
switches and mine cars, used in all parts of the world. The quantity
of products of the Johnson company was greatly increased by the
introduction of electric power for street railways in i888. The rolling mill of this company was moved to Lorain, Ohio, in I894, but the
switch department remains in Moxham, now a part of the city of
Johnstown.
The Cambria Iron Company, chartered in I852, had its business
vicissitudes, and suspended operations in I854. Creditors in Philadelphia, headed by Daniel J. Morrell, a young merchant there, raised
additional funds to place the concern on its business feet again, and
for that purpose organized the firm of Wood, Morrell and Company, composed of Charles S. Wood, Richard D. Wood, Mr. Morrell, Edward Townsend, George Trotter, Matthew  Newkirk and
others. At that time the railroads were using many rails manufactured in England, so that I856 and 1857 were decidedly depression
years, and the rolling mill was further reduced to ruins by fire during
the latter year. The Morrill Tariff of i86I, and the increased market
due to the Civil War, quickened business activities, so that when the
production of 35,306 tons of steel in I870 increased to 590,686 tons
in I88o, the Cambria Works shared in this general prosperity.
Very important factors in this increased steel business were the
use of coke instead of charcoal, and the installation of the well-known
Bessemer process. Henry Bessemer, of England, first began his
experiments in I854. In i857 and i858 William Kelly, who came
from Louisville, Kentucky, made his first experiments at the Cambria
I37Iron Works, for the manufacture of pneumatic steel. Bessemer took
out the earlier patents, but Kelly, in conjunction with Daniel J. Morrell and others, secured later patents. A period of litigation over
these patent rights loomed in the courts, but through the efforts of
Mr. Morrell, this was avoided, and the patent interests merged for
the benefit of the steel trade generally. The increased mileage on the
railroads from 33,908 miles in I864 to 72,741 miles in I874, stepped
up the demand for steel rails and kept the mills going. Congress further increased the tariff on English rails, and this greatly stimulated
American trade. The Cambria Iron Company commenced the erection of its Bessemer works in I869, and sold its first steel rails in
I87I. The new blooming-mill inventions of George Fritz added to
the mill's efficiency also.
About I878 the Gautier Steel Company, Ltd., was organized by
Dr. J. H. Gautier and Sons, of Jersey City, where wire and other
forms of merchantable steel were manufactured. This company'was
MILLS AT JOHNSTOWN, LOOKING EAST TOWARDS CONEMAUGH.
FRANKLIN STREET METHODIST CHURCH, IN FOREGROUNDIRON AND STEEL
later absorbed by the Cambria Iron Works, as far as the Johnstown
plant was concerned. In the fall of I886 natural gas in large quantities was struck in the Grapeville field west of Greensburg, and transported more than forty miles by pipe-line to the works and to the city
of Johnstown.
Daniel J. Morrell was born August 8, I82I, in York County,
Maine, and died at Johnstown on August 20, I885. He started in
the mercantile business for his brother in Philadelphia, and then as a
partner in the dry goods firm of Martin, Morrell and Company in
I845. Ten years later he cast his lot in Johnstown, and became a
great factor in its upbuilding. He served two terms in Congress from
his district, and there, in one of his speeches, uttered these historic
words:
"The American workingman must live in a home, not a hut; he
must wear decent clothes, and eat wholesome and nourishing food.
He is an integral part of the municipality, the State and the nation;
subject to no fetters of class or caste; neither pauper nor peasant, nor
serf, but a free American citizen. He has the ballot, and if it were
possible, it would be dangerous to degrade him. The country stands
pledged to give him education, political power, and a higher form of
life than foreign nations accord their laborers, and he must be sustained by higher rates of wages than those of Europe. Our industries, operated by American citizens, must be freed from foreign
interference and organized into a distinct American system, which
will exact some temporary sacrifices, but result in general prosperity,
and-true national independence. In maintaining diversified industries
we utilize every talent, provide a field for every capacity, and bind
together the whole people in mutual dependence and support, assuring the strength and security of our Republic."
Both Johnstown and Pittsburgh owe much to the Shoenberger
family for their activities in the steel business. The first Shoenbergers
to reach this country were two brothers, George and Peter, who came
from Mannheim, Germany. In I795 Peter Shoenberger laid out the
town of Petersburg in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. In I804
George Shoenberger and Samuel Fahnstock built the Juniata Forge
at Petersburg and named it "Juniata," for the river on which it was
located. This forge made horseshoe iron, wagon tires, harrow teeth
and stove castings. Upon the death of George Shoenberger in I8 5,
I39SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Dr. Peter Shoenberger succeeded to this business, and then built for
himself Rebecca Furnace in Blair County. In 1824 he came to Pittsburgh and erected a new "Juniata Furnace" along the Allegheny
River, between Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets. At first the blooms
had to be brought across the mountains in Conestoga wagons, but the
works proved profitable and during the Civil War the manufacture
of horseshoes was added, later blast furnaces, the Bessemer process,
and open hearth furnaces. When the Shoenberger interests planned
to enter the field of wire manufacture, it was bought out by the American Steel and Wire Company, destined to become a part of the United
States Steel Corporation's enterprises in I925.
The most interesting story, by' far, although not of the pioneer
of Pittsburgh's steel industries, is that beginning with the Kloman
Forge and ending in the great United States Steel Corporation,
through the period of a half century and more. Andrew and Anton
Kloman started a small forge at Girty's Run, in Millvalle, Allegheny
County in I858, for the manufacture of car axles and miscellaneous
forgings. Thomas N. Miller and Henry Phipps joined in forming
the Kloman and Company firm, and then disagreements arose among
the partners. A new mill had been built at Twenty-ninth Street, in
Pittsburgh. Then the steel man, who has attained the greatest prominence in all the world, came into this interesting picture.
Andrew Carnegie was born in Dumferline, Scotland, on November 25, I835, and came with his family to Allegheny City in I848.
After working at odd tasks he became, at the age of fifteen years, a
messenger boy for the Ohio Telegraph Company. This led to his
learning telegraphy, and becoming an operator under Superintendent
Thomas A. Scott, on the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. He joined with Mr. Scott in many side enterprises, and
thus laid the basis of his future fortune. In I863 he succeeded to
Mr. Scott's position as superintendent of the division. Considerable
friction arose in Kloman and Company, with the result that Thomas
N. Miller, one of the partners, was eliminated, and he then joined
with Andrew Carnegie in forming the Cyclops Iron Company, and
building a new plant in I864 at Thirty-third Street. During the next
year the two companies were consolidated into the Union Mills Company. These two mills were known as the Upper and Lower Union
Mills for many years afterwards. They were located on the site of
I40old Shannopin's Indian Town, Pittsburgh's first habitation, at the
mouth of old Two-Mile Run on the Allegheny River.
Mr. Carnegie's railroad connections stood him in good stead in
the promotion and organization of the Keystone Bridge Company.
He gave a note for his stock and paid for it in dividends received.
J. L. Piper and Aaron G. Shiffler were the active men in the company,
but it had President J. Edgar Thompson's wife, Thomas A. Scott,
vice-president, and other engineers and superintendents among its
stockholders, and through these connections its success was assured.
Mr. Carnegie resigned his superintendency of the railroad in I865,
and in I870 joined with Kloman, Phipps and his brother, Thomas M.
Carnegie, in erecting the Lucy Furnace at Fifty-first Street. The
Union interests erected the Isabella Furnace, and these two became
active producers of many tons of iron and steel through the years.
In I871 William Coleman, father-in-law of Thomas M. Carnegie,
who lived in the old Judge Wilkins homestead, joined with his associates in organizing a steel company to erect furnaces on Braddock's
Field, after assuring themselves of the value of the Bessemer process.
President Thompson sent Mr. Carnegie to Europe in I872 to sell
bonds for a new railroad to Davenport, Iowa. While he was in England, Andrew Carnegie looked into the Bessemer process also, and
EDGAR THOMSON WORKS (1875)
(Courtesy U. S. Steel News)SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
came home convinced of its value, and of the future successful use
of steel rails. Braddock's Field was purchased, and the firm of Carnegie, McCandless and Company was organized, with a large capital
provided by William Coleman, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Kloman,
Henry Phipps, David McCandless, John Scott, David A. Stewart,
William P. Shinn, and Thomas M. Carnegie. The company was
organized as a limited partnership, but the new and more liberal corporation laws of Pennsylvania, following the adoption of the Constitution of I874, permitted the dissolution of the former named company,
and the incorporation of the Edgar Thomson Steel Company, at a
capitalization of $I,ooo,ooo.  The plant was named for J. Edgar
Thomson, the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The
first converting mill was blown on August 26, I875,- and the first rail
rolled on September I, 1875.
America's first great steel master was Captain William R. Jones,
who first came to Johnstown, and then enlisted in a short time to
become a captain in the Civil War. Upon his return from the war
he was made superintendent of the Cambria plant. The Cambria
Iron Company had its first labor troubles in I873, and this gave Captain Jones and other efficient employees an opportunity to join the
forces of the Edgar Thomson works. He became the superintendent
of the latter works in September, I875, serving until a fatal injury,
on September 26, I889, as he was sledging open a furnace, and fell
against a cinder car. The versatile Dr. Frank Cowan, of Greensburg, has also memorialized Braddock's Field in this poetic strain:
Where the cannon of Braddock were wheeled into line
And swept through the forest with shot and with shell;
But Woe to the Britons; In vain they combine
The thunder of Heaven and the lightning of hell!
There the turning converter, with roaring of flame,
Pours out cascades of comets and showers of stars,
While the pulpit boy, goggled, looks into the same;
Thinking little of Braddock and nothing of Mars.
Where the guns of the foe were revealed by a flash,
A report, and the fall of the killed and the wounded
Till the woods were ablaze, and a deafening crash
With the wail of the wounded and dying resounded;
There the ingot aglow is drawn out to a rail,
While the coffee-mill crusher booms, rattles and groans,
And the water boy hurries along with his pail,
Saying, Braddock be blowed! He's a slouch to Bill Jones.
I42IRON AND STEEL
One of Southwestern Pennsylvania's greatest men in the steel
business, then a young man, succeeded Captain William R. Jones, serving as superinfendent of Edgar Thomson Works from October I, I 889,
to October I, I892. Succeeding superintendents were James Gayley,
October I, I892 to March I, I895; Thomas Morrison, October I,
i895 to June I, I903; C. E. Dinkey, June I, I903 to April I, I920;
0. J. H. Hartstuff, April I, I920 to May I, I933; and Frank F.
Slick, beginning May I, 1933.
Across the Monongahela River from the Edgar Thomson Works
was the town of Homestead, where a group of firms who used steel
products but could not be adequately supplied by the Edgar Thomson Works at satisfactory prices, incorporated the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company. The following firms were represented in the
new company: Park Brothers and Company, Hussey Wells and Company, Singer-Nimick and Company, Crescent Steel Works, Solar Iron
and Steel Works, Andrew Kloman, the latter striking out for himself
shortly thereafter in the erection of a mill, but which he was not permitted to finish because of his death. Some labor troubles disturbed
this concern, and in the month of October, 1883, the Homestead Mills
were absorbed by the Carnegie group of furnaces, and has continued
as one of their main plants down to the present time.
There was soon to come into the steel business picture the famed
Henry Clay Frick, who became in later years a great business associate and match for Andrew Carnegie, and who nearly accomplished
the dissolution of the Carnegie steel interests, and later resulted in
Charles M. Schwab casting his lot in with Bethlehem Steel interests.
Mr. Frick was born on December I9, I849, at West Overton, in
Westmoreland County, and in 187I was keeping books for Abraham
Overholt and Company, at the distillery at West Overton. He, Jacob
Rist, and A. O. Tintsman, a grandson of Abraham Overholt, joined
in a partnership to develop six hundred acres of coal, and built two
hundred ovens to manufacture coke for the steel furnaces of the Pittsburgh district. This became the nucleus for the later immense H. C.
Frick Coke Company, with Mr. Frick at its head, and which is now
a part of the United States Steel Corporation set-up. The building
of this great industrial concern, which has given employment to so
many thousands in this area, will be dealt with in a later chapter of
this narrative. In I882 the Carnegie group bought a large interest in
I43POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
bar in I875, and was a member of the law firm of Knox and Reed,
who gave great legal aid in the building up of great industrial organizations and banking institutions. He was first Attorney-General in
the cabinet of President McKinley in I9oI, and resigned in I904 to
enter the Senate that year. He resigned his Senate seat to enter President Taft's cabinet in I9o9 as Secretary of State. He was elected to
a second Senate term in 1917, in which he was serving at the time of
his death on October I2, I921. Senator Knox brought to the cabinet
and to the Senate a ripe business experience, which was his fine contribution to the life of the Nation in his day.
George Tener Oliver succeeded to the Senate seat of Senator
Knox upon the latter's resignation in I9o9 and was reelected for the
succeeding full term, serving until I9I7. He was born in Ireland,
January 26, 1848, during a visit of his parents there. After a course
in the common schools and graduation at Bethany College, West Virginia, he became a lawyer for the next ten years. The practice of the
law was abandoned for the steel manufacturing and newspaper field,
in both of which he was eminently successful. His two newspapers,
"The Pittsburgh Gazette-Times" and the "Pittsburgh ChronicleTelegraph," were valuable aids in advancing Republican success during many campaigns.
One of the shortest and most interesting Senate terms was that of
William Evans Crow, of Fayette County. He was born in German
Township in that county, March Io, I870, and came into the political
life of his native county early. Graduating from California State
Normal School, and attendin:g Waynesburg College for a time, he
was admitted to the Fayette County bar in I895 and became district
attorney in I898. He was best known as a State Senator, from I907
to I92I; and through many close political battles in his county was
able to maintain his Republican leadership. He was appointed to
fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Knox, and served from
October 17, 1921, until his death at Uniontown on August 2, 1922.
Senator Crow's political career was thus so suddenly cut short at a
time when political ambitions were high among many Republicans,
who were then in power.
Following the death of Senator Crow, the Republicans picked
David Aiken Reed as their candidate and he was successful at the succeeding election, after appointment in 1922. He was born in Pittsburgh, December 2I, I88o, a son of Judge James H. Reed, law part9SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
the H. C. Frick Coke Company, which was the beginning of the close
business relations of Mr. Frick with them.
In I89o the Duquesne Works, completed the year before, was
purchased by the Carnegie interests, and in I892 the Carnegie Steel
Company, Limited, was formed, merging the upper and lower Union
Mills, the Lucy Furnaces, the Edgar Thomson Works, the Duquesne
Works, the Homestead Works and the Carrie Furnaces, the last
named being acquired from the Fownes family. In the same year
the company acquired a substantial interest in the Oliver Iron Mining
Company, operating in the great Mesaba ore beds along Lake
Superior, the products of which were transported from the ore boats
on Lake Erie by the Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad
Company, to the mills of the district. The Carnegie Steel Company
interests acquired the control of this railroad in I896, and also the
fleet of six ore boats of the Lake Superior Iron Company. They
first operated the boats under the name of the Pittsburgh Steamship
Company. Later the name of the railroad company was changed to
the Bessemer Railroad, and through this means of transportation, by
boat and by railroad, the company became the first to have its own
transportation from ore mine to mill.
In I899 the Carnegie units were further integrated, and out of it
all came the forming of the Pennsylvania corporation, known as the
Carnegie Steel Company, which took over the various steel plants,
steamship and railroad companies, the stock ownership of the H. C.
Frick Coke Company, and the Carnegie Natural Gas Company. The
former Carnegie Steel Company did not become an exclusive steel
company until I893. Steel mills in the country first specialized in the
rolling of rails, but it was not until I883, twenty-nine years after the
first wrought iron beams were rolled in the United States, that the
Carnegie organization rolled its first steel beams at the Homestead
mill, whose superintendent was Charles M. Schwab. Steel plates were
first rolled by the Carnegie Company in i886.
In its building of a great industrial organization, the Carnegie
Steel Company was not devoid of its business vicissitudes. The master mind in the whole organization was the renowned Andrew Carnegie. But with the coming of Mr. Frick, a new spirit prevailed, for
he brought to the company the organizing ability to make of it a great
concern. He assembled the productive units into a working whole,
and thus avoided paying profits to outside concerns. The company
I44owned its own ore mines, steamers on the lakes, railroads, lime-stone
quarries, and furnaces, and thus was able to compete successfully with
other concerns.  Before Mr. Frick entered the Carnegie business
organization, he had weathered the panic of I873, bought out his
partners of the earlier days, became quite wealthy by reason of the
advance of coke prices from ninety cents to $4 and $5 per ton, so
that at the time the Carnegie company came into a partial stock
ownership of the Frick company in I882, the latter company owned
one thousand and twenty-six ovens and three thousand acres of coal.
Seven years later, through the expansion of the business, the newly
incorporated H. C. Frick's Coke
Company had a capitalization of
five million dollars, and owned
nearly ten thousand ovens and
thirty-five thousands acres of
coal. Mr. Frick joined the Carnegie board of directors in I889,
and was made its chairman and
given control.
Business was greatly increased under Mr. Frick's management; but on the company's
acquisition of the new Homestead works, and the attempt to
reduce the wages of four thousand workmen about twenty-five
per cent, there was trouble
ahead. The men had already
been organized under the union plan of the Amalgamated Association
of Iron and Steel Workers, and Mr. Frick came into severe conflict
with this organization. The men took possession of the mill and
organized themselves into military companies. Their forces were so
strong that they turned back deputy sheriffs when they attempted to
enter the mill. Mr. Frick then hired barges and a small tow steamer
to conduct three hundred Pinkerton detectives to Homestead on
July 5, I892. When the strikers learned of the approach of the
barges, the whistles were blown and thousands rushed to the banks
of the Monongahela River. Many shots were exchanged; and even
sticks of dynamite, made like giant fire-crackers, were thrown at theSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
barges, with the result that there were ten killed and sixty or more
wounded. The Amalgamated Association kept possession of the plant,
so that on July Io, I892, Governor Robert E. Pattison ordered out
the eight thousand soldiers then comprising the National Guard of
Pennsylvania. Under the command of Major-General George R.
Snowden, they went into camp close to Braddock's Field, at present
Rankin, and on July I2, I892, marched to Homestead, and put the
owners in possession of the plant. There were sympathetic strikes at
the Upper and Lower Union mills in Pittsburgh, and at the Beaver
Falls plant of the Carnegie company.
In close succession came the attack of the anarchist, Alexander
Berkman, on Mr. Frick in his office on July 23, I892, on the secondfloor of the old Chronicle-Telegraph Building, when he was shot at
and severely wounded. Despite the death of his son and namesake,
born on the day of the Homestead battle, Mr. Frick directed the
affairs of the company from his hospital bed, and showed an indomitable will and fortitude in keeping up with his work. He traveled
the street cars alone, and when they put bodyguards about him, he
facetiously remarked: "If an honest American cannot live in his own
house, without being surrounded by a bodyguard, it is time to quit."
These thrilling occurrences brought on indictments in the courts of
Allegheny County against the leaders of Amalgamated Association
of Iron and Steel Workers, the Knights of Labor, and officials of the
Carnegie company. The soldiers remained at Homestead for ninetyfive days; and it is generally conceded that the historic industrial
battle there contributed much to the election of Grover Cleveland as
President for the second time. The strike was officially called off by
the Amalgamated Association on November 2I, I892. Following
these occurrences Charles M. Schwab was transferred as superintendent of the Edgar Thomson works to the Homestead works.
Sometime after that the Carnegie interests, guided by Mr. Frick,
made a substantial bargain with the Oliver Mining Company, controlled by Henry W. Oliver, for mining rights on the Mesaba and
other ore fields on Lake Superior. The coming rift between Mr.
Carnegie and Mr. Frick began back in the days of these negotiations.
Mr. Carnegie opposed the acquisition of these rights, and additional
ones which Mr. Oliver had secured and which Mr. F'rick had assented
to take over. Mr. Carnegie later changed his mind, and permitted
the Oliver-Frick arrangement to be consummated. During the years
I46IRON AND STEEL
from I889 to I899 the net profits of the Carnegie companies increased
from three and one-half million dollars to twenty-one million dollars
annually.
In due time Mr. Carnegie and Mr. Frick fell out over the price
of coke to be paid by the Carnegie company to the Frick company.
Earlier, Mr. Carnegie had arranged for a syndicate composed of
Judge William H. Moore, Henry Phipps and H. C. Frick, to merge
all of the Carnegie companies and to pay $I57,950,000 for a transfer
of Mr. Carnegie's interest to the syndicate. This fell through, and
helped to create the rift, and created such a mess of internal strife,
that the whole business structure was threatened.  Contracts made
with the H. F. Frick Coke Company were disputed by the stockholders, and Mr. Frick resigned from  the Carnegie company on
December 5, 1889. Mr. Carnegie offered to buy Mr. Frick's interest at a price to be determined by arbitrators. Mr. Frick countered
with an offer to buy Mr. Carnegie's interest, and upon the latter's
refusal, Mr. Carnegie then proposed that the company take over NMr.
Frick's interests in the company at book value, and this brought on
the court proceedings.
During the month of February, I900, Mr. Frick filed an equity
proceeding to prevent Mr. Carnegie and his associates from disposing
of his stock, and the Carnegie company and defendants filed an answer
to Mr. Frick's allegations, and asking a dismissal of the bill. The
matter never came to a hearing in court; but a newer and mightier
business combination was conceived, preliminary to the organization
of the United States Steel Corporation. Meetings were held for conference at Atlantic City and elsewhere, with the result that a merger
agreement of the Carnegie company and the Frick company stockholders was executed, through the direction of James B. Dill, a New
York lawyer, and the new corporation known as "Carnegie Company," was created under the laws of the State of New Jersey, with
which Mr. Carnegie and Mr. Frick were not connected in the management, but as the holders of stocks and bonds.
With the retirement of Mr. Carnegie and Mr. Frick from the
active management of these immense steel interests, Charles M.
Schwab became the head of the new United States Steel Corporation,
which grew out of the Carnegie Company, and started business in,
April, I9OI. Mr. Schwab was born in Williamsburg, Blair County,
I47SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania, on February I8, I862. He came to live at Loretta in
Cambria County with his parents in I872, where he attended St.
Francis College, graduating in I88o. He desired to make his own
way in the world, but unlike Mr. Frick, he had no relatives who
could give him much of a start. He went to Braddock and worked
in a grocery store for six months, where he came to the notice of
Captain William R. Jones, then superintendent of the Edgar Thomson Works, and was given a good position in the engineering department. Upon the death of Captain Jones, he succeeded him in the
superintendency, and then started to a responsible managerial position at Edgar Thomson and at Homestead. In I896 he became president of the Carnegie Steel Company, before the mergers.  Mr.
Schwab remained with the United States Steel Corporation but a
short time after his selection as president in I9oI, due to his not
being the active head that he was in the former companies, and more
or less titular. He then bought a controlling interest in the Bethlehem Steel Company, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, for $7,500,000. In
due time, it became incompatible, according to his sense of business
propriety, to be president of one concern and own another by stock
control. He then joined with Lewis Nixon in organizing the United
States Shipbuilding Company. This concern was short-lived and out
of a receivership grew the new Bethlehem Steel Corporation on
December io, I904. Mr. Schwab resigned from the presidency of
the United States Steel Corporation in I903.
His connection with the history of southwestern Pennsylvania is
outstanding in several aspects: first, his great contribution to the
upbuilding of the steel industry at Braddock and Homestead; then,
his great interest in his old home, Loretta, in Cambria County, where
he has built a beautiful memorial church for the St. Michael's Catholic Church congregation, in front of which is a heroic statue of Prince
Gallitzan; and he erected buildings for St. Francis College and other
institutions; here also he built a magnificent estate, which is his principal residence, and also a great fair grounds at Ebensburg, visited by
thousands every year; and finally, the acquisition of the Cambria Steel
Company by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, through which he has
a vital interest in the life and success of the outstanding Johnstown
community.
In addition to the main steel plant at Bethlehem, the Bethlehem
Steel Corporation conducts the following plants: Steelton, at SteelI48IRON AND STEEL
ton; Cambria at Johnstown; Coatesville, at Coatesville; Lebanon, at
Lebanon; Lackawanna, at Lackawanna, New York; Martland, at
Sparrows Point, Maryland; Harlan, at Wilmington, Delaware; San
Francisco, at South San Francisco, California; Seattle, at Seattle,
Washington; Los Angeles, at Vernon, California. There are also
these fabricating works, outside of Bethlehem: Pottstown, Carnegie,
Rankin, Leetsdale, Steelton; Chicago, Illinois; Buffalo, New York;
Almeda, California; Hay Works, at Newark, New Jersey; and Garrigues, at Dunellen, New Jersey. It has a considerable coal property
in this area, and conducts one of the most efficient coke plants near its
Johnstown works.
A proper understanding of the great growth of the iron and steel
industry here can be best outlined by the United States Steel Corporation mergers. There were plants dotted all over this area which
have been absorbed by it, and which cannot be detailed in this narrative. Many industrial towns have been built up all about, where
these individual plants were first erected. Among the first of the
mergers which preceded the formation of the Steel Corporation was
the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company, a union of three Pennsylvania and two western mills, which was organized in I892. In
I898 this company was merged with others into the American Steel
and Wire Company of Illinois. In I898 also the Federal Steel Company was formed, composed of the Illinois Steel Company, the Lorain
Steel Company, and the Minnesota Iron Company, the last named
having large iron mines in Minnesota. The American Tin Plate
Company, a combine embracing thirty-nine tin plate plants, was chartered in December, I898.
In January, I899, a greater wire consolidation, known as the
American Steel and Wire Company of New Jersey, was organized.
Other combinations of I899 were the National Steel Company, a
merger of various steel companies in the Central West; the American Steel Hoop Company, a union of nine mills making steel hoops,
bands, bars, cotton ties and skelp; and the National Tube Company,
a combination of thirteen steel pipe companies located in the Pittsburgh district. The American Sheet Steel Company, composed of
various sheet and bar mills, was chartered in Ig9oo, as was the American Bridge Company, which composed several steel fabricating companies. These eight companies, together with the Carnegie Steel
I49SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Company, and its constituent companies, and the Lake Superior Consolidated Iron Mines Company, with large ore reserves in the Lake
Superior region, were the constituent parts of the great financial
merger worked out by the banking interests headed by J. P. Morgan,
in New York City. It was a far cry from the iron furnaces nestled
in the Laurel Hill and elsewhere, to the great steel plants; but it was
a historic evolution that had to be gone through with in the business
world. Judge Elbert H. Gary became the active director of this
great business. He promptly abandoned the narrow concept of business as a private concern of warring industrial captains, bent on
mutual destruction, and embarked on a policy that recognized alike
the interests of competitors, customers, employees, stockholders and
the general public.
The organizers of the United States Steel Corporation had vision,
just as those of other companies had vision, with respect to the economic benefits that would be derived from this integration of the
companies. The period from I890 to I900 was one of depression
and the Spanish-American War, and the steel business became one
of great expansion beginning with 900oo. Dluring the nineties the
technique of structural steel construction had been improved, and the
first automobiles were being perfected. In I897 the Carnegie Steel
Company, exhibited the first freight cars constructed of steel, being
of the gondola and flatcar pattern. These cars were built by the
Keystone Bridge Company, which afterwards was absorbed by the
American Bridge Company.
There was much agitation that these great combinations were in
restraint of trade, and the government brought suit to dissolve them,
but it was sustained in the courts. Judge Gary died in I927 and was
succeeded by Myron C. Taylor in the direction of the company's
affairs.
Due to these different mergers through the years, the United
States Steel Corporation has now come to be made up of the following principal subsidiaries:
American Bridge Company, Pittsburgh; American Steel and Wire
Company, Cleveland, Ohio; Canadian Bridge Company, Ltd., Walkerville, Canada; Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh;
Carnegie Natural Gas Company, Pittsburgh; Columbia Steel Com150pany, San Francisco, California; Cyclone Fence Company, Waukegan, Illinois; Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Kearny,
New Jersey; H. C. Frick Coke Company, Pittsburgh; Isthmian
Steamship Company, New York; Michigan Limestone and Chemical
Company, Rogers City, Michigan; National Tube Company, Pittsburgh; Oil Well Supply Company, Dalias, Texas; Oliver Iron Mining Company, Duluth, Minnesota; Pennsylvania and Lake Erie Dock
Company, Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock Company, Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Limestone Corporation, Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh
Steamship Company Cleveland, Ohio;
Scully Steel Products Company, Chicago,
Illinois; Standard Fence Company, Oakland, California; Tennessee Coal, Iron
and Railroad Company, Birmingham,
Alabama; Union Supply Company,
Pittsburgh; United States Steel Products Company, New York; Universal
Atlas Cement Company, Chicago, Illnois.
During the year I85I Bernard
Lauth, much after the ways of Andrew
Kloman, began the erection of a furnace
in the town of Birmingham, which is
now the Southside of Pittsburgh. He
called it the American Iron and Steel
Works, and in that year Benjamin F.
Jones, the first of that family, bought an interest in it. James Laughlin later bought out the interest of Bernard Lauth, and the firm was
re-formed as Jones, Laughlin and Company. The pig iron used in
the Birmingham plant came largely from the Falcon Furnace of Mr.
Laughlin at Youngstown, Ohio. This firm also bought the Brownsville Iron Works in I853, and dismantled it, bringing the material
to Pittsburgh for use.
On August I, I9oo, the business was incorporated as the Jones
and Laughlin Company, Limited, and additional mills were built in
the Soho District, of Pittsburgh. This company was practically a
pioneer in bringing slack coal to their plant and making it into coke
in improved ovens. Andrew Carnegie had done this in a primitive
POURING A STEEL INGOT,
CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL
CORPORATION
(Courtesy U. S. Steel News)SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
way at his Larimer plant, when he transported the coal from the
mine and made coke in the old style of bee-hive oven. Out of Jones
and Laughlin Company, Limited, came the later incorporation of the
Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, and the building of the new town
of Woodlawn on the southern bank of the Ohio River, opposite old
Economy. Here the company erected one of the most modern of
coke and steel plants, and an industrial city, which has since been
changed to Aliquippa. The old American Iron and Steel Works on
the Southside, Pittsburgh, had an original capacity of forty tons of
steel per day, when it was completed. In I904 the tonnage was
increased to three thousand per day, and it has since been greatly
enlarged.
The Jones and Laughlin Steel Company has also built, some exceptionally fine steel boats, similar to the coal barges, in which large
quantities of their products are shipped down the Ohio River and the
Mississippi River to the southern markets. It is not alone in the
matter of river transportation, for most of the larger companies have
their own fleets of steamboats which push the long line of barges up
and down the rivers, and through the locks, to transport coal and
other products to market. In the later construction of steamers and
their constituent parts, steel is being constantly used, and is more
durable than the old wooden construction.
The city of Monessen enjoys the business benefits of an independent concern that has grown to an extensive establishment. The Pittsburgh Steel Company built its large plant there when the town was
first laid out, and its works are now quite extensive, and employ several thousand men, when business is good. Wallace H. Rowe, George
Nash, Edwin Bindley, W. C. Reitz, C. E. Beeson, Willis F. McCook,
Emil Winter, and John Bindley were the organizers of this company,
and Mr. Nash was its manager for many years, during the growth of
the business and of the town, Mr. Nash had come from earlier steel
experiences at Rankin. Monessen's other large industries were the
National Tin Plate Company and the American Steel Hoop Company,
both of which are now a part of the United States Steel Corporation,
as outlined earlier in this chapter. The Page Woven Wire Fence
Company was brought down from Adrian, Michigan. The Pittsburgh Steel Company also has plants at Glassport and Aliquippa.
The Oliver Iron and Steel Company has been an active corporation through the years, and has maintained plants on the Northside
I52IRON AND STEEL
and Southside of Pittsburgh. Likewise the Crucible Steel Company
has had an important place in Pittsburgh's steel life, with present
plants known as the LaBelle Works at Reedsdale Street, the Spring
Mill at McKees Rocks, the Crescent Works, and the Park Mill, at
Thirtieth and Smallman streets. The Apollo Iron and Steel Company has been active in the Kiskiminetas Valley. At Latrobe is the
former Latrobe Steel Company, now manufacturing locomotive tires.
Here also are smaller concerns making high-grade products: the
Latrobe Electric Steel Company and the Vanadium-Alloys Steel Company.
At Etna, in Allegheny County, is the old works of Spang, Chalfant and Company, manufacturing a high grade of steel. It had its
beginnings back in the later canal days, when Henry S. and Charles
F. Spang started their foundry there. This is an active and going
concern, deserving of honorable historical mention. Among the
mergers into the Crucible Steel Company were companies at Aliquippa, Beaver Falls, the Park Company, Singer, Nimick and Company, and the Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Company. The McClintockMarshall Company, a fabricating and erecting concern, acquired the
old Riter-Conley Company, before it was absorbed and became a part
of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Thus from the first Alliance Furnace on Jacob's Creek and the
Union Furnace of Isaac Meason on Dunbar Creek, has grown the
immense steel combination which makes Pittsburgh the steel center
of the world. The same measure of meticulous bookkeeping has made
of these concerns a growing and ever-expanding business, as that practiced by Isaac Meason back in I797. The pioneer needs in the iron
line were meagre as compared with those of today. Transportation
was slow and cumbersome. Streamlined trains now race down the
tracks of the trunk-line railroads to carry passengers in comparative
safety, and steel cars now transport coal, iron ore, coke, and merchandise, all over the world. Adding the necessary electrical and
signal equipment, and the steel rails of great strength and durability
over which these trains run, it can be truly said that Pittsburgh, and
its immediate environment within a radius of one hundred miles, is
indeed the workshop of the world. The vast woods furnished the
fuel out of which to make charcoal to heat the early furnaces; now
this area furnishes ample supplies of coal, oil and gas. The finished
I53SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
ner of United States Senator Knox, and himself a member of the firm
after he reached the Allegheny County bar. Judge Reed, the father,
had been an earlier United States district judge. Senator Reed was
a graduate of Shady Side Academy and Princeton University, and
after admission to the bar in I903 and practice thereafter, had a distinguished service overseas as a lieutenant-colonel in the field artillery.
He practiced law with his father's firm, following the war, until his
appointment as United States Senator. Senator Reed was a disciple
of that same type of Republicanism as Senator Oliver, which
entrenched itself so strongly among western Pennsylvania businessmen.
United States Senator James J. Davis, now in office, was born
October 22, I873, in Tredegar, Wales, coming to the United States
as a very small boy with his parents. Reaching only the grammar
school grades in public school, and working as a young man in the
steel mills, he made for himself a distinguished name, by dint of
earnest endeavor. He served as Secretary of Labor in the cabinets
of President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, and was first elected
United States Senator in I93o and reelected in I932. He resides in
Pittsburgh and has been a Republican during the political years.
The junior United States Senator from Pennsylvania is also from
Pittsburgh. Joseph Finch Guffey was born December 29, I87I, at
old Guffey Station, in Sewickley Township, Westmoreland County,
and secured his education in the Greensburg schools and at Princeton
University. He was for a time in the gas and oil business with his
uncle, James M. Guffey, old-time Democratic politician, then in the
mail service of the Pittsburgh Post Office, and finally as an officer of
the Philadelphia Company, one of Pittsburgh's utility companies. He
supported Woodrow Wilson for President and was appointed Alien
Property Custodian during the World War. He was elected United
States Senator in I934, following the Franklin D. Roosevelt sweep,
and has left the old-time Democratic moorings of his forebears and
is following the New Deal policies of President Roosevelt, some of
which are yet in their experimental stage.
Westmoreland County was known for many years as the "Star ot
the West," because of its long adherence to the Democratic party.
The first break came in the election of Judge James A. Hunter in
I880; but he was succeeded in I89o by Judge Lucian WV. Doty. a
Democrat. Since the McKinley sweep of I896, the county has been
pretty strongly Republican until X932.
Io154           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
products of the iron and steel furnaces go to all parts of the world,
and proclaim the fame of southwestern Pennsylvania: in great steel
bridges across a Hudson River or a San Francisco Bay, and in all
manner of river and rail transportation, and in other products.CHAPTER VIII
Doctors and Hospitals
Early Doctors Who Came With the Early Military Expeditions: James
Craik, Hugh Mercer, Arthur St. Clair, Edward Hand., John Connolly and Others-Early Pittsburgh and Westmoreland County
Doctors: Nathaniel Bedford, David Marchand, John Knight and
Others-Washington County's Pioneer Physicians-First Pittsburgh Medical Society--The Armstrong County Code of Professional Ethics-Physicians of Beaver, Cambria, Indiana, Somerset,
Lawrence, Fayette, Greene, Butler and Westmoreland CountiesEarly Hospitals: Mercy, Passavant and Western PennsylvaniaThe Fine Hospital Service of the Area-The Advancement of a Century and More.
The great work of the healing art, as we see it so finely developed
and practiced today, began back in the days of the Indians. The skill
of the physician and the surgeon has been in evidence since George
Washington first pioneered into these western woods. To Dr.
James Craik must go the honor of being the first physician to come
hither. He was born in Scotland in 173 i, and died in Fairfax County,
Virginia, on February 6, I8I4. He knew well how to keep Washington in fit physical condition through all of his arduous campaigns. Dr. Craik was commissioned an army surgeon by Virginia on
March 7, I754, and his first service was in the regiment of Colonel
Joshua Fry, which was sent towards the Forks of the Ohio! later in
that year. Upon the death of Colonel Fry at Wills Creek during the
trek of the regiment westward, Lieutenant-Colonel George Washington was placed in command. Dr. Craik participated in the battle of
Fort Necessity, and was a part of the Braddock army when it suffered defeat at the battle of Monongahela on July 9, I755. He was
later in the Forbes campaign of I758 with Washington, and theSOUTHWESTERN PENN SYLVANIA
doctor accompanied him to Fort Pitt and on down the Ohio River in
I770. During the Revolution he was with Washington in his campaigns, and participated in the army's activities at Valley Forge, Morristown and Yorktown. After the war he settled down to practice at
Alexandria, Virginia, and was Washington's personal physician at
the time of his death on December I4, I799.
General Washington invited Dr. Craik into the Continental service on April 26, I777, from Morristown, New Jersey, where were his
winter quarters in these words: "In the hospital department for the
middle district, which district includes the States between the North,
or Hudson River, and the Potomic, there are at present two places
vacant, either of which I can obtain for you. The one is senior physician and surgeon of the hospital, with pay of four dollars and six
rations per day; the other is assistant director-general, with the pay
of three dollars and six rations per day, and two horses and traveling
expenses found, according to the director-general's account, who also
adds that he thinks this latter the more honorable and desirable of
the two."
Several officers of the Indian wars and of the Revolution, who
came into these parts, were physicians in their early training, but never
settled down to a local practice. Among these were the surgeons in
the regiments of the Forbes army: Dr. John Blair, surgeon of Colonel John Armstrong's Ist Pennsylvania Battalion; Dr. John Morgan,
surgeon of Colonel James Burd's 2d Pennsylvania Battalion; and
Dr. Robert Bines, of Colonel Hugh Mercer's 3d Pennsylvania battalion; Dr. William Fleming, assistant surgeon to Dr. James Craik,
of Colonel William Byrd's Virginia Regiment.
After the opening up of trade at Fort Pitt in I76I, the pioneer
merchant, James Kenny, placed this entry in his diary on May 23:
"Doctor Millen requested me to goe out with him to ye woods to
show him some plants that he knew not, so we went  gathered some
sassaperalla, apicocoanna  Indian ginger or asserabana." These
early doctors als6 had many superstitious practices and beliefs of the
Indians to deal with. James Kenney tells further that on January 24,
I763, there was "rain all day. The prisoners tells me that ye Shawanas always, when they swim over this Ohio River low down, that they
are in danger of some monsterous creatures pulling them under water
and devouring them, to remedy which they carry a root with them
I56DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
which they either chew or infuse  rub on their skins, ye smell of which
is so offensive to ye creatures they will not tutch them, they say these
creatures (which I take to be Alegaters) will pull a Buffalo bull under
water and destroy him. The root is said to be black Angilico; ye
smoke it also."
After the return of James Kenney to Philadelphia, in the summer
of 1763, Captain S. Ecuyer was in command at Fort Pitt, and Colonel
Henry Bouquet was bringing his little army westward to its relief.
Dr. McLean of the British 77th Regiment was at Fort Pitt on August
I3, I763, and Dr. Boyd on October I7, I763, "built a hospital under
the drawbridge."  Other doctors at the fort were: Dr. McKenzie,
I778; Dr. Adams, I794 to I797; and Dr. Wilkins, I795 to I796.
None of these remained to make a permanent location there and practice their profession.
Dr. Hugh Mercer first came through with Colonel John Armstrong's expedition in I756. He later succeeded to the command of
Fort Pitt for a short time, and unquestionably would practice the healing art there among the soldiers, as occasion required.
When Major-General Arthur St. Clair first enlisted for duty in
America, he had just finished his medical course in England. During
all of his career here, beginning with his new lands at the mouth of
the Nine-Mile Run in I764, he seems not to have ever set himself up
as a practicing physician, although he might well have been called Dr.
Sit. Clair. Others of his progeny and name have carried on, through
the years, in these active practitioners: Dr. Thomas St. Clair and Dr.
Charles M. St. Clair, of Indiana, and Dr. Thomas St. Clair, of
Latrobe.
The notorious Dr. John Connolly, who was so much of a thorn
in Captain St. Clair's flesh during the Revolutionary War days, was
born at Wright's Ferry, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, about 1873.
In his own life sketch he says that he was "bred to physic, the practice of which it was intended I should pursue; my natureal bent of mind,
however, determined otherwise." His father had been a physician,
and he began the study of medicine, but chose to quit in the middle
of his course, and enter the British service.
Dr. Edward Hand was born in Kings County, Ireland, December
3I, I744, and accompanied the I8th Royal Irish Regiment hither.
He first practiced in Lancaster, and joined the forces of the Revolution, and was later placed in command at Fort Pitt in I777. While
I57SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
there he established the first hospital, military in form, and primitive
though it might have been, in present Crafton, not far from Chartiers
Creek. It was on a road previously laid out by the Hannastown
court, and the site of it is located with an appropriate marker. Once
in the war, he devoted the rest of his public life to military affairs,
being a signer of the Pennsylvania Constitution, and a member of
Congress. During an expected war with France, he was appointed
adjutant-general of militia in I798.
As the Revolutionary War was closing, General William Irvine
was placed in command at Fort Pitt in succession to Colonel Daniel
Brodhead in I78I. General Irvine had studied medicine in Dublin,
Ireland, and was a surgeon in the British Navy for seven years before
coming to America. After the war he practiced in Cumberland
County, and again entered the military service, in command of troops
in President Washington's army to quell the Whiskey Insurrection.
General Irvine also served two terms in Congress and died in 1804
at the age of sixty-four years.
The honor of being the first physician to locate in Pittsburgh must
go to Dr. Nathaniel Bedford, although the exact date of his coming is
rather questionable. While the "Pittsburgh Gazette," of August 26,
1786, a full twenty years afterwards, says that "there were here in
Pittsburgh in I765, two physicians. Dr. Bedford was one of them,"
it must be kept in mind that Pittsburgh and Fort Pitt were military
locations, and there was little permissible permanent settling there,
until after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, in I768, and the opening of
the land office in I769. He was a surgeon in the British forces, and
is reputed to have resigned from them and cast his lot at Pittsburgh.
If he came after the Penns opened the land office, then he did not
much precede Dr. David Marchand, who settled farther east southwest of Hannastown. Dr. Bedford settled on the southside of the
Monongahela River, and later laid out the plan of Birmingham.
John Ormsby, the pioneer merchant and ferryman, had lands on the
southside also, and Dr. Bedford married his daughter. He conducted
his own apothecary shop, made his own pills, and dispensed them to
his patients. In the later years he was one of the incorporators of
Pittsburgh Academy. At his death on March 21, I8i8, he was first
buried at a point over which the Twelfth Street incline was constructed, but his remains were later interred in Trinity Churchyard,
on Sixth Street. Beside his remains lie those of Chief Red Pole, whom
I58DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
Dr. Bedford treated for a sudden ailment, and who died of his serious
condition. Chief Red Pole was a Revolutionary patriot.
Dr. George Stevenson was a surgeon in the Continental Army,
probably enlisting from York County, Pennsylvania, where he was
born at Wright's Ferry, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, about I743.
born. He took his course of medical lectures at Carlisle. He served
for a time in the Revolution, came back to complete his course, to
reenter the army.  During the Whiskey Insurrection of I794 he
recruited a company for President Washington, and came out with
his army. Up to I794 he practiced at Carlisle, and then cast in his
lot at Pittsburgh.
Perhaps Dr. Stevenson's first pupil was Dr. Peter Mowry, born
in an eastern county in I760, and who took his preliminary course in
medicine, at Philadelphia under the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush.
When he returned to Pittsburgh, he entered into a partnership with
Dr. Nathaniel Bedford, and continued his practice for many years
after Dr. Bedford's death. He married a daughter of the celebrated
Judge Alexander Addison, and later became the preceptor of Dr.
William Addison, son of Judge Addison, who took a course at Maryland University, and joined him in practice. Dr. Peter Mowry's
nephew, Dir. Robert Mowry, was one of the founders of the Allegheny General Hospital, and his death occurred March I4, I895.
Dr. Peter Mowry practiced until his death in I833.
The Pittsburgh directories of earlier days give the name of Dr.
Andrew Richardson, who began practice in I798, and died in i809.
Like Dr. Bedford he was a vestryman in Trinity Episcopal Church.
Other names of early practitioners were: Doctors Carmichael, Mawhinney, Holmes, Brunot, Church, Agnew, Gazzam, Simpson, W. F.
Irwin, I. S. Irwin, Burrell, Armstrong, McConnell, Speer, Denny,
Hannen, and McFarland.
If he did not come about the time of Dr. Nathaniel Bedford to
Fort Pitt, Dr. David Marchand followed closely his medical trail,
when he settled on the waters of the Little Sewickley Creek in Westmoreland County. He was born in Canton Berne, Switzerland, and
came to the Hagerstown, Maryland, community with his parents. He
came into this little valley about I770, and entered upon an exceedingly active life in what is familiarly known as "Millersthal," colloquially called "Millersdahl."  He was both a distinguished physician for his day and an active patriot. In the Revolutionary struggle
I59SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
he was a captain of fifty-five men in Colonel John Perry's regiment
of Westmoreland County Militia. Dr. Marchand was also an active
churchman in the Brush Creek Reformed congregation, near Adamsburg, and conveyed a large tract of land to the combined congregations. His three sons became physicians: Dr. Daniel Marchand,
having located at Uniontown; Dr. David Marchand, Jr., in Greensburg; and Dr. Lewis Marchand, in Jefferson Township, Fayette
County, five miles below Brownsville. A daughter, Sarah, married
Dr. Samuel Sackett, of Fayette County, and Dr. Samuel Sackett
Marchand, a grandson, died in Libby Prison at Richmond, Virginia,
during the Civil War. This family has given to southwestern Pennsylvania these other physicians through the years: Doctors Lewis M.
Marchand, John I. Marchand, James J. Marchand, John Louis
Marchand, Frederick M. Marchand, Jacob Marchand, Benjamin
Rush Marchand, William  K. Marchand, N. D. Marchand, and
George W. Marchand.
Dr. John Knight had an eventful career during the Revolution,
and later settled in Fayette County. He was a surgeon's mate first,
having recruited in the gth Virginia Regiment, recruited in the Monongahela Valley, and then became a surgeon, stationed at Fort Pitt.
One of the most eventful things in his life was his witnessing the
execution of Colonel William Crawford, near Upper Sandusky, in
I782. Upon his return to his home he wrote an elaborate account of
it, describing how he knocked his Indian captor in the head at an
opportune time, and escaped to Fort Pitt. H:e later migrated to
Shelbyville, Kentucky, and died there in 1838.
Dr. Felix Brunot is entitled to a place among the pioneers in the
Pittsburgh community. H'e was born in I752 and was a surgeon of
high distinction in France, and came to America with the French
troops, likely under the solicitation of his foster brother, General
Lafayette. He first began practice in Philadelphia, and then moved
to Pittsburgh in I797, where he died in I836 at the age of eightyfour years. He is reputed to be the first to have used electricity in
the treatment of disease. His family became prominent in the business life of Pittsburgh in later years.
The contribution of the LeMoyne family of physicians to the medical history hereabouts is notable. Dr. Julius LeMoyne was born
near Paris in 1760, and after seven years of hospital and other training, fled from the cruelty of the French Revolution to America. He
i6ofirst settled in Gallipolis, Ohio, as the Northwest Territory was opening up, but came to Washington, Pennsylvania, in I797, where he
practiced until his death. At the age of seventeen years, his son, Dr.
Francis Julius LeMoyne, graduated from Washington College, and
after a course of medical training under his father and in the east,
began practice at Washington also. He was an ardent Abolitionist
at the time of the Civil War, and aided much in the conduct of the
famed "Underground Railroad." Among his financial gifts were
ten thousand dollars to start a public library at Washington, and
sixty thousand dollars to a colored school in Memphis, Tennessee in
aid of negroes. His most distinctive historic contribution was the
erection in I876 of the first crematory in the United States, at Washington, Pennsylvania. He died in Washington, Pennsylvania, in I879
at the age of eighty-one years and was cremated in his own crematory. Dr. Frank J. LeMoyne, son of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne,
was born in Washington in I839, and practiced mostly in Pittsburgh
until his death in I913. He was one of the founders of the Children's Hospital, and for many years was a surgeon at the Western
Pennsylvania Hospital, as well as a trustee of Mercy Hospital. His
medical training was secured at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, where he graduated, and he also saw service as a lieuTHE LE MOYNE CREMATORY, FIRST IN THE UNITED STATES, WASHINGTONSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
tenant-colonel of the 2d Cavalry, Army of the Potomac, during the
Civil War.
Dr. Joseph Doddridge was one of the earliest and most interesting of physicians who came hither, because he was also a preacher.
He was born in Bedford on October I4, I769, and after the death of
his father became a Wesleyan Methodist minister.  He and his
brother, Philip, entered the Jefferson log college in I79i, and he
became an Episcopal rector in I792. From that time on he was both
preacher and doctor, and became distinguished in both professions.
He was a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia,
and died at the age of fifty-eight years. During his active life he wrote
much, and there has been left for historians the well-known "Doddridge's Notes," to give pen pictures of life west of the Monongahela.
Due to his writing with much abandon, some of his matter is not
entirely accurate as to recorded events, but his great literary acumen
is commendable.
Dr. Doddridge wrote how white plantain was used as a cure for
snake bite, being boiled in milk and given to the patient. Walnut
fern was another remedy, and the Indians used "seneka" root. Many
poultices were used in that day, and the cupping and sucking of wounds
was much resorted to, the early so-called physicians filling incisions
they had made with salt and gunpowder. Itch was cured by an outward application of an ointment made of brimstone and hog's lard.
Dr. Doddridge tells how he discovered that snakes only put much
poison into the system when they strike into the larger blood vessels.
His fuller treatise on "snake bites" gave these interesting descriptions:
"For the bite of a rattle, or copper snake, a great variety of
specifics was used. I remember when a small boy to have seen a man
bitten by a rattlesnake, brought into the fort on a man's back. One of
the company dragged the snake after him by a forked stick fastened
to its head. The body of the snake was cut into pieces of about two
inches in length, split open in succession, and laid in the wound to
draw out the poison, as he expressed it. When this was over, a fire
was kindled up in the fort yard and the whole of the serpent burned
to ashes, by way of revenge for the injury he had done. After this
process was over, a large quantity of chestnut leaves was collected and
boiled in a pot. The whole of the wounded man's leg and a part of
his thigh were placed in a piece of chestnut bark, fresh from the tree,
i62DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
and the decoction poured on the leg so as to run down into the pot
again. After continuing this process for some time a quantity of
boiled leaves were bound to the leg. This was repeated several times
a day. The man got well, but whether owing to the treatment
bestowed on his wound, it is not certain."
In those pioneer days of the physician or surgeon, a young man
was apprenticed to an older doctor, just as in other professions and
trades, but much in contrast to the present engagements in a medical
school and as internes in a hospital. The medical students were office
boys and jacks of all trades. They helped in the operations, pulled
teeth (before the days of dentists), and bled patients for many ills.
The medicines which were prescribed for the patients were ground
out in mortars in the doctor's office (before the days of pharmacists).
These apprentices learned cup bleeding, and the application of leeches,
before they went east to attend lectures in the growing medical centers of the cities. The early doctor went about the settlements on
horseback, and later in two-wheeled gigs, and then in buggies. It was
the custom in early days that, as a matter of respect, he walk at the
head of the funeral procession of any of his patients, who had died.
No antiseptics nor anesthetics were used for operations, which was
a tribute to the courageous patients who submitted themselves to the
early surgeon's skill. But out of it all came a newer and better day
in the practice of medicine and surgery.
The community of Amity, Washington County, is a distinguished
one in many ways, due to the fortuitous settlements made there by
the Dodds and other families. Dr. Cephas Dlodd was both a preacher
and a doctor, being the son of the pioneer, Rev. Thaddeus Dodd, of
the Ten-Mile Presbyterian congregations, and was born October I2,
I779. He succeeded to the pastorate held by his father, and practiced medicine in the territory over which he ministered spiritually.
Dr. Thaddeus Dodd, son of Dr. Cephas Dodd, practiced at Millsboro and Dunningsville, and returned to Amity in later years. His
son, Dr. William S. Dodd, was in the father's office for a time, and
finally became a leading physician at Charleroi.
Dr. Elias F. Dodd, another son of Dr. Cephas Dodd, was born
in Amwell Township, XWashington County, December I, i823, and
after a course in Washington and Jefferson College, and in medicine,
in the class of 1848, entered practice in Franklin Township in Washi63POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Pittsburgh became a great Whig center during the years from
I825 to I850. In I844 an immense Whig meeting was held, with
an attendance of three thousand five hundred. A log cabin was
erected and a great address delivered by WValter Forward and others.
Many old Democrats, as one historian relates, "reached the Whig
Party by means of the anti-Masonic half-way house."
The Pittsburgh newspapers have done much to aid in political
campaigns, even down to the present day.  The old Pittsburgh
"Gazette," established in I786, was at first Federalist in its leanings
but, to maintain itself, became more or less neutral. John Scull was
its first editor, up until he disposed of it previous to 18i8. Morgan
Neville Craig and David N. White acquired it, and then Neville B.
Craig. During this period it was Whig in its political support, and
after its sale to Samuel Riddle and Company it became Republican in
I856.  During the White management it switched to the AntiMasonic cause, since White was opposed to secret societies. During
the Civil War it was merged with the "Commercial" and became the
"Commercial-Gazette," until its more recent merger.
The Democrats had the faithful old Pittsburgh "Post," which
through its predecessors was established in I8o06. Independent efforts
in journalism were the "Statesman," "Commonwealth," "Mercury,"
and "American Manufacturer." These all effected mergers with
older papers. The "Dispatch" started in 1846 as an independent,
with Republican leanings, and existed for seventy years. Interests in
the Republican party inimical to Senator Quay started the Pittsburgh
"Times," under the direction of Christopher Magee, which had a
successful career for many years and served as a balance wheel to a
too radical political machine in times of fierce political controversy.
The "Chronicle Telegraph" was founded in 1841 and was an evening
Republican paper for many years. Decidedly independent for many
years was the old Pittsburgh "Leader," founded by Pittock, Nevin
and Company in 1870, and this was followed by the Pittsburgh
"Press," also of independent leanings.
Washington County was Anti-Federal from the beginning, and for
thirty-nine years after the adoption of the Constitution of I790 the
Democratic candidates for Governor carried Washington County.
Governor Joseph Ritner, resident in Washington County, became one
of the leaders in the Anti-Masonic movement. He had been in the
Legislature for five years as a Democrat, and four times the candiIISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVAN IA
ington County in I853, and continued practice until his death on September 8, I9o08. Dr. Cephas T. Dodd also is of the third generation
of this family, with a son, Dr. Frank C. Dodd. Out of the original
family of Dr. Cephas Dodd came the son, Daniel Dodd, whose son,
Dr. William L. Dodd, is in active practice at Amity, and one of the
substantial citizens of this ancient community. Dr. Dodd is a great
collector of historic lore and artifacts, with which his office abounds.
Washington County's medical history practically begins with Dr.
Absalom Baird, who settled in the county in 1786, following the Revolution in which he served as a surgeon. The best record is that his
father, James Baird, was a member of the Braddock army, later
coming through with Forbes, and was killed on Grant's Hill in the
sudden dash of Major James Grant to take Fort Duquesne. He
studied medicine in Chester County before entering the Revolution,
and came to Westmoreland County to practice. His third son, Thomas
H. Baird, became the president judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District in succession to Judge Samuel Roberts. Dr. Baird was prominently identified with the Whiskey Insurrection as an inspector of
militia, and as has been well said, the Washington community was well
supplied with different "schools of medicine," when in its early days
it was served by Dr. Baird, a Scotch-Irishman of eastern Pennsylvania training, D,r. LeMoyne, of French training, and an Indian doctor in the community, who used the incantations and medicine of the
original American.
There came into the original Westmoreland County in I792 Dr.
Jacob Jennings, a preacher of the Gospel, located on Dunlap's Creek,
who died in I813, but whose son, Dr. Ebenezer Jennings, was prominent in the Cross Creek and Burgettstown district and was famous in
the practice of vaccination. He died in I8o8. He was the father of
the later Rev. S. C. Jennings, and is said to have come to the community about I8IO, when there were no doctors closer than Pittsburgh,
Washington, Brownsville or Greensburg. Then followed Dr. Ephraim
Estep about I8IO at Vanceville, in Somerset Township; Dr. Harvey
W. Blachley, at Prosperity; Dr. Hugh Thompson, of Thompsonville, Peters Township; Doctors Samuel Murdoch, James Cochran
and James Warren, at Canonsburg. About I8I5 there were in practice at the noted Parkinson's Landing, at present Monongahela, Doctors Samuel King, Pollock and Brooks, and Dr. George Linn of a
i64DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
later period. Other eminent physicians of Washington County were:
Doctors Boyd Emery, father and son, John Keyes, Jefferson Scott,
Stephen E. Hill, Henry McDonough, Milton Allen, Joseph Leatherman, Joseph Shidder and Wheeler.
The earliest record of an organization of doctors in Washington
County was that founded on June Io, I813, having these officers:
President, Dr. Joseph Doddridge; secretary, Dr. D. G. Mitchell; and
the following member: Doctors John Wishart, John Warring, J. L.
LeMoyne, Robert Glenn, William Warnock, John Byers, William
Hamilton, Benjamin Carroll, James Mitchell, William Quigley, H.
W. Blachley, John Smith, M. L. Dodd, Thomas McGarrough, James
Hayden, James Patterson, David Staunton, John Baird, Alexander
Crawford, Thomas Hersey, M. Adams, Shipley Holmes, John Milliken, and Samuel Murdoch.  Later, on November 26, I835, the
doctors of Allegheny and Washington counties joined in forming a
medical society which existed only for a short time.
The year i855 marked the beginning of the effective county medical societies of the present day, through which the physicians and
surgeons sought to standardize their professional ethics and practice.
A few years before they began to establish hospitals here, and then
medical school by which the greater accomplishments of the profession were achieved. As an aid to these things, the doctors of the
county organized the Washington County Medical Society on May
I9, I855, with the following officers: President, John NWishart; first
vice-president, James Stevens; second vice-president, Boyd Emery;
recording secretary, John R. Wilson; corresponding secretary, J. S.
Van Vorries; treasurer, Wray Grayson. In these earlier medical societies only allopathic, or "regular" physicians, as they termed themselves, as distinguished from other schools of medicine, were admitted
into the society. The first homeopathic physician in Washington
County was reputed to be Dr. Hunter of California, who was followed by Dr. J. Morgan Maurer in 1877 and by Dr. James Ely, ten
years later.
Beginning, as it does with Dr. Nathaniel Bedford, Allegheny
County's eminent medical history adds many illustrious names in the
succeeding years, as the community grew into the great metropolitan
center that it is. Following the earlier doctors came others who have
kept the standard high. The Pittsburgh city directory of I8I9 contained this advertisement:
i65SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
"Doctors Agnew and Simpson have formed a co-partnership in
the practice of medicine, and conjointly tender their services to their
friends and all others who may apply for professional aid. Their
shop is at the corner of Third and Wood streets, where one or both
may at all times be consulted."
Under present medical ethics such a type of advertisement would
not be permitted, and co-partnerships of doctors are private matters.
Many of them are mere ropes of sand, like legal partnerships, each
member receiving his proper emoluments depending on his skill. Dr.
James Agnew was an eminent physician, as was Dr. Simpson, and was
the father of Judge Daniel Agnew, a later Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania. Dr. Agnew began practice about i 8 5, and he
and Dr. Simpson had possibly the first drug store at their "shop" in
Pittsburgh. Dr. Joel Lewis began practice in Pittsburgh about  8 I I,
and there was a Dr. Dimmitt associated later with Dr. Agnew.
Two eminent and successful practitioners were Doctors Joseph P.,
and Edward D. Gazzam, the latter being six years younger than his
brother. Dr. Joseph P. Gazzam was born in I797 and died in I863,
and married Harriet, the daughter of Judge Nathaniel and Mary
Ewing Breading.  He is credited with discovering the fine aid of
ether in the practice of medicine in I846. Dr. Edward P. Gazzam,
though still a young man, had the honor of delivering the address of
welcome to General Lafayette, when he came to Pittsburgh during
his visit to America in I825. He was much of a politician, serving
as a State Senator and as a postmaster of Pittsburgh, and he was the
candidate of the Free Soil party in 1848 for Governor of Pennsylvania, thus fostering the cause of abolition of slavery.
Dr. David Wishart, born in Scotland in 1796, came to Pittsburgh,
and established himself, his son, John Wishart, being the prominent
physician of Washington County; Dr. John W. Wishart, the grandson, locating in Pittsburgh, and his son, Dr. Charles A. Wishart, being
one of the promoters and eminent physicians of the later Eye and Ear
Hospital.  Practicing at Sewickley and Pittsburgh was the eminent
Dr. John Dickson, of I812, with his distinguished sons, Doctors
Thomas, John S., and Joseph M. Dickson.  There came into the
county also Dr. George Brice (I8II-91); Dr. William C. Reiter
(I817-82), who studied under Dr. Postlewaite in Greensburg; Dr.
William Wallace (1851-83); Dr. Joseph L. Reed (1823-84), who
i66DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
became the efficient superintendent of Dixmont Hospital, and was the
father of Judge James H. Reed and the grandfather of United States
Senator David A. Reed; Dr. Thomas Gallaher (1822-89); and Dr.
James King.
The first organization of physicians in Pittsburgh was the Western Medical Society in I8I4. This was short-lived, and in 182I the
Pittsburgh Medical Society was formed, and later the Allegheny Medical Society in I838. Honoring their pioneer physician the doctors
of Pittsburgh organized the Nathaniel Bedford Club in I864; then
later, following the general plan in vogue in other counties, the Allegheny County Medical Society was formed in I865. Other more
localized organizations have been the Academy of Medicine of I888
and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of I9o6. Out of these
later organizations came the founding of the Western Pennsylvania
Medical College, which was organized at a meeting of the Bedford
Society on January 26, I865, in Dr. James King's office. It did not,
however, function as a full-fledged medical college until I886, when
its first building was erected on Brereton Avenue, near Twentyeighth Street. In I898 it became a part of the University of Pittsburgh. It used the facilities of the West Penn Hospital much, as
accident cases from the Pennsylvania Railroad and other industries
were brought in, particularly in the surgical wards. There many of
the later doctors attended clinics in their earlier days.
Reference should be made to the peculiar and outstanding work
of Dr. Albert G. Walter (I8II-76). He was a great surgeon, but
was rather peculiar in his make-up, and pioneered in many ways in
the performance of operations, to such an extent that he incurred the
enmity of many of his contemporary physicians. As one doctor
expressed it, he was "bold and resourceful," but he was entitled to
great praise for his experimental surgery.
The physicians of this area had some trying experiences during
the cholera epidemic of 1832-33, when many patients died. The
smallpox epidemic of I845 added also to their predicaments. The
homeopathic theory of medicine began here about I837, with the coming of Dr. Gustavus Reichhelm from Germany, who practiced here
until I853, until he returned to Philadelphia. The homeopathic physicians who succeeded him were: Doctors C. Bayer, D. M. Dake,
Marcellin Cote, Wilson Hoffman, J. P. Dake, and J. F. Cooper. A
i67SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
hospital was established on Second Avenue to aid in the work of this
branch of medicine.
Armstrong County physicians established the earliest code of professional ethics, which the good physician might follow in these
parts. It was one of the less thickly settled counties, erected in  800,
with its professional life distributed mostly at Kittanning and along
the busy Kiskiminetas of canal days. The first known resident physician at Kittanning, who settled in I8Io  or I81  was Dr. George
Hays. After 1825 there also came to settle: Doctors Samuel S. Neale,
Josiah E. Stevenson, Samuel McMasters, Abner Bainbridge, Malthus
A. Ward and Samuel Byers. Their first medical society was organized on November I6, I825.  Their "Code of Medical Ethics,"
recited:
"The degraded condition of the medical profession, not only of
Pennsylvania, but of many other parts of the country, has long been
a matter of deep regret to many of the most enlightened and honorable members, and although much of the time and talents of some of
the most respected brethren have been occupied in endeavoring to
elevate its standard and dignify its character, it is much to be lamented
that they have not been more successful in their laudable attempts."
Following this general statement, the doctors then proceeded to
admonish their members and other practitioners to do these things:
I. Treat their patients with steadiness, tenderness and humanity.
2. Exercise the strictest temperance, a clear and vigorous intellect and a steady hand being absolutely necessary to successful practice.
3. Unfavorable prognostication should never be made in the
presence of patients.
4. Consultation in difficult cases was recommended.
6. Refrain from further visits on other practitioner's patients,
when called in for consultation.
7. Too frequent seeing of patients produces unsteadiness of treat.
ment.
8. Avoid theoretical discussion of the case in the patient's presence.
9. The Junior physician should always deliver his opinion first,
when more than one doctor confers.
Io. The want of a diploma should not bar practitioners of experience.
i68DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
I I. Consultations should always be held promptly.
I2. Attendance on members of the profession should be gratuitous.
I3. Avoid insinuations of cure if he had been present, instead of
another physician.
I4. The use of nostrums and quack medicines should be discouraged, and patients should be warned not to use them.
I5. Neither by precept or example contribute to the circumstance
of using a secret nostrum.
I6. Controversies as between doctors should be referred to a group
of fellow-physicians.
I7. Wealthy, retired physicians should refuse gratuitous advice.
i 8. When called in by the patient of another physician, adopt temporary treatment.
I9. Fortify the good resolutions of patients suffering from intemperate lives, by resort to blameless life and high moral character.
20. Medical men should remember the Sabbath Day to keep it
holy; professional visits to be made before and after public worship.
The full code, of which the foregoing is a resume, was published
in the "Kittanning Gazette and Columbian," presumably for the benefit of both patient and physician, and it is historically interesting
in its attempt to dignify the profession and bring to it a deserved
respect.
Like other medical societies in other counties, this society disintegrated through time, and the later Armstrong County Medical
Society was organized in I863, with the following officers: President,
Dr. David Alter, Freeport; vice-president, Robert S. Wallace, Brady's
Bend; secretary, Dr. Thomas C. McCullough, Kittanning; treasurer,
Washington Reynolds, Kittanning. These additional doctors first
composed the society: William C. McCullough, Thomas McGill, C.
S. Snowden, J. M. Taylor, John H. Hughes, John C. McMinn, and
G. W. Burkett, Freeport; J. R. Park, Whitesburg; Robert G. Ralston,
Cowansville; William  McBryor, Apollo. By the year 1876 there
were these active physicians who were identified with the society:
Thomas H. Allen, J. G. Cunningham, W. H. Stewart, C. J. Jessup,
T. N. Allison, T. H. Allison, H. K. Beatty, Kittanning; A. G. Thomas,
R. L. McCurdy, Freeport; R. P. Hunter, Leechburg; W. B. Ansley,
Apollo; J. K. Maxwell, Worthington; J. W. McKee, Cochran's Mills;
J. K. Parks, Whitesburg.
i6qSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Dr. David Alter, of Freeport, was one of the most interesting
medical practitioners in the Allegheny Valley. He was born over in
Westmoreland County in I807, of distinguished parentage, and died
in i88. In his later years he took much to scientific research, much
on his own account, and in I836 perfected an electric telegraph and
wrote magazine articles about it in I837. He was successful in the
production of a bromine in I845, and also invented a chemical process
of extracting oil from coal. Perhaps his most interesting researches
were in the line of the prism spectrum analysis. Others have taken
much glory from his earlier scientific work, so that he did not reap
much financial benefit from his researches.
The earliest physician to locate in Beaver County, in that portion
which lies north of the Ohio River, was Dr. Samuel Adams. He came
from Rowley, Massachusetts, to the Chartiers Valley in Washington
earlier, and then located at the upper falls on the Beaver River, where
he bought four hundred acres of land. He was a local Methodist
preacher and ran a mill there, so that the place came to be called
Adamsville.  Mrs. Adams assisted him in setting limbs, and could
give medicines in case of emergency. Dr. Samuel Adams lived until
March 6, I832, and his son, Dr. Milo Adams, who was sheriff of
Beaver County in 1842, succeeded him in practice, and died at present
Bridgewater, where he had located, on August I8, I848. Perhaps
the next earliest in practice was Dr. George W. Allison, born on April
I, I803, in Washington, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from college and then took a course at the University of Maryland in medicine. After his course in Baltimore, he came to Beaver about I828,
and practiced there until he died on December 7, I863. Dr. Smith
Cunningham, born in Lancaster County in I804, located in Beaver
after I829.
The Beaver County Medical Society was organized on November 23, I855, with these officers: President, Oliver Cunningham,
Beaver; vice-president, George W. Allison, Beaver; recording secretary, David Mimo, Jr.; treasurer, Smith Cunningham, Beaver.
Beaver County has had an eminent list of practicing physicians located
within its borders, some of the oldest of whom were: Dr. Zadoc Bliss,
born August 6, I821, reading with Dr. James Barnes, graduating
from Cterling Medical College, at Columbus, Ohio, in I85 i, and practic'ng in South Beaver Township, until his death on May 14, 1875;
I70DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
Dr. W. H. H. Chamberlin, born June 22, 8 IO, who graduated from
New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in I 834, and practiced
in New Brighton, until his death on December 2I, I847; Dr. E. K.
Chamberlin, brother of the former physician who, after a short practice, moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1842, where he died ten years
later; and Dr. R. J. Brittain, graduate of Jefferson Medical College
in Philadelphia, who came to New Galilee and practiced for many
years.
Honorable mention should be given to Dr. Thomas Bryan, who
was born on April 6, I797, and practiced in Hopewell Township
beginning with I830 and continuing for forty-seven years. He started
in as a doctor of the old school, using primitive methods and simple
remedies; but as the profession increased in usefulness, he adopted
the newer practice and became quite successful in it. His son, Dr.
John Smith Bryan, practiced in Beaver Falls for a brief period, being
but thirty years of age at the time of his death on January 25, I876.
Others who have honored the profession are: Dr. Samuel Wallace
and Dr. Alexander Young Coburn, partners at Hookstown; both died
in the Hookstown fever epidemic of I845. At Hookstown also were:
Dr. Daugherty in I845; Dr. Jesse Goodrich, born in I785, and he
practiced there from I8I8 to I828; Dr. John Hatch, born in New
York, who practiced at Hookstown from 1816 to 18 9; Dr. Milton
Lawrence (I8oi-8o), first practiced at Hookstown, became an associate judge of Beaver County, and then moved to Beaver, where he
became prothonotary in 1872.
Dr. Bernard Dustin, Sr. (I78I-I844) practiced for many years
at Greensburg and gave to the profession two sons: Dr. Bernard Dustin, Jr. and Dr. Nathaniel Dustin. Some physicians started in Beaver
County, and then moved elsewhere: Dr. Joseph H. Dickson practiced in Rochester and Pittsburgh; Dr. Joseph Frazier at Darlington
and then in Ohio; Dr. George WV. Langfitt ( 1844-90), at New Scottsville, and then in Baltimore, Maryland; Dr. John B. Crombie, at New
Sheffield, and then in Allegheny City, where he was killed at a railroad crossing in I903; Dr. Archibald Leeper (I83I-96), at Beaver
and then in Coultersville, Illinois. Dr. Joseph Lawrence, the son of
Dr. Milton Lawrence (I839-87), practiced first at Beaver and then
in Pittsburgh.
In addition to these, there were: Dr. James Diawson (I805-47),
Ohioville; Dr. James S. Elliott, of Moon Township and Beaver Falls,
I7Iwho died in the latter place in I89o; Dr. Benjamin Feicht, of Beaver
Falls and Economy; Dr. William H. Grimm, Beaver Falls, who died
in I896 at the age of sixty-five years; Dr. S. T. Hamilton (1820-91 I),
at Georgetown; Dr. David H. Hillman (I843-9I), Rochester; Dr.
Robert Hunter, Beaver, who died at Mt. Jackson in 1849; Dr. James
E. Jackson (I818-75), who practiced twenty-nine years at Fallston;
Dr. Percy M. Kerr (I835-84), of Raccoon Township, who gave two
sons to the profession: Doctors A. H. and J. P. Kerr; Dr. James
Cochran (1770-1851), at Darlington; Dr. John C. Levis (183o-87),
at Darlington and Bridgewater; Dr. Stephen A. Craig (i 848-93), at
Beaver and Freedom, dying at latter place; and Dr. S. P. Cummins,
Beaver.
The medical life of Cambria County was slow in materializing
until the great industrial period overtook it. In I8oo John Norner,
who was then living at old Conemaugh Town, the later Johnstown,
placed an entry in his daybook, that he had paid Jacob Good 15
shillings "for going to Greensburg to the Dockter." There is no record available of an earlier doctor at Beula or Ebensburg before one
Dr. Francis, and he did not remain permanently on the mountainPENN ALBERT HOTEL, GREENSBURGDOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
top. After a preliminary course with the eminent Dr. James 1I.
Stewart, at Indiana, Dr. Robert Young began active practice at Ebensburg, but later went on WVest to Wyota, Wisconsin, in I84I. The
folks must have thrived well on the mountain air, for the next physician, Dr. Armand Aristide Rodrigue, who came to Ebensburg in
I839, departed in I847 for more fruitful fields at Hollidaysburg. He
later went to LeCompton, Kansas, and joined up with the famous
John Brown, in I855, but he only lived until June ii, I857. Dr.
Rodrigue, however, had the honor of attending Prince Demetrius
Gallitzan in his last illness at Loretto, for which he was given a Greek
cross, of historical significance, by his distinguished patient before his
death.
Other physicians who came into the Ebensburg community during
these years were: Dr. David Lewis, who remained until I862, and
who died later in Pittsburgh; Dr. William A. Smith practiced in
Ebensburg for a time in the forties; then came Dr. Robert Devereux,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, who spent
most of his professional days at Summit and Cresson; at Wilmore was
Dr. William A. Vickroy, who died there during the same period.
With the opening up of the canal and Portage railroad, Johnstown began to grow some, and Dr. David Storm came in I825 and
practiced his profession for ten or eleven years. Dr. Storm was born
in York County in I796, and after his education at Emmetsburg, he
located at Jenners, and then established an office at Johnstown, having an extensive practice at both places. Dr. Charles G. Phythian then
came to Johnstown in I827, and became its first permanent practitioner. Dr. Storm married Maria Jane Agnew, of Ebensburg, who
was kin to Major John Linton and Mrs. Dr. Phythian. Dr. Samuel
Moorhead Swan, born in the Ligonier Valley while his father, the
Rev. Samuel Swan, was preaching at old Fairfield Presbyterian
Church, on March Io, I833, took a course at old Elder's Ridge
Academy, apprenticed himself in medicine to Dr. Campbell Sheridan
for a time, and then to Dr. Thomas St. Clair at Indiana, graduated
from Jefferson Medical College, and cast his lot in Johnstown after
the Civil War, and died in active practice on July 23, i898. In the
meantime Dr. Storm had been appointed prothonotary of Cambria
County by Governor Ritner, after which he entered the mercantile
business, establishing a group of stores, and in 1854 retired to Portage
to farm, where he died in i86I.
I73SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
dates of the Anti-Masonic party carried Washington County. Joseph
Henderson was perhaps the first to make a dent in the Democratic
ticket, when he was successful for the Legislature in I832. But the
first real break from the strength of the Democratic party was the
election of Thomas M. T. McKennan to Congress as a Whig from
I83I to I839. He was a presidential elector on the Harrison and
Tyler ticket in i840 and was returned to Congress again from I842
to I843. Congressman McKennan was born in New Castle, March
3I, 1794, and before his death on July 9, I852, was President of the
projected Hempfield Railroad from Greensburg to Wheeling. After
the adoption of the Constitution of I838, there were switching small
majorities for county offices in Washington County.  In the Log
Cabin and Hard Cider campaign of 1840 the Whigs swept the county.
Since Civil War days, however, the county has pretty generally gone
Republican.
Due to the decrease in population, Beaver County was once added
to Washington, and the Whigs carried the district.  The KnowNothing political party swept the new district in I854.  Beaver
County has pretty generally gone Republican through the years.
In Indiana County there was a virile journalism for each of the
movements prior to I85o. It had both a lWhig paper and an AntiMasonic paper. The Abolition party arose to quite a strength in
1840, and the Greenback-Labor party in later years. Since Civil War
days Indiana County has been Republican by a substantial majority.
Elections were quite close in Butler County during the first fifty
years of its existence, but there has been a later swing to the Republican side. It has been the subject of much gerrymandering through
the years. In I 876 the Republicans carried it by eight hundred majority, and in I892 they carried it by eight hundred and fifty majority.
At another time the Republicans carried it by only thirty-five votes.
Armstrong County has varied in its political allegiance during the
years. The "Know-Nothings" carried it in one of the years before
I856, but in that year Fremont brought victory to the Republican
ticket by three hundred votes. Small Republican majorities have been
in vogue during recent years.
12SOUTHWESTERN PENN SYLVANIA
About the year 1871 there were in Johnstown Dr. F. Bingel, who
came hither from Zanesville, Ohio, and Dr. H. W. Marbourg. In
I864 Dr. Benjamin Yeagley located in Johnstown after his graduation from the Eclectic Medical College in Cincinnati, Ohio. He
formed a partnership with brothers Dr. Henry Yeagley and Dr.
Andrew Yeagley, which subsisted for a time, until the removal of one
of them. When Dr. Michael Hay located in Johnstown in I836,
there were about one thousand and one hundred people in the town,
and one other active physician, Dr. Pythian, and a lawyer, Moses
Canon. Dr. Hay was born in York on March 2I, 1795, and had a
military career as paymaster of the 5th Division of the Pennsylvania
Militia in I816-17. He then studied with Dr. Thomas Jameson, at
York, attended the University of Pennsylvania, and received some
experience in Blockley Hospital in Philadelphia, and returned to York
in I823. He began practice west of the mountains at Armagh in
I829, and after seven years came to Johnstown, where he died in
active practice on March 2I, I86I.
Dr. William A. Vickroy was at Wilmore, a brother of Dr. Edwin
A. Vickroy, located at Johnstown. Dr. Henry Yeagley removed to
Lawrence, Kansas, and Dr. Andrew Yeagley died in I889, and Dr.
Benjamin Yeagley on January I4, I895. The latter was president
of the State Eclectic Medical Association in i888-89, and president
of the National Eclectic Medical Association in I892-93.
Succeeding physicians in different parts of the county during the
following years were: Dr. John Lowman (I 817-93), a student of Dr.
James M. Stewart, Indiana, who came to Johnstown in I846, after
graduation from Jefferson; Dr. Campbell Sheridan (I8I9-I90o4),
who after a clerkship on the canal, and some school teaching, graduated from Jefferson in I849 and formed a partnership with Dr. Lowman; Dr. Kieffer came to Johnstown for a short time in I840; then
Dr. Walter Winston Walters, from Catasauqua, with the iron workers in 1854 or I855; Dr. Walter Bodine Lowman, son of Dr. John
Lowman (1841-I904); Dr. Francis Schill came in I865, and he had
a son, Dr. Francis, Jr., who practiced with him; Dr. Daniel W. Evans
studied under Dr. Lewis at Ebensburg, and removed from there to
Johnstown in I882.
Dr. Alfred N. Wakefield, son of the famed-Methodist minister,
Dr. Samuel Wakefield, was born in I842, and after graduation in
I74I868, came to Johnstown about I872, after a four-year practice with
Dr. D. W. McConaughy, at Mladison, Westmoreland County. Dr.
Joshua Morrell Cooper, born in Jenners in I844, graduated from
Jefferson, then located at Erie, and finally located at Johnstown.
Later doctors were: Dr. George W. Wagner, Dr. John Campbell
Sheridan, Dr. Joseph Campbell Wakefield, and Doctors Louis 1-1.
Mayer, Frank V. Ferguson, Henson F. Tomb, Frank B. Statler, William D. Haight, Harry Somerville, Eloise Meek, John B. Woodruff,
and William A. Wheeling.
The homeopathic school of medicine did not get started in Cambria County until about April I, I869, when Dr. J. K. Lee came to
Johnstown. He practiced for the next twenty years, and lost his life
in the flood of I889. Dr. Lee was born in Freeport on August I4,
"THE UNKNOWN PLOT" IN GRANDVIEW CEMETERY, CONTAINING 777 VICTIMS
OF THE JOHNSTOWN FLOODSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
I84I, and after graduation from Hahnemann Medical College in
Philadelphia in 1869, came hither.  Dr. Lee married Emily M.
Swank, and was prominent in city fraternalism and in councils. Other
homeopathetic physicians in succeeding years at Johnstown were:
Doctors Horace E. Kistler, William Wallace, A. M. Wesner, H. K.
Sanderson and P. L. Bolsinger.
In line with the physicians of other counties, the Cambria County
Medical Society was organized in I852, with Doctors Michael Hay,
Edward A. Vickroy, John Lowman, Campbell Sheridan and Levinus
Marbourg. It met for a few years, and was not reorganized until
I868. Succeeding presidents were: Doctors John Lowman, Campbell Sheridan, Walter Winston Walters, Samuel M. Swan, and W. B.
Lowman.
Johnstown's first hospital grew out of the first flood catastrophe
in I889, when more than two thousand and two hundred lives were
lost. It was some weeks before normal conditions were established
in the city. The whole country contributed liberally to the American
Red Cross, and there were ample funds to provide for relief work.
A fund of many thousands of dollars remained after the relief work
was completed, and the citizens resolved to build a worth while memorial. This fund was used as the nucleus to build the Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital in 1889, and to this were added generous contributions of the industrial concerns and individuals, with the result
that Johnstown now enjoys efficient hospital service at this institution.
Close by is the Mercy Hospital, an excellent institution also, both
of which are on Franklin Street in the Stony Creek Valley, beyond
Kernville. The later Johnstown physicians have joined heartily in
these hospital enterprises. Both of them now enjoy excellent standing
as efficient institutions.
Much the same improvement in professional life was in vogue
here as in other counties. The early doctor traveled on horseback,
and Dr. Samuel M. Swan is credited with establishing the horse-andbuggy days in the community. The doctors here mixed their own
decoctions for a time, until the first drug store was established about
April I, i856, by C. F. Frazier, at the corner of Main and Franklin
streets, in Johnstown.
The increasing steel, coal and other industries of Cambria County
required additional hospital facilities, particularly at Johnstown, and
I76DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
a second institution, the Mercy Hospital was established there by the
Sisters of Mercy of the Roman Catholic Church in I9IO.  It is
located on a plot close to the Memorial Hospital and renders excellent service to the community as well.
Indiana County's medical history begins with the extinct town of
Newport at the mouth of Blacklick Creek, where Dr. Samuel Talmage
located about the time the town was started, back earlier than I798.
It was still a part of Westmoreland County, and being then the head
of river navigation, its destiny was not forseen by the pioneers. Dr.
Talmage practiced all about the Campbell's Mills community, so long
as Newport existed, and then moved over into Westmoreland County.
Dr. George Hays, born in England, came to the valley of Blacklick
and boarded with Judge Charles Campbell and others, and also went
over into Westmoreland County, where he died.
Dir. Jonathan French came to the new town of Indiana as a pioneer in I807, from previous short practices at York and Kittanning.
He was a native of New Hampshire, educated in Vermont, and died
here in Indiana County in active practice on August 20, I8I4. Dr.
Robert Mitchell came to Indiana in I8 I from Ohio County, Virginia, and became one of Indiana County's most prominent citizens.
He attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, in preparation for his work. The county sent him to the Pennsylvania Legislature as its representative in I8I9, and elected him an
associate judge in I836. He died April I4, I863, at the age of seventy-six years, particularly enjoying the victory of the abolition of
slavery, of which he was a very active supporter during his lifetime,
so much so, that he was at one time charged with an infraction of Federal laws on account of his views.
Dr. James M. Stewart located at Indiana about 18I4, and became
a great medical mentor, having many students through the years.
His fame as a consulting physician extended to many of the adjoining
counties. He also went to the Legislature as Indiana County's representative in 183I, and was an associate judge in I849. One of his
great ambitions was to keep abreast of the medical times, and thus
he did great things for the advancement of his profession. He died
in active practice on March 27, I869. Dr. Thomas Moorhead, a student of Dr. Stewart, practiced at Strongstown for a short time, beginning with 1832, and just before his death.
S. P.--III--12
I77SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Dr. George W. Getty came to Indiana in I835, and moved about,
first to Armagh, and then to Butler, where he established and published the "Butler Whig." He went back to his native county, Huntingdon, just before his death. Dr. James M. Taylor, another student of Dr. Stewart, after a period of school teaching at Saltsburg
and Steubenville, Ohio, located in Indiana in I843, then in Kittanning
in I857, and then back to Indiana in I873. He established one of
the earlier drug stores at Kittanning, and also at Indiana upon his
return there.
Dar. Thomas St. Clair was the first of the pioneer practitioners
to be born in Indiana County, and he, too, studied under Dr. Stewart.
He graduated from Jefferson Medical College, and came back to
establish himself in practice in I847. As he acquired a competence
he also had some mercantile, lumber and real estate business in which
he was eminently successful as well. He was a State Senator from
his district in I863, and again in I876. Others of the older physicians, who came later, were: Dr. William Anderson, I854, a native
of the county; Dr. Robert Barr, Armagh, 1854, and Indiana, 1859;
Dr. Herman Rowe, from Greensburg, who was in Indiana, I865-73,
and then moved to Altoona; Dr. James W. Lawrence, a native of
Punxsutawney and a student of Dr. Hughes, of Blairsville, who practiced in Indiana from I866 on; and Dr. William L. Cunningham,
formerly of Jacksonville, who located in Indiana in I877. There
were those of short periods of practice, who migrated elsewhere after
a time: Doctors William Altman, Wallace B. Stewart, William Reed,
James S. McCartney, John K. Thompson, and A. F. Parrington.
Blairsville, which was the second important business center in the
county, outside the county seat, drew its quota of substantial physicians
as the town became active in the canal days. Dr. Edward P. Emerson spent his professional life there from 1819 until his death in 186 1.
He was born in Ireland, practiced first at Ebensburg, and came to
Campbell's Mills, before Blairsville was laid out. Dr. Robert J.
Marshall, who hailed from Greencastle, Franklin County, established
himself in Blairsville in I827, and practiced until his death. Then
followed Dr. Robert M. S. Jackson in 1842, practicing ten years,
when he moved to Cresson. He entered the Union Army and was
killed at Chattanooga on January 28, i 865.
178DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
Dr. Martin L. Miller, who studied under Dr. Emerson, came
into practice in I848; Dr. Terena J. Cantwell, another Emerson student, went to Youngstown to practice for the first nine years in I845,
and then to Blairsville in 1854, until his death in i865; Dr. John W.
Hughes, a native of Punxsutawney, and a surgeon in the Civil War,
first located at Leechburg for two years, permanently locating in
Blairsville in I865; Dr. S. R. Rutledge, a native of Westmoreland
County, studied with the eminent Dr. M. R. Banks, at Livermore,
attended Jefferson Medical College, practiced at Livermore I8681869, then in Allegheny, and then in Blairsville permanently, in I87I;
Dr. L. S. Claggett, a native of Baltimore and,a graduate of Jefferson,
was at Penn Station for a short time and came to Blairsville in I877.
Those of shorter duration in practice were: Doctors Simmons, Craighead, Duffield, Gillespie, Brown, Andrews, Hamill, Gemmill, Wyley,
McKim, Fundenberg, Campbell, T. M. Lavey, John Gilpin, and J.
W. Anawalt.
By reason of its location on the Frankstown Road, the town of
Armagh became one of the earliest boroughs in Indiana County, and
the center of an interesting farming community. It became the starting point of practice for quite a few young doctors through years, and
those who remained permanently were: Doctors Samuel F. Devlin,
William G. Stewart, Samuel F. Stewart, Robert J. Lamb, Wallace
B. Stewart, and Andrew Johnston. Other earlier ones who stayed
but a short time and moved on to other locations were: Doctors John
Young; Andrew Getty; Frank Young, son of Judge Young; A. J.
Clark, who later located at New Florence; William D. McGowan,
later of Ligonier; James D. McClure; Benjamin F. Lamb, Armagh
and Mechanicsburg; George M. Gamble; J. McCurdy; William Altman, later of Punxsutawney; and Crawford Irwin. At Blacklick were:
Doctors Thomas McMullen, T. P. Simpson, and Samuel L. Wiggins,
who was formerly at Livermore. At Centerville the pioneer physicians were: Doctors James McBeth; James Taylor, who later was
so prominent at Fairfield and the father of the later Dr. J. Swan
Taylor, of Johnstown; and William Caldwell.
The historic town of Cherry Tree, in the upper Susquehanna Valley, had Dr. Emanuel Brallier as perhaps its most substantial doctor
of earlier days, because of his remaining there for practice. Others
who came and moved on were: Doctors William A. Pitt in I849,
I79SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
who left for Vinton, Iowa, after a year; John H. Ake; George
McGamble; A. R. Lovelace, later the substantial physician of Pine
Flats; James Kelley; James T. Adair; Adam C. Wassam; and William Hosack. At Clarksburg, above Saltsburg, on Blacklegs Creek,
were: Doctors Samuel M. Ogden, I857; James H. Bell; Bolinger;
John McNutt; Bruce L. Calhoun; Thomas J. Marlin, later of Shelocta; and R. M. Orr.
The first organization of physicians in Indiana County was that
of the Indiana County Medical Society, of June 23, I858, when the
following officers were elected: President, Dr. James M. Stewart;
vice-president, Thomas McMullen; secretary, William Anderson;
treasurer, Thomas Mabon. As a means of stabilizing the profession,
the doctors of Pennsylvania secured the passage of the Act of I88I by
which all physicians in the State should register the names of the institutions from which they graduated, and their diplomas. The doctors
who had not so graduated, but had practiced for ten years, were permitted to register. In I893 a further law was passed requiting physicians to take a four-year course at a medical college, and pass a
State examination, and after that register in the local prothonotary's
office.
Other Indiana County physicians who were noted in their local
communities in the early days were: Dr. Hugh Adair, West Lebanon; Dr. A. H. Allison, Cookport; Doctors Bain, David R. Allison,
William F. Barclay, and William B. Ansley, Saltsburg; Dr. Samuel
C. Allison, Marchand; Dr. Joseph M. Allison, Plumville; Dr. William Anthony, Marion Center; Dr. A. H. Armstrong, Pine Flats;
and Dr. G. F. Arney, Homer City.
The early settlers of Somerset County had few doctors with medical training among them for quite a few years after the erection of
the county. They depended much upon the home remedies when
sickness overtook them, and there were many homemade concoctions
among these sturdy Pennsylvania German folk. The oldest community in the county, Turkeyfoot, claims Dr. John Mitchell as the first
dispenser of the healing art. He appears on the assessment lists of
I774 as a doctor, and he must have had some standing among his
neighbors to be so considered. There came into the second oldest
community, Berlin, the famed Dr. John Kimmell, about I79I, who
became an outstanding citizen and the progenitor of many descendants within the county's substantial citizenry. Dr. Kimmell came to
i8oDOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
Berlin from York County, after training in the East and having had
some practice there. During his busy life in Berlin he was also an
innkeeper, an associate judge of the Somerset County Court, and colonel of militia. Among his descendants were Dr. Edward M. Kimmell,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in I85o, who started practice
at Berlin, then went to Salisbury for a short time, and to Somerset in
I854, where he died in I883. Another prominent descendant was Dr.
Henry S. Kimmell, of Somerset, who continued his father's practice
there.
When the town of Somerset was first established, there came soon
its first physician, Dr. William Gore Elder, in I795, who continued
for many years.  His marriage certificate,'couched in the typical
language of a pioneer squire, is of decided interest and should be
recited here:
"STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA,l
COUNTY OF SOMERSET, Sss:
Be it remembered that on Sunday the eighteenth day of May in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred William G. Elder,
Doctor of Physic, and Magdalena Armstrong, both of the town of
Somerset and county aforesaid, were personally before me one of the
commissioned Justices of the Peace, in and for said county, attended
by their relatives  acquaintances  were by me solemnly intermarried  took each other for Husband  wife conformably to the sundry acts of the General Assembly for the prevention of clandestine
marriages  also conformably to custom and manner of many good
citizens of the said State.
JAMES WELLS [SEAL]
WM. G. ELDER,
MARGARET ELDER,
JOHN ARMSTRONG,
JAMES ARMSTRONG,             Recorded on the 6th day of June
JOSEPH ARMSTRONG,    of the same year."
Dr. Elder's son, William E. Elder, was in practice at Somerset
for a time beginning in I822, but moved to Philadelphia for a larger
career.  Dr. Norman M. Bruce was the next Somerset physician
recorded in I8IO. He moved to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, in I85o. His
practice was large and he was much beloved. His son, Dr. Andrew
Bruce, practiced there for a time and he, too, moved out of town, to
Springfield, Ohio, in   5 I8.
i8iSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Dr. John B. Phythian, brother of Dr. C. G. Phythian, of Johnstown, came to Somerset in I829, married a daughter of D. G. Elder,
and practiced for many years. Dr. Frank Chorpenning was there for
a short time, and died later in California. Dr. George B. Fundenberg
came to Somerset in I85o, practiced twelve years, and then went to
Cumberland, and later to Pittsburgh, where he was eminently successful. Dr. Joseph W. Carothers was later at Somerset for a brief
practice.
In Brothers Valley Township, there settled Dr. John Croner in
I8oo, who practiced many years. Dr. John P. Cover was born in
this township in I8oo, and had an extended and successful practice
there from I827 until his death in I877. Dr. John A. Buechley began
practice in this township in I845, and went West in I864.
Following Dr. Kimmell at Berlin, there came an interesting group
to cast their lot there. Dr. Louis Gibbs, a graduate of the University
of Pennsylvania Medical School in I791, migrated to Berlin in I817.
Dr. Michael Berkey was there from 1843 to I85, and went West to
Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Dr. J. H. Reidt spent his professional life
there, beginning with I843. Dr. Henry Brubaker, graduate of Jefferson, came in i85, and went to Somerset in i856, dying there in I889.
Dr. Jeremiah K. Miller, also a graduate of Jefferson and a student
of Dr. Brubaker, practiced in Berlin for twenty-two years, and moved
to Somerset after his preceptor's death.
Addison Township had Dr. Richard Leech for one of its first doctors in I816. The eccentric Dr. L. Philip Muckenhoupt came to
Petersburg in I817, and later Dr. Jacob Snyder practiced there from
1836 to I856, and went West. Stoystown had Dr. Robert H. Patterson for its pioneer, who was born in Philadelphia in I822 and
practiced from I845 to I889, and then went to Pittsburgh. One of
the best country doctors Somerset County ever had was William S.
Harrah, a Jefferson graduate, who began at New Centerville and died
at Ursina, after a brief residence there. The venerable Dr. Joseph
Covode died in I88I at Jenners at the age of eighty years, after a
practice of fifty years there. He graduated at the University of
Pennsylvania in I849, and read medicine under Dr. Fundenberg.
The community of Salisbury and Elk Township, being close to the
National Highway, commanded an efficient class of physicians. Dr.
Christian Fetter was there from I836 to I840. Dr. Jacob Bruckman, the particular German, came in I84I, and had a hard time keepi82DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
ing acquainted with the folks in the community. Dr. Gabriel Kimmell
was there from I835 to I840, and Dr. Mortimer Carr began there in
I85o, then moved over, in I866, to Grantsville, Maryland, close by,
although he could serve his old patients in the former community.
Dr. Henry C. Stewart was at Salisbury from I853 to I869, and after
a short practice at Frostburg, Maryland, moved to Illinois. Dr.
David P. Welfley read medicine with Dr. Stewart and began practice
in I86o in Salisbury; went to Grantsville in I863; then to New Centerville in I87I; and to Cumberland, Maryland, in I873, where he
died in I886. At Wellersburg was the resourceful Dr. Samuel C.
Fechtig, a native of Maryland, who spent his early professional life
there from I847 to the time of his death in 1892.
When Myersdale was called "Myers Mills," there came to that
community Dr. Urias M. Beachley, an Eclectic graduate from Cincinnati, Ohio, in I852, and he continued until his death on April 26,
I899, at the age of seventy-one years. His son, Dr. William Beachley, practiced with him for some years, but died before the father.
Dr. Christian G. Stutzman was at Sand Patch during the early railroad operations in 1854, went West for a time, and returned to Rockwood in I890, where he died on December 24, I9OI. At Rockwood
was the well-known Dr. William H. Gardner, born in I844 and a
graduate of Bellevue, in New York City. He was a partner of Dr.
D. P. Welfley at New Centerville for a time, bought him out in I873,
and practiced there and at Rockwood until his death in I905. These
older physicians of pioneer days laid the foundations for the later
extensive medical practice when Somerset County came into the later
industrial period due to coal development, and there have followed in
their train a great group in the larger communities who have been an
honor to the profession, but which the limitations of this narrative will
not permit chronicling, although many of them are represented in the
separate biographical volume of this work.
The medical history of Lawrence County begins back in the days
when the chief community, New Castle, was on the fringe of both
Beaver and Mercer counties. As an aggressive community, however,
the city of New Castle began back in the days before either of the
original counties were erected. Dr. Cornelius Hendrickson has the
distinction of settling at about the site of present New Castle in I798.
He was not a regular physician in present standards, but he was very
apt in using the simple remedies of the pioneers, and was fairly suci83CHAPTER II
Indiana County
The Territory First Visited by the Indians and Traders-The Alle.
gheny, Kittanning, Catawba and Other Cross Trails Were HereArmstrong Township in Bedford and Westmoreland Counties
-Part of Derry and Wheatfield North of the ConemaughThe Original County Boundaries in I803-The Courts and the
Judges-The Earliest Communities-Campbell's Mills, Indiana
Town, Saltsburg, Armagh-The Township Divisions and Early
Settlers-The Pennsylvania Canal Down the Conemaugh River.
While it is eleventh in sequence of erection and legal organization
in the year I803, Indiana County is perhaps richer in Indian and
trader migrations than its neighbor counties farther south, before it
became a municipal entity. Historically the county is divided into
two parts, north and south of the old purchase line of I768. South
of this line was Westmoreland County from I768 to I803, and north
of it the wooded hills became a part of Lycoming County after the
Indian purchase of I784. Its three main Indian trails must be kept in
mind to understand the original development of the county.
When the Delaware Indians made their famous migration to these
parts from the Susquehanna Valley, they came by the Indian town of
Chinklacamouse at Clearfield in I725, thence up Anderson's Creek
and across to Punxsutawney, thence partly down the Mahoning, and
southwesterly to the Allegheny River. Shortly thereafter they built
the Indian town of Kittanning. In making this migration they came
across the northwestern portion of present Indiana County. This
was called the Allegheny Trail. After the Indians built up Kittanning, the Delawares then established another trail for communication
eastward, which was much shorter than the northerly Allegheny Trail.
This came to be known as the Kittanning Path and passed up the valSOUTHWESTERN PENN SYLVANIA
cessful. Dr. John Dickey was the first regular graduate who came this
way, just about the time he was required to enter the VWar of 1812,
and he died in that conflict in I8I3. Dr. Alexander Gilfillan was a
surgeon in the army of 1812, and came to New Castle about I8I3.
He was accidently drowned in Neshannock Creek in I8I5. There
followed: Doctors Quimby, Stevenson, and Cribble for short periods;
then Dr. William H. Shaw came from a short practice at James, New
York, and practiced for some years. He was born at Troy, New
York, and was also a surgeon in the War of I8 2. Dr. A. W. Cowden was not a regular physician, but he healed the ills of the residents
from I829 to i865, and was held capable by the community.
Some of the practices of shorter duration were those of Dr. Pollock, who settled four miles south of New Castle in I826, but who
soon went to Monongahela City; Dr. A. Andrews, of Mahoningtown,
in i834, until his death a few years later; Dr. James A. Cossitt
located at New Castle in I830 and continued until I875, with a brief
interval in Illinois. The Lawrence County Medical Society was organized in April, I868, with this first corps of officers: President, Dr.
R. D. Wallace; vice-president, Dr. Silas Stevenson; secretary, Dr.
John D. Wood; treasurer, Dr. H. P. Peebles. The organization
functioned for a few years, and had to be reorganized on a more substantial basis in I886. These earlier physicians were aligned with
the society: Doctors J. H. M. Peebles, J. M. Wallace, James J.
Wallace, D. D. Wallace, E. M. Barker, H. P. Peebles, David P. Jackson, J. A. Winternitz, H. E. Campbell, J. A. Blair, Gemmill, Arthur
Foster, Daniel Leasure, Fred G. Freshkorn, and Mark F. Stoner,
New Castle; Doctors John Woods, E. Brough, Seth Popino, and
Isaac Cowder, New Wilmington; Dr. William Woods and Dr. C. K.
Riley, Pulaski; Dr. William Smith, Moravia; Dr. Dilcox, Mt. Jackson; Dr. Mitcheltree, Edenburg; Dr. Silas Stevenson, Bedford; Dr.
D. Cunningham, Wurtemburg; Dr. Thomas Mehard, Wampum;
Dr. Hall, Harlansburg; Doctors M. P. Robinson and Paris Shoaf,
Mahoningtown; Dr. John C. McKee, Princeton; Dr. W. C. Smith,
Eastbrook; and Dr. Joseph R. Lutton, Ross Point.
Fayette County's medidal history practically begins with Dr.
Samuel Sackett, who was a surgeon in the Revolution, and came to
Beesontown, the later Uniontown, in the month of September, I781,
as the war was closing. He was in Uniontown from I78I to I788,
and then removed to his farm at George's Creek, but he continued to
i84DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
practice medicine for about forty years, and until his death in I833.
One of his daughters, Sally Sackett, married the noted Dr. Lewis
Marchand. Following Dr. Sackett came Dr. Henry Chapese, about
I790. There is little record of him, except his purchase of a property on Elbow Street, in the Jacob Beeson Plan, and his advertisement in the "Pittsburgh Gazette" as of July 6, I793, when he seems
to have started a very early apothecary shop. Quoting the "Gazette"':
"The subscribed informs the public in general that he has just
received a new recruit of patent and other medicines, which he will
sell at the most reduced prices for cash. Any person taking a quantity, as a practitioner, may rely on getting them nearly as low as they
can be purchased in Philadelphia. He has also an infallible remedy
against snake bites in small vials. By wetting with said substance and
drinking about I5 drops of it, diluted in a gill of water, an immediate cure is obtained. Price, 3 shillings, 9 pence each. He has also
for sale a general assortment of paint, flax seed oil, and an assortment of English vials and pencils.... "
A second doctor, who was also an apothecary, was a certain Dr.
Young, but there is nothing to identify him, except his advertisement
in the "Western Telegraph," a newspaper published at Washington,
Pennsylvania, on May I7, I796. It read:
"Dr Young respectfully informs the public that he has lately
received from New York and Philadelphia a neat and general assortment of Drugs and Medicines, Patent Medicines, c., which he is now
selling at his shop near the New Market House in Union Town, on
as moderate terms as can be afforded. He likewise continues to practice in the different branches of his profession; and hopes to merit the
approbation of those who may please to employ him."
Dr. Robert McClure came from York County to Uniontown in
I792, bought a lot on Elbow Street also, in I795, and kept a tavern in
connection with his practice of medicine until 1812, when he moved
westward. Just about this time came also Dr. Solomon Drown, born
in Rhode Island. The first real record of him is in the capacity of a
patriotic orator in I796, on the Fourth of July, and he may have
practiced as late as 1833, when he sold his property. He attended
jail prisoners in I8oI. Dr. Adam Simonton came in I795 from the
East and practiced in Uniontown until his death in i8o8.
I85SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The two Doctors Marchand then entered the professional life of
Fayette County, coming from the father's office in Westmoreland
County, and after eastern training. The first came to the present
Washington Township, and Dr. David Mlarchand began- practice in
Uniontown in I803, and continued until I830. His brother, Dr.
Lewis Marchand, then came up to Uniontown and practiced for
many years and moved back to Washington Township, the place of
his death in I834. The coming of Dr. Benjamin Stephens to North
Union Township was about the year I789, and he later established
himself in Uniontown in I8II, but only lived two years thereafter.
He was born on February 20, I737, and was highly respected at the
time of his death.
Dr. Daniel Sturgeon, a student of Dr. Stevens, first located at
Greensboro, and then came to Uniontown in I813, at the time the
latter died. Dr. Sturgeon became quite a political figure, and was
later a United States Senator, his life being earlier detailed. Dr.
Robert McCall, a surgeon in the War of I812, practiced until his
death in I823. There came also Dr. Hugh Campbell, a native of
Uniontown, who after his course at the University of Pennsylvania,
joined with Dr. Louis Marchand, and practiced until his death in
I876 at the age of eighty-one years. Dr. C. N. J. Magill practiced
for a time in Uniontown in I835, and later removed to Salt Lick
Township. Dr. H. C. Marthens came from a short practice at Smithfield to begin at Uniontown, in I836. Dr. Alexander H. Campbell
studied with his uncle, Dr. Hugh Campbell, and after a college course,
located at Uniontown until his death in I859. Dr. David Porter
practiced successively at Fayette City, old Cookstown, and in Rostraver Township, for thirty years, and then at Uniontown for the
remaining six years, up to his death in I875. Succeeding successful
practitioners were: the notorious Dr. John F. Bradee, until his conviction of mail robbery in 184I; Dr. H. T. Roberts, Dr. Frederick C.
Robinson, Dr. Robert M/. Walker, Dr. Smith Fuller, John Boyd,
J. B. Ewing, Smith Fuller, Jr., John M. Fuller, William B. Fuller,
John Hankins, A. P. Bowie, S. W. Hickman, L. S. Gaddis, William
H. Sturgeon and John Sturgeon.
The first physician to locate at Connellsville was Dr. James Francis. He came about I787 and died in I840, being quite successful in
his practice. Dr. Robert D. Moore came in I8o8, and was successful
in organizing a Union Medical Society in I8Io. The later physicians,
i86DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
Doctors Joseph Trevor, James Cummings, Joseph Rogers and Aaron
Torrance, studied under Dr. Moore. Dr. Charles McClane, who
came in 1816, was noted for having concocted a formula for liver pills
and a worm specific, which he afterwards sold to D. S. Knox, Connellsville's first druggist. Dr. McClane spent the latter part of his
professional life at Morgantown, Virginia, beginning with I830. Dr.
Samuel S. Neal located at Connellsville in I816, and Dr. Lutellus
Lindley came in I834 and practiced until his death in I88I. Dr.
John R. Nickel was a very successful "Eclectic" graduate who was
at Connellsville. Dr. Gibson Rogers, I839-49, was at California,
Connellsville and Dunbar; and Dr. James Rodgers, 1855-70, and Dr.
James Johnston, I858-7I, at Connellsville.
The earliest physicians recorded at Brownsville were successively
Doctors Mitchell, Chester, Edward Scull and James Roberts. Dr.
Thomas Blodgett was there from 18I2 to i815 and removed to Dayton, Ohio. Then came Dr. Pifer, I831-35; Dr. John J. Steele, first
at Masontown, then at Brownsville, I836-39, where he died. Dr.
Lewis Sweitzer, I808-37; Doctors Samuel Shuman and Henry W.
Stoy, beginning with 1818; Dr. Robert W. Playford, 1820-22, he
returning to England; Dr. William L. Rafferty, I836-66; Dr. Isaac
Jackson, I847; Dr. Benjamin Shoemaker, I856; Dr. Samuel B. P.
Knox, I866-75. Dr. N. W. Truxall went to Pittsburgh in I848; Dr.
C. C. Reichard to Monongahela first and then back to Brownsville in
I875; Dr. Oliver P. Brashear to Pittsburgh and then to Brownsville
in I876; and Dr. U. L. Clemmer, first at Smithfield and then at
Brownsville.
The physicians of Brownsville were sufficiently fore-sighted to
encourage the establishing of a medical college at Brownsville in
I83I, but there are no records to tell how successful it was. The
"Washington Examiner" contained this advertisement in August,
I831:
"REFORMED MEDICAL COLLEGE.
"Established at Brownsville, Fayette Co., Pa., and will go into
full operation on the Ist. of November next. This Medical Society
is to be under the care of the Reformed Society of the United States,
and to be conducted by the Vice-President and Secretary of that body.
The plan of medical instruction will be the same as adopted in the
Botanical Schools of New York and Worthington, embracing all the
branches taught in the Medical Schools, as well as the Reformed or
i87SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Botanical System. Nine students have already entered and commenced their studies, and several others are daily expected. A Dispensary, Infirmary, Botanical Garden, Library and Medical Museum
will be attached to the College during the ensuing summer. Terms,
$I5o.oo, in advance, and $Io.oo as a graduation fee.
"J. J. STEELE,
"President of Worthington College, Ohio."
There are no records to tell us about the institution further, but
the death of Dr. Steele, in I839, in rather straitened circumstances,
would indicate its failure.
The Dunbar Furnace community had its early physicians in Dr.
Robert Wright, I820-33; the Indian doctor, Stephen Fairchild, I8I5I833, specializing on herbs; Dr. Robert D. Moore, I818-29; Dr.
Joseph Rogers, at New Haven, I825; Dr. Joseph Trevor, I829, later
at Pittsburgh and New York City; Doctors Rufus Davenport and
Henry Goucher; Dr. James K. Rogers, I855-70; Dr. Benjamin F.
Connell, i86I; Dr. John R. Nickel, 1862; Dr. Ellis Phillips, I867;
Dr. R. T. Craham, I873, and in Connellsville.
The first medical society in Fayette County was organized in
I869. Dr. A. P. Bowie began to practice hommopathy in I869, and
other pioneers of this school of medicine were: Doctors S. W. Hickman, Uniontown; W. J. Hamilton, Dunbar; and S. C. Bosley,
Connellsville.
The medical history of Greene County has never been compiled in
any degree of detail, but it has contained many of the type of oldtime doctors who were equal to the demands of this rugged and historic community. The Doctors Dodd, and others along Ten Mile
Creek, had much practice over in Greene County to the southward,
and those who were scattered close to the busy Monongahela River of
steamboat days attended to much of the county's ills inland. Dr. F. B.
Wise was a prominent figure at Jefferson, where he also had the pioneer drug store. Dr. S. Smith came there in I832, followed by Doctors T. H. Sharpneck and H. P. Vale. During the busy days at
Greensboro more than a half century ago were: Doctors G. F. Birch,
J. A. Stone, P. L. Kramer, and F. M. Stone. In the present day, Dr.
A. L. Eddy, one of the sponsors of this history, is and has been for
many years, in active practice and is very successful. Many young
doctors through the years have gotten their start by locating in mining towns to practice until they secured a competence to enable them to
i88DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
establish themselves and gain a larger practice elsewhere. Those
doctors who remained in Greene County to live their medical lives
there became more attached to the rugged and substantial life of the
respective communities.
Waynesburg, the county seat, had its substantial physicians two
generations ago composed of: Doctors T. W. Rose, T. C. Hawkins,
E. C. Gordon, D. W. Braden, and D. Blachley. In the Carmichaels
community were: Doctors J. A. Gilbert, J. B. Laidley, and T. H.
Laidley; at Jefferson, Dr. F. B. Wise, who was also a pioneer druggist; Doctors S. Smith, T. H. Sharpneck, and H. P. Vale. Busy
Greensboro had its Doctors G. F. Birch, J. A. Stone, P. L. Kramer,
and F. M. Stone; and at different other points in the county there
were: Dr. D. J. H. Hatfield, Mt. Morris; Dr. B. W. Denny, Garard's
Fort; Dr. J. L. Shriver, Jollytown; Dr. G. W. Moss, Newtown; Dr.
J. T. Iams, Wind Ridge; Doctors W. C. Q. Wilson and A. L. HIupp,
New Freeport; Dr. T. B. Hill, at Ninevah; Dr. J. E. Patterson,
Graysville; Dr. J. W. Laughlin, Oak Forest; Dr. J. T. Ullom,
Rogersville; and Dr. George M. Fletcher, Blacksville, West Virginia, who had many patients in Greene County. Some of these physicians were scattered at convenient points in the townships, and thus
were a real part of rural life. There were: Doctors R. L. Ferrel,
I853, Wind Ridge; and F. M. Hull, Bristoria, of Richhill Township;
Doctors S. L. Spragg, I852, and R. B. Grimm, I837, Dent, in Wayne
Township;, Doctors T. T. Williams, I826, White Cottage, and I. N.
Owens, I845, Deep Valley, in Jackson Township; Dr. J. D. Wood,
Franklin Township; Dr. Samuel Watson, 1874, Dunkard Township;
Dr. Alexander Patton, I846, Jefferson Township; Dr. B. L. Woodruff, I822, Leanardville, in Center Township. Many Greene County
doctors close to the Monongahela River, associated themselves with
the Fayette County Medical Society, due to its more extended experience in the consideration of mine accident cases.
Butler County's first community at old Harmony had its early
physician, a German, Dr. Detmar Basse (otherwise known as Dr.
Mueller) as early as I805. The county seat at Butler had Dr. George
Miller as its first doctor, in I8I4. He sometimes called the famed
Dr. Agnew, of Pittsburgh, to assist him in difficult cases, and later
moved to Ohio in I822, where he died in I830. He was very active
in borough and educational matters. Dr. Henry C. DeWolf came in
I817, and practiced until his death on July 24, 1854.  He was
I i8SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
a pioneer in both practice and neat dress, and he was likewise
active in early borough and educational affairs. His son, Dr. T. R.
DeWolf, began practice in I85I at Butler, but died on August 24,
1859, when he was but thirty-five years of age.
At Zelienople, beginning with I815, were: Dr. J. McHenry and
Dr. James Agnew, both of whom left a few years afterwards. Zelienople had these successive physicians afterwards: Doctors Orrin D.
Palmer, I835-60; Germish, I84I; and later Loring Lusk, I862, who
conducted a drug store. At the older Harmony community were: Doctors Loring Lusk, who began practice there in 1823, did some canal
contracting from I829 to I844, and after some scouting in Missouri,
came back to the old community in I862; Beriah Magoffin, I828,
who later went to Mercer; Joseph S. Lusk, son of Dr. Loring Lusk,
I85o to I889, who was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature,
and later died in Butler; and Amos Lusk, another son of Dr. Loring
Lusk, 1851 to 1891, his latter years being spent in Zelienople.
Later physicians at Butler were: Doctors George Linn, I823-33;
H. C. Linn, I833-48, later at West Sunbury; Godall, with a short
practice; James Graham, I834-43, a former prominent school teacher;
Gottlieb Miller, the German native, 1841-49; William Lowman, from
Prospect, I86o; Isaiah McJunkin, I842-60, later moving to Chicago; Stephen Bredin, I86I; George W. Gettys, I843-56; WXV. J.
Randolph, 1850-53; A. M. Neyman, i85I, and the German, Charles
Emmerling, I854.  Prospect was a good medical center, also, with
these good representatives of the profession: Doctors Andrew Spear,
an early school teacher and doctor, possibly as early as I825; Matthew W. Spear, I830; DuPunchell, the French physician, skilled in
trepanning; H. B. Brower, a later member of the Legislature. T898i886; and N. M. Richardson, 1859.
At Portersville there were: Doctors John Cowden, I818, who
practiced fifty years, and William R. Cowden, his son, who was a
Jefferson graduate, practiced for many years, beginning with I856.
Saxonburg had: Dr. F. Schmidt, beginning with I83I, and later Dr.
August Koch, in I840; with Dr. George Welsh, there and at Petersville, I851-62. When Evans City became a sizable community, it had
Dr. William Irvine, I853; and William Sterrett, I848-55. At Fairview were: Doctors A. Barnhart and Henry Bullard, from I840 to
I85o; David Fowler, I833-45, he leaving for Illinois in the latter
year; and J. W. Beatty, I855-8I. Dr. R. L. McCurdy, of Freeport,
I9oDOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
located at Butler in the early I86o's, and Dr. Nicholas M. Hoover
was at North Washington and Butler from I865 to I888.
The old community of Centerville in the northwestern part of the
county came to be called Slippery Rock later, and it has had a good
list of doctors to keep the community in good health through the
years: Doctors Lyman L. Howard, I835-54; Samuel Marks, I847I855; McMillan, I874; Benjamin Pearson, I862; James B. Livingstone, I85I; G. W. Coulter, I862-73; A. M. Patterson, I853; and
Doctors James Owens, James McConnell, and J. H. Elrick were there
for a short time, but migrated westward. In Center Township from
I839 to I875 was the well-known Dr. Josiah McCandless. Dr. Eli
Conn practiced for a time and was elected prothonotary, leaving
the county. There was also the eccentric Frenchman, Dr. Henry
DeColiere, who came in I840, and did some odd prescribing, was
charged with manslaughter for administering a poison to a delirium
tremens patient, and escaped jail before trial. The Butler County
Medical Society was organized on November 3, I866, with these officers: President, Dr. Amos Lusk; vice-president, Dr. A. M. Neyman;
secretary, Dr. Stephen Bredin; treasurer, William Irvine.
Aside from General Edward Braddock, who lived but a few days
after he was wounded at the battle of Monongahela in I855, the most
distinguished patient of pioneer days was the famed General John
Forbes, who was carried through on a litter strung between two horses
tandem, in I758. He spent Christmas in Ligonier just one hundred
and eighty years ago, on his return from the occupation of Fort
Duquesne's site. Following Dr. David Marchand's ministrations, Dr.
James Postlethwaite became the first outstanding physician at Greensburg, in Westmoreland County, locating there in I795, nine years
after the town was laid out. Dr. Postlethwaite was born in Carlisle
January I2, 1I776, and after his classical education at Carlisle and his
medical education in Philadelphia, he came West with President Washington's army at the time of the Whiskey Insurrection, in I794. He
returned the next year to the new community to begin his practice.
He carried a complete stock of remedies with him in his saddle-bags,
and as he made the round of his patients, he would pull teeth, set
broken bones, amputate limbs, and resort to the bleeding of the patient
when necessary. Dr. Postlethwaite died in Greensburg on November
17, 1842.
Dr. Alfred L. King was a noted practitioner, who first located at
Pleasant Unity in I838, and later came to Greensburg. He was born
igiSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
in New York State October 22, I8I3, and took training in the medical schools and hospitals of Philadelphia. In addition to medicine he
specialized in geology, botany and chemistry. One of his noted discoveries was that of fossil remains near Pleasant Unity, and his fame
brought him a professorship in a Philadelphia Medical college. He
died in that city January 2, I858. His writings on geology, organic
chemistry, and botany were distinctive and were received as authoritative in his generation. Dr. Samuel P. Brown read medicine with Dr.
Postlethwaite, and after a course at the University of Pennsylvania,
went to Blairsville on the Pennsylvania Canal in I825, and after three
years came to Greensburg to practice until his death in I86o. Until
the building of the more substantial communities all through the
county, these physicians ministered for miles and miles away from
the county seat. Gradually each of these growing communities had a
physician located in their midst.
Three-quarters of a century ago some of the earlier physicians
had become well established. In the county seat were: Doctors H. G.
Lomison, 1852; D. A. Arter, 1852; E. W. Townsend, homeopathist,
I853; J. W. Anawalt, i855; George S. Foster, 1859; W. J. K. Kline,
I863; J. W. B. Kamerer, I87I; J. L. Crawford, I875; J. S. Crawford, homeopathist, I875; R. B. Hammer, I88I. West Newton had
Dr. Lewis S. Sutton, who began practice at Mendon, I848; Doctors
J. Q. Robinson, 1849; F. H. Patton, I866; J. H. Ritchie, I867; R. H.
Van Kirk, I869; G. W. Kern, I878. In Mt. Pleasant were: Doctors
James McConaughy, I845; J. H. Clark, about the same time, F. L.
Marsh, I868; R. E. Fulton, I869; J. B. Wakefield, I87I; Robert
McConaughy, I875;L. S. Goodman, I878; M. D. Heath, I88o. At
historic Ligonier were: Doctors William D. McGowan, 185 I; F. M.
McConaughy, I846; D. E. Beltz, I865; J. T. Ambrose, I870; M. M.
McColley, I870; M. W. Miller, I872. Dr. Lemon T. Beam came to
Ligonier from the Eclectic school at Cincinnati, and acquired quite a
large practice; he later moved to Johnstown and perished in the great
flood of I889.
The newer coal and railroad towns of Irwin, Latrobe, and New
Florence caused new doctors to locate there promptly, and some very
able physicians came thither. Irwin had Doctors J. I. Marchand,
1862; Millard Sowash, I874; L. M. Kifer, I878; D. D. Taylor and
John Charles Taylor about the same time; and George L. Humphreys in I884. At Latrobe were Doctors H. L. Donnelly, I853; D.
I92DOCTORS AND HOSPITALE
W. McConaughy, I858; J. D. Evans, I87I; W. S. Madden, I876;
George B. Anderson, I877; and D. E. Welsh, I878. At Youngstown on the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh pike were: Doctors A. H. Peebles, and R. R. Bowman, I878. New Florence had: Doctors W. J.
Clarke, I849; G. B. Porch, I87I, and J. H. Lafferty, i88I; with
David Gildner, I87I, and B. C. Seaton, I873, at Bolivar; and the
well-known James Taylor, i85I, and his son, J. Swan Taylor, I88I,
later of Johnstown.
Dr. J. D. Milligan, who began practice at Madison in I876, later
came to West Newton, where he now makes his home at a very
advanced age, but is decidedly active. He was chief surgeon for the
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Company for many years. Not
far away at Suterville was Dr. J. N. McCunem, I878; and at Cowansburg, Dr. W. Armstrong Jamison; with Doctors J. T. Krepps, I875;
and J. P. Frye, I88o, at Webster. In Hempfield Township was Dr.
N. G. Berkey, I878; and at Manor, Dr. I. N. Leyda, I875. In the
Ligonier Valley were: Doctors J. M. Bennett, near Donegal, and S. C.
Campbell, I879, near Stahlstown.
Mt. Pleasant Township had: Doctors O. W. Howell, I88o, and
R. F. Gaut, I876; while at Pleasant Unity were: L. T. Smith, I876,
and J. H. Kelley, I87I. At Penn Station was Dr. Lemuel Offutt, who
came from Maryland, and later became one of Greensburg's most
prominent physicians. Not far away, at Harrison City, old Fort
Bushy Run, were: Doctors A. B. Mitchell, I878, and H. W. Love,
I880. At Murraysville was Dr. George Parks, I879, and at Stonerville, Dr. J. E. Rigg, I879. New Salem Borough, better known
by its post office, Delmont, had: Doctors J. A. Fulton, I864; U. M.
Snyder, I872; J: H. McLaughlin, I873; and A. O. Taylor, I879.
After the layout of the southwest branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Scottdale became one of the county's most active communities,
where were: Doctors P. G. Anderson, I869; A. J. Rogers, A. W.
Strickler, and Charles D. Fortney, I871; and B. R. Mitchell, I877.
Parnassus began to be an important point of the Allegheny Valley
Railroad at that period, and there were located: Doctors H. K.
Beatty, I87I; J. S. Dodd, I875; and B. L. Calhoun, I886. At historic New Alexandria were: Doctors J. W. Rugh, I85i; and J. L.
Cook, I858; who ministered far and wide. At Merwin, in Upper
Burrell Township, a rugged old community, were: Dr. William McWilliams, widely known, and Dr. A. A. Bush, I875.
S. P.-III-13
I93ley of the Horseshoe Bend on the Pennsylvania Railroad, thence
northwesterly across present Cambria County, until it entered Indiana
County, and thence by the present towns of Indiana and Shelocta to
Kittanning. It did not pass through Cherry Tree, as some historians
erroneously state, but some distance south of it. A north and south
trail, used by the Catawba Indians, passed through Indiana County
also, entering it at Squirrel Hill Indian town (at present New Florence) and thence proceeding by Black Lick and Indiana, across the
Mahoning and Red Bank creeks to Tionesta, where was located Goshgoshing Indian town. The early traders came out these trails which
the Indians had first laid down, and the first settlers used them before
the more substantial roads were laid out by the courts. There were
other cross trails as well which enabled the Indian, the trader and the
Colonial soldier to reach his destination quickly.
CHERRY TREE MONUMENT, INDIANA COUNTY. IT STANDS ON THE
CORNER OF THREE COUNTIES: INDIANA, CAMBRIA AND CLEARFIELDSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
At Livermore, on the old Pennsylvania Canal, were: Dr. F. J.
Worthington, I878; and Dr. Morgan Rhees Banks, who came in the
canal days.  He had more students than perhaps any doctor in
western Pennsylvania, and those students say of him that he could
recite Gray's Anatomy by the yard, and left a great impression on
them in the way of diligence in the profession. During the greater
part of the time of practice of men like Dr. Banks, there were few
hospitals. These institutions came in a later period, when the industrial development of the country began.
The erection of these hospitals naturally began in Pittsburgh, due
to its being the great industrial center. During the cholera epidemic
of I833, a temporary hospital was' built there for the care of such
patients. Bishop Michael O'Connor, of the Pittsburgh Diocese of
the Roman Catholic Church, was instrumental in founding Mercy
Hospital, in I747, under the management of the Sisters of Mercy.
Doctors David M. Meal, Joseph Gazzam, George Brue and William
Addison were on its first medical staff. It rendered outstanding service during the later smallpox epidemic of I849, a second cholera epidemic in I854, and a second smallpox epidemic in I872. Soon after
the successful efforts of Bishop O'Connor, a very noted Lutheran
divine, Rev. William A. Passavant, D. D., founded a hospital for that
denomination in I847 which due to the efforts of its founders, was
given the much merited name of "Passavant Hospital." The Western
Pennsylvania Hospital, which later ministered to many railroad accident cases, was founded in I847, and was successful from the start,
due to the support which industrial concerns gave. It had through
the years one of the ablest staffs of surgeons in the city of Pittsburgh,
and it later became the clinic for the Western Pennsylvania Medical
School, organized a few years later. At Merwin, in Upper Burrell
Township, a rugged old community close to the headwaters of Pine
Run and Puckety Creek, were: Dr. William McWilliams, known far
and wide, and Dr. A. A. Bush, I875. At New Derry were: Doctors
W. B. Cosgrove, and S. H. Decker, both establishing themselves
about I88o; and Dr. A. S. Daggette, Shaner Station; Dr. James
Robertson in Rostraver Township, I881; Dr. S. S. Stewart, at Stewart Station, now Trafford, I86I; and Dr. J. W. Morrison, Donegal.
Livermore, on the old western division of the Pennsylvania Canal,
had: Dr. Morgan Rhees Banks as its outstanding physician, and after
him there came to this same community Dr. F. J. Worthington, in
I94DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
I878. Dr. Banks had perhaps more students than any one doctor in
western Pennsylvania, due to his fame as a country doctor, and his
being located on this artery of pioneer travel. His students said of
him that he could recite Gray's Anatomy by the page, and he thus
made a great impression on them in the way of diligence in the profession. His son, Dr. C. W. Banks, was a Pennsylvania Railroad physician for many years. Dr. James I. McCormick, of Irwin, had a
distinguished career, in that he was a county superintendent of schools
in Westmoreland County by appointment of Governor James Pollock in I855. He studied medicine and graduated from the Western
Reserve Medical College at Cleveland in I86o, and located first at
New Florence and West Fairfield, in conjunction with Dr. James Taylor, but later established himself in practice at Irwin, beginning with
I87I.
The establishing of the first hospitals naturally began in Pittsburgh, due to its being the great industrial center. The first cholera
epidemic of 1883 caused the erection of a temporary hospital there
for such patients. Bishop Michael O'Connor, of the Pittsburgh Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, was instrumental in founding
Mercy Hospital, in I847, under the management of the Sisters of
Mercy. Doctors David M. Meal, Joseph Gazzam, George Brue and
William Addison were on its first medical staff. It rendered outstanding service during the later smallpox epidemic of I849, the
second cholera epidemic in I854, and a second smallpox epidemic in
i 872. It cared for many soldiers returning from the Civil War, and
has been an outstanding institution through the years.
Two outstanding hospitals of the present day, Passavant and
WVestern Pennsylvania, were established in Pittsburgh in the same
year, I847. There are many Catholic hospitals all about, but Passavant was the first strictly Protestant one erected here. Dr. William
A. Passavant, a prominent Lutheran divine in the Pittsburgh Synod,
had most to do with work of establishing Passavant Hospital and as
previously stated, he was honored in its naming. The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, familiarly known as "West Penn," was successful
from the start, due to the support it received from industrial concerns, on account of the many accident cases sent to it. This was particularly true as to the railroads. It has always had one of the ablest
staffs of surgeons in Allegheny County, and it later became the clinic
for the Western Pennsylvania Medical School, now a part of the
I95University of Pittsburgh. It operated for many years on Brereton
Avenue, near Twenty-eighth Street, beginning with i886, and its
erection was originally conceived at a meeting of the Bedford Medical Society held in Dr. James King's office on January 26, I865.
In I865 came the erection of St. Francis Hospital, under the supervision of the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, which has
become famous for its treatment of moderate mental ailments. The
group of homeopathic physicians who had established
themselves in Pittsburgh, received much encouragement
and financial help from those
who had benefited by their
treatments, particularly the
Thaw and Carnegie families, and they established the
Homeopathic Medical and
Surgical Hospital in I867,
which operated at Smithfield
Street and Second Avenue for
many years, until its removal
to Center Avenue near Shadyside, into larger buildings.
This institution has recently
been placed on a more general basis, and not adhering
so strictly to the original
homeopathic treatment.
One of the most recent
and best equipped hospital
buildings is that of the Allegheny General Hospital, located on the Northside, Pittsburgh. It grew out of a need
for closer hospital facilities north of the river, and was established in
I882, and is now situated at 320 East North Avenue. In I887 came
the Children's Hospital on DeSoto Street, founded by Dr. Frank
LeMoyne and his associates, which has had a fine ministry to children.
In the same year, as the Connellsville Coke region developed many
ALLEGHENY GENERAL HOSPITAL,
PITTSBURGHDOCTORS AND HOSPITALS                        I97
accident cases, and it became too far to transport accident cases to
Pittsburgh, the Connellsville State Hospital was erected at Connellsville in Fayette County. In I889 the Southside Hospital, Pittsburgh,
was erected to care for the many accident cases in that part of the
growing city, where the industrial plants were constantly enlarging as
well.
One of the most commendable hospital enterprises grew out of
the distressing conditions incident to the Johnstown flood of I889.
The whole nation responded nobly to the urgent needs of the community, when homes were washed away, railroads rendered useless,
and more than twenty-two hundred lives lost. After the community
had resumed more or less of a normal condition, and urgent needs
were taken care of, a large sum of money remained, which could not
be distributed easily pro-rata to the donors. It was finally decided by
the consensus of opinion, both in Johnstown and elsewhere, that this
fund could best be utilized by founding a hospital, with the result that
the present Memorial Hospital, at Johnstown was erected there in
the year I889, having been added to in larger equipment and buildings in later years. On almost adjoining properties, the Mercy Hospital was established.
In the year I878 the United Presbyterian denomination started
a small orphanage on the Northside, Pittsburgh, and to this was added
a small hospital of fifteen beds in I889, to meet their immediate needs.
Later a five-acre plot was secured on Penn Avenue, Wilkensburg,
when the later enlarged Columbia Hospital was formerly opened on
June I, I906. There followed the establishing of these hospitals:
Rosalia Foundling, in I891; the McKeesport Hospital, in I891; the
Eye and Ear Hospital, Pittsburgh; the Westmoreland Hospital,
Greensburg; and the Presbyterian Hospital, Northside, Pittsburgh, in
I895; Beaver Valley General Hospital, at New Brighton, in i895;
St. John's Hospital, Northside, Pittsburgh, in I896; Butler County
Memorial Hospital, as a memorial to war veterans, in I897; Pittsburgh Hospital, under the supervision of the Sisters of Charity, in
I897; the Municipal Hospital for Contagious Diseases, at Bedford
and Francis streets, in I897; The Washington Hospital, at Washington, in I898, consolidated with the City Hospital in I920; Armstrong
County Hospital, at Kittanning, in I898.
The year I900 saw the establishing of these institutions which
have grown into effective usefulness: The Jewish residents of Pittsburgh established the Montefiore Hospital that year, which has beenSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
moved to later adequate and well-equipped buildings in the Oakland
District of Pittsburgh. In Somerset County was also established, in
I90oo, the Somerset County Hospital on the County Home farm,
which became a noted institution for nervous and mental cases, and
is doing a good work at moderate cost. In the year I902 came the
erection of the Henry Clay Frick Memorial Hospital, at Mt. Pleasant; the St. Joseph's Hospital and Dispensary, on the Southside, Pittsburgh, for casualty cases; the Memorial Hospital at Monongahela,
in memory of soldiers of the Civil War; and in I903 came the establishing of the Homestead Hospital, in Allegheny County, and the
Canonsburg Hospital. In I904 the city of Uniontown provided
closer hospital facilities for its industrial and coke plants by the building of the Uniontown Hospital. The association had been previously
formed two years earlier.
In I9o6 came the erection of the Braddock General Hospital, in
charge of the Sisters of Divine Providence; the Windber flospital, at
Windber, Somerset County, to meet the needs of that coal center;
and the Tuberculosis League Hospital on Bedford Avenue, Pittsburgh. The Ohio Valley General Hospital, at McKees Rocks, was
built in I907, under the supervision of the Sisters of the Holy Family
of Nazareth; and in the same year the Cresson State Sanitorium for
Tuberculosis Patients. This institution has rendered a fine service
to many patients, as it is advantageously situated on the crest of the
Allegheny Mountains. It is a State-owned and conducted institution.
In I9o09 came the Providence Hospital, at Beaver Falls, conducted by
the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul; and in 19 Io these institutions: St. Margaret's Memorial Hospital, at 265 Forty-sixth Street,
Pittsburgh, founded by John H. Shoenberger, in memory of his wife,
Margaret; the United States Marine Hospital on the old arsenal
grounds; and the Charleroi-Monessen Hospital, on the west side of
the Monongahela River between the two municipalities, which serves
the industrial communities on both sides of the river; and the Latrobe
Hospital, at Latrobe. In I 9 I 2 the Citizens General Hospital at New
Kensington was established; and in 19I3, the Elwood City Hospital,
in Lawrence County.
One of the noted institutions in Pittsburgh was founded under
the terms of the will of the late Christopher L. Magee. He had
been a prominent builder of street car lines in Pittsburgh, and later
established the "Pittsburgh Times," an excellent newspaper in its
I08DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS
day. He mixed his business with politics, and in the midst of it all
acquired a substantial estate. By his will he established the Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital in memory of his mother, and it became
in due course a maternity and children's hospital. The strict language of the will set forth: "All females who apply to the hospital
for lying-in purposes, shall be received without question as to their
past lives or identity." This hospital is located on ample grounds
at Forbes and Halket streets, Pittsburgh. The Indiana Hospital, at
Indiana, was established also in the year 1914, through the generosity
of Adrian Iselin, of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh coal interests; and a private hospital under the ownership of Dr. C. W. Frantz,
at Confluence.  There is at Johnstown the  Mendenhall Private
Maternity Hospital, founded in I9I5. In I916 there came these hospitals: the Leech Farm Sanitorium for pulmonary tubercular patients
only, in East Liberty, conducted by the city of Pittsburgh; the
Brownsville General Hospital, at Brownsville; and the Lee Homeopathic Hospital, in Johnstown. In I918 the City of New Castle Hospital was established by the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis,
at New Castle.
The largest institution, and perhaps the most modern in the State,
was built at Torrance, in I919, in Westmoreland County, on a large
acreage acquired there by the State of Pennsylvania. It was named
in honor of Francis J. Torrance, a prominent business man of the old
Northside, Pittsburgh, which took an advanced position in the treatment of nervous and mental cases only. More than two and one-half
millions of dollars have been appropriated by the State of Pennsylvania to build up this great institution. The earlier institution in this
area has been the Dixmont Hospital for mental patients, built as early
as I853, under an associated ownership. It has been largely supported
by the State of Pennsylvania, but has a limited capacity.
Allegheny County in particular has some county-owned and conducted institutions, such as MWoodville, under the direction of the
county commissioners. It takes care of a great company of patients,
both mental and tubercular, as well as the aged. Somerset County
established its hospital in 192I; Cambria County Home for the Aged,
at Ebensburg, in I872; and the city of Pittsburgh the Pittsburgh City
Home and Hospital at Mayview, under its Department of Welfare.
These additional hospitals and institutions have been established and
successfully maintained in later years: Belvedere Hospital, established
I99200           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
by Italian residents on Paulson Avenue, Pittsburgh, in I920; the
Beaver County Sanitorium, at Monaca, for tubercular patients, in
I924; the Hillview Farms Sanitarium, conducted by Dr. G. H. McKinstry, in I924; and the Jamison Memorial Hospital, at New Castle in I929.
Through all of the years there have been many specialists; some
of them quacks, so to speak, to worry the regular practitioners in the
practice of the authorized schools of medicine. The State of Pennsylvania, through its Department of Education, has provided for a
thorough system of examination to which all persons practicing the
healing art are subjected before they can practice. These regulations
are a vast improvement over the practices of more than a century ago,
when a rather loose condition existed in the profession. Some idea
can be gotten of the improved condition of the present day, by the following extract from the "Greensburg Gazette," of June, 1824:
"There are about forty persons in this county (Westmoreland),
who follow the practice of medicine for a living. But how few of this
number are entitled to the honorable epithet of'physician'? Not more,
I will undertake to say, than one-fourth.... Encouraged by the total
want of anything in the laws of Pennsylvania regulating the practice of
physic, as is customary in all well regulated governments, and in most
of our sister States, an establishment was formed in this county many
years since by a notable junta of quacks."
Through State regulations concerning doctors and hospitals, the
patient is assured of the highest type of treatment, if he chooses, and
the medical profession in general of the present day is rendering a
competent and in many cases, a heroic service, in the preservation of
human life.CHAPTER IX
Coal and Coke
The Earliest Coal Operation on Mt. Washington, Opposite Fort PittFirst Coal Markets Down the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers-The
Pittsburgh, Freeport and Other Veins-Types of Mining-Early
Water and Rail Shipments-Coke Operations in the Connellsville
Region-The Greensburg and Irwin Basins-Washington County
Mining   By-products' Plants, Carnegie-Illinois, Bethlehem, Jones
and Laughlin and Others-Later Developments in Indiana, Somerset, Cambria and Armstrong Counties-The Lesser Veins Mined in
Butler, Beaver and Lawrence Counties-Mine Disasters and the
Future of Mining Here.
As Colonel James Burd was building his road from a point near
the old Gist Plantation on the Braddock Road to Fort Redstone at
Brownsville, he placed this entry in his diary: "Saturday, Sept. 22,
I759. The camp moved two miles to Coal Run. This run is entirely
paved in the bottom with fine stone coal, and the hill on the south of it
is a rock of the finest coal I ever saw. I burned about a bushel of it
on my fire."
This is one of the first authentic descriptions of the existence in
southwestern Pennsylvania, of good coal, which was to become an industry of first magnitude in its mining a century and a half later. One
of the officers of the Forbes army, helping to cut the road through,
found a good quality of coal in the Alleghenies, which was a part of
the Somerset beds. We have also the first primitive mining operations described for us by the Quaker merchant, James Kenney, in his
diary of May 27, 176I:
"I and my brother and two others went to see ye Coal Pit on land
in ye Mountain Side over ye Monongahela (Mt. Washington in PittsSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
burgh); ye Mountain is so high and steep that its with care and difficulty people gets up to it, but its easy got, as ye bank of it being dug
away a piece, its level ground from ye Cole and ye Coal is in a Bank
fronting like a upright Wall in ye Hill side they put it in bags  tumbles them down hill."
Here and there throughout the country there are occasional mine
fires burning under ground and destroying many acres of coal in place.
The earliest mine fire is reported by the Rev. Charles Beatty, historic
chaplain in the Forbes army in I758, who returned to Fort Pitt in
I766 as a Presbyterian missionary, and in his diary makes this entry;
after a visit across "the Monongahela onto Mt. Washington:
"A fire being made by the workmen not far from the place where
they dug the coal, and left burning when they went away, the small
dust communicated itself to the body of the coals and set it on fire, and
has now been burning almost a twelve month entirely under ground
for the space of twenty yards or more along the face of the hill or
rock, the way the vein of coal extends, the smoke ascending up through
the chinks in the rocks. The earth in some places was so warm that
we could hardly bear to stand on it..... If these strata be large in
this mountain, it may become a volcano. The smoke arising out of
this mountain appears to be much greater in rainy weather than at
other times. The fire has already mined some part of the mountain,
so that great fragments of it, and trees with their roots are fallen
down the face."
It is natural that coal should be first marketed down the navigable Monongahela and Ohio rivers before the railroads were built
across the mountains, and coal transported eastward. The fine seven
and nine foot veins that cropped out at Pittsburgh and up the rivers
for many miles could be secured by digging into the hillsides, hauling
it out on the drift to the surface and onto tipples at the water's edge,
where it was dropped down in shutes to barges, for river transportation. Many such mines can still be seen along the rivers. This thick,
outcropping vein came to be known as the "Pittsburgh vein," or "stone
coal," due to its hardness. Another peculiarity of it was that it was
geologically laid down in rolls to the eastward and southward, and
was thus washed off the tops of the ridges, and appeared in the valleys running northeasterly and southwesterly parallel with the ridges.
This coal in the valley is called a basin, so that after leaving the rivers
202COAL AND COKE
to the eastward, there is the Irwin basin, west of the Grapeville ridge;
the Greensburg basin, between the Grapeville Ridge and the Dry
Ridge; the Connellsville basin between the Dry Ridge and the Chestnut Ridge; and the Ligonier basin east of the Chestnut Ridge. This
fine Pittsburgh vein extends also further southward, underlying the
greater part of Fayette, Washington and Greene counties, thus forming the basis of the more extensive operations of the later years.
The Freeport veins of coal, which lie geologically below the Pittsburgh vein, and so-called because they outcrop near Freeport, are
mined more extensively along the Allegheny and Kiskiminetas rivers.
It is claimed that they underlie the entire region, although dipping to
the southward. As mining operations were extended further into
Butler, Armstrong, Cambria and Somerset counties, mining men have
given local names to the local operations, such as "Kittanning" and
"Mountain" veins, the fine geological distinctions of which belong in
a more scientific treatise. The earliest operations, until the coming
of the steamboats on the rivers and the railroads, were decidedly local
and as each landowner might choose to use the coal for his own purposes. Local blacksmiths and iron workers came to use it more and
more in their forges until the great steel mills were constructed.
There have been three distinct types of mining through the years.
The early miners drove an entry into the side of a hill, left ample
ribs between the rooms to hold up the hill, shoveled his slate, or
"gob" back of him, and hauled the coal out to the country-custom
platform along the roadside in a two-wheeled cart pulled by himself
on a wooden track made of flat plank. This simplest type of mining
could only be done where the drift of the vein was level or downgrade. Where there were slight grades, a small mine car, on a track first
made of wooden rails, and drawn by a horse or mule, was used. XWhen
coal operations changed from the individual to partnerships and corporations, mining was worked out on a more extensive scale. Larger
acreages of coal required long hauls and quicker trips to the tipple,
where coal was loaded into railroad cars on a siding.  Instead of
pitching all of his "gob" back of him in the mining room under the
hill, the miner loaded much of it into mine cars, which transported it
out to the great slate dumps, which are seen today at extensive workings. The companies were thus able to draw the ribs later, and let the
hill down evenly, thus securing more coal. Mules were used back in
the working to collect the individual wagons to a central point, and
203INDIANA COUNTY
That portion of Indiana County south of the purchase line was
established as a part of Armstrong County by the Bedford County
Court in 1771. The Westmoreland County Court at Hannastown
decreed it also as Armstrong Township in I773. Derry Township, in
old Westmoreland County, was cut off from Armstrong Township
south of the Black Lick and the Conemaugh, and west of the Loyalhanna to the Chestnut Ridge in I774, and thus it remained until I803,
except for the formation of the new Wheatfield Township north of
the Conemaugh, and between the Chestnut Ridge and the Laurel Hill.
The portion north of the purchase line having been a part of Lycoming County from I786 to I803, it became the new Mahoning Township in the new county of Indiana.
The settlements north of the Conemaugh were naturally backward, due to the Indian incursions, but as the pioneers ventured
farther north, they naturally wanted a seat of justice closer than
Greensburg, to which the Westmoreland County Court had been
moved from Hannastown in I787. By the terms of the Act of March
30, 1803, it was provided as follows:
"That those parts of the counties of Westmoreland and Lycoming
included within the following boundaries, viz., Beginning at the corner of Armstrong County on the Kiskiminetas River, thence up said
river to the Conemaugh River, thence to the line of Somerset County;
thence a straight line to the Canoe Place, on the west branch of the
Susquehanna River, thence a north course along Potter's district line
twelve miles, thence a due west course to Armstrong County, thence
along said line to the place of beginning; the same is hereby erected
into a new county to be henceforth called Indiana County."
Indiana County was first placed on the circuit of the new Tenth
Judicial District, and was linked up with the parent county of Westmoreland, until its erection into a separate Fortieth Judicial District,
in 1874. The judges on the circuit were: John Young, I806-36;
Thomas White, 1836-47; Jeremiah M. Burrell, 1847-48; John C.
Knox, I848-51I; Jeremiah M. Burrell, i85 1-55; Joseph Buffington,
1855-71; James A. Logan, I87I-75. The judges in the separate
district have been: John P. Blair, I874-85; Harry White, I885I9o05; Samuel J. Telford, I905-I5; J. Nicholas Langham, I915-35;
Elbie E. Creps, I935 to date.
I5these were then brought to the tipple in long trains of ten, fifteen and
more wagons. The miner, in this type of mining, laid down on the
floor of the mine and "bore in" to the depth of two feet, more or
less, longitudinally, sheared on both sides of the room, and then
dropped his coal for loading. In later years the miners were permitted to blast in the harder coals.
The use of compressed air and electricity has produced a third
type of mining, which is much in vogue today. By running lines of
such power to the face of the coal, improved mining machines are
now used to "bore in" and
"shear."  Such latest type of
mining machine is here pictured
in operation. Out of these more
modern methods has grown the
neccesity for fixed rates of mining, with its attendant mine
unions, check-weighing of coal,
and welfare work. As in all
other industry, mass production
and collective bargainnig is in
vogue. The larger companies
operate large holdings of coal, and in so doing have great electric
haulage systems, many miles under ground.
The advent of the steam shovel brought a distinct type of mining
during the World War period in I9I8, due to the large prices of coal
secured then. Coal was in such demand that it was found feasible
and profitable to remove the surface off the coal, and scoop the coal up
into cars with immense steam shovels. This type of mining has been
practically abandoned in southwestern Pennsylvania.  Many farms
were mutilated and scarred by this kind of mining, and the great
mounds and holes that have been made in them are mute evidence of
the folly of war.
The early use of coal for domestic purposes was evident in many
places, although the forests supplied an abundance of wood.  In
I770 Col. William Crawford showed Colonel George Washington
where the coal cropped out near Stewart's Crossing on the Monongahela at Connellsville. A coal bank was marked on the original plan
of Bassett's Town, at Washington, and before I8oo Dr. Absalom
Baird had a coal mine at the town of Washington. Justice John
MODERN COAL MINING MACHINECOAL AND COKE
Canon, who laid out Canonsburg in I786, gave each purchaser of a
lot the right to take out coal from his bank for his own use, as an
inducement to the purchase. James Allison opened his mine as early
as I802 at McGovern, Washington County, and sold the coal for
domestic and blacksmithing purposes at twenty-five cents per bushel.
His descendant, Jonathan Allison, opened a mine on a larger scale in
I870 after the Chartiers Valley Railroad was extended to'Washington, which in the years following I88o became a main source of
supply for the county seat. Likewise purchasers of lots in the town
of Columbia, at present Donora, were given the right to mine "stone
coal," gratis. Other instances of the smaller and more domestic operations can be cited all over the coal field.
Before the coming of the railroads millions of tons of coal were
boated down the Monongahela and Ohio rivers to the lower markets
and as far as New Orleans. At first it was floated in primitive barges,
and later towed by steamboats, when steam came into more general
use. Early operators on the rivers just above Pittsburgh were James
H. Hays, beginning with I828; George Lysle and Sons, I840; M.
Corey, later conducted by William H. Brown, 1846; Black Diamond
Coal Company, I858; O'Neil and Company, I86o; Jenkins and
Brother, I86I; J. C. Risher and Company, 1863; James O'Neil,
866; Joseph Walton and Company, I872, and Redman and Fawcett,
1875. These concerns owned many coal barges, and the necessary
tow-boats to push them up and down the rivers. In later years great
combinations were made of these smaller companies, and the operations were extended inland, and up the valleys, by means of branches
of the principal railroads. The extensive coal development began
about the year I88o and extended through to the time of the World
War.
While the earliest use of coke in iron furnaces is accredited to the
Allegheny Furnace in Blair County in 18 1 I, coke seems to have been
used by the famed Isaac Meason at his iron furnace at Plumsock in
Fayette County in I8I7. In Armstrong County the Bear Creek Furnace was constructed for the use of coke in I8I9, but it soon changed
back to charcoal. In I836, F. H. Oliphant first used coke at the Fairchance Furnace, when he made iron from blue lump ore. Oliphant's
manufacturing was largely experimental, and the Great Western Iron
Works at Brady's Bend is entitled to credit for the first extensive use
of coke, as early as I 840. The Connellsville coal region was destined
205SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
to become the great coke field because of its veins being more readily
burned into merchantable coke.
After the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was put through down the
Youghiogheny River, the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Coal and Coke
Company was started at Connellsville in I864, with forty primitive
beehive ovens. The first limit of capacity was thirty cars a day from
the whole region. Captain John F. Dravo had been engaged in operating river coal mines beginning with I840, and shipping his product
down stream in barges before the days of railroads. These barges
were called "broadhorns." Captain Dravo took charge of this new
enterprise at Connellsville in I868, and the plant was increased to
more than two hundred ovens, using twelve thousand bushels of slack
coal, and producing fifteen thousand bushels of coke per day. This
coke was sold and transported to such plants as the Cambria Iron
Works at Johnstown, the Isabella Iron Furnace at Pittsburgh, and
the Crowther Iron Company at New Castle, as well as to Missouri
and Ohio plants.
Henry Clay Frick, who was to become such a militant figure in
the coke and steel industry here, became interested in the making of
coke in 1871 when he organized the firm of Frick and Company, composed of himself, A. O. Tintsman and Joseph Rist. They started
with three hundred acres of coal and fifty ovens. With the building of
the branch Mt. Pleasant and Broadford Railroad, more ovens were
erected and other interests acquired during the panic of I873. After
the panic, when others had failed, coke rose from ninety cents to $4
and $5 per ton, and when Andrew Carnegie and his associates became
a part of the business in I882, the Frick Company owned more than
a thousand ovens and three thousand acres of coking coal. Some
earlier coke operators on a very small scale were Mordecai, James
and Sample Cochran in 1843, from ovens acquired from John Taylor;
Sedgewick, Shoenberger and Company, with thirty ovens about I86o;
and the Cochran and Kiester, and Laughlin works near by. A large
part of this coke was loaded on barges, floated down the Youghiogheny River on barges in high water, and marketed as far as Cincinnati.
The historically inclined may now travel over Westmoreland and
Fayette counties, and see great lines of old beehive coke ovens falling
to decay, the mute evidence of a former live coke industry there. At
the beginning of the century, an eastern traveler, seeing the great
2o6COAL AND COKE
lines of blazing ovens as he rode a late evening train from Greensburg to Uniontown, remarked that it looked like "Dante's Inferno."
Before Andrew Carnegie joined hands with Frick and used his product,
he built a line of ovens in the Brush Creek Valley west of Larimer, on
the Pennsylvania Railroad, purchased slack coal and had it shipped
there to be made into coke, and later transported to his works at
Braddock. This did not prove profitable, as it was better to build the
ovens at the mines, and transport the coke from there to the furnaces.
A picture of the coke operations in the Connellsville region can
be gotten from the following list of operators who were there in the
early eighties: On the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines and branches
were: The H. C. Frick Coke Company, Sample Cochran, Sons and
Company, J. M. Schoonmaker, Mullen Strickler and Company, Boyle
and Rafferty, Joseph R. Stauffer and Company, McClure and Company, J. D. Boyle, B. F. Kiester and Company, A. A. Hutchinson and
Brother, James Cochran and Company, John Newmyer, W. J. Rainey
Company, A. O. Tintsman, Connellsville Coke and Iron Company,
Morewood Coke Company, Cambria Iron Company, Everson McCrum and Company, Fayette Coke and Furnace Company, Markle
and Company, Southwest Coal and Coke Company, Dillinger, Tarr
and Company, Hurst, Stoner and Company, and others. In I880
there were more than thirty-five hundred ovens shipping by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company and its branches, and more than
four thousand ovens by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its
branches.
There were also large coal and coke developments in the Latrobe
region, which was the northern end of the Connellsville region,
among them being the Monastery Works, just west of Latrobe, M.
Saxman and Company east of that town, the St. Clair Works at Bradenville, and the Loyalhanna Coal and Coke Company, a Philadelphia concern, which had perhaps the largest acreage. These smaller
concerns merged into larger ones, so that when the later miners' unions
were formed, and strike troubles began, three of the main coke companies were the H. F. Frick Coke Company, the McClure Coke Company, and the W. J. Rainey Company.
An interesting coal development centered in the Greensburg basin,
which began with the operations of Richard Coulter and George F.
Huff, Greensburg bankers, and their associates. After first developing mines close to the city, they extended their operations at first as
207the Greensburg Coal Company, and later as the enlarged Keystone
Coal and Coke Company, reaching to Madison and Herminie, and to
Salemville, near New Alexandria. They naturally drew a group of
mining men about them, and these formed other smaller companies
up the Allegheny River, in the Derry section, and on the mountain
above South Fork, and other places. This group were generally
known as the Coulter and Huff interests, and burned considerable
coke, but marketed more coal. They had a large trade in engine and
other coal used by the railroads, and shipped to the New York, New
Haven and Hartford Railroad in New England.
The town of Irwin was established through the operation of two
Philadelphia companies, who were considerable rivals in earlier days;
the Penn Gas Coal Company, and the Westmoreland Coal Company.
Nearly all of this coal was shipped east to Philadelphia, and was used
by manufacturing plants, who preferred bituminous to anthracite under
their boilers. The Irwin basin coal was harder than that in other
parts of the region, and it had a ready sale. To aid in their operations, the Penn Gas Coal Company built a narrow gauge railroad
from Irwin, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, to Gratztown, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, thus having two outlets to market. This
road was later standardized, and became a branch of the Pennsylvania. In later years the Penn Gas Coal Company was merged into
the Westmoreland Coal Company, and this company had an extended
trade in the east. It has built larger and more modern mines in
COKE OVENS, STAR JUNCTIONincreased areas, at McCullough, Hutchinson, and Yukon. It has not
generally engaged in the manufacture of coke.
Just northeasterly of Greensburg the Jamison Coal Company has
carried on a large operation, with a half dozen mines. Robert S.
Jamison was the pioneer and trained a family of young men to carry
on through the corporation, after his death. This company built
up-to-date tipples and coke plants all about historic Hannastown, and
along the Forbes Road, and even assumed these historic names for
their mining towns. As the field has been depleted, they have extended
their operations into the Latrobe basin, near Pleasant Unity, to
Uniontown, and on further south into West Virginia. This company
has always been considered as one of the largest and most successful in
the southwestern coal fields, and have their offices in Greensburg.
Due to the extensive operations of the H. C. Frick Coke Company,
as the largest concern in the Connellsville'region, it was the target for
two or more serious strikes on the part of newly organized labor
unions. Its largest competitor, the W. J. Rainey Company, would
profit by these strikes, pay their men the wages demanded, and operate while the Frick plants were on strike. The coke companies,
between i88o and I890, sent agents to Europe and induced shiploads of immigrants of the Slavic races to come to the thriving coke
fields. The railroads each week ran "immigrant trains" from the
seaboard to Greensburg and Connellsville, filled with prospective
workers, who later manned the mines and coke yards. In other years
COKE OVENS, STAR JUNCTIONSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
superintendents of the companies went down into the Shenandoah
and other valleys of Virginia and brought train-loads of colored men
to take the place of strikers.
Perhaps the largest coke plant in the Connellsville region was the
"Standard Works" at Mt. Pleasant, which was originally constructed
by A. A. Hutchinson and Brother, of Pittsburgh, with a capacity of
five hundred ovens. The H. C. Frick Coke Company later acquired it,
and increased it to one thousand or more ovens. They placed underground well-equipped mule stables, and lighted them by electricity.
Long hauls were made with trains of loaded mine cars, and collected
at the bottom of the shaft for hoisting to the surface. All over the
region more modern equipment was built into the new plants. The H.
C. Frick Coke Company, the W. J. Rainey Company, the Keystone
Coal and Coke Company, the Westmoreland Coal Company, the Penn
Gas Coal Company, the Jamison Coal and Coke Company, and others
purchased thousands of individual steel hopper and other types of
cars, to assure them transportation, without the railroad delay in the
assignment of cars in that day, when the plants would clamor for them.
With cars more plentiful in these days of less business on the railroads,
some of these companies have disposed of many of their cars, and
use those of the railroads.
Pioneer coal operators in the upper Monongahela Valley, and
Washington County, were: John Jenkins, Enoch Cox, Samuel French,
and Jesse Bentley. Jordan S. Neal and Company operated mines,
coal boats, and other sufficient equipment beginning with I875, with
an annual output of a million bushels a year, with one bundred and
twenty-five men employed. This was about Coal Center, and up and
down the river. The old Globe works of Crothers, Musgrove and
Company had a production of one million and two hundred thousand
bushels in I88. There were between thirty-five and forty small
mines between Pittsburgh and Brownsville in I837, with a combined
annual production of twelve million bushels, all shipped on river
boats. At Courtney was the old Cincinnati mine reputed to have
been opened in I838, and later acquired by the Monongahela River
Consolidated Coal and Coke Company, and then by the Pittsburgh
Coal Company. It had a large operation in towards Finleyville. The
Catsburg mine near Monongahela City was opened about I86o and
operated until I925, by such successive owners as the Dravos, Joneses
and the Pittsburgh Coal Company.
2IOWashington County has many inland mines, along Chartiers
Creek, along the Panhandle Railroad, at Avella, and west of Washington on the Wheeling branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
A large mine on the Montour Railroad is operated west of Imperial
by the Pittsburgh Coal Company. There are other large operations
near Burgettstown. While the largest present operating company in
the Washington County coal field is the Pittsburgh Coal Company,
the two largest known coal mines are those of the Vesta Coal Company, Nos. 4 and 5, on the Monongahela River.
Some of the largest steel companies have adopted the plan of
erecting by-product coke plants at their works. A lot of by-products
besides coke, are secured from bituminous coal, such as gas, tar, oil,
aniline dyes, explosives, and different kinds of medicines, and other
chemical preparations.  The old beehive ovens wasted these byproducts, and destroyed orchards and vegetation close to the coke
plants. These by-products are now conserved by the erection of great
plants close to the steel mills. The Jones and Laughlin Steel Company
had such an experiment at its Soho plant on the north side of the
Monongahela. When the great works were built at Aliquippa on the
south side of the Ohio later, their by-products plant was enlarged and
its operations greatly improved. A view of this plan can be seen in the
GENERAL VIEW OF CLAIRTON BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT, CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS
STEEL CORPORATION, SHOWING COAL HOISTS AND BARGE STORAGE
WITH PORTION OF RIVER FLEET. HEAVY CLOUD OF STEAM
ON LEFT IS COMING FROM QUENCHER STATION, WHERE
HOT COKE IS COOLED BY APPLICATION OF
WATER THROUGH SPRAYSSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
picture of ancient Logstown as shown in Volume I, of these Annals.
The conservation of these by-products, and the reforestation of waste
lands all about, is the ambitious work of this generation to replenish
the earth for the next generations, and in a measure atone for the
wastefulness of the past.
The Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company has the largest by-product
coke plant in the world, at its Clairton plant on the Monongahela
River. The accompanying picture shows the coal hoists and barge
storage, with a portion of the river fleet. A heavy cloud of steam is
coming on the left from the quencher station where hot coke is cooled
by the application of water through sprays. The coal is brought down
stream on barges from up-river mines, by the company's own fleet,
from mines of the H. C. Frick Coke Company. The company has
fifteen steamers and three hundred and ninety-one barges.
The Hillman Coal and Coke Company is another large mining
concern which operates at widely separated points. It has mines at
Brownsville and Fayette City, on the Monongahela River; at Barking
on the Allegheny River; at Bentleyville up Pigeon Creek in Washington County; at Masontown, in Fayette County, and at Jerome in Somerset County. It formerly operated at Edna No. I and Edna No. 2
in Westmoreland County, but has leased these mines. For its river
coal commerce, this company owns three steamboats and a sufficient
number of coal barges.
The town of Windber, in Somerset County, was built about the
mining operations of the Berwind-White Coal Company, which
shipped its products on the South Fork Branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. It also maintained a separate steel-hopper car service, to
have its products transported to market. This company also conducted a large operation at the Ocean mine at Herminie,'in Westmoreland County. The different branches of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company between Rockwood and Johnstown, afford transportation for numerous smaller mining operations in the Stony Creek Valley, at Freidens, and many other points. There are numerous smaller
operations along the Youghiogheny and Castleman rivers, in and about
Garrett and Myersdale. In the Paint Creek Valley, as far as Central
City are such operations a:so.
Somerset, Cambria and Indiana counties were later in their coal
development, due to the plentifulness of the thicker veins closer to
Pittsburgh. There were two early coal and coke operations on the
212COAL AND COKE
Indiana branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, built up by Harry McCreary and the Donohoe coal interests at Coral and Graceton. There
were a few mines along the Conemaugh River in the earlier days, particularly those of the Conemaugh Coal Company, headed by F. M.
Graff, close to Blairsville, and the Bowman Coal Company, and the
Foster mine of the Saltsburg Coal Company, at Edri, below Saltsburg. These were largely the thicker Pittsburgh vein minings, but the
other later veins which geologists say were worked in Indiana County,
were variously called the Upper Freeport, the Lower Freeport, the
Upper, Middle, and Lower Kittanning, the Clarion, and the Brookville veins.
The opening up of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad through the middle of Indiana County southward from Punxsutawney, in I904, was the beginning of coal prosperity for that
county. Up to that time it had been predominantly agricultural and
lumbering. With the railroad came the Rochester and Pittsburgh
Coal and Iron Company, which built mines at Lucerne, near Homer
City, and at Ernest and Creekside. A branch was extended from
Creekside to Shelocta, McIntyre, Jacksonville, Clarksburg and Iselin.
At Iselin was the large mine of the Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company,
which opened up the Elders Ridge field. Shortly after this period a
branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad was run up the Blacklick Creek
Valley to Ebensburg, by means of which there were large operations
at Wehrum, Vintondale and Nanty Glo, and other points. Still another
Pennsylvania branch had been extended from Cresson down Chess
Creek by which there have been extensive mining of these mountain
veins at Hastings and Patton. This line was further extended from
Mahaffey, and around to the upper Susquehanna.  The Buffalo,
Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad was purchased some years ago
by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and these lines are
now a part of their great system.
The old Beech Creek line which was acquired by the New York
Central Railroad system, extended its branches up the Susquehanna
Valley and its tributaries from Clearfield. By this means large mines
were opened at Spangler and Barnesboro in Cambria County, and at
Glen Campbell and Arcadia, in Indiana County, which became a
feeder for the railroad transportation of coal. This New York Central system further extended its lines also from Cambria County, over
to the new town of Clymer, Dixonville, Commodore, and to a large
213The courts at Greensburg took care of judicial matters for the
first three years while the county seat was being laid out. The Act of
I803 also named three prominent Westmoreland County men, all
of whom had been justices on the Westmoreland bench before the
regime of Judge Alexander Addison, to wit: William Jack, James
Parr and John Pomeroy, as trustees to secure the land on which to
locate the courts of justice. By the later Act of i805, Colonel Charles
Campbell, Randall Laughlin and
John Wilson were appointed to
survey and lay out a town plot
for the county seat to comprise
two hundred and fifty acres.
George Clymer, of Philadelphia,
owned three thousand and fifty
acres surrounding present Indiana, and by a deed dated September 7, I805, and recorded
April 25, I807, he and his wife,
Elizabeth, sold to the trustees
the required two hundred and
fifty acres, upon which they laid
out two hundred and twentyfive lots and ninety-two out-lots.
There was a movement on the
part of the pioneers living at
present Homer City to have the
seat of justice located at the junction of Yellow Creek and Two lick
Creek, but this nerved Clymer to renewed activity on behalf of his
tract. Present Sixth Street (first called Clymer Street) and Philadelphia Street were named in his honor.
Associate judges, not learned in the law, were a part of the judicial system in vogue where the president judge held court in more than
one county. These were familiar with local conditions. The associate judges through the years, until Indiana County became a separate judicial district, were: James Smith, Charles Campbell, I8o6;
Joshua Lewis, I818; John Taylor, I828; Andrew  Brown, I829;
Samuel Moorhead, Jr., I830; Dr. Robert Mitchell, I836; Meek
Kelley, I836; James McKennon, I842; John Cunningham, I843;
Dr. James M. Stewart, I849; Peter Dilts, 185 -56; IsaacWatt, I85IINDIANA COUNTY COURT HOUSESOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
mine of the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation west of Clymer.
It was locally known as the Cambria and Indiana Railroad. In conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad it maintained a line over
to Pine Flats and Heilwood. While the Pittsburgh vein mines were
supplying much coal for coke to be used in.the iron and steel furnaces,
these veins of smaller thickness were being mined all over Somerset,
Cambria and Indiana counties to supply the needs of smaller manufacturing plants of all descriptions.
Following the lead of Carnegie and Jones and Laughlin in the
making of coke close to the furnaces, the Bethlehem Steel Company,
successor to the Cambria Steel Company at Johnstown, built its own
plant to burn coke and take care of by-products. In the early days the
Cambria Iron Works had a coal mine under the Westmont hill to
supply their immediate needs for fuel, but in the later period, the
Bethlehem Steel Company secured an acreage in Westmoreland on
the Turtle Creek branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Slickville,
and shipped their coal from these "Bethlehem Mines" to Johnstown
to be made into coke at the "Rosedale" plant. This operation is in the
deep hollow to the north of the main Cambria plant, and is hidden
from the traveler on the railroad.  It can be seen on Route 2I9
proceeding towards Ebensburg.  It has been very successful in its
operation, and provides a high quality of coke for the Johnstown
mills.
The claim is made that the coke plants of Fayette County furnish
about seventy-five per cent. of the coal or coke that goes into the steel
mills of the country. The Connellsville coke has always rated high,
and has come to be known as the best in the world. The region was
extended to the southwest of Uniontown about thirty years ago by the
development of what was then dubbed the "Klondyke Field." As
the mines about Mt. Pleasant began to be depleted by their earlier
intensive operations, the H. C. Frick Coke Company and others naturally sought the development of these virgin fields, with the result
that modern mining towns like New Salem, Republic, and Leckrone
grew to large proportions, not to mention the natural growth of
Masontown, Brownsville and Uniontown, and the communities all
about. The great WVest Penn traction system was extended to meet
the needs of these communities all about the Dunlap's and Redstone
Creek valleys. These newer operations extended on over into Washington and Greene counties, with great operations at Marianna and
Mather.
2I4COAL AND COKE
It is wonderful of contemplation to call to mind the deductions of
the English geologist, Sir Charles Lyall, who came into the Ohio
Valley in April, I846, to make a study of geological formations, and
this is what he wrote:
"I was truly astonished, now that I had entered the hydrographical basin of the Ohio, at beholding the richness of the seams of coal
which appeared everywhere on the flanks of the hills and at the bottom
of the valleys, and which are accessible in a degree I never witnessed
elsewhere. The time has not arrived when the full value of this inexhaustible supply of cheap fuel can be appreciated. To properly estimate the net advantages of such a region, we must reflect how the
three great navigable rivers-such as the Monongahela, Allegheny and
Ohio-intersect it and lay open on their banks the level seams of coal.
I found at Brownsville a belt ten feet thick of good bituminous coal,
commonly called the Pittsburgh seam, breaking out in the river cliffs
near the water's edge."
Beaver, Lawrence and Butler counties do not have the extensive
deep seams that are in vogue more to the southeast. There have been
seams of less thickness pretty generally in Beaver County, and dif.
ferent ones developed in smaller mining operations. These workings
have been more or less for local use, and not for great shipments to
outside points. The same is true of Lawrence County.
In Conoquenessing Township, in Butler County, earlier country
banks were worked for years by such pioneers as Daniel Cable, McCandless, and Muder. There were also workings of what was termed
the Gallitzin coal by Graham, Wilson, Edmundson and others. In
Cranberry Township the Freeport coal was five feet thick. The upper
Freeport coal was opened in Adams, Middlesex, Penn, and Buffalo
townships, and in Adams Township it was but two feet thick. The
middle and lower Kittaning veins were worked in Clearfield Township,
the Freeport and Kittannings in Clay Township, and there was coking
coal in Center Township. Many local coal banks were opened in the
earlier days in Muddy Creek Township, and a slaty type of coal,
known as "cannel," was found, and used about Murrinsville, and in
Washington and Marion townships. In Brady Township were the
Kittanning coals, and in Venango Township were the Clarion and
Kittanning!,eams operated. All of these operations were largely
215SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
local, and served these communities at a lesser cost, than by the added
costs of transportation of the better coal from more distant points.
The mining of coal in southwestern Pennsylvania has brought with
it the attendant accidents and disasters. In the earlier days, when
mines were not so large, there were open lamps used, especially in
country coal banks. As mine gases began to accumulate, there was a
growing supervision of the workings, which developed a system of
mine foremen and fire bosses, who were responsible for the safety of
the mine, before the workmen entered. When there began to be
serious explosions, in spite of the inspection then in vogue, the State
of Pennsylvania passed stricter mining laws, and provided for rigid
examinations of those who were to'examine the fire workings, all of
these laws having severe penalties for taking open lights into the
gaseous portions of the mine. Safety oil-lamps were devised, which
were passed out to the miners as they went to work. In more recent
days an electric lamp has been devised which is supplied by a battery
attached to the miner's body. In addition to this individual protection, the companies have installed great ventilation systems, with
parallel entries, through which great currents of fresh air are fanned
into the workings from great fans close to the mine opening. Great
pumps have been installed to dispose of the accumulating mine water
that naturally gathers in a shaft or slope working.
Despite all of this precaution and supervision, there have been
many mine disasters, of greater or less degree, all over the coal
regions. Let us refer to three of them to illustrate the seriousness of
these disasters. On January 27, I89I, one of the most serious and
early disasters was at the Mammoth mine of the H. C. Frick Cokc
Company, in Westmoreland County, when one hundred and sixteen
miners were killed by an explosion of fire-damp. The mine had been
examined by three fire-bosses just before the men started to work,
among them, William Sneath, who was killed in the explosion. There
were sixty-eight of the victims buried in one grave in a Scottdale cemetery. A second major disaster was that at the Marianna mine in
Washington on November 28, I9o8, when one hundred and fifty-four
men were killed by an explosion. A third was that at the Cincinnati
mine in the same county on April 23, I9I3, when ninety-six men lost
their lives. More recent disasters have been those at Jacob's Creek
at the edge of Fayette and Westmoreland counties, and at Mather ip
Greene County.
2i6COAL AND COKE
A more recent type of disaster sounds a warning to those who
would operate close to abandoned workings. At the St. Vincent shaft
just south of Latrobe, in Westmoreland County, the water from workings of adjoining acreages, now abandoned, broke through and filled
up the mine with water, drowning the only two men who were in the
mine at the time. It was a holiday, otherwise there might have been
a loss of two hundred men, the normal working force of the plant. At
the time of this writing the bodies of the two men have not yet been
recovered, and the State of Pennsylvania has appropriated at least
$75,000 to pump the mine out, if possible.
The limitations of this narrative prevent a full and complete statistical discussion of this basic industry. All'that might be said in a
substantial way about it would fill a large volume in itself. But as
the easier and thicker veins of Pittsburgh coal are being depleted to
the north of the area, operations are moving further south into
West Virginia. So long as that vein is productive at the lesser cost of
operation, it will be depleted before the deeper Freeport veins are dug
out in deeper shafts and more expensive mining. Here and there are
"faults" in the Freeport veins, and they sometimes run together.
Coal will continue to be shipped to the iron and steel mills, and to
manufacturing plants of all kinds in this area, eastward, lakeward,
and southwestward along the Ohio, in quantities consistent with a
prosperous business condition, so long as the Pittsburgh seams last,
and then will arise the problem of mining the deeper veins.
217CHAPTER X
Education
Early Religious Instruction in the Homes-Balthaser Meyer at Brush
Creek and Harrold's-Dr. John McMillan's "Log College," Near
Canonsburg-The Washington Academy of Rev. Theophilus Dodd
-The Story of Washington and Jefferson College-Pittsburgh
Academy and the University of Pittsburgh-Butler Academy and
Lambeth College-Kittanning Academy and Columbia UniversityBeaver Academy, New Castle Female Seminary, Wilkinsburg Academy-Other Early Academies-St. Vincent College, in Westmoreland County-Madison College at Uniontown-Greene Academy at
Carmichaels-Waynesburg College at Waynesburg-Westminster
College at New Wilmington-Elders Ridge Academy and Later
Vocational School in Indiana County-St. Xavier's Academy Near
Latrobe-St. Francis College at Loretto-Monongahela College at
Jefferson-Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute
at Mt. Pleasant-Duquesne University-Other Community and
Denominational Schools-Carnegie Library and Carnegie Institute
of Technology.
The pioneers brought with them to the new settlements here their
varying religious beliefs, and an innate desire to foster them. They
brought also a longing for the education of their youth in accordance
with their standards of home life and religion. That accounts for the
building up of so many rugged characters hereabouts, who have left
their distinctive imprint upon the communities where they lived, and
whose loyal descendants have honored them for the deeds they performed. Each of the religious groups laid down their foundations,
and sought also to raise up a ministry from among their own. Log
schoolhouses were built here and there close to the churches, and in
some instances the church and school met in the same rustic building.
IEDUCATION
In other instances local communities pooled their resources and built
what might be termed a non-sectarian school in some centers, all for
the purpose of advancing the educational advantages of their children. This had the effect of postponing the establishment of the
public school system for more than sixty years. The founding of this
system will be narrated in the succeeding chapter.
In his original plan for building up his new province, William
Penn had in mind the great need for education, when he had this
provision inserted in his laws:
"That all persons in this province and territories thereof having
children, and all the guardians and trustees of orphans, shall cause
such to be instructed in reading and writing, so that they may be able
to read the Scriptures and to write by the time they attain to twelve
years of age; and that then they be taught some useful trade or skill,
that the poor may work to live, and the rich, if they become poor, may
not want."
The early court records of the pioneer counties westward contain
decrees wherein guardians are directed to teach the fundamentals
of education to children bound out to them. While these parents
and guardians were thus charged, it did not provide a public school
system at the outstart, so the Legislature from time to time passed
Acts of Assembly, incorporating early academies and colleges, granting them lands for their buildings, and appropriating sums to them to
secure a footing. Both of the Constitutions of I776 and I790, in
Pennsylvania, made provisions for the establishment of schools in
the several counties, but nothing substantial was accomplished before
I834. This condition naturally divides the educational history of
southwestern Pennsylvania into two parts: first, the period of the
early academies and colleges; and, second, the public school system.
The credit for the earliest effort at establishing a school should
go to Balthasar Meyer, the Lutheran churchman at Harrold's and
Brush Creek, in I772. He is not, however, the earliest churchman.
In the old Harrold Church record, before the coming of a Lutheran
minister there, the following entry appears, heading a long list down
to I792: "Register of all children in Zion Church settlement, baptized by Balthasar Meyer, schoolmaster, from the second of August,
1772, until.... " In the "History of Old Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church," its author, the Rev. William A. Zundall, gives the testi219WASHINGTON COLLEGE, 1836mony of Mrs. Salome Miller, who knew the schoolhouse, and described
it as being a one-room log building. There was one door facing the
east and one window opposite the door. The floor was of puncheon,
the seats of hewn logs made into benches. At first the window lights
were of greased paper, and the record shows that the church paid
eight shillings for glass in the schoolhouse in I792. Balthasar Meyer
was never ordained, nor even licensed to preach the gospel. That
he instructed the young, baptized infants, and read sermons are well
established facts. He was succeeded as schoolmaster by John Michael
Zundell about I792, and the work of these early masters had much
to do with the educational foundations of the Harrold Church at
Fort Allen and the Brush Creek Church in the Fort Walthour
settlement.
Dr. John McMillan laid the foundation for the educational work
of the Presbyterians as he trailed through the settlements back and
forth, preaching at homes and wherever he could get a hearing.
When he finally located as pastor at Chartiers Presbyterian Church,
he started a "Log College," some say as early as I778, which was
largely a Latin school. He intended it as a classical institution to
prepare students for the ministry. Dr. McMillan started his academy about two miles from Canonsburg. Some fifteen miles to the
southward, at Amity, on Ten Mile Creek, Rev. Thaddeus Dodd
McMILLAN LOG COLLEGE
BUILT ABOUT 1780 STILL STANDING AT CANONSBURGSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
started his second "log college" about the year I782. Then eight
miles westward of Washington a third Presbyterian divine, heroic
pioneer of those days, started a third academy at Buffalo. Some time
during the next five years these three joined hands with others in the
incorporation of an academy at Washington, the county seat. The
Presbyterians take credit for this being one of their schools at its
inception, but their right to do so is quite questionable. The ILegislature passed "An Act to incorporate and endow an academy, or public school, in the town of Washington," on September 24, I787, P. L.
22I, and by reason of their leadership in the county's life, these initial
trustees were chosen: Dr. John McMillan, Rev. Joseph Smith, and
Rev. Thaddeus Dodd, Presbyterian ministers; Rev. Matthew lienderson, an Associate Presbyterian, or "Seceder" minister; and Rev.
John Corbly, a Baptist minister.
The Rev. Thaddeus Dodd was chosen first principal, and the
school was held in the upper rooms of Washington County's first
courthouse, the first session beginning April I, 1789, with twenty students. The courthouse burned down in I79o. The fosters of the
school tried to enlist the financial support of David Hoge to rehabilitate the school, but failing in that, they turned to Justice John Canon,
who gave them ground at Canonsburg upon which to start the academy there. Dr. McMillan's school at Chartiers was continued for
some time after the Canonsburg school was started. Among the first
trustees of this new Canonsburg Academy were: Justice John Canon,
Judge James Allison, Judge John McDowell, Alexander Cook, James
Foster, Thomas Brecker, and Robert Ralston. Dr. J. I. Brownson,
at the Washington County centennial in i88I, paid this tribute to the
old Canonsburg Academy:
"Meanwhile the Canonsburg Academy, occupying the site and
buildings of Jefferson College, has under its excellent management,
nobly come to the front rank of the higher academies. Proud, therefore, as we may be to be reckoned in the front rank of the world's
competitors, as the producers of the world's finest wool, and rejoicing
as we do in the heritage of a soil and climate unsurpassed in the multiplied and varied comforts of life, our highest exaltation is in the
educated men who have carried the name and fame of Washington
County as a chief home of culture into the foremost rivalry of our
country, and made it known also across the seas."
222JEFFERSON COLLEGE, 1840INDIANA COUNTY
I86I; Peter Sutton, I86I-66; T. B. Allison, I866-7I; Peter Dilts,
Jr., I871-76; James M. Nesbit, I871-74; William Irwin, I874-75.
James McClain was the first prothonotary, register of wills,
recorder of deeds and clerk of courts, from I8o6 to I8i8. Thomas
McCartney was the first sheriff, from I8o6 to I809. James McComb
was the first Assemblyman. The first county commissioners were William Clarke, James Johnston, Alexander McClain.
The first term of court was held on the second Monday of December, I8o6, at which the following attorneys were admitted: George
Armstrong, John B. Alexander, Samuel S. Harrison, James M. Riddle, Samuel Massey and Samuel Guthrie. The first named were active
practitioners in old Westmoreland County and lived at Greensburg.
At this first session there were at least four townships into which the
original Armstrong Township had been subdivided: Armstrong,
Wheatfield, Conemaugh and Mahoning, three of them south of the
purchase line and Mahoning north of it. Within the next year there
were added Blacklick, which included the portion of old Derry Township between the Conemaugh and the Blacklick, Centre and Washington. Other divisions through the years have brought in these
township municipalities: Green, I816; Young, 1830; Cherry Hill,
I834; Montgomery, I834; Brush Valley, I835; White, I843; Rayne,
1845; North, East, West and South Mahoning, 1846; Canoe, 1847;
Pine, I850; Burrell, 1853; East and West Wheatfield, 1859; Buffington, I867; Banks, i868; Grant, i868.
The building of the community of Indiana Borough is co-extensive
with the development of the county. There were, however, three distinctive older communities, each just north of the Conemaugh, and
into which the pioneers ventured with great bravery, and with determination to develop: Wheatfield, of which Armagh later became the
center; Blacklick; and Conemaugh, of which Saltsburg was the center of development. Into these three earlier communities the pioneers
also brought their religious life and established their churches, a
decade or so before the county was erected.  They were largely
Scotch-Irish in their genealogy and were possessed of great thrift and
initiative.
After the pioneering of Fergus Moorhead, the immediate pioneer
at Indiana was Conrad Rice, who located there about I795, with his
two sons, Conrad, Jr., and Philip. He established a blacksmith shop
S. P.-III-2
I7SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The Canonsburg Academy was opened in I79I and received its
charter in I794, after which Professor David Johnston went down
to Canonsburg to become principal. This pricked up the educational
pride of the town of Washington, and they decided to revivify the
old Washington Academy, resulting in the purchase of a lot, and the
erection of the stone building in the years I793-95, which has been so
well preserved on the campus of the present Washington and Jefferson College. Professor James Dobbins became the first principal of
the revivified Washington Academy in I796, to be succeeded by Professor Benjamin Mills for the next two years.
The next step in incorporation was taken by Canonsburg, when
by the provisions of the Act of January I5, I802, P. L. 209, the first
college west of the Allegheny Mountains was given the name of "The
Trustees of Jefferson College, in Canonsburg, in the county of Washington." The following preamble to the charter expresses best the
high purpose of its founders:
"Whereas the establishment of a college at Canonsburg in the
County of Washington, for the instruction of youth in the learned
languages, in the arts and sciences, and in useful literature, would tend
to diffuse information and promote the public good; Therefore,.
Be it enacted,.... that there be erected, and hereby is erected and
established in Canonsburg, in the County of Washington, in this Commonwealth, a college for the education of youth in the learned languages, the arts, sciences and useful literature, etc."
No religious trust was impressed upon the incorporators, but the
faculty, consisting of a principal and professors, were given the right
to grant degrees, and the property of Canonsburg Academy became
vested in the new corporation. The trustees named indicated, however, that it was decidedly Presbyterian, being composed of prominent
ministers and laymen of the old Redstone Presbytery: Reverends
John McMillan, Joseph Patterson, Thomas Marquis, Samuel Ralston, John Black, James Powers, James Dunlap, and John McPharrin; James Edgar, John McDowell, James Allison, William Findley,
Craig Ritchie, John Hamilton, Joseph Vance, Robert Mahon, James
Kerr, and Aaron Lyle, Esquires; and Alexander Cooke, John Mercer,
and William Hughes.
The citizens of the town of Washington soon countered with a
similar movement to enlarge their academy to a college, so the Act of
224EDUCATION
March 28, I8o6, P. L. 573, was passed, and its ample preamble is
even more interesting, as showing their deep-seated pioneer religious
Americanism:
"Whereas the happiness and prosperity of every community,
under the direction and government of Divine Providence, depends
much on the right education of the youth, who must succeed the aged
in the important offices of society; and the most exalted nations have
acquired their preeminence by the virtuous principles and liberal
knowledge instilled into the minds of the rising generation:
"And, Whereas, by the petition and address of the trustees of
the academy at Washington, it appears that they are placed in a
condition to extend their plan of education by having the learned languages, the arts, sciences and literature, taught upon a more enlarged
system than generally obtains at seminaries in the country, that their
funds are fully adequate to such undertaking, and that the institution
of a College at the town of Washington, in the county of Washington,
for the instruction of youth in the learned languages, and other
branches of literature, is likely to promote the real welfare of this
state, and especially the western part thereof; and as it is the evident
duty and interest of all ranks of people to promote and encourage,
as much as in them lies, every attempt to disseminate and promote the
growth of useful knowlege: Therefore,.... Be it enacted,.
That there be erected, and hereby is erected and established, in the
town of Washington, in this State, a college for the education of youth
in the learned and foreign languages, the useful arts, sciences and literature, the style name and title thereof to be Washington College."
It was also provided in the Act that "all persons of every religious
denomination among Christians shall be capable of being elected trustees," and that the property of Washington Academy should be vested
in the new institution.
After the early incorporation of these two institutions nine miles
apart, there followed the long years of bitter rivalry for half a century
or more. Several meetings were held at different periods to attempt
a merger of the two, and it was not finally consummated until the
passage of the Act of March 4, I865. Jefferson College had perhaps
the larger number of distinguished graduates through the years, and
it is reputed that one of its graduates started Jefferson Medical ColS. P.-III-15
225lege in Philadelphia, in honor of the high standing of Jefferson. During the active years of Jefferson, two of the prominent and strong
Greek letter fraternities were established here: Phi Gamma Delta
in 1848 and Phi Kappa Psi in I852. It was the privilege of the writer
of these annals to attend the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
Phi Kappa Psi in I902, at the old Jefferson College buildings. For
a more extended discussion of the long rivalry between the two colleges up until the merger, the reader is referred to the able address
delivered by Dr. James D. Moffatt, then President of the institution,
at its centennial.
The Act of I865 also gave these reasons for the merger: multiplication of incorporated seminaries in the State; their close proximity
impedes the advancement of education; and discourages friends in
their efforts to sustain and endow them. At first college was held
WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE BUILDINGS, WASHINGTONEDUCATION
in both institutions' buildings, pending a spirited discussion as to
which should be the location for the college. Kittanning, Pittsburgh,
Wooster, Ohio, Uniontown, and Steubenville, Ohio, made bids for
its location, but it was finally agreed that it should function under the
combined name at Washington, and the supplementary Act of I869
was passed fixing the location there, and here it has functioned as
Washington and Jefferson College ever since. Dr. Jonathan Edwards
was installed and acted as president during these uncertain times from
I865 to I869, and after his resignation the college settled down to
function regularly down to the present time.
Up until the time that the State of Pennsylvania established its
present comprehensive system of high schools, all parts of Pennsylvania were dotted with academies and seminaries, which were feeders
for the matriculation of students in the colleges, and this was true of
southwestern Pennsylvania. Many ministers and professional men
went directly from these academies into their professional life, and
gained as much fame in many cases as did those who took the college
courses. Once the merged college was definitely located at Washington, the citizens of Canonsburg acquired the buildings of old Jefferson
College, and from 1869 on until the high school system put the majority of the academies out of business, a successful Canonsburg Academy
was maintained.
Following the merger and the resignation of Dr. Edwards, Rev.
Samuel J. Wilson was president pro tempore in I869, and Dr. James
I. Brownson in i 870. During these early days there were court
actions concerning the merged institution which reached the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania and the United States courts before the merger
question was finally settled. There has followed a continuous line of
presidents down to the present day, and the institution has enjoyed a
substantial growth in student body and in usefulness under their guidance. The presidents have been: Dr. George P. Hays, I870-8I; Dr.
James D. Moffatt, I882-19I5; Dr. Frederick W. Hinitt, I915-I8;
Dr. William E. Slemmons, pro tempore, 19I9; Dr. Samuel C. Black,
I919-21; Dr. Simon S. Maker, I922-3I; Dr. Ralph C. Hutchison,
I932 to date.
The present great University of Pittsburgh, of whose growth, scholastic standing, and community spirit all southwestern Pennsylvania is
proud, had its humble beginnings back in those pioneer days when
education was getting a footing. One of the early spirits in these days
227SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
of beginning was the famed Hugh H. Brackenridge, who joined with
others in organizing the old Pittsburgh Academy in a three-room log
house on February 28, 1787. Hugh Henry Brackenridge was born
in Scotland in I748, came to America at the age of five, became a
schoolmaster at fifteen, and was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, now Princeton University in I771. He had prepared for the
Christian ministry, and served as a chaplain in the Revolutionary
War, but he turned to the law in I778 and was admitted first to
the Philadelphia bar in I780, and the next year came west to Pittsburgh to cast his legal lot here in I78I.  His first practice was at
Hannastown for the first seven years, until Allegheny County was
formed in I788, and the first court held at Pittsburgh in I789. The
annals tell elsewhere of his active practice in the different tribunals
all about, as they were formed, down to the time of Butler County.
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, famed for his attitude during the Whiskey
Insurrection, later became a Justice on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on December I8, I8oo, and served until his death on June
25, i8I6. He is buried at Carlisle. Besides obtaining a charter for
Pittsburgh Academy, "in the town of Pittsburgh.... for the education of youth in useful arts, sciences, and literature, and to teach
more than the first elements," Brackenridge induced John Scull to
start Pittsburgh's first newspaper, the "Pittsburgh Gazette," in I786.
That same year he obtained a grant of land from the Penns for a
church.
Professor George Welch was the first principal of Pittsburgh
Academy, and advertised in the "Pittsburgh Gazette" that he was an
instructor in "learned languages, English, and mathematiks." Professor Joseph Stockton succeeded Professor Welch, and served as
heads of the school from I8Io to 1819. In that year the State Legislature passed an Act rechartering the academy, and naming it the
"Western University of Pennsylvania," thus distinguishing it from
the university that had functioned in Philadelphia for many years.
Following the formation of the university, its first principal was the
Reverend Robert Bruce. He had also as professors the Reverend
John Black, who had been a trustee of Jefferson College at Canonsburg in I802, and the Reverend Charles Bonaventure McGuire, the
Catholic pastor of St. Patrick's Church. The Reverend Mr. Bruce
served until 1835, and was succeeded by the Reverend Gilbert Morgan
for one year, and then returned to the principalship in I837, serving
finally until I842.
228.REVEREND IROBERT BRTJCE,
PI'INCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, 1819-1842SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Professor Herman Dyer became the next principal from 1842 to
I849, and was succeeded by Dr. David H. Riddle, from I849 to
I855. The university was moved into downtown Pittsburgh some
time during the period from I825 to I845, and its first buildings there
were destroyed in the great fire of I845, which burned twenty blocks.
A new building was built, but this was also destroyed by fire a few
years later, and the third building was not ready for occupancy until
I855. Professor John F. McLaren then became principal in the new
building and served until I858. When George Woods succeeded Professor McLaren, in I858, the title of the school head was changed to
that of "Chancellor" and thus it remains to this day. Chancellor
George Woods served until I88o, and was succeeded in the office by
Henry M. McCracken until I884, and by Milton B. Goff I884-90.
The year I865 was notable for the gift of the Allegheny Observatory by a group of citizens headed by William Thaw. Here Professor Samuel Pierpont Langley directed the work of the observatory
for twenty years, and pursued his brilliant research, in solar heat and
lunar temperature, as well as performing his experiments with the
whirling table and the mechanical birds, the last of which brought him
the title of "father of aviation in America."
The early contribution of the Reverend Charles Boneventure
McGuire to the course of instruction in the early university was a
substantial one during the period from I822 to I830. He was born
in Ireland, and before coming to Pittsburgh to take charge of St. Patrick's Church, had been educated at the University of Louvain, and
was a professor in the College of St. Isadore in Rome. He barely
escaped the guillotine in France during the Reign of Terror, and witnessed Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, where he administered last
rites to many of the wounded and dying. He was the teacher of
modern languages and grammar. He was very popular with citizens
of all denominations. After his release in I830 to care for his growing congregation, he was stricken in the cholera epidemic of 1832
and died.
During the administration of Chancellor Milton B. Goff, I884-90,
the Western University of Pennsylvania was moved to its fourth site
on Perrysville Avenue, Northside, where it functioned until the
acquisition of the Schenley Farms acreage in I908. During the'nineties the schools of medicine, law and dentistry became integral parts
of the university; the school of pharmacy was affiliated; and a depart230ment of the School of Mines and Mining Engineering was established
there by Act of the Legislature. Chancellor William Jacob Holland
served from I890 to 190oI in old "Allegheny," and Dr. John A.
Brashear, who was world-famous as a maker of fine precision instruments, was acting chancellor from I9OI to I904. Dr. Samuel Black
McCormick was chancellor from I904 to I920, and in I908 the name
of the institution was changed to the "University of Pittsburgh."
During Chancellor McCormick's administration, the large group of
buildings on the Schenley Farms site were erected, and the curriculum
expanded to include a school for training teachers, a school of business administration, a graduate school, and a school of industrial
chemistry, which became the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research.
The original campus of the enlarged University of Pittsburgh is
on a hillside westerly of Memorial Hall, and at the top is located the
immense stadium, seating more than 75,000, which has been filled
many times on the occasion of great athletic contests and other outdoor functions. With the coming of Chancellor John Gabbert Bowman
in I92I as the head of the institution, the need for further enlargement arose. During the World War the attendance increased greatly,
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CAMPUSSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
tripling the number of students in ten years, who were crowded into
one-fourth the space needed for laboratories, class rooms and offices.
The university was in debt and eight or ten large buildings to care for
the students were an urgent need. Under the wise guidance of Dr.
Bowman the debts were first cleared, and then Dr. Bowman advanced
his ideas of erecting the present Cathedral of Learning. There was
a challenge of the idea, but it finally prevailed, and its construction
to the height of forty-two stories, and its near-completion, is a realization of Dr. Bowman's ideals. As another has expressed it: "It is
a symbol of the aspiration of Pittsburgh from pioneer days to the
present, and expresses practically and beautifully, in iron, steel, glass,
wood and stone; in libraries and in teaching, the best thinking and
feeling in Pittsburgh."
Before the construction of the Cathedral, friends of the university donated the ground, an entire city square of fourteen acres.
Charles Z. Klauder was the architect. Ground was broken in I926,
and construction continued until I93I. In I934, with the assistance
of Federal funds and work, the stone work was completed, and the
building was dedicated at the commencement of I937. Pittsburgh has
contributed upwards of $Io,ooo,ooo in land and buildings, and the
building has no debt. It contains ninety-one class rooms, sixty-seven
laboratories, fifty-two research laboratories, thirteen large lecture
rooms, fifteen departmental studies, seventy-eight offices, the faculty
club and several student lounges. The library occupies the fourth,
fifth and sixth floors, which includes the great private library of the
late William M. Darlington, Pittsburgh author and historian; as well
as the original musical writings of the late Ethelbert Nevin, Pittsburgh musician. There are seventeen seminar rooms sponsored by
nationality groups contributing to western Pennsylvania's industry and
culture.
Adjoining the cathedral is the beautiful Stephen C. Foster Memorial, containing the original manuscripts of the Pittsburgh song writer,
and other Fostoriana donated by Josiah K. Lilly, of Indianapolis. On
the campus also is the Heinz Chapel, patterned after the Sainte
Chapelle, of Paris, and erected by the family of the late Henry J.
Heinz, just recently dedicated in November, I938. One of the most
impressive buildings is the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, a
division of the University of Pittsburgh, famous for its outstanding
232discoveries. It was the gift of the late Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon, Pittsburgh bankers.
From an enrollment of two thousand three hundred students
in I92I, the registration under Dr. Bowman's chancellorship has
increased to more than thirteen thousand students in all branches of
the university. The budget has been balanced every year and the
material equipment of the university increased nine or ten times what
it was in I92I. The faculty now consists of nine hundred professors,
instructors and special lecturers, and its seventeen departments now
include the college, school of engineering, school of mines, school of
business administration, school
of education, graduate school,
school of medicine, school of law,
school of pharmacy, school of
dentistry, Allegheny  observatory, summer school, Mellon
Institute of Industrial Research,
extensive divisions at Johnstown
and Erie, evening school, research school for retail training,
and bureau of business research.
The university publishes a newspaper, "Pitt News," and many
books written by its professors
on history and other subjects.
Dr. John Gabbert Bowman,
present chancellor, was born in
Davenport, Iowa, in I877, and
secured his college training at
the University of Iowa, graduating in I899. He served as instructor in English there from  1902
to I9O4, and was awarded the degree of Master of Arts in the latter year. After a period as instructor in Columbia University, New
York, in English, from I905 to I907, and as secretary of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching beginning with
I907, he was called to the presidency of the University of Iowa, serving from I9II to I914. From his later position as a director of the
American College of Surgeons from I915 to I920, he was called to
the Pittsburgh chancellorship. Dr. Bowman stands out as one of
DR. JOHN G. BOVrMAN, CHANCELLOR,
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
and secured coal on Two Lick Creek to run his forge. He had scouted
about a great deal before coming north from the more settled community south of the Conemaugh, and conferred with Colonel Charles
Campbell at Campbell's Mills on the Blacklick. Conrad Rice's first
cabin was burned by the Indians, and he built a more substantial log
one during the same fall. His neighbors, who came in soon, were
Timothy O'Neil, George Trimble, Fergus Moorhead, Thomas Allison, James Kelley, James Thompson and the McLains.
The actual surveying of the new town was done by Thomas Allison and his sons, Andrew and James Allison. The first sales of lots
began December Io, I805, and the prices ranged from $5 to to $204.
Henry Shryock was an early purchaser and built the first building in
the town, which served as a public house as the later sales were made.
Samuel Young, William  Coulter, James Moorhead, Peter Sutton,
Sheriff Thomas McCartney and Charles Kenning soon added their
new substantial buildings, mostly in I8o5 and I8o6. The first courthouse was erected in i8o8 and I809, the masonry work being in
charge of John McAnulty and John Matthews and the carpentry
work in charge of John Huey and John Ross. It was of brick and of
sufficient dimensions to take care of the legal business of the county.
A stone jail, thirty-six by thirty feet in dimensions, was erected in
I 8o6 and i 807, with the Rev. John Jamieson as contractor. The first
court was held in the stone jail building until the courthouse was
completed.
As indicating the growing communities north of the Conemaugh
River at the time the county was founded, the house of Samuel Dickson was designated as the voting district in I785. Then, in I802, the
house of Richard Disney, at Armagh, was designated for the voters
of Wheatfield and Fairfield townships, and in I807 these places were
selected: Peter Sutton's house in the town of Indiana for Armstrong,
Centre and Washington townships; Patrick McGee's for Blacklick
Township; John Marshall's for Conemaugh Township; and James
Brady, Sr.'s, for Mahoning Township.
The oldest community in Indiana County, viewed from the Indian
standpoint, is Shelocta, where James LeTort, of Carlisle, established
one of the earliest trading posts west of the mountains. It was on the
old Kittanning Path, with a connecting path down to Kiskiminetas
Old Town. At the mouth of Blacklegs Creek at Saltsburg was Black
Legs Town, and across the river was Keckenepaulin's Town. TheSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
America's greatest educators, by reason of his having directed the
building of what has been facetiously called "the tallest schoolhouse
in the world."
Just as Canonsburg, Washington and Pittsburgh academies were
getting started in the educational world, there was activity in other
counties that had been cut off from old Westmoreland, directly or
indirectly. One of the earliest of these was the foundations of the
later Madison College at Uniontown. John Hopwood, who laid out
the town of Hopwood in I79I, two miles east of Uniontown on the
later National Road, set apart a site for an academy, and the minutes
of Great Bethel Church, under date of July I9, I794, of which congregation Mr. Hopwood was a member, show a solicitation of the
Baptist denomination in behalf of the academy. The early trustees
of this academy were Col. Alexander McClean, Dennis Springer, and
Joseph Huston. Mr. Hopwood called his new town "Woodstock";
it is better designated as Woodstock Academy. Upon the death of
Mr. Hopwood on June 2, I 802, the academy weakened, and in a few
years its successor, the Union Academy, was established at Uniontown. John St. Clair was a professor of languages and mathematics
on March 30, I807, and Jonathan Downer conveyed an acre to Zadoc
Walker, Christian Tarr, and Thomas Meason, trustees of UTnion
Academy.
Union Academy was incorporated by the Act of February 4, i808,
with an appropriation of two thousand dollars from the State treasury, provided a certain number of poor children of the county were
taught free. It had a substantial board of trustees, but had the opposition of another school, called Lafayette College, conducted by William Thompson and his successor, Moses Hampton. The latter was
admitted to the bar on March 3, I829, while he was principal of
Union Academy shortly before, having taken a previous course at
Washington College. He moved to Somerset County in I829 and
became associated with Jeremiah S. Black and Charles Ogle in the
practice of law.
Madison College was formed at Uniontown out of Union Academy, and incorporated by the Pennsylvania Legislature March 7,
I827. It was named for Dr. James Madison, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, president of William and Mary College,
and one of the Virginia commissioners who settled the boundary dispute at the time the Mason and Dixon extension was marked out.
234These representative trustees appointed by the Act showed the nonsectarian character of the institution: Thomas Irwin, John Kennedy,
Rev. Thornton Fleming, John M. Austin, Samuel Evans, Henry
Ebert, Nathaniel Ewing, Robert Skiles, Isaac Beeson, of Uniontown;
James Barnes, of Greene County; Robert Darrah and United States
Senator Abner Leacock, of Beaver; John Davenport, of Burnsville,.-    11   *  _ "   IT  *y   * 11. rl.
Ohio; John C. Wright, David
Seaton, and George Brown, of
Steubenville, Ohio; Shadrach
Bostick, of Canfield, Ohio; Noah
Zane, of Wheeling, Virginia;
Asa Shinn and Samuel Hazlett,
of Washington, Pennsylvania;
Henry D. Sellers, Charles Avery,
Charles Cook, Ross Wilkins, and
John Waterman, of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania; B. S. Pigman, of
Cumberland, Maryland; George
Hogg, Michael Sowers and Isaac
Miller, Brownsville; Hugh C.
Todd, of Cookstown; Richard
Coulter, of Greensburg; Charles
McLain and Ehugene Wilson, of
Morgantown, Virginia; James
W. Nicholson, of New Geneva;
Isaac  Meason  and  William
Davidson, of Connellsville; Edwin S. Duncan, of Clarksburg, Virginia; John Leech, of Mercer; Chauncey Forward, of Somerset; and
Isaac Slater, of Waynesburg.
When an appropriation of five thousand dollars was asked for and
received by Madison College from the State, it was argued that "no
sectarianism will be tolerated, no distinction of rank permitted, except
that created by excellence." The Methodists, however, in the annual
conferences and at different times gave it support, from  1830 to
I832, and when the influence of that denomination was centered in
the newer Allegheny College at Meadville, they discontinued support.
In that year the Cumberland Presbyterians took over Madison College and placed Rev. J. P. Weethee in charge as president, from 1834
to I842. He was succeeded by Rev. Andrew Ferrier, a Presbyterian
ALLEGHENY OBSERVATORY,
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
minister, fresh from Scotland. The General Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church then fostered it through some disturbing times,
and it finally closed its doors in the fall of I857. The buildings were
later used for select schools by William A. McDowell, Levi S. Lewis,
and S. B. Mercer, successively, and later fitted up and used as a soldier's orphan school from I866 until I875, when the school was
moved to Jumonville. From I875 on Professors J. M. Hantz, Corban Gilbert, and A. M. Van Tine conducted different schools and
academies until I9oo. The property was later sold to St. John the
Baptist Greek Catholic Church and remodeled for church purposes.
The idea of establishing academies became quite prevalent in all
the counties, so there were incorporated and operated for a time successfully, but for varying terms, the following: Ebensburg Academy,
1823; Cross Creek Academy, I828, which was operated by Dr. John
Stockton for almost fifty years; West Alexander Academy, 1828, for
thirty years; Upper Buffalo Academy, I853, by Rev. John Eagleson,
for fifteen years; Paris Collegiate Institute, and Linden Hall; Thomas
R. Hazard's Monongahela Academy, I838, operated for many years;
Greensburg Female Seminary, I838; Indiana Academy, I839; I oretto
Hydropathic College and Institute; New Castle Female Seminary,
1839; New Alexandria Female Seminary, i851; Wilkinsburg Academy, 1852; and Kittanning Academy in I82I.
As showing the educational ambitions of these distinctive communities, the charter of the New Alexandria Female Seminary designated
"in or near the Borough of New Alexandria, in the County of Westmoreland, a seminary, or public school for the education of females,.....all religious instructions in which shall be Calvinistic and Presbyterian in their character." The shares of stock were $Io each, and
brick or stone buildings were to be erected as soon as a sufficient
amount was subscribed. The trustees were: John Mourer, John
Snodgrass, Dr. William R. Spear, James Stewart, Henry McBride,
James Shields, Sr., Samuel Patterson, William Taylor, and James
Shaw.
Wilkinsburg Academy sold its eighty shares at $25 each, and the
trustees backing the institution were: James Kelley, James Carothers,
John Horner, John M. Hastings, John Sample, George Johnston,
Henry Chalfant, Robert Milligan, William G. Hawkins, Elijah M.
Graham, Henry Z. Mitchell and their successors. New Castle Female
Seminary, under the terms of the Act of June I7, I839, was estab236CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
STEPHEN C. FOSTER MEMORIA I,SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
lished "for the education of female youth, in the arts and sciences,
and useful literature in the Borough of New Castle." Its trustees
were: Amzi C. Sample, Joseph T. Boyd, Charles T. Whippo, James
Burke, and Henry Pearson, of Mercer County; and Enoch Marvin,
Joseph Pollock, James D. White, and John Clarke, of Beaver County.
This divisive geographical board was due to the line between Beaver
and Mercer counties running through the middle of present New
Castle.
The citizens of Kittanning organized their initial institutions of
learning by the Act of April 2, I821, as "an academy or public school
for the education of youth in the English and other languages, in the
useful arts, sciences and literature," by the name and style of "The
Kittanning Academy." Its trustees were: Thomas Hamilton, James
Monteith, Robert Robinson, Samuel Matthews, David Reynolds, and
Samuel S. Harrison. It operated until I872 with such teachers as
Alex Sherran, Rev. J. N. Stark, Rev. James Painter, D. D., Rev. E. D.
Barrett. There was considerable litigation of the real estate location
of the academy, and the case finally reached the Supreme Court. It
never acquired any buildings, but its charter was changed in I858 so
that a majority of the trustees should be Presbyterian. In I868 its
name was changed to Columbia University. In the same year, by the
Act of March, I868, the Episcopalians had Lambeth College incorporated, with courses for both sexes, but it has gone the way of the
others.
Butler Academy was one of the earliest, indicating an early desire
to have full educational advantages there. It was chartered by the
Act of February 6, 18 I I, and it had these successive teachers: Samuel Glass, 1812; Hamon Smith, Olney Davidson, 1821; Joseph Sterrett, I823; Alex S. Sherran, I824-31; Moses P. Bennett, I827; I. VW.
Scott, Andrew D. Livingstone, Rev. Isaac Niblock, Samuel Douthett,
David 0. Walker, Dr. James Graham, Thomas Mehard, Rev. Loyal
Young, Calvin C. Hackett, W. G. Candor, Hays Lewis, John B. Perkins, Ross Stevenson, DeParke Taylor, L. F. Leake, John Chambers,
Rev. William White, A. M. Neyman, Rev. A. H. Waters, Asa Watson, and Rev. J. Q. Waters.
Following the provisions of the Constitution of I790, there was
much delay in getting schools started. That Constitution provided:
"Section I. The legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be,
provide, by law, for the establishment of schools throughout the State,
in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis.
238'Section II. The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or
more seminaries of learning.
"Section III. The rights, privileges, immunities and establishments of religious societies and corporate bodies shall remain, as if
the constitution of this State had not been altered or amended."
The later Act of April 4, I809, P. L. I93, assuming that many
schools had been established, put upon the county commissioners of a
county the duty of having the assessors list all children between the
ages of five and twelve years, whose parents were unable to pay for
their schooling, and send such lists to the teachers of such schools to
be taught, the expense therof to be paid out of the county treasury.
Butler County was one of the first counties to take advantage of this
apparent need by its
early education of
youth. Robert Cunningham, a teacher,
petitioned the court
in October, I825, to
appoint school men
for his district, because of the number
of such children sent
to him to be educated,
and for which he was
not paid. The court
answered his prayer,
and appoint Francis Andrews, William  Hesselgesser, and Robert
Elliott as the school men.
Butler had its full quota of those who gave it educational stability,
and there were two of its active pioneers who have left their impress.
The county government was established in 1803, and Robert Morris,
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence claimed and
had some sort of title to the lands upon which the town was located.
John Cunningham of Philadelphia claimed title to all of these lands
also, and as such proprietor, donated a plot to the county for the courthouse, and made new sales of other lands. A judgment was had in
the United States Court in Philadelphia against Robert Morris, and
title through a sale in that court was gotten by Stephen Lowry, of
ELDERS RIDGE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AND
MANSE, BUILT BY DR. DONALDSONSOLUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Maryland. Various suits in ejectment were then brought against the
folks at Butler who held Cunningham titles.
Thomas Collins, of Pittsburgh, a noted lawyer of his day, was
married to the daughter of Stephen Lowry. Mr. and Mrs. Lowry are
buried in the Catholic Cemetery in Butler. Before bringing his suits
in ejectment Mr. Lowry warned the county comissioners of Butler
County, in part on this wise, in a letter sent them December I2, I807:
(Thomas Collins, his attorney, writing the letter on behalf of his
client):
"... It is the intention of Mr. Lowry to contest the whole of
the claim of the county to the land in question, and to bring ejectments
in the Circuit Court of the United States, to recover the entire property, unless reasonable terms of compromise are adopted. If a compromise can be made, all purchasers of lots will acquire titles; if not,
no holder is secure.
"Mr. Lowry, sensible of the advantages he must draw from the
county, town being seated in the center of a large body of lands of
which he is proprietor, and foreseeing the injury which must otherwise
result to the individuals who have made improvements in the town, and
not from consideration of any necessity of compromising his right, proposes to execute such formal conveyances as may vest perfect titles in the
respective purchasers of all lots sold, and that in consideration thereof,
the commissioners release him all claim to the residue of the land which
they have hitherto considered as belonging to the county, that they
exonerate Mr. Cunningham from all his engagements interfering with
this arrangement and that they adopt reasonable terms of adjustment
of the dispute between them and the contractor for the building of the
Court House, etc., and proceed to finish the work. I request you gentlemen to take this communication into your serious consideration
and favor me with your answer at Pittsburgh in the course of two
or three weeks."
John Cunningham, of Philadelphia, was a surveyor for the State
of Pennsylvania, and as such he was delegated to lay out a tract of
land in I792 approximately ten miles in width and forty miles north
and south, and the upper thirty miles of his survey became incorporated in Butler County when it was erected in I8oo. This historical
narrative has value in that the two names of "Stephen" and "Collins"
have been carried into prominence, in that Stephen Collins Foster,
240Pittsburgh's famed song writer, was named for these early Butler
County land owners. Others have been given the name in honor of
them: Stephen Collins Potts, Stephen Collins McCandless, and Stephen Collins Bredin.
There was an additional educational institution in Butler, called
Witherspoon Institute, organized by the Presbyterians, about February
6, i 849. Rev. Lloyd Young was the first principal, and the early sessions were held in the basement of the Presbyterian Church, beginning
on May 13, I850. In April, I879, the school was made non-sectarian,
so that in 1882 it increased to one hundred and seventy-two students,
with seven teachers. The best information is that it was consolidated
with the Butler Academy after a time. At one period it was occasionally called the "Old Stone Academy."
A famed institution in its day, and which still functions as a vocational school in the old Eldersridge Academy, in the southwestern part
of Indiana County, close to the Armstrong County line. The Eldersridge
Presbyterian Church was established
in i 830, and the Rev. Alexander Donaldson was installed as its pastor on
June 30, I839. He came of ScotchIrish parentage, and was born in the
Ligonier Valley on August 30, I8o8.
After a rugged life during his youth,
but in a deeply religious home, he was
graduated from Jefferson College in
I835, and from the Western Theological Seminary in I838. Dr. Donaldson's ambitions as an educator began at once, when he took over his
first pupil, who later became the noted Dr. John McAdoo, of West
Lebanon, and the father of Dr. E. E. McAdoo, who died in 1937 at
Ligonier, and was a historical enthusiast and supporter of the old
Eldersridge to the day of his death. During the next five years a large
number of students-the capacity of his original "log college"-were
in attendance.
Dr. Donaldson was adept in linguistic studies, and could read the
Old Testament in Hebrew, and the New Testament in Greek, Latin
THE ORIGINAL ELDERS RIDGE
ACADEMYand German. He sent many well-trained boys to college, which caused
Dr. Matthew Brown, president of Jefferson College, to suggest the
founding of an academy. This resulted in the organization of Eldersridge Academy on April I6, I847, Professor John M. Barnett as his
first assistant. The attendance the first year of the regular academy
was thirty-one, and this increased to an enrollment of one hundred
and thirteen in I854. The first log cabin had become far too small,
although it was used by Dr. Donaldson as his study, and stood as
a cherished shrine until a few years ago, when it was burned to the
ground. A larger frame
building was built in addition to the log one,
which stood for a few
years and was replaced
in 1852 by a large twostory brick building containing school rooms
and society halls.
There succeeded Mr.
Barnett on the teaching
staff John M. McElroy,
J. C. Thom, Matthew
Clark, and others. In
I849 a female department was added under
the  principalship  of
Martha Bracken, but
this had to be abandoned eleven years later, because of the difficulty of providing suitable quarters for the students. With the increasing attendance rival literary societies grew up, fostered by the faculty,
called Matheteon and Ereuneteon, and these afforded ample opportunity for the development of oratorical abilities on the part of future
preachers and lawyers. Two other outstanding teachers were connected with the academy through the years, and greatly beloved:
T. B. Elder became Dr. Donaldson's assistant in I855, and Hon. S. J.
Craighead later. Professor Craighead was elected to the House of
Representatives of Pennsylvania and served creditably there.  He
had been an earlier student, and then an instructor.
Dr. Donaldson was a prominent figure in the Blairsville Presbytery, which was a division of the old Redstone Presbytery of earlier
ELDERS RIDGE VOCATIONAL SCHOOLdays. He thus was able to enlist the interest ot the membership of
the churches of that wide extensive body, and keep the school recruited
to full capacity. It became a great feeder for Jefferson College, and
also of the combined Washington and Jefferson after I865.  Dr.
Donaldson had a forceful personality, and was greatly beloved by his
students. They gave him the nickname of "Pater," which he accepted
with all graciousness, void of offense. His face was always radiant
with good humor, but he was quick to admonish when there were any
infractions of the rules. He despised a loafer, and that made him
popular with the parents who had
sent their boys to him. It is said
of him by another who knew him
well, that his approach to the village store was a signal for the loafing student to suddenly disappear
around the corner, or beat a hasty
retreat to the nearest boarding
house; that he denounced the sins
of profanity, card-playing, Sabbathbreaking and intemperance with
fierce and fiery earnestness; and
that he would scathe and scorch
the offense, and denounce the offender.
The Eldersridge property was
transferred to a board of trustees
in i876, and he headed the institution until his death in I889. The
alumni roster has been a long and
honorable one through the years.
One hundred and fifty ministers,
eighty physicians, and a host of lawyers and educators have gone out
from the institutions. Some of these became great missionaries and
eminent divines in the church, others became judges and leaders at the
bar, and still others occupied high positions as newspaper editors, in
Congress, as mayors of cities, and in the field of finance. For the size
of it this school had perhaps the largest number of distinguished men
put out by any institution for its size in all western Pennsylvania. It
was in reality what would be now called a Junior College.
REV. ALEXANDER DONALDSON, D. D,
Founder of Elders Ridge AcademyINDIANA COUNTY
Moravian missionary, Christian Frederick Post, gave the best description of his trip down the Allegheny Trail along the Loyalhanna in
I758. Colonel William Perry came to the mouth of the Loyalhanna,
opposite Saltsburg, some time before 1774, for in 1790 Samuel MacClay and his surveyors from eastern Pennsylvania, scouting up the Kiskiminetas and Conemaugh, had Colonel William Perry send his son
up to Denniston's Mill (at present New Alexandria) for provisions.
This was the Fort Perry for which General Arthur St. Clair furnished provisions and requested reimbursement during Dunmore's
WVar.  Colonel Perry went up two miles farther on Loyalhanna
Creek and erected the stone mill at the fording, which later came to
be known as the Snodgrass Lower Mill. William Johnston succeeded
Colonel Perry at the mouth of the Loyalhanna, patented the land as
"St. Johnston," and laid out a village which he named "Port Johnston," due to the fact that the Kiskiminetas was not so shallow in
these early days and permitted transportation of flour down towards
New Orleans.
Saltsburg became the immediate successor of Port Johnston, due
to the operations of William Johnston in successive years. He first
built the log house which still stands at the junction of the Conemaugh and the Loyalhanna in I796. The first discovery of salt
seems to have been made by a Mrs. Deemer about a mile north of
Saltsburg on the Indiana County side in I795, and William Johnston
followed this discovery by beginning the manufacture of salt in
November of I798. He first operated on a small scale, sinking wells
in I812, much after the manner of the primitive oil wells. The salt
water was pumped out and evaporated in pans, and as late at I842
reached the amount of seventy thousand barrels. In I821 there were
twenty-one salt wells within two miles of the town.
The inter-communication across the river necessitated ferries,
which were first operated on a small scale by Messrs. Johnston,
Deemer and Robinson. A colored man, Andrew Armstrong, began
to operate a ferry at the lower end of town beginning with I8 6 and
had these reasonable charges: Man, 6 cents; horse, Io cents; horse
and wagon, 25 cents. James Daugherty, who had a hotel on the
river bank, conducted a second ferry, beginning in I836. The covered
toll bridge, with two spans of one hundred fifty feet each, was erected
in I842, and later freed by purchase by the county commissioners of
the two counties. It resisted the floods of many years and was burned
igSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
It, too, has suffered from the inauguration and maintenance of
the State's elaborate high school system, but it has been latterly turned
into a vocational school and still functions. Each year the old graduates return to the "Ridge" to recall the early days of thorough and
substantial instruction for which the school was noted. A few years
ago the valuable library building was destroyed by fire, together with'its contents, but the library is being reestablished in the older building.
The large church edifice erected during the pastorate of Dr. Donaldson is still in active use, under the recent leadership of Rev. James
R. E. Craighead, D. D.
Geneva College came into the environs of Beaver Falls in I88o,
by action of the Reformed Presbyterian Church Synod, which fosters
it. The college was founded at Northwood, Ohio, on April 20, I 848,
with the Rev. J. B. Johnston as its first president, and removed in the
former year to ten acres donated by the old Harmony Society. On this
tract a large three-storied stone building was erected at a cost of
$40,000, and since that time there have been added dormitories, sufficient to care for the growing list of students, a gymnasium, a science
hall, and other buildings. It is today one of the efficient smaller colleges, almost ninety years old, with a substantial endowment and a
good corps of teachers. All about the college grew the fine community
of College Hill, which has been incorporated as a borough. During
the years its presidents have been: Doctor John Black Johnston,
Professor William Finney George, Doctor John C. K. Milligan, Profesor David Strang, Doctor Nathan R. Johnston, Professor S. J.
Crowe, Professor William Milroy, Doctor Henry H. George, Doctor
William Polock Johnston, Professor A. A. Johnston, and Doctor
McLeod Milligan Pearce, who has presided since I923.
The desire for an institution of higher education at Mount Pleasant seems first to have arisen in the councils of the Church of the
United Brethren in Christ. Action looking to the establishing of a
college was first taken at the sessions of the Allegheny Conference of
that denomination in I849. On August I7, I849, David Keister and
others, trustees of the new college, purchased two acres from Joseph
Lippincott upon which to erect their first buildings, and the school
held its opening sessions in Mount Pleasant in I85o. By the second
section of an act of the Legislature, approved April 28, I85I, it was
provided:
244"That there be and hereby is established at Mount Pleasant, in
the county of Westmoreland of this Commonwealth, a college for the
education of the youth in the various branches of sciences, literature,
and the arts, by the name and style of the'Mount Pleasant College,'
in the State of Pennsylvania-to be under the control of the Allegheny
conference of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and other
conferences of said church which may be hereafter added thereto for
the purposes set forth in this enactment."
The act provided for the election of trustees by the conference,
and the following well known and substantial residents of the community were first chosen: Isaiah Potter, S. S. Snider, J. B. Resler,
David Keister, Jacob Erle, William R. Griffith, Samuel Zuck, Cyrus
Jeffries, William Beighel, U. S.
Johnston, J. L. Homes, David S.
Cherry, Joseph Gross, John Clair,
Jacob Ritter, Abraham Pershing,
Christian Ebersole, and Solomon
Keister.
The United Brethren had difficulty with this initial college enterprise, and as early as 1855 a resolution was passed at their general
conference to merge the institution
with Otterbein College at Westerville, Ohio. The institution and its
faculty became a part of Otterbein soon afterwards, and the physical property at Mount Pleasant
remained to be disposed of. A
group of undenominational people
then undertook to establish and
maintain a new institution. Their
intentions are best evidenced by the provisions of a Legislative Act of
I858:
"WHEREAS, The trustees of Mount Pleasant college, incorporated
the twenty-eighth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and fiftyone, are desirous of disposing of their college property, and of ceasing
and determining their corporate existence; therefore,
PROF. T. B. ELDER, OF ELDERS
RIDGE ACADEMYSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
SECTION I. Be it enacted... That there be and hereby is erected
and established at Mount Pleasant, in the county of Westmoreland,
in this commonwealth, a college for the education of persons in the
various branches of science, literature, and the ancient and modern
languages, by the name, style and title of the Mount Pleasant Union
college."
It was not stipulated that the trustees of this new college should
belong to any specified church, and on the first board were Edward
Braden, one of the United Brethren; Edgar Cowan, afterwards a
United States Senator; Dr. J. H. Clark, a Baptist; Thomas Hurst, a
Presbyterian; and James Warden, a United Presbyterian. This undenominational group did not seem to get very far with its enterprise,
either, for, by a supplement to the Act of I858 passed on April
8, I86i, Mount Pleasant Union College was authorized to sell the
physical property to any purchaser, and upon execution of a deed
the Act of I858 was to be repealed.
The next group to tackle the enterprise of establishing a college
at Mount Pleasant and to seek incorporation gave its new institution
the name of "Westmoreland College." It was incorporated by an Act
of March I2, 1862:
"WHEREAS, The trustees of Mount Pleasant Union college, in
pursuance of an act of assembly, passed the eighth day of April, Anno
Domini one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, sold and conveyed
to the proper officer of the Westmoreland Classis of the German
Reformed church, certain real estate, situate at Mount Pleasant, in the
county of Westmoreland:
"And whereas, The said classis has founded a college at the same
place, under the name of Westmoreland college, and is desirous of
having the same incorporated and formed into a body politic in law;
therefore,
"SECTION I. Be it enacted... That there be and hereby is
erected and established at Mount Pleasant, in the county of Westmoreland, in this commonwealth, a college for the education of persons
in the various branches of the arts, sciences, literature, and the ancient
and modern languages, male and female, by the name, style and title
of the Westmoreland college."
Through the provisions of this same act, these members of the
German Reformed congregation put their religious impress on the
240property, when it was required that two-thirds of the trustees should
be members of the German Reformed Church. Some of the remaining trustees were Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and United
Presbyterians. This group tried for almost ten years to make their
enterprise go, but were finally compelled to abandon it.
In I871, still another group, the Baptists of southwestern Pennsylvania, took over the property and established the Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute, more familiarly known as
Mount Pleasant Institute. While the new sponsors had established
many ancient churches, their educational work did not crystallize into
an institution of learning until after a century.
The first two educational institutions founded by Baptists in western Pennsylvania, Monongahela College, at Jefferson, and Mount
Pleasant Institute, were both incorporated in I87I. The establishment of Monongahela College had been agitated in the
Ten Mile Baptist Association
snice I867.  Its trustees were
chosen from West Virginia,
Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
The Western Pennsylvania
Classical and Scientific Institute
at Mount Pleasant was incorporated on MlVarch 15, I87I, and
its doors were opened for students about the fall of I872.
According to the best records
obtainable, the Reverend Adie
Kyl]e Bell, D. D., one of the incorporators, and one-time pastor
of the Sandusky Street Baptist
Church in Pittsburgh, was the
first principal. His successors in the principalship were Jonathan
Jones, A. M., I876; the Reverend Leroy Stephens, D. D., 1882;
Henry C. Dixon, M. S., I9OI; W. Lawrence Kalp, A. B., I906; Emli
Hanke, 1913; and the Reverend George F. Mitch, A. M., 1916.
There were but three presidents of the board of trustees: Christian S. Overholt, I87I-1907; James S. Braddock, I907-29; and Dr.
PROF. SAMUEL J. CRAIGHEAD, OF
ELDERS RIDGE ACADEMYSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Byron M. Loar, I929-36. James H. Pershing, Esq., was secretary
during the earlier years, and John A. Murphy, Esq., from I893 to
I93I. Through the years many prominent western Pennsylvanians
have been trustees of the institution: C. S. Overholt, the Reverend
N. B. Critchfield, J. L. Shallenberger, Dr. J. H. Clark, B. F. Overholt,
Henry Clay Frick, A. O. Tintsman, the Reverend B. F. Woodburn,
D. D., H. Kirke Porter, Samuel Warden, and Daniel Shupe. The
trustees in office at the date of the merger were Dr. Byron M. Loar,
Greensburg, president; William I. King, Esq., Pittsburgh, secretary;
Charles F. Stoner, Mount Pleasant, treasurer; Charles E. Clark,
Mount Pleasant; Bert Faust, Esq., Greensburg; William E. Lincoln.
Pittsburgh; Dr. William A. Marsh, Mount Pleasant; E. R. Miller,
Uniontown; Ernest M. Overholt, Scottdale; Judge Edmond H. Reppert, Uniontown; Frank H. Robinson, Pittsburgh; John L. Ruth,
Mount Pleasant; John M. Stauffer, Scottdale; A. C. Stickle, Pittsburgh; Lewis C. Walkinshaw, Esq., Greensburg; and Charles B.
Franks, Connellsville.
After a long period of usefulness this institution had to close
its work for lack of students. It discovered that Bucknell University at Lewisburg had a similar charter, and negotiations were started
to merge the two institutions. Mt. Pleasant Institute had accumulated an endowment fund of over $Ioo,ooo through the years, and
after payment back to the citizens of Mt. Pleasant of a special fund
of $Io,ooo and interest, the balance of the invested funds and the
real estate went into the merged institution.
The legal merger of the two institutions of learning took place on
October I2, I936, when the Court of Common Pleas of Union County
entered its decree of approval.  Bucknell University increased the
number of its trustees to permit of the election of two outstanding
graduates of Mount Pleasant Institute: Charles B. Franks, class of
1887, representing the Monongahela Baptist Association, and William
I. King, Esq., class of I897, representing the Pittsburgh Baptist Association. Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute lives
in the greater merged institution, housed in the beautiful grounds and
buildings on the banks of the Susquehanna, and with an equipment,
faculty, and leadership well adapted to call forth, concentrate, increase,
and render effective the cultivation of sound learning.
The Washington Female Seminary was a distinguished institution in its day also. It began in rather restricted quarters in the town
248EDUCATION
of Washington on November 26, I835, with Mrs. Francis Biddle
as the first teacher.  Sarah R. Foster became her successor, and
conducted the seminary until I874. Additions were made to the
building and equipment during these years. Miss Foster married the
Reverend Thomas Ham in I848, and she and her husband conducted
the school together until their retirement.  Nancy Sherrard was
principal from  I874 to I894, and was succeeded by Mrs. Martha
Nichols McMillan up to I9oI, when Miss Thompson conducted it
to I907.  It had a high standing and character during the long
period of its existence, and sent out many prominent matrons, teachers and others.
Washington also enjoyed the educational'presence of Trinity Hall
for Boys, between the years 1879 and I907. It was established under
the direction of Bishop John B. Kerfoot, of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, and had large and commodious buildings. It was conducted
along military lines and prospered until the coming of the high
schools, being in the latter year discontinued for lack of support.
On the Act of Assembly incorporating the county of Beaver, passed
March I2, I8oo, five hundred acres were set aside "for the use of
such school or academy as may hereafter be established by law in the
town of Beaver." By the Act of February 21, 1803, John Lawrence,
Guion Greer, James Alexander, and Samuel Johnston were appointed
in addition to those named in the Act of I8oo00 to take charge of the
land and erect an academy. This marks, at least, the initial effort to
take up educational matters in the new county. The first attempt to
erect a physical academy building was on March 7, I812, and by
February 25, 1813, the Beaver Academy was incorporated as "an
academy or school for the education of youth in the useful arts,
sciences and literature." It was conducted exclusively for boys until
February 9, 1815, and for girls, beginning January I9, I844.
The principals of Beaver Academy through the years were: David
Johnson, I815; H. Catlett, I826; Louis B. Williams, I834; A.
C. McClelland, I839; Rev. Nathaniel Todd, I84I; S. L. Coulter,
I843; William Y. Brown, I85O; Samuel Jones, i852; Rev. Isaac M.
Cook, 1852; Rev. J. A. McGill, 1854; C. W. Mateer, 1858; Simon
B. Mercer, I858; Rev. D. H. A. McLean, and Rev. D. P. Lowary,
I864; Frank H. Agnew, I865; Prof. Gautz, I865; Rev. R. T. Taylor, I866; M. E. Scheibner and Rev. Thomas Kennedy to the close
of the institution in I877. There was a separation of the girls into
the Female Seminary of Beaver Academy in I854.
249Beaver College and Musical Institute was established as a Methodist institution on December 28, I853, and incorporated in I 8 7 2. It
functioned successfully for more than half a century, producing capable musical graduates.
St. Vincent College, situated just to the southwest of Latrobe, in
Westmoreland County, had its beginnings in I 846, when the Rt.
Rev. Archabbot Boniface Wimmer, O. S. B., established St. Vincent's Monastery there. It was necessary that those members of the
Benedictine Society, who were to be advanced to the Catholic priesthood should be learned in languages and literature as well, and they
received full instruction there, and specified courses were taught long
before the opening up of
the college to the public.
By the Act of April I8,
I870, the college was incorporated by the Legislature of Pennsylvania,
with full power "to grant
and confer degrees in the
arts and sciences as are
granted to other colleges
and universities in the
United States, and to
grant to graduates, or persons on whom such degrees may be conferred, diplomas, or certificates as is usual in colleges and universities."
The college buildings are on a hill over eleven hundred feet above
sea level, and surrounded by a campus of eighty acres, which are a
part of the Abbey farm of over nine hundred acres. Its buildings
are thirteen in number, consisting of the old main building, Science
Hall, the gymnasium, the student chapel, the choir chapel building, the
Archabbey Church, the Seminary, the Archabbey building, and other
dormitories. This great group of buildings, adequate to the needs
of both the Archabbey and the college, have been secured by a natural
thrifty accretion. Many of the food products are raised on the farms
all about, and it has thus been made a self-sustaining community. The
wisdom and foresight of Archabbot Wimmer are everywhere manifest,
and in the front of the Abbey Church stands a fine replica of him
erected some years ago.
ST. VINCENT COLLEGE AND SEMINARYArchabbot Wimmer was born near Ratisbon, in Bavaria, on January I4, I809, and first began the study of law at the University of
Munich in 1827. He changed his mind, studied theology instead, and
was ordained a priest on August 3I, I83I, and served at Augsburg
and Munich. A year after his ordination he became a member of the
Benedictine Society at Metten, Bavaria, and later heeded the call to
come to America to train young men for the priesthood. This led to
the building up of St. Vincent's Archabbey on the vast acreage close
to Latrobe, after the negotiations with Father Henry Lemke, of Cambria County, for an abbey at Carroltown had fallen through. In the
year I854, after he had successfully established his abbey, Abbot
Wimmer was made an Archabbot by the Pope in recognition of his
great work in America, with the right to erect other abbeys. The
organization which the Archabbot founded here was duly incorporated
by the Act of 1 853, of the Pennsylvania Legislature, under the name of
"The Benedictine Society of Westmoreland County," and under
which the title to the abbey and college buildings are held.
ST. VINCENT COLLEGE, ENTRANCE TO GROUNDSSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
While many of the earlier graduates of the college entered the
priesthood, as the number of students increased through the years, a
larger and larger number of the students entered business, the law,
and medicine, which has caused the college to enlarge its curriculum.
This led to its classification as a first class college, with courses leading
to medicine, law, teacher training, music, business administration,
science and chemistry, as well as engineering. The institution has also
established Cathedral College, at the Erie Center, in the city of Erie,
and the Pittsburgh Center of St. Vincent College, in which extension
courses of the college are taught.
At the abbey and college is one of the most beautiful rural churches
in southwestern Pennsylvania, the erection of which was begun in
I890, and greater part of the work'of which was done by the Brothers of the Society, with no idea of estimating the cost. The main altar,
set with onyx and other precious stones alone cost $I8,ooo.oo, and
the fine art carving make the interior of the building very beautiful.
The church was fifteen years in building, and was finally dedicated in
the month of August, I905.
The Archabbots succeeding the Rt. Rev. Boniface Wimmer have
been: Right Reverends Leander Schnerr, Aurelius Stehle, and Alfred
Koch, O. S. B. The Archabbot also occupies the position of president
of the college.
Being one of the first settlements west of the mountains, Somerset
County made an initial effort to get its educational foundations established, by hiring roving teachers here and there. They were not very
successful and some of them left bad records behind. One, in particular, departed without leave, which caused one of the pioneers, Jacob
Weyand, of Allegheny Township, to offer a reward of ten dollars for
the arrest of a "runaway school teacher," going by the name of John
Rodgers, and two other aliases, having taken from him some of the
school books, and having burned others.  Berlin used a common log
schoolhouse for church and school for some years, beginning with
I777. Schools in the Turkeyfoot, Salisbury and Somerset settlements,
and also at Stoystown, were held in log buildings. Peter Ankney
donated a lot of ground for a school at Somerset town.
The old Somerset Academy is entitled to recognition as an early
institution of learning, founded in I8IO. Its first trustees were: Rev.
Henry Giesey, Rev. Frederick William Lang, George Graham, John
Mitchell, Abraham Morrison, David King and Robert Philson. As
252EDUCATION
indicating their early educational determination, this notice was published:
"The Trustees of the Somerset Academy will convene on Saturday, the 22 of April in the Court House, in the town of Somerset,
and resolve to erect an academy in part or in whole. Tlhe building
shall be thirty by forty feet and be built of brick, and roof to be of
joint shingles. All persons that are interested in this resolve can see
the plan. The one-half of the contract price to be paid when the contractor gives good security for the completion of the work. All persons that have money yet in their hands are earnestly requested to
appear on the day and place and pay the same to the trustees, else
the accounts will be placed in the hands of a Magistrate. We trust
that the trustees without fail will find all persons true. By Command
of the Trustees. Jacob Schneider, Clerk. Sonerset, April  5, i 8 I S."
The date of the first session is unavailable, but the first principal
was V. Costello, who was followed by a Mr. Blood. Henry L. Holbrook was in charge from  I826 to I838, followed by John R. Edie
in I842, and by Robert Laughton and Professor Leffingwell a little
later. The school went down after that, and attempt was made to
reestablish it in I873, with Henry Burt as principal. By the Act of'I869 the property was transferred to the school board of Somerset,
but the Rev. George F. Shaffer was in charge of it in the years I 874-7i5.
After an educational life of about sixty years it ceased its usefulness.
due to the patronage being almost entirely local, and not drawing
any students from a distance.
The Somerset Collegiate Institute began in 1853 and continued for
a few years, under the leadership of the Rev. Charles Louis Loos, a
Disciple minister, who became pastor of the Somerset Church in
i85o, after a pastorate at Wellsburg, West Virginia, subsequent to his
previous graduation from Bethany College. It was said of him that
he was "competent and as well furnished a teacher as any man of his
age in any portion of the country." Professor Loos himself said of his
institution: "the most solemn pledge is given that it shall ever be kept
free from every denominational influence."
Albright Seminary at Berlin was established in 1853, under the
Evangelical Association, under the direction of Professor John F.
Eberhart, and continued for about five years. It was finally closed
on account of the principal's ill health.
253on June 8, I922. It was replaced by a steel and concrete structure,
which was considerably twisted and damaged by the flood waters of
1936, a picture of which is here shown.
The early growth of Saltsburg was slow, the first house being built
on the site of the First Presbyterian Church in I92o, but the building
of the Pennsylvania Canal down the Conemaugh River from Blairsville to Pittsburgh from 1826 to 1829, brought a new industry to the
town and a necessarily increased population. A pioneer tailor, John
Carson, came in I827; Daniel Davis, the first blacksmith, in I828;
George Johnston, the first merchant, in i829; Abner Whittlesey, the
first teacher, in a log house at the lower end of town, came in I83I.
as did Joseph Walkinshaw, the first shoemaker; and Edward Carlton, Robert Mcllwain and William Mcllwain, additional merchants.
The town of Saltsburg had been laid out in 1817 by Andrew
Boggs, father of Judge Jackson Boggs, of Kittanning. The construction of the Pennsylvania Canal was begun about I825 and it was
a joyous day for the town when the first canal boats, "Pioneer" and
"Pennsylvania," came through on the David Leech line of boats on May
I5, I829. During the next thirty years it was to enjoy the traffic that
ST. PATRICK'S DAY FLOOD, 1936, KISKIMINETAS RIVER AT SALTSBURGSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The Cumberland Presbyterian Church had Waynesburg College
as its denominational institution in the early days, before its merger
with the Presbyterian Church. It was established by the terms of the
Act of March 25, I85o, P. L. 283. The preamble to that Act gives
its genesis thus:
"W}HEREAS, certain persons, holders of a lot of ground in the
borough of Waynesburg with a large building in the process of erec.
tion thereon, designed for educational purposes, have manifested a
desire to place the same, when completed and ready for use, under
the control of the Pennsylvania Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church of the United States, upon the condition that a college shall be started, in which at least three professorships shall be
sustained by said presbytery: therefore;
SECTION I.  Be it enacted, etc..... that there shall be, and
hereby is established, in the borough of Waynesburg, Greene County,
State of Pennsylvania, a college or public school for the education of
youth in the English and other languages, literature and the useful arts
and sciences, by the name and style of the'Waynesburg College.'..."
The first trustees of the institution were: Jesse Lazier, W. T. E.
Webb, Bradley Mahana, John Rodgers, Mark Gordon, R. W. Downey, William Braden, A. G. Allison, William W. Sayer, Dr. A. Shaw,
John T. Hook and John Phelan.
Before the days of the college Greene County had a very active
educational institution at Carmichaels. Due to the larger number of
the students and professors being Cumberland Presbyterians, the
church historians of that denomination were inclined to earmark it
as a denominational academy. This is not justified by any action of
the Legislature, as it appropriated money to encourage and foster
Greene Academy. The school was first incorporated as the "County
Academy," and it later took the name of Greene Academy. Its first
board of trustees were: Charles Swan, James Flenniken, George
Evans, Robert Lewis, Robert Whitehill, and Hugh Barclay.  Dr.
Barclay was a representative in the Pennsylvania Assembly and was
influential in getting the institution started.
The story of Greene Academy's disintegration comes along with
the beginnings of Waynesburg College, when the Cumberland Presbyterians decided to establish a college within their Pennsylvania Presbytery. Waynesburg offered more money and a better site, and Car254WAY NESBIURG COLLEGE, FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, WAYNESBURGSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
michaels lost out in the selection of their town for the college. Carmichaels also lost out in the going of its principal, Rev. Joseph Loughran, who went up to Waynesburg to become the first president of the
college. For a half century or more Greene Academy was a noted
preparatory school, until the coming of the high schools. President
A. B. Miller, of Waynesburg College, received his early training at
Greene Academy.
The presidents of Waynesburg College through the years have
been: Joshua Loughran, i851; J. P. Wethee, I858; John C. Flenniken, I858; A. M. Miller, I859; J. W. McKay, i900; A. E. Turner,
I9oI; A. F. Lewis, 1904; Jacob F. Bucher, I905; W. M. Hudson,
I908; H. D. Porter, I9II; E. F.' Baker, I912; H. P. Houghton,
I9I5; J. W. McKay, I918; Paul R. Stewart, I922. This college has
the honor of being one of the very first to adopt co-education, when
in I852 it joined hands with Miss Margaret K. Bell's School, at
Waynesburg, and in I853 graduated joint classes of boys and girls,
in which it has continued ever since. Having a good curriculum, and
being one of the smaller colleges in a substantial community, where
professor and student have better contacts and understandings, it
has sent many efficiently trained men out into southwestern Pennsylvania, and particularly Greene County, to add to the general welfare.
In the northwestern corner of the area comprised by these annals
is Westminster College, at New Wilmington, Lawrence County, close
to the Mercer County line. It was originally incorporated as the
Westminster Collegiate Institute, by the Act of April 27, I852, as an
"institution of learning in arts and sciences." At the time of its conception the sponsors of the "Institute" were wrestling with the question of merging the two religious bodies: the Associate Presbyterian
Church, and the Associate Reformed Church, both offshoots of divisive Presbyterianism in Scotland, which had been transplanted here
in earlier days. The trustees were to be appointed by the Presbyteries of Ohio and Shenango-six from Ohio, and six from Shenango
-in subscription to the Associate Synod of North America. After
the formation of the United Presbyterian Church in I858 in Pittsburgh, the charter was amended by the Act of March 26, I859, P. L.
26I, providing that its board of trustees should be appointed by the
First United Presbyterian Synod of the West, in subscription to the
General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church of North
256EDUCATION
America. This college has a beautiful campus, with buildings erected
from native stone, and like others in the useful field of the smaller
colleges, it does an effective work and sends out competent graduates.
St. Xavier's Academy, on the Lincoln Highway eight miles east
of Greensburg, was established in I844, on the one hundred and eight
acre farm of Henry Kuhn, one of the prominent Catholics of Unity
Township, Westmoreland County. The religious order, known as the
Sisters of Mercy, was established in Dublin, Ireland, in I831, and
a group of its members came to Pittsburgh and established themselves there in I843. The "Sisters of Mercy" were incorporated by
the Act of April 8, I848, and they established their headquarters at
2400 Fifth Avenue, where they now have adequate buildings for their
basic work, and particularly St. Mary's Convent, and Mt. Mercy
College, St. Paul's Parochial School for Girls, and St. Paul's Orphans'
Asylum. They also conduct the Mt. Aloysius Academy for Girls,
housed in a pretty setting at Cresson in Cambria County. In Idlewood,
near Crafton, they conduct a large orphan school for boys, known as
St. Paul's where, through the years, thousands of boys have been cared
for and educated. The original buildings at St. Xavier's were
destroyed by fire on February I, I868, but have been replaced by
larger and better ones in a well-arranged campus setting.
On a high eminence at the crest of the Allegheny mountains at
Loretto is the campus of St. Francis College, another of the smaller
colleges doing a very substantial work. Like the Sisters of Mercy, the
year 1843 was also a historic year to a group of Franciscan Brothers,
sufferers from the famine in Ireland, who sought alms in the Pittsburgh
Diocese, headed by Bishop Michael Oi'Connor. They decided to establish a permanent home in the mountains, and Bishop O'Connor granted
his aproval. As a result St. Francis College was established at Loretto, Cambria County, in I845. The college prides itself in its motivation of the philosophy of St. Francis of Assisi. The town of
Loretto was founded in I799, by Prince Gallitzan, whose remains lie
enshrined in a magnificent tomb erected by Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.
Schwab. The Prince envisioned Loretto as the future Catholic episcopal see of western Pennsylvania, and while this was not accomplished, the parish plant and school, the College and Franciscan Monastery, and the foundation of the Discalced Carmelite Nuns, with its
S. P.-III-17
257beautiful chapel and buildings, make Loretto a center of Catholic
cultural activities in the mountains.
In 90o8 the local community of Franciscans was admitted to
the Third Order Regular of Saint Francis, and the faculty of the
college is composed of priests of that order, under the presidency of
Very Reverend Edward P. Caraher, T. O. R., Ph. D. One of the
more recent and beautiful buildings here shown is the Charles M.
Schwab Science Hall, fully equipped with laboratories and science
apparatus necessary to the college's requirements.
Before the days of St. Francis College, the historical archives show
the establishing of the Ebensburg Academy by the Act of March 27,
I8I9, which had a non-sectarian board of trustees, as follows: Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, George Roberts, Abraham Hildebrand,
James C. McGuire, John Murray, Moses Canan, James Maloy,
Charles B. Seally, John Agnew, William O'Keefe, Cornelius McDonald, Richard McGuire and Samuel McAnulty. Back of this movement to centralize education of the youth at Ebensburg, was the individual school at Loretto conducted by Prince Gallitzin in I8800;
another by Rev. Henry George, a Baptist minister, at Beula in I802;
and a third by James Maloy, at Ebensburg in i8 Io.
Dotted all about were many so-called academies and institutes
which added to the educational equipment of many young men and
women, who could not go to college, or who wanted to prepare for
specific colleges. Among these were: Laird Institute at Murraysville, conducted by the Rev. Francis Laird, and which he first called
Turtle Creek Academy; and then by Francis Laird Stewart; Ligonier
Classical Institute, conducted by the Rev. E. H. Dickinson; Saltsburg
Academy, conducted by the Rev. W. W. Woodend and later changed
ST. FRANCIS COLLEGE, ADMINISTRATION BUIILDINGEDUCATION
to Saltsburg Institute; and Sewickley Academy, conducted by a joint
denominational control of Presbyterians, Lutherans, and Reformed
patrons, near Pleasant Unity.
The history of Catholic secondary and higher education in Pittsburgh dates back to the opening of the Holy Ghost College on Wylie
Avenue in October, I877. There were forty students, and five professors, three of them Irish and two of them German. The college
was founded by the Very Rev. Joseph Strub, of the Holy Ghost
Order, and in I88I was incorporated as the Pittsburgh Catholic
College of the Holy Ghost. The main building, standing on Bluff
Street, was dedicated on May 9, I885, and to this had been added
others, as the college grew in enrollment, up to 500 or more students
in I9oo00. The scientific department was added in I906; the law
department, in I9II; the business and accounting department, in
I913; the dramatics and graduate departments, in 1914; the pre.
medical department, in I9I6; the pharmacy department, in I925; the
music department, in I926; and the education department, in I927.
On March 30, I911, the charter was amended to make of the
college a university, and in I912 the name was changed to "Duquesne
University of the Holy Ghost." This permits of the terse appellation, "Duquesne," which it gets in the scholastic and athletic fields.
These presidents have guided the college activities of Duquesne University, succeeding the founder: Very Revs. W. P. Power, I88I;
John Williams, I886; M. A. Hehir, I899; and J. J. Callahan, the
present head. Duquesne's Law School has ranked very high in the
efficiency of its graduates, and for some time the sessions of the law
school were conducted in a downtown office building.
Allegheny County has within its bounds a substantial academy
for secondary education in the Shady Side Academy. The school
was first established by Dr. William Ralston Crabbe on the Northside,
Pittsburgh, then the city of Allegheny, in I88I. Two years later
it was transferred to its first permanent site at Ellsworth and Moorewood avenues, in the Shady Side section of Pittsburgh, hence its name.
The large brick building still standing and in use was erected there,
and Dr. Crabbe continued to serve as its principal until I913, resigning because of ill health. In time the name principal was changed
to headmaster.  Dr. Crabbe's successor was Professor Luther B.
Adams, who served until 19I9, when he was succeeded by Dr. Harold
A. Nomer, who came from the headmastership of Lawrenceville
School, in New Jersey.
259SHADY SIDE AC'ADEMY
McCUNE DINING HALL, ELLSWVORTH HOUSE (DORMITORY)
VIEW OF PART OF CAMPUS FROM PORCH OF ELLSWORTH HOUSEEDUCATION
During Dr. Nomer's term the sum of one million dollars was
raised among the supporters of the academy to build and equip new
school buildings, on a tract of one hundred and twenty-five acres
given by Mrs. Wallace H. Rowe in the Fox Chapel district, north of
Aspinwall. A part of this beautiful equipment is shown here. The
old academy building at Ellsworth and Moreland avenues is now
used as a junior school, and has a fully equipped faculty for younger
students. When the new grounds and buildings at Fox Chapel were
completed a master was appointed to preside over each dormitory.
Succeeding Dr. Nomer was Headmaster E. Trudeau Thomas, who
came on September I, I938, to succeed Dr. Nomer.  During the
intermin from September I, 1937, to August 3I, I938, Prof. Demass
Ellsworth Barnes, occupying the chair of history at the academy, was
in charge of the school as acting headmaster. Dr. Barnes is now
assistant headmaster to Dr. Thomas. Except for the elementary
grades taught in the old building, the courses at Shady Side Academy
are college preparatory. The school has a very high standing as
a private educational institution.
Another substantial institution in Allegheny County is the Pittsburgh College for Women. It was organized in February, I869, by
prominent members of the Shady Side Presbyterian Church, at the
home of one of its members, David Aiken. The first subscriptions to
build the college amounted to $30,000, and it was later endorsed by
the Ohio, Allegheny and Monongahela Presbyteries in June of the
same year. After the incorporation of the school on December II,
I869, a ten-acre tract was purchased on the hilltop near Fifth Avenue, at Woodland Road. School opened on September 28, I870, and
the college was a success from that time forward. Dilworth Hall
was erected from a bequest of the late Joseph Dilworth and there
followed the building of dormitories and a gymnasium in I892. The
music hall was erected in I897. Later friends of the institution raised
$300,000 to clear off its debt, and to provide an endowment fund,
which gave further impetus to the school's spirit, and assured its
permanency. This is a strictly women's college and the only one, aside
from Seton Hill College, at Greensburg, functioning within this section.
Seton Hill College at Greensburg was founded in I883 and incorporated in I889. The charter empowered it to confer academic
degrees, but the privilege, then useless, was permitted to lapse until
I26iI 894. The school at first performed for thirty years in the secondary
field, and a Junior College was established in I912. It had maintained
St. Mary's School for Girls, and St. Joseph's School for Boys. During the next six years the scope of the school was widened, and in
I9I8, a new charter was secured raising it to a college of the first
rank. The college now holds membership in the American Association of University Women and the American Council of Education.
It is accredited by the Association of American Colleges, and is
approved by the State boards of education of Ohio, New York, West
Virginia and Pennsylvania.
The college is under the direction of the Sisters of Charity, and
while its titular head is Bishop Hugh C. Boyle, of the Pittsburgh
Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, the actual head is Dr. James
A. Reeves, its president. Sister Cyril Aaron, S. C., is dean of women,
and in direct charge of the school activities. In I939 enrollment of
the college is four hundred and thirty-seven, with eighteen states
SETON HILL COLLEGE, GREENSBURGEDUCATION
represented in the freshman class. In the alumnae of the college thirty-seven states and eleven foreign countries are represented.  The
college has several types of building: the activities building being of
Norman architecture, the chapel Romanesque, with windows secured
from Bavaria, and the dormitory building of English. The college
has no extracurricular or unusual educational activities, preferring
rather to pursue regular college work, leading to the degrees of
Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts.
In later years there has come into the educational field the
unique institution known as Carnegie Institute of Technology, which
deals entirely with scientific subjects. It has also a peculiar tie-up with
the earlier Carnegie Institute, which is the parent organization. As
the late Andrew Carnegie, Pittsburgh's steel master, began to realize
the vast future before his industrial companies, which have been
treated more fully in other parts of this narrative, he turned his attention to the culture of his men and the communities in which they
lived. All about this area, and in places far beyond, he provided the
means for many pipe organs in churches, in some instances giving
them outright, and in other instances requiring the congregations to
contribute a part of the cost. He built two libraries in present Pittsburgh, when the municipality was divided into Allegheny and Pittsburgh, and this accounts for the Carnegie Library on the Northside
being unconnected with the Carnegie Library at Schenley Park. There
are distinct Carnegie libraries at Johnstown, Homestead, New Castle,
and other places.
On November 25, I88i, Andrew Carnegie offered $250,000 for
a free library, if the city of Pittsburgh would appropriate $i5,ooo
annually for its maintenance. A special enabling act was passed
in I887 permitting the city to so contribute, and after the offer was
accepted so unanimously, Mr. Carnegie in I890 gave an additional
$I,ooo,ooo for the enlargement of the original library and for building branches in different parts of the city. He also provided $40,000
for maintenance to be directed by a combination board of trustees
named by himself, the city, and the school board. The main structure
was dedicated April, I907, as it is now located on a tract of nineteen acres at the edge of Schenley Park. Shortly afterwards there
was added the art gallery and museum, which he designated as the
Carnegie Fine Arts and Museum Collection Fund, and in I899 he
changed the name of the enterprise to the Carnegie Institute.
263INDIANA COUNTY
followed before the building of the railroads. In I836 the construction of canal freight boats was begun here and this became a growing
industry. Much grain was collected from both sides of the river and
thus shipped to market. As indicating the early community needs
and the manner of supplying one of them, Joseph Walkinshaw, the
town's pioneer shoemaker, would walk across country thirty miles to
Pittsburgh in one day, purchase his shoe leather and findings, and
have them shipped back to Saltsburg by canal. After a few days' visit
with his brothers there he would walk back to his home and the work
of his shop. In those days the measurements of the feet of the entire
family were taken during the summer, the shoes and boots made, and
then delivered to the family in the fall-all this before the days of
mass production in shoe factories.
The next oldest community in Indiana County was that known as
Blacklick, due to the venturesome experiences of Randall McLaughlin, Colonel Charles Campbell and John Gibson. Under the protection of Fort Wallace, the frontier haven of refuge for the early settlers of Derry Township in old Westmoreland County, McLaughlin,
in particular, had built his cabin north of Blacklick Creek and, while
at dinner one day, a group composed of these three pioneers and one
Dickson, were captured by the Indians and taken to Detroit and
Quebec. Colonel Campbell has left a diary showing his journey
across Crooked Creek and the Allegheny and on northwesterly. The
three, however, returned to the Blacklick community to build it up
for the future foundations of Indiana County. Colonel Campbell
was particularly active in building "Campbell's Mills" on the Blacklick, which became a commercial center until the building of Blairsville and other towns between that and Indiana. It was started about
1772, and he was active as a Revolutionary soldier, later becoming
county lieutenant of the Westmoreland County Militia and a justice
on the Westmoreland bench.
The earliest important commercial movement througn the Blacklick settlement, before the erection of Indiana County, was the passage of the Act of March 20, I787, "opening and establishing a road
between the navigable waters of the Frankstown branch of the river
Juniata and the river Conemaugh." When this road was first laid
out the town of Newport was its western terminus at the mouth of
Blacklick. Former historians have erroneously stated that Alexander
Denniston, father of John Denniston, laid out Newport. The town
2ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
During the years he made total contributions of thirty-six million dollars, and Carnegie Institute now contains the Library, in connection with the city of Pittsburgh, the Department of Fine Arts, the
Department of Museum, the Hall of Music, the Carnegie Library
School, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, and the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College. The Carnegie Institute of Technology had
its inception at a dinner given by Andrew Carnegie to the trustees
of Carnegie Institute on November I5, I9oo, at the Hotel Schenley.
Impressed by his visits to other technical schools, Mr. Carnegie
addressed a letter to the then Mayor William J. Diehl, in which he
wrote:
"It is really astonishing how many of the world's foremost men
have begun as manual laborers. The greatest of all, Shakespeare,
was a wool carder; Burns, a plowman; Columbus, a sailor; Hannibal,
a blacksmith; Lincoln, a rail splitter; Grant, a tanner. I know no
better foundation from which to ascend than manual labor in youth.
We have two notable examples of this in our own community: George
Westinghouse was a mechanic; Professor Brashear, a millwright."
Then followed his offer to build and equip Carnegie Institute;
he directed further that the board of trustees of Carnegie Institute
should control. The city of Pittsburgh accepted the gift on December i5, I900, and after the completion of the buildings, the Institute of
Technology was opened for students on October I6, I9o5. It was
first known as Carnegie Technical Schools until April 20, 1912, and
it was chartered as Carnegie Institute of Technology, and the first
degrees conferred at the June commencement of I9I2. As a branch
of the institution the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College, for
women, was constituted, so that there are now in use eight dormitories
for women and seven dormitories for men, with night classes for
those who must work during the day.
Until his death in I919, Mr. Carnegie visited the institution at
divers times, and expressed great pleasure at its greatness in curriculum and operation. There was first a director as the head of the institution, beginning in I903, Dr. Arthur A. Hammerslag, since deceased.
He served until I922. The head of the institution was changed to
president, and Dr. Thomas S. Baker served as such from I922 to
I935. In the latter year Dr. Baker was made president emeritus, and
the presidency is now held by Dr. Robert E. Doherty, since I936.
264Two teachers at Indiana Normal School-Professors Andrew
Wilson and R. Willis Fair-sensed the need of a college preparatory
school, and established Kiskisminetas Springs School on the bluff,
opposite Saltsburg, at the junction of the Conemaugh River and
Loyalhanna Creek, forming the Kiskiminetas, in the year I888. They
purchased an old, well-built summer hotel there, which they remodeled for the first school building. The school began with twenty-six
pupils the first year, which gradually increased, until the attendance
reached two hundred and twenty-five in a peak year. In I902 W. H.
McColl, one of the teachers, was admitted to the partnership, and it
was run as Wilson, Fair and McColl. Other additions through the
years were: Frank D. St. Clair, J. L. Marks, John J. Daub, J. L.
Marks, Jr., and Oscar Hund, as registrar. During the school's history nearly three thousand pupils have graduated or been in attendance. Much acreage has been added to the grounds, and many new
buildings built, which have added to its attractiveness, during the fifty
years of its life. Let us again seek the poetic lines of Dr. James R. E.
Craighead, penned a few months ago, in a sentimental closing of this
educational chapter.
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PITTSBURGHSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
KISKIMINETAS
Here to their shag-bark groves the Redmen came
And gave the stream its mystic Indian name
And drank the healing waters from the springs
Where from the cliff they leaped like living things.
This was the halfway spot upon the trail
That led by craggy peaks and lowly vale
From vaster rivers of the teeming west
To other streams beyond the mountain's crest.
Infused with legends of the Redman's race,
Fair "Kiski" holds her honored realm and place:
From regal seat the far-famed school looks down
On merging rivers and on peaceful town,
And from her vantage site among the hills
A rare and classic vintage here distils
And piercing through their leafy canopies
Of oak and maple, tower and spire arise
To gaze unwearied on the scene below
Where restless groups are passing to and fro,
Reflecting care-free life with boyish shout
Declaring with the waning day that school is out.
They come from cottage, hall, and schoolroom nooks
To fill their little world of sports and books
On ballfield, courts and links and rifle range
Their ranks deploy to suit the season's change
And here between the realm of child and man
They write the records all who run may scan.
I ife here is like the stream of growing youth
Finding its way among the hills of truth
And from a vaster flow of force and power
Gaining the strength to meet the testing hour.
266CHAPTER XI
The  Public  Schools
The Early Log Schoolhouses and Schoolmasters-Description of the
Early Schoolhouses-The Beginnings of the Public School System
in Pennsylvania in I834-Early County Superintendents' and Teachers' Meetings-The List of County Superintendents--The Period of
Cooperation in School Work-Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer's Long State
Superintendency-The Later Complete Regimentation of Public
School Work by the State of Pennsylvania in I9II--The Efficient
Systems in Pittsburgh and Other Cities-Johnstown and Other
City Schools-The State Teachers Colleges at Indiana, California
and Slippery Rock.
The beginnings and growth of the public school system in Pennsylvania, and particularly in this area, are consistent with the religious
and industrial development hereabouts. The pioneers knew well the
value of an educated youth, who might further develop these western
woods after they were gone, so they established their log colleges
and subscription schools. Under the Pennsylvania constitution of
I790, a building up of a common school system was authorized, but
it did not materialize until I834, when the first uniform act was passed
by the Pennsylvania Legislature. In the presentation of the public
school narrative, it begins naturally with the year i 834, when the Act
of April I, I834, P. L. I70, was passed. There was great opposition to it, particularly from the old Pennsylvania German element, in
the eastern counties, but the fine work of the famed Thaddeus Stevens, a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, contributed to its
passage, and his name went into the Hall of Fame in school history.
In the period of the early schools before the passage of the Act
of I834 made its proud record, the individual teacher was a key
man in the community, supported by the contributions of the parents
I I ~'SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
towards the upkeep of the school. As one author, Lodge, puts it:
"School houses were few and small, and rudely built of logs, and
even these did not begin to appear much before the middle of the
eighteenth century.  The barest rudiments only were taught, and
those badly and for small fees.  There was very little learning,
loose order, and much whipping. There was no public system of
schools, and education was almost wholly in the hands of itinerant
masters, who were frequently convicts and foreigners; and even they
generally abandoned a profession where the fee of a scholar was
only five shillings a quarter." This latter statement is hardly justified just prior to the adoption of the new school law of I 834, because
the southwestern part of Pennsylvania was dotted with capable old
pedagogues, who were disciplinarians, and who instilled into youth
a desire to go further into the colleges established all about. The
words of Goldsmith, in the "Deserted Village," are quite appropriate
here:
A man severe he was, and stern of view.
Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace
The day's disasters in his morning face:
Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he:
Full well the busy whisper, circling round,
Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned.
While words of learned length and thundering sound
Amazed the rustics ranged around;
And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew,
That one small head could carry all he knew.
But past is all his fame. The very spot
Where many a time he triumphed, is forgot.
Although many of these early spots of learning have long since
been forgotten, the records of some of them remain. Perhaps the
first school established west of the Alleghenies was that of Elder
George Adam Martin, a German Baptist minister, who conducted his
school in the Somerset glades as early as I770. He was commonly
known as a "Tunker," softened to "Dunkard," preacher and teacher.
Over the Chestnut Ridge, far to the westward, the Lutheran teacher,
Balthaser Meyer, established his pioneer school at Fort Allen. In
268THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
the Somerset County glades settlement, in present Stonycreek Township, until the building of the consolidated school in that township,
one of its oldest schoolhouses, together with its immediate predecessors, was the old Glessner School, which is typical of these early
community schools. The building consisted of two apartments, in
one of which the teacher lived. The famed Justice Jeremiah S. Black,
of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and Attorney-General in the
cabinet of President James Buchanan, was a pupil in the Glessner
School about the year I820, before the beginning of the public school
system. The second school in this immediate section was built about
I820. It was a log building, having only two small windows, and
the cracks between the logs were chucked with mud, while the roof
was of clapboards. The seats were but benches, without back support,
made either of rough planks, or of split logs, smoothed with a broadaxe, and having two-inch holes bored in them in each end to receive
the legs that supported them. Each child was required to bring an
extra pair of soft soled shoes or moccasins and change the shoes or
boots when the anteroom built on it was entered.
The first task assigned a child, on entering school, was that of
learning the arbitrary names of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet. To do this, each child was called up to the teacher's desk alone to
"say its lesson." It usually required the whole school term, which
was then four months, for the average child to learn the alphabet.
After the children had learned the alphabet, they were prepared for
spelling, determining from a combination of the unmeaning names of
the letters, the pronunciation of the words, upon which they spent
from three to four terms, beginning with words of two syllables, and
ending with those of eight, spelling thousands of words of which they
did not know the meaning, and which they never had afterwards occasion to use. Reading was reached through spelling, and as the children first had to spell each word silently before they knew what to call
it, the exercise was at first not only a very slow one, but it was nothing
more than merely naming the words. As the preparation for reading
was so long and tedious, and the school terms very short, some pupils
never went beyond the alphabet, others not out of spelling; and those
who had the courage and patience to remain in school until they were
permitted to do what was called reading, learned no more than mere
word calling. At a little later period pupils were instructed to "mind
their stops" while reading-to pause long enough at a comma to
269SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
count one; at a semicolon, to count two; and at a colon, to count four;
at a period, to count six. Some teachers required their pupils to count
out loud the required counts whenever they came to a punctuation
mark.
Spelling was then taught orally. The teacher pronounced the
words and the pupils named, in their proper order, the letters in
them. There was no special time for any recitation, except the last
one in the evening, which was usually a spelling lesson, in which the
whole school took part.
In arithmetic, there were as many classes as there were pupils
studying that branch, each studying in a different part of the book, or
in a different book. The teacher assisted such pupils as needed help.
It often required one or two hours to get around. Occasionally a
pupil reached the "Single Rule of Three," which was later called simple proportion.
Copy books were made of foolscap paper. The teachers wrote the
copies, and the pupils imitated them as well as they could. Writing
was done with pointed goose quills, which the teacher had to cut and
mend. Writing the copies and mending the pens, generally took all
of the morning and noon hours, and sometimes another hour in the
evening. Only those children who bought paper and made copy
books were taught writing. The result was that many children did
not learn to write.
An early schoolhouse of great interest was that established
between Laurelville and Mount Pleasant on the old Glades Road, by
Colonel John Bonnett. He was of French descent, and his only daughter was the wife of the noted Dr. David Marchand. It was built about
I8oo, and has been memorialized in the United Brethren in Christ
Church history, as the place where their first church conference met.
After I 8oo a new type of schoolhouse was built in a few places, octagonal in shape. There was one of these at West Newton and another at
Adamsburg in Westmoreland County. These were built about I8I8,
and the West Newton school was taught by N. Ruggles Smith, before
he became principal of the Greensburg Academy. Among his pupils in
the octagonal schoolhouse was the later United States Senator Edgar
Cowan. The school at Adamsburg was taught by Schoolmaster John
Walkinshaw, for ten or fifteen years before the beginning of the
public school system, and one of his pupils, a quarter of a century ago,
told of his being a much beloved teacher, and the finest penman in all
270THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
that community, the benefit of which was transmitted to many of his
pupils. Both of the buildings have been razed in recent years.
The common school historical period can be naturally divided into
three parts: first, the period of individuality, extending from I834
to I854; second, the cooperative period, from I854 to I912; and
third, the period of regimentation, from  1912 to I939. The real
struggle to start a public school system in Pennsylvania began in
1831, and was kept up for the next three years until the Act of 1834
was passed. It was the fulfilment of the demands of the constitutional provision of 1790, long delayed. This Act was "to establish a
general system of Education by Common Schools," and "Whereas it
is enjoined by the Constitution, as a solemn duty, which cannot be
neglected without a disregard of the moral and political safety of the
people." The directors were charged with the duty "to determine the
number of schools to be opened, cause suitable buildings to be erected;
appoint capable teachers at liberal salaries; admit scholars, have general superintendency of the schools; and pay the necessary expenses
incurred thereby."
A very serious attempt was made to repeal the new law the next
year, but the effort failed by a close margin. Sentiment had been
divided, and there were different actions by bodies of citizens. Even
when the agitation started, there was a notice in the "Washington
Examiner," under date of November 27, I830, worded as follows:
"Town Meeting. The citizens of this place are requested to attend
a meeting which will be held in the Court House on Friday, the third
day of December, at 6 o'clock in the evening. The object is to call
the attention of the inhabitants to the present system of instruction in
the Common Schools; and for the purpose of producing inquiry in
order to ascertain wherein it is deficient, and if possible to devise a
system less objectionable. It is hoped the citizens will manifest that
interest which the subject demands, by a generous and punctual attendance." Thus did the citizens of Washington County desire an improvement in their schools, and later helped out in the passage of the school
law.
The chief opposition to the new Public School Law of 1834 came
mostly from the constituents of the legislators who were members of
the religious denominations opposed to the Act. These opponents still
considered that secular and religious education should go hand in hand,
and they were loath to alter their opinions. It was even said in
27ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
some quarters that the education of the masses through the free
schools "would furnish the hot-beds wherein idle drones, too lazy
for honest labor, would be reared and maintained."
When the people, by their mandate in the elections of I834, sent
a majority of legislators to Harrisburg to repeal the law, the Senate
followed the mandate and passed the bill authorizing the repeal, but
it failed in the House. It was repealed the next year, when a more
comprehensive system was adopted, by the passage of the Act of
June I8, I836, P. L. 525, "to consolidate and amend the several acts
relative to a general system of education by common schools." Of
these western counties, Somerset, because of its early fundamental
religious establishments and its desire for pioneer home rule, was
perhaps most against the acceptance of the new law. Addison and
Milford townships accepted it in I834; Turkeyfoot, in I835; Berlin Borough, Somerset Borough and Shade Township, in 1837; Stonycreek Township, in I838; Quemahoning Township, in I840; Summit and Elk Lick townships, in 1844; Jenner Township, in 1847; and
Brothers Valley Township, oldest in the county, but somewhat
restricted in area, in I849. The last township to accept the new system was Conemaugh, in I869, just twenty-five years after its enactment. The township election each year selected a board of school
directors, but the board would not function to establish schools, until
the citizens went to court to have them do so.
Somerset County's first county superintendent under the Act of
I854 was Joseph J. Stutzman, a son of the famed Jost J. Stutzman,
old pioneer teacher in the log schoolhouses. He served from I854 to
I857, and following him have been in succession: Rev. Jacob K.
Miller, I857-60; Joseph J. Stutzman, again, I86o-66; Rev. N. B.
Critchfield, I866-69, he later becoming Secretary of Agriculture of
the State of Pennsylvania, and an active Baptist minister at Turkeyfoot Church, and elsewhere; William H. Sanner, I869-7I, he coming from the principalship of the Somerset schools and being elected
to the Legislature in I870; James L. Pugh, I871-72; Daniel W.
Will, 1872-75; Jerome B. Whipkey, 1875-81; John C. Weller, I88I1887, he also later being elected to the Legislature; Jacob M. Berkey,
I887-96; Elmer E. Pritts, I896-I902; Daniel W. Seibert, I902-I8;
John H. Fike, I918-20; William  H. Kretchman, I920-24; Guy
N. Hartmen, I934.
Fayette County, strong and substantial in its early school life,
when the subscription schools exisited, adopted the new school law
272THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
quite readily. When the first county superintendent, Joshua V. Gibbons, was elected in 1854, and gave his examination for teachers, but
one applicant appeared, John C. Hasson. During the following years
the schools grew in efficiency, and these county superintendents served:
Joshua V. Gibbons, I854-63; George Yeagley, I863-66; C. WV.
Wanes, 1866-72; Joshua V. Gibbons, 1872-75; William H. Cooke,
1875-8I; R. V. Ritenour, 1881-87; L. M. Herrington, I887-93;
E. F. Porter, I893-99; John S. Carroll, I899-I905; C. Gregg Llewellyn, I9O5-O9; John S. Carroll, I909-30; James G. Robinson, I930.
As in other counties, Cambria's school life began with the church
schools and those taught by private masters, before the Act of I834.
While it is recorded that there was a Sunday, school at Beula as early
as I797, the first school for the instruction of young people in the
common branches is reputed to have been started by Prince Gallitzin
at Loretto, in I800, and the second one at Beula in i 802, by the Rev.
Henry George, a Baptist minister. The third one was at Ebensburg,
established by James Maloy in I8Io. Then followed the Ebensburg
Academy of I8I9, whose first trustees were: Reverends Demetrius
Augustine Gallitzin, George Roberts, Abraham Hildebrand, James
C. McGuire, John Murray, Moses Canan, James Maloy, Charles B.
Seally, John Agnew, William O'Keefe, Cornelius McDonald, Richard
McGuire, and Samuel McAnulty.
No difficulty was encountered here with reference to the operation
of the new school law, as the records show that as early as November
4, I834, the school directors met with the county commissioners and
considered the levying of a school tax, which was done at subsequent
meetings. Under the Act of I834, the first incumbent of the office of
county superintendent of schools was Robert L. Johnston, later a
judge of the county courts, to be followed by these successors: S. B.
McCormick, i855-6o; Thomas A. McGuire, i86o; James M. Swank,
i86I; William A. Scott, 1862; Henry Ely, 1862; J. Frank Condon,
I863-67; Thomas Chapman, I867-75; Hartman Berg, I875-8I;
Lewis Strayer, I881-87; W. J. Cramer, I887-88; J. W. Leech, I889I896; T. L. Gibson, I896-I902; Herman T. Jones, I902-II; Martin S. Bentz, I9II-36; Arthur M. Stull, I936.
The city of Johnstown has had a city superintendent of schools
of its own through the years, except for the first three years, when the
head was called a principal. Beginning with Henry Ely, I855-58;
A. H. Sembower, I859; Edward H. Mauck, I86o; S. B. McCormick,
S. P.-III-18
273SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
was laid out by Robert Cochran and had the following streets, as are
shown by the Westmoreland County records: Water Street, Ford
Street, Cedar Street, Frankstown Street, Appleby Street, and the
Diamond. Arthur Denniston was the pioneer who laid out Denniston's Mill, at present New Alexandria; and his son, Alexander Denniston, succeeded him in the operation of the mills there and in enlarging the town. The Dennistons had no part in the development of
Newport, as shown by the records. The first intention was to have
Newport as the terminus and shipping point on the Conemaugh River,
but with the construction of the canal the route was changed into
present Blairsville.
At the March sessions of the Indiana County Court, in I807, petitions were presented to have roads laid out from Clark's Mill to
Indiana, from Rogers' Mill to Indiana, from Ann Sharp's to the
county line; from Elder's Ford at Conemaugh River to McKee's
Mill near McPharlin's Mill. These viewers were appointed on the
roads to examine into their proper locations and usefulness: John
Robinson, William Cummins, Alexander Lyon, John Mitchell, Thomas
Allison and Christopher Harrold. At the September sessions of the
same year a road from Newport to Indiana was petitioned for, and
John McCready, Michael Campbell, James Gordon, Samuel Dickson, Daniel Smith and James Caldwell were appointed viewers. A
road was also asked for from Campbell's Mill on Blacklick to Empfield's Mill on Yellow Creek, with Thomas Sanderson, John McCrea,
Robert Kelley, Michael Campbell, Adam Altman and Francis Boals
as 6iewers. Still other roads asked for were: From Parr's Store on
Chestnut Ridge to intersection with the road from Campbell's Mill
to Sloan's Ferry; viewers: Alex Taylor, Alex Lyons, Christian Roof,
Daniel Smith, Samuel Dixon and George Rankin. From Indiana to
the road from Woodward's to Bolar's; viewers: Thomas Benson,
Benjamin Walker, Joseph Moorhead, Samuel McNitt, David McCullough and Alex Taylor. From Brady's Mill on Little Mahoning to
the contemplated West Branch Road; viewers: William P. Brady,
Joshua Pearce, John Thompson, Jr., John Parks, William Work and
Hugh Brady. From Conemaugh River, opposite Port Johnston, to
Harden's branch, where it intersects the Indiana Road; viewers:
James McComb, Adam Thompson, Thomas Baird, James Matthews,
Moses Thompson, Jr., and William Coleman. From Indiana to Allison's
Mill on Yellow Creek; viewers: Thomas Allison, John Wilson, Thomas
22SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
I86I; J. Frank Condon, I862; Henry Ely, I863; J. W. Swartz,
I864; A. C. Johnson, I865-68; George W. Cope, I869-72; J. R.
Hykes, 1872; B. H. Patterson, 1873-75; H. S. Phillips, 1876; N. N.
Keener, I877-79; A. S. Brubaker, I879; M. E. Scheibner, I88o;
T. B. Johnston, I881-96; J. M. Berkey, I897-I905; James N. Muir,
I9o6-Io; J. N. Adee, I9 Io-I8; H. J. Stockton, I918-22; Samuel
J. Slawson, I922-29; James Killius, I929-34; Dale McMaster, I936,
having been acting superintendent for two years previously.
When Joseph Johns laid out his town, he had the same type of
vision as many others in other communities, and dedicated the large
piece of ground at the corner of Market and Carr streets "for the
purpose of erecting school houses and houses of public worship, free
and clear of all incumbrances whatever.... " The "Old Blackey"
log school was erected on this ground and was used for both church
and school purposes until I854. Johnstown started its high school
system in the year I868, and it has grown to its present great proportions. The Johnstown schools are organized on the 6-4-2-Plan.
The secondary unit is composed of three junior high schools: Joseph
Johns, Garfield, and Cochran; and one senior high school. Each of
these schools send their pupils to the senior high school at the end of
the tenth year. The Central High School, Garfield, and Cochran
Junior Highs have modern cafeterias; Joseph Johns, because of its
proximity to Central, across Stony Creek, is served from Central.
The Johnstown schools are of very high standard, emphasizing fully
every feature of high school life-music, home economics and trades.
It is the same high standard to which all are seeking to attain, but
some of the smaller high schools throughout southwestern Pennsylvania have been handicapped until a more modern equipment in the
way of buildings was provided.
During the period of individuality in Pennsylvania school life,
from I834 to I854, it was simply a relationship between the teacher
and school board, with slight supervision by the State Superintendent.
The Act of I834 provided for school inspectors, but these did not
function much and the provision was later repealed. In the month
of October, I852, the teachers organized what was called a County
Teachers' Association in Westmoreland County, and meetings were
held at New Alexandria, Madison, Adamsburg and New Salem
during the next year. The teachers of Indiana County formed the
Conemaugh Teachers' Institute, and held a joint meeting with
274THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
the Westmoreland teachers at Blairsville in I852. At the close of
the Blairsville meeting it was agreed to meet at New Alexandria on
October 24, 1853, and remain in session for a week. The famed
Thomas H. Burrows, who aided Thaddeus Stevens in getting the
public school laws passed shortly afterwards, was present to address
the teachers, and some of the Elders Ridge Academy instructors were
present to instruct the teachers. Dr. Burrows published a glowing
account of the meeting in the "Pennsylvania School Journal," which
aroused great interest throughout the State, and resulted in the organization of other associations and the holding of institutes. In October, I854, the Conemaugh Teachers' Institute met at Saltsburg
because of the passage of the Act of I854, providing for county superintendents. In Washington and Beaver counties there were similar
efforts and meetings where the individual teachers organized their own
institutes, in the search for more co6perative effort. All the while
the many academies all about were forging ahead and taking the lead
in educational matters.
The years from I854 to I9I2, as previously stated, may well be
designated the co6perative period in Pennsylvania school life. The
first twenty years had demonstrated that teachers could not well be
directed from Harrisburg, and they were amenable almost exclusively to the school boards who hired them. They had made attempts
to attain some uniformity in textbooks. When the first teachers' association in Beaver County was organized in the Beaver Academy on
November 9, I844, they recommended to the individual schools the
use of Davies' Arithmetic, Mitchell's Geography, Smith's Grammar,
Cobb's Speller, Willard's United States History, and Peter Parley's
Common School History. The original organization did not function long, and a second and more successful organization was effected
on April 6, I85o.
The beginning of this period is marked by the passage of the Act
of May 8, I854, creating the office of county superintendent; but
it took the Act of I859 to clarify this situation, by which the county
superintendent was to be a man with sufficient educational qualifications. Individual townships in this part of the State, in many instances,
made objection to this later law. On February Io, I859, citizens of
Derry Township, in Westmoreland County, met and took this action:
"Resolved, that we consider our schools in a retrograde, in place
of a progressive condition. We view the present law as arbitrary,
275SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
the power being all placed in the hands of the school directors and
superintendent, the taxpayers having nothing to say. That we view
with indignation that feature of the law which empowers the teachers
and directors, absolutely combined, to force on any locality a series of
books which it is not the desire of the people to use. That we will support no man for the office of school director that will not pledge
himself, if called upon, to cut down the salary of the county superintendent, and use all honorable means to abolish the office."
In the same county, at Hickory Spring schoolhouse, in Unity
Township, the citizens passed the following resolution, which was
adopted by other groups in the same county:
"Resolved, That we view with indignation and abhorrence that
feature of the law which empowers the superintendent and directors,
combined, to arbitrarily force on any locality a series of books, when
that locality is already supplied with a series they prefer. We believe that by an easy transition of such laws in their hands many
would strike a death blow at the rights of conscience and triumph
over our prostrate liberties."
All of these resolutions, and those of like calibre, fell on deaf
ears when the Legislature met, and the determination to advance the
interests of the common schools was clearly manifest. All of the
counties proceeded to the election of county superintendents, and
they were paid rather meagre salaries, to start with, but depending
also on the populations of the respective counties.  In Allegheny
County the first superintendent, J. M. Pryor, received $I,ooo
annually; Armstrong County, John A. Campbell, $300; Beaver
County, Thomas Nicholson, $350; Butler County, Isaac Black, $300;
Cambria County, Robert L. Johnston, $400; Fayette County, J. V.
Gibbons, $600; Greene County, John A. Gordon, $262.50; Indiana
County, Samuel P. Bollman, $500; Lawrence County, Thomas Berry,
$5oo; Somerset County, Joseph J. Stutzman, $400; Washington
County, John L. Gow, $I,ooo; Westmoreland County, Matthew
McKinstry, $55o.
These early county superintendents did the best they could to
get the teachers together for conference at stated periods or in a
general county meeting, but they lacked the means and the legislative
276authority to accomplish much more than an advisory relationship
with the school districts and their teachers. In Washington County,
in I86I, when County Superintendent Isaac H. Longdon attempted
such a county meeting, but only three teachers attended, and he
necessarily adjourned the meeting sine die. The Act of April 9, I867,
SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
helped considerably, by providing for the holding of county institutes
annually. This offered the opportunity to hold daily sessions, with
an evening course of lectures and entertainers. Further encouragement was given by the Act of June 7, I88I, requiring the school
boards to allow wages to teachers attending the county institutes.
Some funds were also provided for good instruction, and demonstraBUTLER
LAWRENCE
ALLEGHENY
ARM STRONG
INDIANA
CAM BRIA
WESTM ORE LAND
WASHINGTON
SOMERSET
FAYETTE
GREENE
WEST VIRGINIA                             MARYLANDSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
tions of individual schools were given, together with discussions by
teachers on some phases of school work. The meetings were mostly
held in the ample court rooms of the different counties. Early superintendents, and their successors, in different counties follow:
Allegheny County: A. T. Douthett, I870; James Dickson, 1876;
John Scott Johnson, I882; Samuel Hamilton, I888; Charles E.
Dickey, 1921.
Armstrong County: John A. Campbell, Robert W. Smith, John
A. Calhoun, James Ritchey, William  Davis, Hugh McCandless;
Samuel Murphy, I870; A. D. Glenn, I873; G. C. Stockwell, I882;
Marlin Bowser, i888; W. M. Jackson, I894; J. O. Wolfe, I9oo;
Miles A. Milliron, I909; W. A. Patton, I912; C. M. Heilman,
1915; John A. Mechling, I935.
Beaver County: Thomas Nicholson, 1855; George Cope, I855I856; S. H. Pierson, 1856-57; R. N. Avery, I857-58; Thomas Carothers, I858-i863; J. I. Reed, I863-67; James Whiteman, I867-69;
George M. Fields, I870; Martin L. Knight, I873; Benjamin Franklin, I876; J. M. Reed, I882; J. G. Hillman, I891; Chester A.
Moore, I897; Andrew Lester, I906; D. C. Locke, I909; WV. G.
Lambert, I930; E. D. Davidson, I935.
Butler County: Isaac Black, Thomas Ralph, I857; Eugene Ferrero, I86o; Asa H. Watters, I863; John Cratty, I866; Samuel
Glenn, I869; J. B. Matthews, I876; D. F. McKee, I879; J. H.
Murtland, i88I; William  G. Russell, I882; J. L. Snyder, I887;
N. C. McCullough, i890; S. L. Cheesman, I897; Howard I. Painter,
1903; R. S. Penfield, I906; Frank A. McClung, 1912; John T. Connell, I92I.
Cambria County: Thomas Chapman, 1870; Hartman Berg,
I876; Lewis Strayer, I882; J. W. Leech, I889; T. L. Gibson, I897;
Herman T. Jones, I903; Martin S. Bentz, I915; Arthur M. Stull.
Fayette County: J. V. Gibbons, Charles W. Wanes, I870;
Joshua V. Gibbons, I873; William H. Cooke, I876; L. M. Herrington, i888; E. F. Porter, 1894; John S. Carroll, 1900; C. G. Llewellyn, I906; John S. Carroll, I909; James G. Robinson, I930.
Greene County: John A. Gordon, Thomas J. Teal, I870; A. F.
Silveus, I876; A. J. Waychoff, I888; J. W. Iams, I891; Ezra D.
Stewart, I894; J. L. Hopton, 1897; George F. Martin, I900; John
C. Stewart, I903; Henry D. Freeland, 1912; Kent Kelley, I930.
278THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Indiana County: Rev. S. P. Bollman, 1854; Samuel Wolf, I863;
Rev. A. J. Bolar, I865; J. T. Gibson, I869; Samuel Wolf, I871;
Samuel J. Craighead, I878; W. A. Cochran, I884; A. M. Hammers,
I890; J. T. Stewart, I899; James F. Chapman, I908; D. L. Winger,
I936.
Lawrence County: Thomas Berry, I854; Stephen Morrison,
I860; George W. McCracken, I866; William M. Aiken, I869; D. T.
Balph, I878; J. R. Sherrard, I884; J. M. Watson, I890; Thomas M.
Stewart, 1896; W. Lee Gilmore, 1909; Charles F. Ball, 1918; J. Y.
Syling, 1927.
Somerset County: J. J. Stutzman, I854; Rev. Jacob K. Miller,
I857; J. J. Stutzman, i86o; N. B. Critchfield, I866; W. H. Sanner,
I869; James L. Pugh, I870; Daniel W. Will, I872; Jerome B. Whipkey, I875; John C. Weller, I88I; J. M. Berkey, I887; Elmer E.
Pritts, I896; Daniel W. Seibert, 1896; John H. Fike, I918; W. H.
Kretchman, I92I; Guy N. Hartman, I935.
Washington County: John L. Gow, 1854; Isaac H. Longdon,
I857; A. J. Buffington, I86I; J. C. Gilchrist, I866; William G. Fee,
I869; A. J. Buffington, I876; J. B. K. McCollum, 1879; E. W.
Monck, I88I; George A. Spindler, I882; Byron E. Tombaugh, I890;
Frank R. Hall, 1896; L. R. Crumrine, 1908; S. V. Kimberland, 1922.
Westmoreland County: Rev. Matthew McKinstry, I854; James
I. McCormick, I855; J. R. McAfee, I857; S. S. Jack, i86o; Joseph
S. Walthour, I866; H. M. Jones, I869; James Silliman, I875; Jacob
R. Spiegel, I878; George H. Hugus, I884; William W. Ulerich,
I893; Robert C. Shaw, I9o05; Wilmer G. Dugan, I920; Charles F.
Maxwell, I930.
During this period, from I854 to I912, a new Constitution was
put into effect in Pennsylvania, beginning with January I, I874, and
in its Tenth Article, Section 2, it was provided: "The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and
efficient system of public schools, wherein all the children of the Commonwealth above the age of six years may be educated, and shall
appropriate at least one million dollars each year for that purpose."
This constitutional provision was not only an advance step in State
support, but it fixed it clearly as a State-supported and State-maintained system. One group of citizens still advances the argument that
there should be no local taxation of real estate to support the schools,
because of this constitutional provision.
279SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
In the general set-up of the public school system, beginning with
I834, it was provided that the Secretary of the Commonwealth should
be the superintendent of common schools, and this was continued
until the first actual superintendent was commissioned in I857. These
serving first were: Henry C. Hickok, I857; Thomas H. Burrows, I860;
Charles R. Coburn, I863; James P. Wickersham, I866 to I872. By
the Constitution of I873, the Governor was authorized to appoint a
superintendent of public instruction for a period of four years. Following this constitutional requirement, these have served in the office
down to the present time: James P. Wickersham, 1875; E. E. Higbee,
I88I; D. J. Waller, I890; Nathan C. Schaeffer, I893; Thomas E.
Finegan, I9I9; J. George Becht, I923; Francis B. Haas, 1925; John
A. H. Keith, I927; James N. Rule, I93I; Lester K. Ade, I935.
The period of co6peration, without centralization, as between the
teacher, county superintendents, State Superintendent, and school
boards, came to a close with the adoption of the new School Code of
I9iII, during the school regime of Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer. Having
been appointed June I, I893, Dr. Schaeffer served until his death on
March I9, I9I9, and his passing was best noted in the words of Dr.
O. T. Corson, eminent schoolman:
"Notwithstanding the fact that March I9th was a day filled with
sunshine which brightened the mountains and flooded the valleys of
Pennsylvania; that everywhere in field and forest could be seen the
signs of returning life; and that nature was in a joyous mood; there
was sadness in all sections of the Keystone State. Flags were flying
at half-mast over the great Capitol Building in Harrisburg, and over
the schoolhouses of the Commonwealth. One of Pennsylvania's kindest and most loved citizens had passed away. Honorable Nathan C.
Schaeffer, for twenty-six years her State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, had finished his great work for the school children of
Pennsylvania, his native State, and had made his last report on earth.
The true friend, who had always counseled so wisely and sympathetically, has spoken his last message of helpfulness and hopefulness."
During Dr. Schaeffer's direction of the public school system, he
traversed the State from end to end, speaking at the old teachers'
institutes, and in the absence of present departmental heads, giving
an intense personal touch to the school administration. He had some
280THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
assistant State superintendents who also went about the State, and one
of the most beloved of these was the late Henry Houck, of Schuylkill
County, who was so entertaining to the teachers in his plain, Pennsylvania German humor. He could be called upon at any time to liven up
a dull session of an institute. Dr. Schaeffer was in hearty accord with
the transition from the co6perative school period in Pennsylvania to
the era of the School Code, during the last five years of his regime,
and he aided in carrying out its early provisions, and in suggesting
others.
The third period of regimentation in the school system of Pennsylvania had its real inception in the coming,of Dr. Thomas E. Finegan as State Superintendent of Public Instruction, through his appointment by Governor William C. Sproul, on June I, I9I9, following the
death of Dr. Schaeffer. When he was a member of the State Senate
of Pennsylvania, Governor Sproul had introduced and had passed the
familiar "Sproul Road Law," which provided for the regimentation
of roads in Pennsylvania through a centralized State control, and with
main highways running from county seat to county seat. In the building up of the road system, there were township roads, county roads,
State-aid roads, and State roads, but through later acquisition by the
State of many county roads, there are practically but two classifications today, State roads and township roads, while cities and boroughs
still have control of their streets.
Dr. Finegan was a native of New York State, and had been successively Assistant, Deputy and Acting Commissioner of Education in
New York from I908 to I9I9. His work there included supervision
of elementary schools, State normal schools, city training schools
training classes, certification of teachers, oversight of two hundred and
seven district superintendents, and the enforcement of the laws of compulsory education, medical inspection, physical training, the care of
physically handicapped and mentally deficient children, and the application of the Americanization law. He came to Pennsylvania's school
system at the invitation of Governor Sproul at a time when the present
School Code was in the making, and he centralized and put into effect
the different departments of finance, school building, uniform curriculum and training, and school conduct generally. Amendments have
been added to the School Code of 9I I, to render the school system
of Pennsylvania a complete and efficient working control by the State.
28iState Superintendent J. George Becht died in office, and State
Superintendent Frank B. Haas had but a temporary and acting short
period. There came into the State school superintendency two capable
western Pennsylvanians: Dr. John A. H. Keith and Dr. James N
Rule. Dr. Keith had been for several years a very successful principal
of Indiana State Teachers' College (then called a normal school), and
he was appointed to the State superintendency in I927 by Governor
John S. Fisher, who knew of his successful work at Indiana. Dr.
James N. Rule was appointed by Governor Gifford Pinchot on May
THE BLOCK HOUSE, PITTSBURGH, IN 1872, FROM A WOOD CUT MADE BY
JACOB BEESON IN JOHN W. PILTOCK'S "LEADER ALMANAC"THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
28, I93I, and served until May, I935, when the present Superintendent, Dr. Lester K. Ade, was appointed. Dr. Rule, since deceased,
was born in Iowa, and had the experience of teaching in Washington
(Pennsylvania) High School, Washington and Jefferson Academy,
and in Central and Schenley high schools, Pittsburgh, before beginning with the State Department of Public Instruction in I92I. He
gave to the school system of Pennsylvania an administration evolved
from southwestern Pennsylvania training.
The school system of the city of Pittsburgh, as evolved and now
administered, has peculiar historical interest. When the public schools
were established in I834, the limits of Pittsburgh extended only a
mile or more eastward from the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, and within the area between the two rivers at their
junction.  There were the distinctive communities of Pittsburgh,
Birmingham, Allegheny, Northern Liberties, and Lawrenceville. To
these were added later Ormsby Borough and East Liberty. On the
north side of the river were also Manchester and Duquesne, the latter
about opposite Herr's Island. As soon as the Act of I834 was passed,
there were two public schools opened in Pittsburgh, and these were
increased to five in I837. An attempt was made in I853 to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny and adjoining boroughs.
but without success. This restraint was possibly due to the depression
period of I854, when Pittsburgh bankers, upon whom reliance was
placed for the expansion of the school program in the way of the erection of suitable buildings, exercised precaution, and with an entire
absence of speculation. Pittsburgh's desire for the education of youth
had started back in the very early days of Fort Pitt, as shown by the
diary of James Kenney in 1761:
"12 mo. ISt. Many of ye Inhabitants here have hired a School
Master  Subscribed about Sixty Pounds for this Year to him, he has
abt Twenty Schollars, like-wise ye Soberer sort of People seemes to
long for some Publick way of Worship, so ye School Master reads ye
Littany  Common Prayer on ye first Days to a Congregation of
different Principels (he being a Prisbiterant) where they behave very
Grave (I hear), on ye occasion ye Children are brought to Church
as they call it."
Prior to the merger of the two largest school districts of Pittsburgh and Allegheny in I911, each had grown apace during the
283INDIANA COUNTY
McCartney, David Cummins, Joseph Moorhead and James Wilkins,
Sr. From Joseph Harnett's on Red Bank to Brady's Mill; viewers:
William P. Brady, Thomas Lucas, Samuel Scott, James McHenry,
Captain Hugh Brady and James Johnston. From McKee's Mill to
Indiana; viewers: Thomas Allison, Michael Hess, James McKee,
Peter Sutton, Joseph Parker and James Moorhead.
The third earliest community was that of Wheatfields, northerly
of the Conemaugh, with ancient Armagh as the center. It began with
the settlement of George Findlay and the friendly Indian, Joseph
Wipey, whose cabins were not far away from each other. Findlay
used Fort Palmer and Fort Ligonier as havens of refuge until the
Indian warfare subsided, and took out a warrant after the opening
of the land office on April 3, I769. His near neighbors who took
out warrants were: William Clark, William Bracken, who established a mill on Blacklick Creek, Matthew Dill, George Farmer, Robert Rodgers, John Bolar, Daniel McClintock, David Wakefield, Frederick Pershing, Jr., and John Elder. Other mills were erected on
Blacklick by Robert Rodgers and Robert Work.
The town of Armagh, now on the William Penn Highway, formerly the Northern Turnpike, was established in September, I792, by
a group of Associate Reformed Presbyterians headed by James and
Mary Graham. Other early settlers were David Tomb, James Anderson, Alexander Fee, Alexander Carnahan, James Leslie, James Luke,
Hugh Junkins, Peter Dike and Benjamin Smith. The Grahams kept
the first tavern in the town. It became quite an active community on
the Northern Turnpike, as emigrants were continually going through
to Ohio and the West, and as early as I820 had nine hotels and five
stores. It was incorporated as a borough, April Io, 1834.
With this fringe of three substantial communities in its southern
portion north of the Conemaugh River, Indiana County began its
county existence, with the county seat founded to the north of them.
It must be kept in mind that the religious movements were early and
substantial as well, ten or fifteen years before the county was established. Two of the earlier Presbyterian churches of Bethel and
Ebenezer were founded in I790 and I79I. The former was in the
future Centre Township and the latter in Conemaugh Township, and
both were served first by the joint pastorate of the Rev. Joseph W.
Henderson, who was settled by the Redstone Presbytery in I797.
Many of these pioneers had worshipped at old Salem Presbyterian
23SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
co6peration period, and were ripe for the merger. The combined
city of Pittsburgh, growing as it had through the years by the annexation of territory, had become the second largest metropolitan center
of Pennsylvania. The beloved Dr. John Morrow presided over the
schools of the Northside for many years, and Dr. Samuel Andrews, in
the old city of Pittsburgh. Professor James E. Morrow, who served
so many years in the Allegheny High School, was the father of the
late Ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow. In the old city limits
the schools had started in a rented warehouse, with five pupils, and
then the physical structures were increased to four buildings. In 1854
the city of Pittsburgh tried the experiment of having separate schools
for colored children, but this was not successful, and was done away
with after the Civil War.
In I872 the first city training school was established in the Fifth
Avenue High School. The first high school had been started about
1854 on Smithfield Street, in the second and third floors of a building
which afterwards became the Mellon National Bank site. It had one
hundred and fourteen pupils and three teachers. Under the new
School Code the first large high school was the Schenley High School in
I9I5. This was followed by these other: Perry High School, I92I;
Langley High School, I92I; Gladstone Junior High School, 1922;
Westinghouse High School, I923; Peabody High School, I923; David
B. Oliver High School, I923; Gladstone High School, I925; Fifth
Avenue Annex, I925; Taylor Alderdice High School, I925; Herron
Hill High School, I926; Baxter High School addition, I929; Arsenal
High School, I930; Knoxville High School, I93I; Prospect High
School, I93I; Knoxville Junior High School, I935. The first vocational school established, in which trades were taught, was the C. B.
Connelly Vocational High School.
Ten years after the high school on Smithfield Street, another was
started at Fourth and Wood streets. The First Central High School
was conducted at Bedford and Fullerton streets, with six hundred
pupils. The new Fifth Avenue building was built in I895. During
the years the city of Pittsburgh has maintained a building program
slightly beyond its requirements, so that additions could be added without impairing the original building, and at a minimum of cost. The
year I939 will mark the eightieth year of high school graduations,
without interruption, by the city of Pittsburgh, and it was twenty-five
284INCLINE AT JOHNSTOWN, 900 FEET IN LENGTH, WITH INCLINATION OF
35 DEGREES, 27 MINUTESSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
years a pioneer in high school work in southwestern Pennsylvania.
Since the merger of the cities and the resulting enlarged school district, the city school superintendents of Pittsburgh have been: Sylvanus L. Hetter, 1912; Dr. William  Mehard Davidson, I914-30;
Dr. Ben G. Graham, I930. Before the merger, the main city was
served by these superintendents: George J. Luckey, 1870, and Samuel
Andrews, 90oo.
Two other communities early adopted city governments, and their
public schools took on enlarged activities: McKeesport and New
Castle.  In the city of McKeesport, these superintendents served:
Charles M. Deane, 1885; Perry A. Shaner, 1891; H. F. Brooks, I894;
J. B. Richey, I903; James H. Lawson, I935. In the city of New
Castle, the superintendents have been: W. N. Aiken, I88I; Martin
Gantz, I885; F. M. Bullock, I888; William J. Shearer, I894; J. W.
Canon, I897; Clyde C. Green, I929. The Act of I9II made a new
classification of districts, and Pittsburgh now belongs to the cities of
the first class, being over 500,000 in population. Second class districts
are over 30,000 population and up to 500,000; third class districts
are over 5,ooo up to 30,000; and fourth class districts are those containing less than 5,000 in population.
Johnstown is the third city of the second class within the area with
which this narrative deals, and its school life has been thorough and
effective through the years. As the third class city laws were being
extended, so that other communities could adopt them by vote of its
citizens, there came into existence these other city school districts,
with the following superintendents: Beaver Falls, J. Roy Jackson;
Butler, John Arthur Gibson; Clairton, Harvey Don Teal; Connellsville, Bela B. Smith; Duquesne, C. H. Wolford; Greensburg, Wil
liam H. McIlhattan; Monessen, Wade F. Blackburn; Monongahela,
John H. Dorr; Uniontown, J. Nelson Mowls; Washington, Mayers
B. Horner. These additional borough and township school districts
have also become separate school entities with a superintendent, who
is independent of the county superintendent: Aliquippa, H. R. Vanderslice; Ambridge, Joseph R. Miller; Arnold, Donald P. Davis;
Beaver, D. H. Stewart; Bellevue, Harry E. Brumbaugh; Braddock,
T. G. McCleary; Canonsburg, F. Williard McVey; Carnegie, Norman
L. Glasser; Cecil Township, Washington County, H. H. Kuder; Charleroi, Thomas L. Pollock; Crafton, Earl 0. Liggett; Donora, John
286E. Shambaugh; Dormont, Ralph R. Radcliffe; Dunbar Township,
Fayette County, R. K. Smith; East Pittsburgh, Charles F. Young;
Ellwood City, Vaughn R. DeLong; Etna, Clayton L. McMillan; Farrell, W. W. Irwin; Ford City, Quincy G. Vincent; German Township,
Fayette County, J. Carman Newmyer; Homestead, Port Eckles;
Indiana, Norman C. Koontz; Jeannette, Foster B. Snowden; Kittanning, Clyde W. Cranmer; Latrobe, John G. Hulton; McKees Rocks,
W. H. Church; Midland, W. S. Bazard; Mount Lebanon Township,
H. V. Herlinger; Mount Pleasant, John C. Haberlin; Mount
Pleasant Township, Lloyd F.
Rumbaugh; Munhall, C. R.
Stone; New Brighton, S. Warren Lyons; New Kensington,
Ernest T. Chapman; North
Huntingdon Township, Carl C.
Pearsall; North Braddock, F.
DeWitt Zuerner; Oakmont, W.
Lee Gilmore; Rankin, Frank J.
Good; Rostraver Township, E.
F. Carter; Scottdale, B. S.
Bulick; Swissvale, Carl S. Baily;
Tarentum, A. D. Endsley; Vandergrift, John R. Kurtz; Wilkinsburg, William C. Graham;
Windber, Joseph L. Hackenerg.
Southwestern Pennsylvania
has three State teachers' colleges
within its area, and in the order
of their founding they are: Indiana, Southwestern and Slippery Rock.
A bill was passed in I87I, according to the provisions of the Normal
School Act of I857, to establish a State Normal School at Indiana.
The original building was completed and opened for students on May
I7, I875, and this was known as Recognition D)ay. The State established these schools at points where there was hearty support, and
Indiana County contributed amply. These persons were elected as the
first trustees to represent the stockholders: John Sutton, Silas M.
Clark, William B. Marshall, Daniel S. Porter, Alexander M. Stewart,
STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE, INDIANASOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
William B. Hildebrand, Joseph R. Smith, Andrew W. Wilson, George
S. Christy, James R. Daugherty, Irwin McFarland, and George R.
Lewis. These trustees were selected by the State Superintendent of
Public Instruction to represent the State: Hon. Daniel S. Morrell,
Johnstown; Hon. John K. Thompson, Brady; Gen. Thomas F. Gallagher, New Alexandria; Col. S. M. Jackson, Apollo; Hon. E. S.
Golden, Kittanning, and Hon. James C. Clarke, Greensburg. The
first principal was Edward B. Fairchild, and the attendance was one
hundred fifty students. Jane E. Leonard, so long connected with the
institution, was the teacher of history and geography. At the opening exercises there were these outstanding school men in attendance:
Professor James P. Wickersham;' Professor Henry M. Jones, of
Westmoreland County; Professor A. D. Glenn, of Armstrong County,
and Professor Samuel Wolf, of Indiana County. The school was
designated to take over the training of teachers for the Ninth District,
composed of the counties of Armstrong, Cambria, Westmoreland and
Indiana.
The funds for the erection of the first building, Sutton Hall, named
for the president of the first board of trustees, John Sutton, were
raised in this proportion: $60,ooo by the citizens, and $25,000 by
the State of Pennsylvania. In the first faculty, Principal Fairchild
came from Mansfield, Ohio; Hiram Collier, Bellefonte, taught chemistry, physics, and mathematics; T. J. Chapman, Ebensburg, English
grammar; Joseph H. Young, Indiana, English literature; Jane E
Leonard, Millersville, geography and history; Mary Bradley, Shippensburg, assistant in mathematics and drawing; Ada Kershaw, Philadelphia, elocution and reading; A. H. Berlin, Montrose, Pennsylvania
model school. The Indiana Normal School, like other institutions of
like character all over the State, passed into the full control of the
State of Pennsylvania, and thenceforth was called "Indiana State
Teachers' College."
These principals and presidents have served the normal and college
through the years, following the first one: David M. Sensenig, I876J87': John H. French, I878-80o; Leonard H. Darling, I88i-88;
Zachariah Xenophon Snyder, I889-9I; Charles W. Dean, I892-93;
David J. Waller, 1894-I906; James E. Ament, I907-I7; John A. H.
Keith, I918-25; Charles R. Foster, I925-36; Samuel Fausold, I936.
Since its first sessions in 1875, the college has grown to an enrollment
288of one thousand five hundred and thirteen for the current year, which
is served by a faculty of one hundred and fifteen instructors. The
physical equipment has been greatly increased since the erection of
Sutton Hall, by the erection of Thomas Sutton Hall, an addition to
the original John Sutton Hall; Clark Hall, named for Justice Silas M.
Clark, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; Wilson Hall, named
for Andrew W. Wilson, third president of the board of trustees,
and Leonard Hall, honoring Jane E. Leonard, long-time teacher.
Other additions in more recent years have been a gymnasium, arts
building, infirmary, new power plant, shop building, auditorium, and
training school. The college owns thirty-four acres of land, twentythree of which are in the original campus. In the center of this is an
historic oak grove, and on streets bordering the campus are eighteen
houses owned by the college, and used as dormitories by the students.
In addition to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Dr.
Lester K. Ade, the present trustees of Indiana State Teachers' College are: Robert H. Philson, Meyersdale; Judge John H. McCann,
Ebensburg; M. S. Kopp, Punxsutawney; Mrs. Cora Myers Fee,
Indiana; Thomas H. Sheehe, Indiana; D. R. Tomb, Indiana; Horace S. Miller, Greensburg; and H. Wallace Smith, Clearfield.
STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE, CALIFORNIASOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The natural growth in population and added school necessities
created a need for an additional normal school for the training of
teachers in the more remote southwestern part of Pennsylvania, and
the pretty town of California, in a beautiful bend of the Monongahela
River, was selected as a proper place for such an institution. It is
on the western side of the river, just below Brownsville, and the mouth
of the famed Redstone Creek, in Washington County. One of the
first and long time principals of this institution was Dr. Theodore B.
Noss, who headed it from I887 to I9o09. Dr. Noss was zealous of
his institution, and aimed to send out a high grade of prepared
teachers. He was in great demand as an instructor at county institutes
in the southwestern counties all about. Succeeding Dr. Noss in the
principalship and in the presidency of the later Southwestern State
Teachers' College have been: H. B. Davis, I9o09; W. S. Hertzog,
I9I2; John A. Entz, I921; and Robert M. Steele, I93 I. Dr. Steele
is a graduate of Bucknell University, and in his college work at California has been greatly interested in the advancement of the National
Forensic League, organized in the high schools of southwestern Pennsylvania to encourage public speaking and debate. At stated periods,
large meetings and elimination contests are held at the college at
California. At a recent contest held, with Dr. Steele as guest, were
the following sponsors and high school representatives: Ambridge,
L. P. Shaffer; Bentleyville, Mary Evalyne Jenkins; Brownsville, Smith
Coldren; California, Carl E. Mugnani; East Pike Run, H. C. Bell;
Carmichaels, Ruth Baily; Charleroi, L. D. Schreiver; Claysville,
Elwood Phillips; Derry Township, D. K. Shirey; East Huntingdon,
Isabel M. Doherty; St. Vincent, Rev. Edmund Cuneo; Masontown,
Marino Pierratini; Monessen, E. Marjorie Harvey; Hurst, Joseph
E. Silvis; Ninevah, Eleanor Furman; Point Marion, Ella M. Travis;
South Fayette, J. Ruth Bowman; Uniontown, G. E. Rider; South
Union, Mildred Van Zandt; Waynesburg, Robert Strosnider; Centerville, W. R. Williams; West Newton, Claude Mitchell; West View,
Helen Skovira.
The State Teachers College at California had its educational beginnings back in I852, when the academy was established there. In
i 865 the academy received a charter under the name of "Southwestern
Normal College." The corner stone for the main building was laid
on August 26, 1868, when the principal address was delivered by Gov290oernor John W. Geary. Since this time there have been added: The
North Hall, a dormitory for women; Dixon Hall, another dormitory;
South Hall, a third dormitory; Science Hall, Noss Demonstration
Building, Herron Physical Education Hall, and the Industrial Arts
Building. On May 26, I874, the Normal College became, by State
authority, the Southwestern State Normal School for the Tenth District, composed of Washington, Fayette, Greene, and Somerset counties. In I920 it became of the grade of a junior college, and in I932
graduated its first class in the
four-year course of a college,
having been granted authority
to grant degrees in I928. The
present trustees of State Teachers' College at California are,
in addition to State Superintendent Ade: David M. McCloskey,
Esq., Charleroi; Congressman J.
Buell Snyder, Perryopolis; William H. Soisson, Jr., Connellsville; Daniel R. Blower, Dormont; Dr. George B. Frantz,
Coal Center; Dr. A. B. Linhart,
California; Harry E. E. Price,
Charleroi; Daniel B. Swaney,
Uniontown; Ephraim S. Tyler,
Point Marion.
In the northwestern corner of Butler County is located Slippery
Rock State Teachers' College. In I887 the forward-looking folk of
Slippery Rock and the surrounding district put on a movement to
secure teacher-training for their young people. They sold stock to the
amount of $2o,o00oo, secured land and in I888 erected three frame
buildings, two dormitories, a recitation building and chapel. The first
term of school began March 26, I889, with an enrollment of one hundred and sixty-eight pupils, and the first class of eleven members was
graduated in I890. In I926 it was given the right to grant degrees
by the State Council of Education, and in 1927 the name, along with
designations of other normal schools, was changed to the "State Teachers' College at Slippery Rock."
CHAPEL, STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE,
SLIPPERY ROCKSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
During the first scholastic year, beginning with 1889, the first
principal of the normal school was Professor James E. Morrow,
father of the late Dwight Morrow, New York banker and Ambassa
dor to Mexico, and grandfather of Mrs. Col. Charles A. Lindbergh,
author and wife of the noted aviator. Succeeding principals and presidents have been: Dr. Albert B. Maltby, 189 I; Dr. J. Linwood Eisenberg, I9I8; and Dr. Charles S. Miller, I935. In the last school year
the college has had an enrollment of five hundred and forty-four, with
the larger groups of students from Allegheny, Butler, Lawrence,
Beaver and Mercer counties. In addition to State Superintendent
Ade, its board of trustees comprises: Dr. John H. Adams, Pittsburgh; F. A. Barclay, Beaver; Origen K. Bingham, Bridgeville;
Charles G. Campbell, Beaver; Dr. W. R. Hockenberry, Slippery Rock;
Mrs. Agnes B. Howley, New Castle; Mrs. Emma Guffey Miller,
Slippery Rock; Judge John H. Wilson, Butler; and John L. Wise,
Butler. The college has a system of co6perative supervisory teaching in the New Castle, Turtle Creek, McKeesport, and some rural
schools.
In addition to the system of public schools, the Roman Catholic
Church, particularly in the Pittsburgh Diocese, has a well-organized
system of parochial schools in the larger cities and towns, and an
efficient high school in Pittsburgh. Where there are no parochial
high schools, the grade scholars graduate into the high schools of
the public-school system. In both of these cases they are under the
supervision of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
292CHAPTER XII
Enlarging Business
The New Geneva Glass Works of Albert Gallatin-The Brownsville
Glass Works-The Coming of Natural Gas for Fuel-Glass Factories at Jeannette and Elsewhere-The Window Glass ProcessThe Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company-The Oil Business in Butler
and Washington Counties-Electricity as a Source of Power-The
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company-The Development of Radio-The Westinghouse Airbrake Company-Early Business Methods-The Later Company Stores-Modern Business Marketing-Radio's Aid to Business.
One of the most interesting developments in business and manufacturing in southwestern Pennsylvania has been the transformation
of some of its natural products, and by-products, into the things which
have brought convenience and utility to office buildings, manufacturing
plants, stores and homes. No area in all the world exceeds this area
in enlarging business development. The pioneers had to do with the
trees of the forests, and the fruits of the soil, out of which to build
their homes and get a sustenance. They knew not the convenient
things which every home may now enjoy. The first conveniences that
came to them were in the way of iron products, produced at the primitive iron furnaces, which have been fully described. Perhaps the next
important development was that of glass, and its manufacture down
to the present time.
The historical story of the development of the glass industry
begins with the coming of the noted Albert Gallatin into Fayette
County a short time after his marriage to Sophia Allegre on May I4,
I789. He first built a log house on the later estate, overlooking the
Monongahela River, and there his first wife died a few weeks later.
He then married Hannah Nicholson, the daughter of CommodoreSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Church in Derry Township, founded more than ten years earlier.
They first erected wooden tents to shelter them in congregational
meeting until the first log churches were erected.
One of the earliest churches in this area was the old Conemaugh
Associate Reformed Presbyterian, which had an existence earlier than
I795, when one of their pioneer ministers, Rev. John Jamison, was
suspended. The Elders Ridge Presbyterian Church was a child of
the old Ebenezer congregation, and its history will be given in connection with the academy. The Blairsville Presbyterian Church was
organized in 1822, and that at Saltsburg in 1824. Down from the
mountain top at Beula, near Ebensburg, came the stream of Baptist
life, which sect was established there in I798, and which resulted in
the establishing of the Two Lick Church at Dixonville, in I8I2, and
the Loyalhanna Church at Saltsburg in I828. These religious movements added to the basic life of the county and resulted in dotting all
over it many churches of different denominations to supply the spiritual needs of the people. The orderly procedure of the courts and
the substantial business and farming interests have produced one of
the stable counties of this area. When the pioneers entered Indiana
County to carve out their homes, it was a great forest of fine pine and
other timber in its northerly parts, much of which was cut and rafted
down the Mahoning Creek and the Susquehanna River.
24John Nicholson, United States Navy, and from this latter name is
derived the later subdivision of Nicholson Township, in Fayette
County. Gallatin was assessed for the Friendship Hill lands in I787.
He established his glass factory about the year I794, about a mile up
Georges Creek from New Geneva, in a building forty by forty feet
in dimensions, with one side stone and three sides frame. He had as
his German glassblowers, Christian Kramer, Adolph Eberhart, Lewis
Reitz, John George Reppert, Baltzer Kramer and John Christian
Gabler, who had started from Frederick, Maryland, and were journeying westward, scouting for a place for a glass factory, and were
induced by Gallatin to tarry with him. The plant was an eighteen-pot
factory, and used wood for melting the glass sand, and ashes instead
of the present potash. The potash was manufactured by Patrick
Brawley; Andrew Hoover was the clerk and James W. Nicholson the
bookkeeper. The glass sold at $I4 per box.
The business title of the company was "Gallatin and Company,"
but the name was later changed to the "New Geneva Glass Works."
In I807 the company erected larger works across the Monongahela
FRIENDSHIP HILLRiver at Greensboro, in Greene County, and they still retained the
trade mark of "New Geneva Glass." A second glass factory down
the Monongahela River, at Brownsville, was conducted with varying
success, beginning with the year 1828. The river steamboating, which
extended up to Greensboro and New Geneva, afforded ample transportation facilities for the product. George Hogg and Company
built the Brownsville Glass Factory, and after a year's operation by
the builders, it passed successively into the following ownership: John
Taylor and Edward Campbell, under the firm name of "Taylor and
Company," for two years; then as "E. Campbell and Company" for a
few years, when William R. Campbell purchased the interest of John
Taylor; "Campbell and Forsyth," two years; and then "Gue and
Gabler," for several years. After
a sale of the property back to
George Hogg and Company, it
was again operated successively
by Burk, Sedgewick and Company; Carter Hogg and Company; Benedict Kimbler; Haught,
Sewarer and Company; Robert
Rogers; P. and I. Sewarer; and
George W. Wells, some of them
failing and others having a paying business. George W. Wells had
an eight-pot furnace, but suffered in the panic of I873. The property
was later acquired by Schmertz and Quinby, who made a success of
the business.
These early glass factories supplied much of the early tableware
used in the homes; but the development which brought window glass
and plate glass came with the natural gas booms, many years later.
The earlier drillings for oil were shallow, but as these shallow pockets
were pumped out, the drillers went deeper into the bowels of the earth,
with the result that they struck great pockets of gas. These were
immediately used by the glass industry in particular, to heat the furnaces containing the glass sand, and to produce a better quality of
glass. One of the earliest of these gas fields was at Grapeville, in
Westmoreland County, when large quantities of gas were found, in
I887. An earlier gas field was drilled in at Murraysville, and the
products of these wells, after the drillers learned to cap the wells and
MUNICIPAL BUILDING, CITY OF JEANNETTE, "THE GLASS CITY"SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
save the gas, were piped to Pittsburgh, Johnstown and other points
to be utilized in the steel mills and glass factories. The development
of the Grapeville gas field resulted in the building of the town of Jeannette fifty years ago, and by reason of its many glass factories was
known as the "Glass City."
The famous Murraysville gas well was struck in I878, when two
brothers, named Haymaker, were boring for oil on the farm of Henry
Remaley, along Turtle Creek, near Murraysville.  It was the first
strong gas well in Pennsylvania, struck at a depth of one thousand four
hundred feet and nineteen years after Edwin Drake had struck oil at
Titusville. This well caught on fire and blazed many feet into the air,
the smoke rolling in ominous black clouds high into the sky, lighting up
the sky for miles around. The escaping gas made a roaring sound, and
with this well burning for two years, it drew thousands to view it. Since
Pennsylvania's first oil discovery in 1859, and its first big gas discovery
in I878, these two natural elements have been shamefully wasted,
especially in those earlier years, because it took drillers several years
to learn how to cap wells and preserve the gas for future use. Mother
Earth had garnered this supply over great periods of years, and this
wanton waste of our natural resources has been a disgrace. The
famed Andrew Carnegie, then busy with his expanding iron and steel
business, visited the Murraysville field, and thus wrote characteristically in "McMillan's Magazine" for January, I885:
"Directly east of Pittsburgh lies the Westmoreland gas coal field,
from which the eastern cities draw their supplies for gas"; and then,
after describing the wells, and wondering how long they will last, he
continues: "In the manufacture of glass, of which there is an immense
quantity made in Pittsburgh, I am informed that gas is worth much
more than the cost of coal and its handling, because it improves the
quality of the product. One firm in Pittsburgh is already making plate
glass of the largest sizes, equal to the best imported French glass, and
is enabled to do so by this fuel. In our steel rail mills we have not
used a pound of coal for more than a year, nor in our iron mills for
nearly the same period. This change is a startling one."
The making of glass started with the early needs for window
glass and table ware, which the pioneer factories could make. Window glass began with the small panes, six by eight inches in size, which
296were the substitute for the old waxed paper of the log cabins. As
facilities for making were increased, the window panes were made
larger, and the largest ones went into store windows and show cases.
As store windows became larger, and there was greater need for the
display of goods, there arose a necessity for non-breakable glass, as
nearly as it could be produced, and hence the manufacture of plate
glass became one of the distinctive industries of the Pittsburgh district. The piping of natural gas all about this corner of the State
caused the erection of small glass factories all about: at Washington,
Rochester, Saltsburg, Pittsburgh, Tarentum, and many other places.
Some of these, like the American Window Glass Company, operated
large factories at Jeannette and Arnold. There was at Blairsville
the Columbia Plate Glass Company, which secured its glass sand at the
base of the Chestnut Ridge at Millwood, and made the later windshield glass which went into Ford automobiles. The Jeannette and
other glass plants secured much of their glass sand from the great
veins in Blair and Huntingdon counties in eastern Pennsylvania. "Fortune Magazine," under date of January, I934, best described the
romantic history of plate glass in these significant words:
"If the history of the United States should be written in terms of
its corporations, rather than in terms of its politicians, The Pittsburgh
Plate Glass Company might well serve as one of the type corporations
PLATE GLASS POLISHERS, FORD CITY PLANT, PITTSBURGH
PLATE GLASS COMPANYSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
in that story...: It fashions its products out of materials dug from
the earth and melted in great furnaces and worked over by many
machines and many men. It was for many years a one-man company;
its story would have a hero in the person of old John Pitcairn, a dour
old Scotch industrialist, complete even down to a totally non-industrial
interest which, in his case, happened to be a devotion to the religion
of Emanuel Swedenborg. And since John Pitcairn died, in I9I6, the
wealth which Pittsburgh Plate Glass has created has speared into such
diverse enterprises as a Swedenborgian Cathedral on the one hand and
the promotion of a flying machine, the autogiro, on the other....
At one time it was on a fair way to become a Plate Glass Trust, but
an intramural disagreement resulted in part of the parent company's
splitting off as an independent. Even today, however, the parent and
the offspring, which is the Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company, together do about ninety-five per cent of the United States plate-glass
business. Otherwise it has all the characteristics of those corporations
that date from the most sturdy and most individual days of United
States industry. It owes no money, and no bankers have ever spoken
the last word in its proceedings."
The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company had its beginning through
the business attachment of John B. Ford and John Pitcairn. Mr.
Ford had made two unsuccessful attempts to establish a plate glass
manufacturing plant at New Albany and Jeffersonville, Indiana, and
then joined with Mr. Pitcairn in building the plant at Creighton, in
Allegheny County, this factory going into production in I883. Mr.
Ford built a second plant at Tarentum shortly afterwards, and then
a third at Ford City, the latter under the name of the Ford City Plate
Glass Company, in I89o, and both of these were merged into the
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. A new financial figure entered the
company in the person of William L. Clause, and the new policy of
distributing their product through their own wholesale warehouses
was adopted, which caused the Ford family to withdraw and form the
new Edward Ford Plate Glass Company at Toledo, Ohio, which in
time merged with the Libbey-Owens Company, as a competitor. The
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company thus has become and remains a distinctly southwestern Pennsylvania industry, sound financially, and putting out a product that has brought beauty and convenience to the
homes, stores, office buildings and factories all about.
298The Ford City plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company extends for a mile along the Allegheny River and is equipped with
machinery of the very highest type. One of the fundamental difficulties in glass making is that the pot, or crucible, for melting requires
years for its preparation and lasts only a few days in service. The
glass industry must produce its own pots, owing to the care with which
they must be treated. In large factories as many as five thousand
pots, each weighing three thousand pounds, are kept in storage,
ready for use as needed. These
pots are made of selected kinds
of clay, and each one is capable
of melting one and one-half tons
of glass at one time and of supporting a sustained temperature
of from twenty-five hundred to
three thousand degrees Fahrenheit through nearly one day and
one night. The work of making
the pot begins three years before
it is used, and the clays, used in
their making, after extraction
from the mines, are exposed to
the weather in order that they
may disintegrate and eliminate
impurities. The selected clay is
ground, screened, mixed accurately with certain constituents,
and kneaded in pugging mills of
various types. After kneading,
the clay must be stored away again to ripen, a process that often
requires another six months, and then it is formed by hand, and after
that six months more storage, is subjected to the great heat necessary
to the glass melting. The average life of a pot is twenty days.
It is too long a story to detail the melting, gradual cooling. annealing, grinding, smoothing and polishing, which is done by great
machines operated by experienced workmen. During the final processes
the plates are placed in a plaster bed, and smoothed carefully, to
produce the finished product. These are then made up to the different
JOHN PITCAIRN, FOUNDER OF PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANYSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
sizes necessary to equip some of the many metropolitan buildings
throughout the country. An example or two of the use to which plate
glass is put in these days are in historic point. The Woolworth Building, first tall structure in New York City, has five thousand apertures
filled with Pittsburgh plate glass that withstands the great wind pressures of that area with a minimum of breakage. In the vast wall area
of the Equitable Building in the same city there is one-third of it filled
with Pittsburgh plate glass. In this building alone there are five thousand seven hundred windows, all of polished plate glass. The entrances
to the thousands of offices, and the glass partitions connecting them,
require great quantities of plate glass.
In the business arcade of the Union Trust Building, Pittsburgh.
plate glass, clear or obscure, solves many problems of interior lighting.
The walls and doors are plate glass, almost wholly, and principally of
the chipped or sand-blasted varieties, thus admitting daylight from
the exterior but insuring complete privacy to the office tenants. Other
uses to which this product is applied are in bank fixtures, sun parlors,
store and building fronts, mirrors, office furniture coverings, home
furniture, showcases in stores, and automobile windshields. Thus
does a distinctly southwestern Pennsylvania product contribute to the
world's betterment and contentment. This company has in more
recent years added a large paint and varnish business, but these manufacturies are mostly outside Pennsylvania, at Red Wing, Minnesota;
Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Newark, New Jersey, and other places.
In addition to the production of gas, which has helped industry so
much to come to its place of superior production, the romance of oil
in this area has its interesting history also. It is bound up in a way
with the gas industry, because the drillings for one will sometimes
create a new and productive field for the other. There have been
two oilfields that have been the means of the creation of wealth here:
the Butler and Washington fields. The Washington County history
is full of stories of earlier operations in I82I, I860 and I865. The
real operations began there in March, 1882, with the well on the Alexander McGuigan farm in Mount Pleasant Township, two and onehalf miles south of Hickory. Gas was struck there in large quantities
at a depth of two thousand two hundred feet. Much gas was wasted
here, also, just as it was wasted at Murraysville, and the McGuigan
well's roar could be heard for miles around. Another early well was
3oo00THREE VIEWS OF BUTLER, FROM TOP TO BOTTOM: WEST END, BUSINESS AND
RESIDENTIAL SECTION, EAST ENDSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
drilled at two thousand and sixty-eight feet on the Hess farm within
the present limits of Washington on April 30, I884. The operations
and their extensions caused the organization of the People's Light and
Heat Company, which was the predecessor of the Manufacturers'
Light and Heat Company. Gas was piped to Washington and used
in cooking stoves at a cost of one dollar per month for one fire, and
seventy-five cents for each additional fire.
In the days before natural gas, there were in many of the larger
towns and cities gas companies which manufactured illuminating gas
from coal and stored it in huge tanks for distribution through one,
two and three-inch gas lines through the communities. Some veins of
coal, like that in the Irwin field, produced more volatile gas than
others, and hence some coal companies, like the Westmoreland Coal
Company and the Penn Gas Coal Company, shipped trainloads of this
gaseous coal to Philadelphia and other eastern cities to be manufactured into gas. This type of gas was used mostly for illumination in
churches, auditoriums, and in street lamps. With the coming of natural
gas, many municipalities substituted open gas jets at street intersections, and this was in large percentage wasted until gas mantles came
into general use. It was an interesting sight fifty years ago to see the
policeman make his rounds in the natural gas territory, armed with
an additional stick upon the end of which was a clamp with which to
turn the gas jet, and also a fixture holding a match, which he struck up
the side of the lamp post, and thus lit the escaping gas. This operation was performed just before dusk, and was in vogue until the coming
of the earlier arc-lights in the epoch of electricity which followed.
The first big oil well in the Washington field was designated as
Gordon, No. I, which was drilled in on August 8, i885, and by deeper
drilling reached a production of one hundred and fifty-seven barrels
in twenty-four hours. Extensive operations were conducted in the
central and western parts of Washington County, and continued from
1885 down to the present day. Perhaps the most productive period
began in I89 I, when the McDonald field was opened up, and a gusher
was struck by the Royal Gas Company at five hundred barrels a day
Many later wells increased their production to fourteen hundred
barrels a day. Thousands of barrels ran into the streams and were
wasted because of lack of tankage. Wells are now pumped and the
302supply is thus conserved and distributed into the great pipe lines to
tidewater. It is estimated that the oil fields of Washington County
produced several millions of barrels, the product of the McDonald
field alone being estimated at eight million four hundred thousand barrels in I 892, with ten million barrels in the whole county for that year.
The initial operations of the Drake well at Titusville, and the
consequent oil excitement which it produced is a romance in itself, and
great groups of southwestern Pennsylvanians sojourned temporarily
in the "oil regions," with Franklin and Oil City as a center, until the
excitement was over. Great numbers of them returned to more peace
ful pursuits in the old home communities. But in succeeding years
the field itself extended southerly into Butler County, and there was
a great development there, starting with the Scrubgrass region. The
details of the Butler oil field have been well and fully treated in Senater C. Hale Sipe's "H'istory of Butler County," but for our purposes
the movement starts with the Jacobs Oil Company well, back in I868,
which had an initial production of sixty barrels daily. Other smaller
wells had been drilled through the years, and many dry holes had been
secured.
AN OIL WELL NEAR BUTLERCHAPTER III
Other  Religious  Foundations
Other Religious Bodies Establish Themselves After the Adoption of the
Constitution-The Methodist Episcopal Church Begins With the
Redstone Circuit in this Area-Its Extension and Early Congregations-The Methodist Protestant Group-The Wesleyan Methodists-The Scottish Divisions of Reformed Presbyterians, Associate
Presbyterians, and Associate Reformed Presbyterians, the Latter
Two Uniting in I758 to Form the United Presbyterian Church of
North America-Early Churches of These Groups-Roman Catholic Beginnings at Loretto, in Cambria County, and Sportsman's
Hall, in Westmoreland County-Older Churches in Pittsburgh,
Allegheny County; Sugar Creek, Butler County; Greensburg,
Westmoreland County-The Church's Growth and the St. Vincent's
Arch-Abbey-The Beginnings of the Christian Church, or Disciples of Christ-Their Warfare With the Baptists-The Beginnings
of Bethany College--The Cumberland Presbyterians-The Church
of the United Brethren-The Evangelical Church-The Church of
the Brethren-Other Denominations.
The religious growth of southwestern Pennsylvania calls for the
historical recording of other outstanding groups in this important
area, who in some instances have become more firmly established
than some of the five pioneer groups referred to. The seventy-five
years following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States
in I787, and its subsequent amendments, which guaranteed full religious freedom of worship, saw the building up of some Presbyterian
bodies slightly different in name, polity and doctrine from the Presbyterian bodies of the Reverends David McClue, James Powers, John
McMillan, Samuel Ralston and others. There were also the Reformed
Presbyterians, the Associate Reformed Presbyterians, the AssociateThe Thorn Creek development of Thomas W. Phillips in I88I
was a significant one, which grew into a production of sixteen thousand
barrels per day. The McBride well had a production of two hundred
barrels an hour at one time, about December I2, I884. But as early
as I875, the first gas was piped out of Butler to the Spang-Chalfant
mill at Etna for its commercial purposes, and those of that community.
In later years, however, perhaps the greatest producing wells were
those on the Fruhling and Cruikshanks farms in Winfield Township,
Butler County, in I889. This was followed by the Kerr farm well
just eastward in Armstrong County, which exceeded them in pro
duction.
The extensive operations of the late Thomas W. Phillips and his
family in the Glade Run, Great Belt, St. Joseph and Thorn Run fields,
and the evolution of their business enterprises is historical and
interesting. In I890 they operated as Thomas W. Phillips,
Sons and Company; then in I 891
as the Phillips Gas Company;
and in I9o04 their interests were
merged into the T. W. Phillips
Gas and Oil Company. They took
over the Home Gas Company,
of Butler, the Enterprise Natural Gas Company, of Freeport,
and the Citizens Fuel, Company,
of Punxsutawney. Through upto-date business methods, careful
management, and careful distrition, this company, distinctive and independent of other interests, has
maintained one of the best public utilities in Pennsylvania. Thomas
W. Phillips, Jr., active head of the utility, had been honored by his
fellow-citizens in former years by election to Congress, and in return
he has been diligent as a political student, and a contributor to the general welfare of his community and State.
An exciting time was had in August, I9I9, when the McKeesport
gas pool was located, and it proved one of the oddest finds in history.
The field was on the edge of the Murraysville Anti-clinal, and a big
THE ORIGINAL DRAKE VWELL, AT
TITUSVILLEpocket of gas was found in the Speechley sand at two thousand nine
hundred and thirty-nine feet. The original well cost its owners about
seven thousand dollars, yielded about fifty million feet of gas for one
hundred days, and netted its owners perhaps a million dollars. The
exciting time caused the organization of two hundred and ninety-seven
gas companies, and two hundred and thirty-eight wells were located
in the McKeesport community. Great sums of money were invested,
and much real estate changed hands, and the exciting times departed
as quickly as they came, after the gas pocket had been emptied.
The town of Greensboro, in Greene County, has had an interesting
pottery history, which dated from the laying out of the town in I79I,
down to about I88o. There was a good clay deposit about Carmichaels and Greensboro, suitable for the making of crockery
such as was in common use on
the farm. Greensboro was also
at the head of navigation for
most of these years and shipping
conditions down the river were
of the best. All about the country Greensboro crocks and jugs
of all sizes were obtainable at
the great country stores in the
communities as readily as were
staple groceries, dry goods or
notion.
The real history of the electrical industry in the Pittsburgh
environment begins with the organization of the great Westinghouse Company in I886. In that
year George Westinghouse, who
had been experimenting for some
time, sent one of his engineers,
William Stanley, to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to conduct experiments with generators and
transformers, to prove the feasibility of a commercial power system
using alternating current. He had associated with him two other
G-EORGE WESTINGHOUSEengineers, 0. B. Shallenger and Albert Schmidt. TXhe work at Great
Barrington convinced Mr. Westinghouse that he was correct in his
theories about the future of the alternating current, and he decided
immediately to enter into the manufacture of electrical apparatus.
Three years before the Great Barrington experiments, George Westinghouse had become acquainted with Dr. Diomede Pantaleoni, an
eminent Italian physician, whose son, Guido Pantaleoni, a student
at the University of Turin, came to Pittsburgh to become associated
with Mr. Westinghouse. He returned to Italy and then perfected
American rights to the Gaulard and Gibbs patents, which led to the
alternating current industry here.
In the early eighties illumination was looked upon as the principal
field for the use of electrical energy. Gas was then the chief competitor of the kerosene lamp, kerosene being the first product of the oil
fields, while the by-products of oil are now most valuable. Conditions
in the plant of the Westinghouse Machine Company were thus described
by E. S. McClelland in I88I: "Our shops, located at the corner of
Twenty-fifth Street and Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh, were dark and
dingy, poorly ventilated, poorly heated, and generally unsanitary.
Heating was accomplished through the medium of egg stoves, coal
or coke fired, and not too liberally distributed through the shops. In
FIRST LOCOMOTIVE EQUIPPED BY GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE WITH
COMPRESSED AIR POWER BRAKES FOR REGULAR ROAD SERVICEENLARGING BUSINESS
the shop, light was furnished by tallow candles and coal-oil lamps; in
the offices, the only illumination was provided by kerosene wick-fed
lamps with glass chimneys, hot, smelly, and poorly adapted for lighting purposes. The incandescent carbon-filament electric lamp was not
in use."
At the first installation of an alternating current motor, there
was a vigorous discussion as to its feasibility, but Mr. Westinghouse
stood out for it, and today, ninety-five per cent. of electric power generated is alternating current. The first sixteen-pole alternating current dynamo installed in the United States was at the plant of the
Brush Electric Light Company on November 30, I886. Within two
years one hundred plants of this character had been installed. Then
the need of meters was apparent, and these were devised and installed
successfully. Transformers were next invented to reduce high voltage
to lower for commercial use. Then followed the patents of Nikola
Tesla, of Austria-Hungary, covering the polyphase induction motor
on May I, I888, the rights of which in this country Mr. Westinghouse quickly secured.
While the Westinghouse Company had installed successful power
motors at the Willamette Falls Electric Company at Oregon City,
Oregon, in I890, and at Telluride, Colorado, in I891, one of its
greatest achievements up to I893 was the successful lighting of the
World's Fair at Chicago. This successful venture brought to the
company the electrification of Niagara Falls, and the utilization of
the mighty power to drive motors and dynamos aggregating 1,575,900
horsepower. T'his has not only made Niagara Falls the world's
largest center of electro-chemical workers, but it has blazed the trail
for the development of large blocks of electric power for public
utilities.
The first railway electrification accomplished by the company was
on the New York, New Haven and Hartford, beginning with June
30, I895. This was followed by more complete installation of electric trains out of Grand Central station in New York City. The
single-phase system has been more recently adopted by the Norfolk
and Western, Virginian, Pennsylvania, and other railroads. The company has further installed countless motors for mine and steel mill
operations, and at the new Boulder Dam in Nevada, and the new
3o7SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Norris Dam in Tenrnessee. The general headquarters and principal
Westinghouse works are located at East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
covering an area of one hundred and eighty-five acres, with useful
floor space of four million two hundred and seventy-five thousand
square feet. Here eight thousand employees have been engaged from
time to time in the manufacture of basic electrical equipment of every
sort. The transportation industry receives from East Pittsburgh
motors and control for electric locomotives, street cars and trolley
buses, Diesel-electric generators, and smaller generators for train
lighting and air-conditioning.
The Westinghouse Company makes all types of industrial and
railway gears, gear motors, speed reducers, trolleys, and Pantagraphs
at its Westinghouse Nuttall works in Pittsburgh, and repair and
renewal parts for all of its equipment at its Homewood plant. At
Derry, in Westmoreland County, is a plant for the manufacture of
high tension insulators. The extent of this great industrial operation
is further evidenced by the service to customers in the maintenance
of offices, warehouses and service shops throughout the United States.
A subsidiary corporation, the Westinghouse Electric Supply Company,
operates in the United States through sixty-nine branch sales offices
and warehouses; while the Westinghouse Electric International Company distributes to seventy-nine foreign companies, exclusive of Canada, which is covered by the Canadian Westinghouse Company.
George Westinghouse reached the full flower of his genius at the
beginning of a remarkable era of material progress. Before he had
reached the age of twenty-three, he had revolutionized the entire steam
railroad industry through his invention of the air brake. In the days
of handbraking, even in a three-car train, and before the days of the
patent couplers, each car carried a box of wooden pins which were
placed by the brakeman between the coupling pins, to produce a minimum of slack, when the train came to a stop. The coming of the air
brake opened the way to vastly increased pay loads per engine, smooth
and safe operation, and from two to four times faster schedules. The
invention of the air brake made George Westinghouse a national
figure overnight.
The Westinghouse Airbrake Company has its large plant at Wilmerding, which is a basic industry in itself, supplying airbraking to
308ENLARGING BUSINESS
all types of conveyances from railroad cars to automobiles. This
industry has been more specifically referred to in the transportation
chapter of this narrative. These companies also maintain an efficient
research laboratory at East Pittsburgh, where skilled scientists are
constantly at work on many far-reaching developments. Whatever
the problem, and however dim the path, there are Westinghouse men
and Westinghouse resources to follow it to a solution.
One of the finest contributions which the Westinghouse Electric
and Manufacturing Company has made towards the consummate happiness of the whole world is in the more recent field of radio. Westinghouse research in this field started in 1916, and finally led to the
establishment of Radio Station KDKA, so familiar to us all, in its
initial broadcast of the Harding-Cox election returns on November
2, I920. Dr. Frank Conrad had previously operated experimental
stations between East Pittsburgh and his home, about five miles apart,
and by the chance reading of an advertisement of a radio apparatus
with which to get Dr. Conrad's programs, H. P. Davis purchased one
of the sets, received the broadcasts, and then threw his whole energy
into the new discovery, and developed it to the great system that it
now is. Mr. Davis was at that time a vice-president of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and he later became the
chairman of the board of the well-known National Broadcastnig Company. Said Mr. Davis: "We became convinced that the idea of developing radio telephonic communication as a confidential means of pointto-point communication was wrong, as it entirely lacked secrecy and
that-instead its field was one of wide publicity."
Thus was born KDKA, known as the pioneer broadcasting station
of the world because it was the first station to inaugurate a regular,
continuous broadcasting service. It was the first station to broadcast
a President's inaugural address, a church service, a banquet speech,
sporting events, baseball scores, theatre performances, a regular farm
service, government market reports, and all classes of radio entertainment. To this has been added the short-wave station W18XK.
By means of this latter service communication can be established to
all the world, and particularly to the far north. The Radio Corporation of America, through these short-wave tests was influenced to
abandon the use of long wave for its long-distance message service.
309310          SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company has likewise
installed the short-wave service around the world.
The location and successful operation of KDKA has caused other
stations to spring up all about southwestern Pennsylvania, such as
KQV, WJAS, WCAE, WWSW, in Pittsburgh, and others at Uniontown, Greensburg, Johnstown, Butler, and other points.CHAPTER XIII
The  Contribution  of the Jurists
The Administration of Justice Begins at Bedford and HannastownThe Virginia Courts West of the Monongahela-Washington County
First to be Cut Off from Westmoreland-The Fifth Judicial District-The Judges and Lawyers of the Circuits-United States Justices from Southwestern Pennsylvania--Chief Justices Jeremiah S.
Black, Daniel Agnew, Robert S. Frazer, and John W. Kephart, of the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court-and Other Justices--Other Judicial
Districts Parceled Out of the Old Fifth District-The Federal Courts
for the Western District of Pennsylvania and Its PractitionersThe Part Played by Many Eminent Lawyers in Building Up the
Southwest-The Reign of Law Here Maintained.
At a session of the Court of Oyer and Terminer, in and for the
County of Westmoreland, about a score of years ago, a juror was
being examined on his voire dire, as to whether he was in favor of
capital punishment, if the evidence warranted it. The juror was hedging to avoid an unpleasant duty, in passing on the guilt or innocence
of a fellow-citizen, which might have meant the citizen's death. When
the lawyers had finished with him, Judge Alexander D. McConnell,
presiding in the case, undertook to clear up the mental situation in
the mind of the juror, but failing, discharged him from the panel,
with the remark: "We are still living under a reign of law." Ever
since the fountain-head of administered justice was first established
at H'annastown for the area west of the Laurel Hill, in 1773, and
for the earlier Bedford, in I77I, the law has been faithfully maintained and intelligently expounded here.
This reign of law, so well maintained, has been brought about by
the fine contribution which the jurists have made to it. When Colonel
William Crawford and Captain Arthur St. Clair, along with their
I I I -associate justices, first sat in the courts at Carlisle, Bedford and Hannastown, in I770, I771, and I773, successively, after the western area
of Cumberland County had been added to the domain of the Pennsylvania Colony in I768, they were becoming "learned in the law," such
as it was for that period. TIhe records they have left in the courts
show their innate ability to determine issues, both civil and criminal,
as between their neighbors. After presiding for five terms of court
at Hannastown, Justice Crawford cast his lot with the Virginia
courts west of the Monongahela River, and due to his martyrdom
at the stake in I782, at the hands of the Indians, he never returned to
Hannastown to make a final contribution to the administration of
justice there. On the other hand, Justice Arthur St. Clair held tenaciously to the Pennsylvania jurisdiction at Hannastown and died in
I8I8, within the jurisdiction of Westmoreland County and within fifteen miles of the later seat of justice at Greensburg.  These early
GRAVE OF COLONEL EDWARD COOK, REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIER AND JUSTICE IN
THE HANNASTOWN COURT JUST BEFORE THE BURNING, JULY 13, 1782
REHOBOTH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHYARD, NEAR MONESSENCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
justices at Bedford and Hannastown heard and determined the issues
before them under established English jurisprudence.
The term "jurist" as used in this narrative does not apply alone to
judges. There have been hundreds of lawyers in southwestern Pennsylvania who never reached the bench, but who are renowned as jurists, versed in the science of the law, and qualified expounders of it. It
is the contribution of all these to our present civilization here that we
should memorialize. One lawyer in a southwestern Pennsylvania
court some years ago, after a hectic day of trial, and repeated clashings with the presiding judge, none of them contemptuous, however,
closed his argument to the court with this remark: "Your Honor
may differ with me in the proposed application of the law in this case,
but it is a very small step from the bar to the bench." The late Hampton L. Carson, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, expressed much
the same view in his "History of the Supreme Court of the United
States": "The character of the bench is largely a reflection of the
character of the bar. The judges are drawn from its members.
Besides this, an able bar can never tolerate a feeble bench, while an
able bench will always elevate and educate a bar. They act and re-act
on each other."
The early beginnings of the several courts have been detailed in
earlier chapters, showing the administration of the provincial courts
until the days of Judge Alexander Addison who, during his term from
I790 to I803, guided the administration of justice over a larger area
than any one judge has ever since done. Judge Addison's impeachment, in the latter year, came about with the appointment of Judge
John B. C. Lucas, who became a thorn in Judge Addison's judicial
flesh, and by the reprehensible practice of trying to charge a jury contrary to a position assumed by Judge Addison, and by a consequent
political coup, brought about his impeachment. Judge Addison was
an able jurist, and practiced first in Washington County. He sat in
the courts of Washington, Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny, and
the later Greene, Butler and other counties that were just being created after the dismemberment of Allegheny County to the northward.
Judge Samuel Roberts succeeded him in this old Fifth District, serving
until his death in 1820, having been appointed April 20, I803.
The old Fifth Judicial District was restricted in area and jurisdiction through the creation of the new Tenth Judicial District by the
Act of February 24, I8o6, with Armstrong, Cambria, Indiana, Som313SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Presbyterians, the Cumberland Presbyterians, and the later United
Presbyterians. Before the days of merger these helped to build up
the country. As more pioneers of the Catholic faith came westerly,
their spiritual needs were supplied by individual priests organizing
congregations, until the formation of a diocese. The Quakers established themselves in a few scattered communities, and the Methodist
Episcopal Church came into being and grew to great numbers. There
were Protestants, Primitive Methodists, the so-called "Albright"
Methodist, the United Brethren, the Church of God, and the Church
of the Brethren. Out of the Baptist religious crucible came the movement which resulted in the organization of the large Christian Church,
or Disciples of Christ, and there have been the later off-shoots from
some of these, and the later coming of the distinctive Catholic and
orthodox groups. All these, and others, have contributed to make
of this wide section a fundamentally religious body politic.
The Reverend John Wesley once declared that the first Methodist society came together in England in the latter part of the year
1739.  After the growth of these variants from  the established
Church of England into a sizable body there, he appointed, on September Io, I784, Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury as joint superintendents "over our brethren in America." This was the real beginning of organized Methodism here, with a meeting in I.ovely Lane,
Baltimore, on Christmas, I784. The Methodists, who had migrated
hither, met in group conferences as they had occasion since I773, but
they had no church organization. The General Conference, which
had its beginning with the Lovely Lane meeting at Baltimore, finally
divided its work into these six annual conferences, extending from
Maine to southern Georgia and western Tennessee: New England,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Virginia, South Carolina and Western. The
parts of the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna River were assigned to the Baltimore Conference.
Bishop Francis Asbury became the presiding head of the Methodist Church in America, and was set apart as general superintendent
on December 27, I784.  He was born at Staffordshire, England,
August 20, 1745, and after doing a heroic work, in which he traveled
over six thousand miles on horseback, he died March 3I, I8i6, at
Spotsylvania, Virginia, with final interment at Baltimore. A beautiful monument at Sixteenth Street and Columbia Road, in Washington, District of Columbia, is erected in memory of him. Camp26erset and Westmoreland counties composing it. The noted Judge
John Young presided in the courts of the Tenth District for thirty
years, from I8o6 to I836, and was a bulwark of the law in a period
when the counties had passed the period of their "growing" legal
pains, and many new questions were successfully met and determined.
Cambria County, along with Blair and Huntingdon counties, became
a part of the new Twenty-fourth District by the Act of April 5, I849,
P. L. 368, and remained thus until it became a separate district, after
its population had risen to forty thousand by the census of 1880. The
judges and lawyers rode the circuits in those days, and most of the
latter were admitted to the
courts where the judge of their
home county sat. Among these
very early admissions were:
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, John
Woods, James Ross, George
Thompson, Daniel Bradford,
James Carson, Michael Huffnagle, Daniel St. Clair and
others. The one who gained
most prominence at the very
beginning was Hugh Henry
Brackenridge. He began his
practice at Hannastown and
came there from Pittsburgh to
court, where he resided. He was
of counsel for the Indian Mamachtaga, a Delaware under
Killbuck, who had killed John
Smith on May, I I, I785, and was tried at Hannastown and convicted
of murder. As a result of this conviction, the Indian was hanged on a
gallows on the hill just west of Hannastown, and Mr. Brackenridge has
left the best detailed account of it. Further reference to him has been
made in detailing his activities in the Whiskey Insurrection, in the
founding of the Pittsburgh Academy, and in his later practice in the
different counties about Pittsburgh, as well as his elevation to the
Supreme Bench of Pennsylvania, where he had a distinguished career
in the interpretation and sustaining of our constructive law of the
period.
HUGH M. BRACKENRIDGECONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
Judge Brackenridge had also a distinguished son, Hugh Marie
Brackenridge, who was in active practice in Allegheny County, and
who has preserved for us much of his father's writings and active life.
At the first session of the Washington County Court on October
2, I78I, Judge Henry Taylor was designated as the president of the
court and Mr. Brackenridge, Samuel Irwin and David Sample were
admitted, the last named having been admitted at Bedford, and was
made attorney for the State. Judge Taylor served until October
31, I783, and was succeeded by Colonel Dorsey Pentecost, who served
until his removal to another State. Before Washington County was
made a separate judicial district, under the census provisions of the
Constitution of I873, it was first joined judicially with Fayette County
and then, later, with Beaver. Those who sat in court at Uniontown
and Washington, as well as in Greene County, following Judge Roberts, were: Thomas H. Baird, I818-37; Nathaniel Ewing, I838-48;
Samuel A. Gilmore, I848; James Lindsay, i86I; J. Kennedy Ewing,
only son of Judge Nathaniel Ewing, I864. By a judicial gerrymandering the district was again changed in I866, by which the two counties of Washington and Beaver were joined to form the new Twentyseventh District, and Judge B. B. Chamberlin was appointed, but was
defeated by Alexander W. Acheson at the general election of I866.
The Constitution of 1873 then caused Washington to become a separate district, and when Judge Acheson came up for reilection in I876
he was defeated by George S. Hart by the remarkably close vote of
5,598 to 5,594. At the close of Judge Hart's term, the late Judge
John Addison McIlvaine became his successor for the next ten years,
and was three times reelected for ten-year terms. Judge McIlvaine
was deservedly popular with the people of Washington County, serving for thirty-five years as the county's president judge. He retired
in I922, but was subject to call for service and advice.
Judge McIlvaine had a decided sense of judicial humor, concerning which others from his home county could better relate, but this
example, out of the writer's personal experience, will illustrate: He
was a prominent Presbyterian layman, as well as a judge, and well
informed of the judicial appellate procedure of the Presbyterian
Church, from the session of the local church, and through the presbytery, synod, and general assembly. In the course of his judicial life
there came before him on the jury trial list a case of ejectment, involving the title to a church building, being contested by two Baptist con315gregations. Much testimony was introduced showing Baptist usage
and custom, but there was no testimony to show any final judicatory
to decide the matter of church polity. When he saw, after listening
patiently to the testimony, that he would have to play the part of
an ecclesiastical judge as well as civil, he called counsel to the bench,
outside the hearing of the jury, and suggested that these Baptists
adjourn over the noon hour, elect a bishop, and settle their difficulty
for him, and he would apply the civil law to that decision.
In 1895 the population of Washington County had increased considerably, and other business of the county required an additional
judge, which office was created by the Act of I895. Judge James
Franklin Taylor, a grandson of the earlier Judge Henry Taylor, was
appointed to this new office, and twice elected to ten-year terms, thus
serving from 1895 to I9I3, the date of his death. Judge Robert Wilson Irwin, succeeded Judge Taylor in I913, and he died suddenly in office in I9I7- Judge
James I. Brownson was appointed to succeed to the office
left vacant by Judge Irwin's
death,  and  was  successively
elected in I919 and 1929, becoming president judge upon the
retirement of Judge McIlvaine.
Judge Brownson was stricken in
the latter part of the year, while
charging a jury, and died as a
result on December 3I, I938.
He was a son of the famed Rev.
James I. Brownson, D. D., so
long identified with Washington
County's Presbyterian.history,
and made substantial contribution to the education and public welfare
of the community, as chairman of the trustees of Washington and Jefferson College, and on the board of the Pennsylvania State Training
School at Morganza. He, too, was much admired by the lawyers of
Washington County, and all others of his profession where he presided in other courts, due to his uniform kindness and consideration.
FORMER WASHINGTON COUNTY
COURT HOUSE AND JAILCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
Upon the retirement of Judge McIlvaine, there was chosen as his
successor and elected, Judge Erwin Cummins, who died in office
November 2, I933, and as his successor Judge Howard W. Hughes,
now serving in the judicial office, was chosen May 20, I929. An additional judgeship was created in Washington County, to which Judge
Carl E. Gibson was chosen in I934, and who still administers thle
judicial office.
As the population increased by a later census, the separate
Orphans' Court of Washington County was created, to which Judge
Haldain B. Hughes was elected, but who died suddenly in I923, at
the side of his automobile, as he was returning from a session of court
in Greene County. Judge Norman E. Clark' was appointed to succeed
him on November 12, I923, but failed election in a contest with Judge
J. Boyd Crumrine, who has been serving as president judge of that
court, through a second election, since I924.
Southwestern Pennsylvania has furnished its quota of members of
the United States Supreme Court, there being three of them: Justice
Henry Baldwin, of Allegheny County, was the first member coming
from this section, and was an active practitioner before his elevation.
He served from I830 to I846, and was succeeded by Justice Robert
C. Grier, who was appointed in I848, and served until I9I8. Justice
Grier had first practiced at Bloomsburg and Danville in the central
part of the State, and came to Pittsburgh upon his appointment to the
old District Court of Allegheny, now abolished, serving from 1840 to
i 848. Justice George Shiras, Jr., was the third member of this highest court, being appointed in I892, from the ranks of the bar, at the
age of sixty years. He had acquired a wide experience as a corporation lawyer, and brought a ripe knowledge of that branch of the law
to the performance of his judicial duties.
There have come to the bench of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from this particular section west of the Alleghenies, those
who have adorned it, and made their fine contribution to the science
and interpretation of the law. First among the chief justices was
Jeremiah Sullivan Black, from Somerset County, who was born January Io, I8Io, on a farm  near Berlin.  The spot is appropriately
marked by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission and the Somerset County Bar Association, erected on Highway Route No. 3I. It
contains this succinct and informing inscription: "President Judge
I6th Judicial District, I842-I 85I. Attorney General of the United
317States, I857-1860.  Secretary of State of the United States, I86oI86I. Associate Justice and Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, I85 -
I857.  Fearless and eloquent defender of Constitutional rights, of
trial by jury, and of civil and religious liberty until his death, Igth
August, I883.'To live unmolested is not a political privilege, but a
natural, absolute and indefeasible right, which human government may
protect, but cannot either give or withhold.' From his address on
religious liberty."
He read much of the writings of President Thomas Jefferson, and
became a staunch admirer of President Andrew Jackson, although his
father, a former Democrat, became a Whig. He defeated
Jackson in his political philosophy by writing vigorous articles
in the Somerset papers. He was
the youngest judge in the State,
when at thirty-two years, the
Governor of Pennsylvania appointed him to the bench in the
Sixteenth Judicial District.
Chief Justice Black's religious life was one which was
brought about by his connection
with the study of the law in the
office of Congressman Chauncey
Forward, of Somerset, beginning
at the age of seventeen. Chauncey Forward, and his brother,
Walter, were both admitted to
the Allegheny County bar, and
Chauncey Forward cast his lot
in Somerset. He was a graduate
of Jefferson College at Canonsburg, and studied law with his
brother in Pittsburgh, then came to Somerset in  81I7. In 1825 he was
first sent to Congress to fill a vacancy, and twice returned, serving until
his resignation in 183I. Here is Chief Justice Black's estimate of his
preceptor:
CHAUNCEY FORWARD BLACK,
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA (1883-1887)
Son of Chief Justice Black,CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
"Chauncey Forward was a thoroughbred lawyer; a careful thinker
on any subject he undertook to handle. He marshalled his points
with amazing skill. His power of amplification was almost unlimited.
His pure character for integrity and wisdom made all hear him with
deep interest, and whenever he rose'his look drew audience still as
death.' His face was singularly fine and expressive. The low tones
of his voice were as sweet as a lute."
Of another contemporary Somerset County jurist, Congressman
Charles Ogle, Chief Justice Black thus expressed himself: "Charles
Ogle had no equal that I ever knew in a certain line of oratory. When
his heart was in a cause and he became thoroughly aroused, he carried
everything before him. His invective was irresistibly powerful and
his ridicule the most overwhelming. He was not a student, did not
know any more law than was necessary; indeed, never looked into a
book unless with special reference to some particular case, but the ease
with which he could post himself and the magnificent style of his argument to a jury made law learning seem unnecessary to him. He was
beyond all comparison the greatest political orator of his day and
generation."
The law student, Black, passed his law examinations at twenty, and
then began his illustrious career. At the age of twenty-six he married
Congressman Chauncey Forward's daughter, Mary, and of this marriage came the famed Chauncey Forward Black, who was elected and
served as Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania in the first administration of Governor Robert E. Pattison, from I883 to I887. Governor
Chauncey Forward Black became a resident of the city of York, and
was a prominent jurist of that county. Chauncey Forward had joined
in the religious beliefs and polity of the Rev. Alexander Campbell,
and Mr. Black espoused the same beliefs, and to show his sincerity in
these religious matters, journeyed to Bethany, Virginia, to submit to
the ordinance of baptism at the hands of Dir. Campbell personally, at
the age of thirty-three.
In I857 President James Buchanan appointed Chief Justice Black
as Attorney-General of the United States, and then he became much
misunderstood and suffered along with the others much criticism, but
when the war was over, this tribute was paid: that he was as sound a
jurist as ever advised a President; a strong Unionist; and a leader of
a saving triumvirate. President Buchanan appointed Black to the
3I9Supreme Court of the United States, but a hostile Senate refused to
confirm him, and at the age of fifty-one years he retired to private life
and practice. It has been well said that for twenty years he was the
leader of the American bar, yet he had neither office nor secretary,
but spent the summers on his farm near York, his winters in Washington, and practiced in the courts from New York to Texas. At the
age of sixty his right arm was
crushed and rendered useless; so
he turned to writing with his left
hand, and in five months his
script was as legible as that
which he had formerly written
with his right hand. He always
defended President Buchanan,
and he rendered great but unsuccessful service to the Tilden electoral commission. Stephen A.
Douglas, Henry Wilson, Charles
Francis Adams, James A. Garfield and Robert G. Ingersoll
were public men who received
the blade of his piercing rhetoric,
yet the wounds he inflicted were
clean and cauterized, healing
without a fester.. He was stricken on August I9, I883, while engaged
in a newspaper debate with Jefferson Davis.
The highest legal tribunal in Pennsylvania had another southwestern Pennsylvanian to succeed to the office of Chief Justice upon
the appointment of United States Attorney-General Jeremiah S. Black,
in the person of Justice Walter J. Lowrie. He was born in Armstrong County on March 3, I807, the son of Matthew B. Lowrie, a
United States Senator from Pennsylvania. He was first appointed a
judge in Allegheny County on August 20, I846, and then to the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania in IS 5I. He served for twelve years in that
court, and succeeded to the chief justiceship in I857. He had the
unique experience of returning to practice in Allegheny and Philadelphia counties for a time, and then of being appointed president
judge of Crawford County in I870, in which office he died in I876.
CHIEF JUSTICE JEREMIAH S. BLACK,
PENNSYLVANIA SUPREME COURTCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
One of the most noted of the Pennsylvania chief justices was the
late Daniel Agnew, of Beaver County. He was born in Trenton, New
Jersey, on January 5, I809, and later lived in Butler County for a
time, after which he graduated from the predecessor institution of the
University of Pittsburgh. He had two eminent legal preceptors, the
later Justice Henry Baldwin, and W. W. Fetterman, and was admitted
to the bar in I829 at the age of twenty years. The lack of legal business at Pittsburgh caused him to cast his lot at Beaver, and after his
marriage to Elizabeth Moore, daughter of General Robert Moore,
he entered the political arena, and was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of I837, as a representative from this county. After the
death of Judge John Bredin, he was appointed Judge of the Seventeenth Judicial District, then composed of the counties of Beaver,
Butler, Mercer and the present Lawrence on July II, I85I.  He
served ten years in this office, and was reelected in I86I. Judge
Agnew was chosen as a Supreme Court justice in I863 and served
until January 6, 1879, during which period he embellished the case law
of Pennsylvania with some of its finest legal discussions.
In the case of Commonwealth vs. Drum, the Supreme Court once
assigned him to conduct a murder trial in Westmoreland County, due
to the disqualification of Judge Joseph Buffington, and his decision
and opinion in that case has rendered it a leading one in the conduct
of a murder trial, quoted down to the present day by trial judges.
Charging the jury, Justice Agnew said:
"Have you any impressions unfavorable to capital punishment?
You must discard them, knowing and feeling the conviction that not
you, but the law, inflicts it. You do not pronounce the sentence which
condemns to death; that belongs to the court; but you simply say
whether he has committed the deed which the indictment charges
against him; you only find a true verdict....  The law, of course,
has made wilful, deliberate and premeditated murder a capital crime.
Sworn, as we are, to obey that law, we must know no other guide,
remembering that the powers that be are ordained of God, and that
we needs must be subject to them, not only for the wrath they may
invoke, but for our own conscience's sake. Then hold the balance
firmly, that justice may be done both to the Commonwealth and to the
prisoner; such words as rich and poor, high and low, should have no
S. P.--III-21
32Iplace in your thoughts. You would not willingly err, but you must
endeavor not to err. Search your consciences for the source of every
judgment. Let your convictions, carefully and deliberately formed,
be such that you may follow them to their fountain in the hidden depths
of the heart where the Unseen Eye alone can penetrate, and there, in
that dread presence, challenge their true source." (58 Pa. 9.)
The Supreme Court again exercised its right to have one of their
number preside at another murder trial in the Somerset County Court
in I937, when Justice George W. Maxey was specifically assigned to
hear the case of Commonwealth vs. Gunderman, in the Court of Oyer
and Terminer of that county. Attorney-General Charles J. Margiotti, chief legal officer of the Commonwealth, came to Somerset and
specially prosecuted the case on its behalf. There were bitter clashes
during the conduct of the trial, but after the presentation of the evidence and the argument of counsel, Justice Maxey gave a full and
complete charge to the jury, as reported in "Somerset Legal Journal"
A SUPREME COURT SITTING IN PITTSBURGH, 1868.
Standing: George Sharswood and Henry W. Williams (Pittsburgh)
Seated: John M. Read, James Thompson, Daniel AgnewCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
(8, page 218) on February 25, I937, in which he advanced the following distinctly historic utterances, that will rank with those of the
late Chief Justice Agnew:
"That the defendant is not a resident of this county, and that this
case was sent here from another county, must not affect your judgment in the slightest degree. The facts that the prosecution is in
charge of the Attorney-General, and that a member of the Supreme
Court is presiding over this trial, are not to influence your verdict one
way or the other. Look upon this case as though it was being tried
by your own able and impartial judge, Hon. Norman T. Boose, whom
we all respect. I was selected to try this case before your county was
chosen as the trial forum....
"I instruct you not to jump at.conclusions. In all the affairs of
life, the greatest mistakes are made because judgments or opinions
are formed too hastily, on unsufficient facts....
"I know it has been an inconvenience and considerable hardship
to all of you to serve in this case. The Commonwealth is obliged to
you for your patience and intelligent attention, and I extend to you
my thanks as trial judge. I hope you feel about your services as good
soldiers feel who serve their country. We all owe our State and
Nation a debt of gratitude for providing us with an environment of
law and order. Life would be almost intolerable where law and order
did not prevail.
"My final instruction to you is to take your time and reason together in this case, find the facts, interpret them logically, and be
obedient to the prescriptions of the law. Centuries ago it was well
said of the law:'There is none so high as to be beyond its power, and
none so humble as to be beneath its care. Its seat is in the bosom of
God, and its voice is the harmony of the world."'
The trial of the case of Commonwealth vs. Drum brought to the
bar of the court an interesting group of Westmoreland County jurists.
The Commonwealth was represented by James Todd, an Assistant
Attorney-General, who would now be designated a District Attorney.
He came of the family of James Todd, who was Attorney-General of
Pennsylvania in I835. Assisting him were the able and witty William
M. Given, son of the former associate judge, Robert Given, and the
famed John Latta, as associate counsel. John Latta was born in the
Sewickley Valley, in Westmoreland County, on March 2, I836, and
323OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
meetings were established through the South in the days of Bishop
Asbury, and in I802 he expressed himself that: "the South Carolina
and Georgia camp-meetings have been blessed to the souls of hundreds, and have furnished members to the Methodist, Presbyterian
and Baptist Churches." At times as high as two hundred wagons
came with provisions and stayed nine days in the woods.
The historian, Rev. Thornton Fleming, coming into this region
in I79I, tells us that Methodist work began in the Redstone country through the regular preaching of John Cooper and Thomas
Breeze, who were sent out by the Baltimore Conference in I784. The
next year this conference sent three other preachers hither: Peter
Moriarty, John Fidler, and Wilson Lee. The Rev. Wilson Lee is
accredited with having preached the first Methodist sermon at Pittsburgh in a tavern near (what is now) Ferry and Water streets. In
1787 the Redstone Circuit, as it was called, was further divided into
Redstone, Clarksburg and Ohio Circuits and seven preachers assigned
to them. An additional circuit, known as Pittsburgh Circuit, was added
when Mr. Fleming came into this country. He later became head
of the Connellsville Circuit.
The first conference of Methodist ministers was held at Uniontown from July 22 to 25, I788, with twelve preachers, seven ordained
and five probationers composing it. Bishop Asbury came to Pittsburgh and spent July 9, 20 and 2I, I789, there in an attempt to
build up the Pittsburgh Circuit, then presided over by the Rev. Charles
Conaway. Although Pittsburgh did not become a preaching station
of the circuit until I82I, there was a Methodist Church building
erected in I8I o and this first congregation there became the predecessor of the Smithfield Street Methodist Episcopal Church at Seventh
Street. The Rev. Mr. Fleming gave a rather discouraging report of
sixteen years' work, reporting but one thousand one hundred and
twenty-five members in all of the churches in I799. He explained the
slowness of the work, in part, by these words: "The work progressed
quite slowly; there being much opposition from other religious
denominations, particularly those who disseminated the doctrine of
unconditional election and reprobation. It was not uncommon for
unfair representation of our doctrines and usages to be resorted to
as a means by which the minds of the people would be prejudiced
against us."
27SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
after his early practice and participation in the Democratic politics
of his county and State, was chosen as the first Lieutenant-Governor
of Pennsylvania under the new Constitution of I873. He served in
this high office from January I 9, I875, to January 2I, I879, and was
one of the handsomest, most dignified, and obliging officers ever to
preside over the Senate of Pennsylvania. He returned to private
practice, and never again occupied public office, dying in Greensburg,
February I3, I9I3.
On the defense side of this case appeared the following eminent
counsel: Edward J. Keenan, Edgar Cowan, James A. Hunter, and
Henry D. Foster. Edward J. Keenan was a resourceful attorney,
with an abundant sense of humor, and his usual rule of practice was to
admit nothing and demand proof. He was the able editor of the
"Greensburg Democrat," and was a leader in Democratic politics of
his county. He was born April 3, I834, at Youngstown, and died
June I, I877.
Hon. Edgar Cowan, at the time of the Drum trial, had already
won his place in the hall of fame, through his services in the Senate
of the United States from Pennsylvania, I86I to I867. He was born
in Sewickley Township, September I9, 1815, and died in Greensburg,
August 3I, I885. One of the best summations of his service in the
Senate was given in the Newark, New Jersey, "Journal":
"In point of intellectual and moral status, Edgar Cowan is today
the giant of the United States Senate. Elected as a Republican by
the Legislature of Pennsylvania, he has fearlessly, and with a degree
of dignity seldom equaled and certainly never surpassed by any statesman of the land, done what he considered to be right, and that in the
face, time and again, of party diction. In this Congress there are
few men, indeed, who can bear more than a Lilliputian significance
when compared with the ripe statesman of the Clay, Webster, and
Douglas school; but Senator Cowan is a towering and noticeable
exception to the rule. An independent and original thinker, a profound, logical, sound lawyer, an able and powerful debater, he is the
marked man of the United States Senate. His views on all subjects command great respect, and elicit, even from the disunionists,
an attention worthy of their force and power. He is a strict constitutional constructionist."
The later Judge James A. Hunter was born in Lancaster County
on April I8, I835. He read law with Judge James Todd, of Greens324CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS                     325
burg, formerly of Philadelphia, and Attorney-General in the Ritner
administration, and then engaged in an active practice until elected to
the bench in I879, succeeding Judge James A. Logan. He was most
considerate in his practice, adopting the principle that giving offense
to opponents, or an abuse of them, never gained friends for any cause.
This example of the happy repertoire of two considerate jurists is
highly significant: Senator Cowan was espousing the cause of a poor
widow, who had been convicted before Judge Hunter for selling a
few glasses of beer without a license. The Senator pleaded for a suspended sentence that she might be sent home to her children with the
admonition not to sell any more liquor. Smilingly, Judge Hunter
asked: "Have you any cases to sustain your position?" The Senator
replied: "O, yes, your Honor, I will refer you to a judge whose
opinions are clearer than Judge Gibson's; whose laws are more enduring than those of Lycurgus, and from whose judgment no one to this
day has successfully appealed; a judge who, when he had before him
a woman charged with gross infraction of the law, and who was
guilty, too, like this woman, had the courage and the kindness and
the good sense to send her forth with the injunction,'Go thy way and
sin no more.'" Sentence was suspended.
Henry D. Foster read law with his uncle, Alexander WV. Foster,
a leading member of the Westmoreland bar who practiced as an
eminent jurist there from I83I to I85. The younger Foster was
born in Mercer County on December 8, i808, and was kin to the celebrated Stephens Collins Foster. He was a son of the eminent Mercer
County attorney, Samuel B. Foster. He was admitted in I829 and
died on October I6, I88o, having married Mary Jane Young, daughter of Judge John Young. As an outstanding Dlemocrat he was in
Congress in I842, I844 and I870. He was the candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania against Andrew G. Curtin, of Civil War days.
Mr. Foster was gentlemanly and attractive, and although joined with
Senator Cowan in this famous Drum case, was mostly pitted against
him.
The admissions to the Westmoreland County bar between the
years I8oo00 and I822 show how these lawyers traveled about on the
circuit, with the president judge of the circuit, and advanced the
science of the law in many different tribunals hereabout. These admissions were:
rSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
I 8oo
Robert Allison
Ralph Martin
Joseph Park
I80I
Samuel Harrison
Joseph Weigley
Alexander W. Foster
I802
William N. Irvine
8014
Jonathan R. Reddick
Henry Haslet
Henry Baldwin
John B. Alexander
Othro Srader
Meshack Sexton
William Ward, Jr.
Samuel Guthrie
Samuel Sleby
Charles Wilkins
I 8o6
Walter Forward
James M. Biddle
i 8o8
Samuel Massey
John Reed
I809
H. M. Brackenridge
John L. Farr
Daniel Stannard
Richard William Lain
Neville B. Craig
John Chaplain
James Wells
Magnus M. Murray
i8io
James M. Kelley
Robert Findley
Guy Hicox
John M. Austin
Richard Coulter
Samuel Douglass
John Beckett
John Dawson
I8I  
1812
I814
James Carson
John McDonald
Samuel Kingston
Charles Shaler
326CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
8 I 5
John A. T. Kilgore
Obadiah Jennings
I 8  6
Samuel Alexander
John Carpenter
Calvin Mason
Edward J. Roberts
1817
Jacob M. Wise
I8I8
H. M. Campbell
Andrew Stewart
W. H. Brackenridge
S. V. R. Forward
James Hall
Josiah E. Barclay
Ephraim Carpenter
i8 i
A. Brackenridge
John S. Brady
John Bouvier
John Y. Barclay
1820
Thomas Blair
James McGee
Gasper Hill, Jr.
I822
H. G. Herron
Joseph Williams
W. W. Fetterman
Sylvester Dunham
Chauncey Forward
Charles Ogle
H. N. Weigley
John Riddell
Thomas White
Others of prominence in the old mother county of Westmoreland
have added their contribution to constitutional democracy, one of the
earlier of the last century being John Byers Alexander. He was born
in Carlisle, and was admitted to the Westmoreland bar on motion of
William Wilkins, at the December term, I804. He raised a company
in the War of I812, and came out of this conflict with the rank of
major. He began a duel with Calvin Mason, a brother attorney in
Fayette County in I8I3, but after the first shots without effect, the
seconds called it off. The legal code of honor, whatever it was, received satisfaction. He was a peer among the jurists of his day, and
was succeeded by the noted Justice Richard Coulter at Westmoreland's tribunal. Others were John F. Beaver, and the Marchands,
327SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Albert G. and Henry G., who were sons of the famed Dr. David
Marchand, and Thomas J. Barclay. Mr. Barclay was district attorniey of Westmoreland County in the early forties, and then turned
to banking.  Others who entered the banking field after having
acquired a knowledge of the law through practice were: T. J. Weddell, at Monongahela, who was active in the early firm of McAfee,
Atkinson and Weddell, and who died as the oldest member of the
Westmoreland County bar; Richard Coulter and Richard Coulter,
Jr., James C. Clarke, John M. Jamison, and David L. Newell. While
maintaining their interest in the active practice of the law, these served
terms in Congress in the later years: Welty McCullough, Jacob
Turney, Edward E. Robbins, Curtis' H. Gregg, and Adam M. Wyant.
To their additional juridical duties, G. Dallas Albert and John Newton Boucher added the writing of history to their active life, and have
recorded for us much of the detail of the county's historic lore.
The active lawyer has much chance to touch all kinds of business
and professional life, and in the fields of politics, some notable practitioners, like Archibald A. Stewart, Denna C. Ogden, and John B.
Keenan, as well as Curtis H. Gregg, devoted much of their spare time
to politics; another group, like Harrison P. Laird, David S. Atkinson,
Paul H. Gaither, V. E. Williams, J. J. Hazlett, and James S. Moorhead. Mr. Laird represented his county as State Senator from I884
to I888 and became, perhaps, Westmoreland's most diligent and
technical student of the law during the whole of his professional life.
Mr. Atkinson had diversified interests, and had accumulated much
property during his lifetime, the bulk of which he gave to the Young
Men's Christian Association of Greensburg. Mr. Gaither and Mr.
Moorhead gave themselves much to the field of corporation law.
One early member of the Westmoreland bar, James Finley, had a
peculiarly distinguished career. He was born in Franklin County in
80oi and came to Westmoreland County in 1824 from a brief practice
in York County. He was made an Assistant Attorney-General, and
served in the Legislature in I831-32-33. In I833 he became Secretary
of the Commonwealth, and when the public school system was established in I 834, the Act provided that this office should be headquarters
for the system. James Finley thus became the first superintendent of
public instruction in Pennsylvania. He died in Pittsburgh in I846.
Allegheny County furnished the next Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, hailing from these parts, in the person of
328CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURImTS
James P. Sterrett. He was born in Juniata County, and came westward for his education at Jefferson College, at Canonsburg, where he
graduated. After his law course at the University of Virginia, he
was admitted in Pittsburgh on June 8, I849. In I862 he was selected
a judge and reelected in I872. In I877 he was appointed a Justice
of the Supreme Court, but failed of election in the succeeding political
contest. The following year, however, he was elected for the full
term of twenty-one years, and in the course of seniority, he came into
the chief justiceship in 1893, in which he served for the next six years.
Chief Justice Sterrett went to Philadelphia to live after the expiration of his term, and died there on June 22, I901.
The next Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from this area was
Robert S. Frazer, who was born in Fayette County. He was admitted
to the Pittsburgh bar after the completion of his college and law
studies in i 874. Entering politics, he served in the Pennsylvania
House of Representatives during the sessions of 1877, 1878 and I879.
After an extensive practice, he was a judge in the new Common Pleas
Court No. 2, in I896. When the four Common Pleas courts, Nos.
I, 2, 3, 4, were consolidated into one court in I912, Judge Frazer was
chosen as its president judge, in which he continued until his election
to the Supreme Court in I9I4. Chief Justice Frazer served his full
twenty-one years, and the last few of them in succession to Chief Justice Robert Von Moschisker. The late Chief Justice Frazer was of
a decided judicial poise, and never spoke in other than the most
courteous and kindly vein during the heated arguments before this
esteemed body. Perhaps the finest example of this was in the argument of the appeal of the Farmers' National Bank of Pittsburgh
from a judgment recovered by a customer against it, due to the explosion occasioned by a bomb which nearly wrecked the building, killed
the bomber, and injured a customer or two. Justice Frazer sat to the
right of Chief Justice Moschisker, and when the latter, indicating
what he might have done on the occasion of the bombing, thumbed
back towards the consultation room, the look on Justice Frazer's
face was one of disgust at the apparent lack of judicial poise. It was
clearly apparent that to his mind this was too serious a situation for
levity. On every occasion that his son, John G. Frazer, eminent Pittsburgh lawyer, argued before the Supreme Court, Justice Frazer retired.
from the bench and took no part in the consideration of the son's case.
329The Allegheny County Court, in which Judge Frazer first sat,
began its existence back in I789, when the county was cut off from
Westmoreland. It was but two years until the adoption of the Constitution of I790, and the selection of Judge Alexander Addison to
preside over the new Fifth District, to be succeeded by Judge Samuel
Roberts. The famed William Wilkins became the judge in I803, and
served until his appointment to the judgeship of the United States
District Court for the Western D;istrict of Pennsylvania in I824.
Ten years before Judge Charles Shaler came from Ohio and was
admitted to the circuit in 1814, and served until I835.
By the Act of April 8, 1833,
the special District Court for
Allegheny County was created
to relieve the other court, and
continued uninterruptedly until
it was abolished on the adoption
of the new Constitution of I873.
The first judge in this court was
Robert C. Grier, who received
an appointment to the Supreme
Court of the United States on
August 3, I846. He was succeeded in the presidency of this
court by Judge Hopewell Hepburn, who was defeated by Judge
Walter Forward, who served
for the next five years, and died
suddenly after charging a jury in
his court. Judge Forward had
been the first Comptroller of the
Treasury under President John
Tyler. Succeeding judges in this old District Court were: Peter C.
Shannon, 1852-53; Moses Hampton, I853; Walter H. Lowrie, I846I85I, when he became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and later its Chief Justice on December 7, I857; Henry W.
Williams, I85I-68, until his election to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania also. Justice Williams died in I 877.
When Common Pleas Court No. 2, of Allegheny County, was
created after the abolition of the old District Court, Judge Thomas
THE LATE CHIEF JUSTICE
ROBERT S. FRAZER,
PENNSYLVANIA SUPREME COURTCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
Ewing became its first president judge and served for almost twentyfour years, when he died in I897. Judge John M. Kirkpatrick was
first a judge in the District Court and was then transferred to Common Pleas Court No. 2 in I873. He was reelected in I879, but resigned in I885. Judge John Wesley Fletcher White began with the
new No. 2 court in I873, and served by successive elections until his
death in I9oo. Other judges in this court were: Christopher Magee,
i885 until his death in I902; Robert S. Frazer, I896-I91 2, and then
two years in the consolidated court; John D!. Shafer, I898 and until
consolidation; Elliott Rodgers, I90oI until his resignation in I905;
James S. Young, I905-O8, the time of his appointment as a District
Court Judge of the United States; and John C. Haymaker, I908
until the consolidation.
The original court established at the erection of Allegheny County
continued to be designated as No. I, and had as its judges, succeeding
Judge Charles Shaler, the following: Benjamin Patton, T. B. Dallas,
William B. McClure, I85 i; James P. Sterrett, I862; Edwin H. Stowe,
1862-I903; Frederick H. Collier, I869-I905; Marshall Brown, 1905
and into the consolidated court. Other associate law judges of this
original court were: Judges John W. Maynard, I867; Thomas
Mellon, David Ritchie, Charles S. Fetterman, John H. Bailey, who
served from I878 to I888, and Jacob F. Slagle, from i888 to I900.
Judge Edwin H. Stowe served for over forty years in the judicial
office, and Was distinguished by reason of this long and honored
service.
As legal business of the county increased, due to the increased
population of the county, a new Common Pleas Court, No. 3, was
created in i891, with these initial judges: John M. Kennedy, Samuel
A. McClung, and William D. Porter; this court had Judges Livingston
L. Davis and John A. Evans, both of the last two succeeding to seats
in the consolidated court.
Still another court, Common Pleas No. 4, was created by the Act
of March I5, I907, and in this tribunal the following served by
appointment and subsequent election until the consolidation: Joseph
M. Swearingen, Thomas D. Carnahan, and Josiah Cohen.
It is a significant fact that the present esteemed president judge
of the consolidated Allegheny County Common Pleas Court, Ambrose
B. Reid, began his judicial career as the youngest member of the new
court in I912, and is still serving in appreciation by the entire bar.
33ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Judge Reid was of the noted firm of Watterson and Reid at the time
of his elevation to the bench. In addition to his judicial duties, he is
one of the foremost devotees of history, being vice-president of the
Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, and an active participant
in the historical tours which the society takes each summer. He came
of rugged pioneer ancestry in Clarion County, which has permitted
him, through his added buoyancy and optimism, to be a true exemplar
of southwestern Constitutional stability, despite his more than threescore years and ten.
In the further expansion of its manufacturing, commercial, and
legal business, a new tribunal, the County Court, was established in
Allegheny County in I9I I.  It had an original jurisdiction of civil
judgments and replevin up to $6o0, and final jurisdiction in cases of
desertion and non-support, and in appeals from summary convictions.
In later years its jurisdiction as to money judgments has been enlarged
to $2,500. Still later a Juvenile Court has been established, with its
separate building in Oakland district of Pittsburgh, with Judge Gustav
L. Schramm now presiding. The judges of the County Court since its
establishment have been: William A. Way, President Judge; Richard
A. Kennedy, Charles F. McKenna, James B. Drew, D. M. Miller,
D. Paulson Foster, Thomas C. Jones, Samuel J. McKim, Sarah M.
Soffel, Benjamin Lenchner, Sylvester J. Snee, Alfred W. Duff, Robert
M. Ewing, M. A. Musmanno, Frank A. Piekarski, Lois Mary McBride, and G. Malcolm McDonald. After the death of Judge Way,
his successor, President Judge Richard A. Kennedy, presided over the
court for many years. By subsequent elections, Judges Drew, Snee,
Musmanno, and McDonald have been elected to the Common Pleas
bench, and Judge Drew to both the Superior and Supreme courts of
Pennsylvania.
Some very notable trials have taken place in the Allegheny County
courts, and its records are full of interesting situations which would
require a volume in itself to record. The trials have arisen out of
political situations, labor disputes, railroad and street car damages,
banking, and corporation affairs, due to the great metropolitan city of
Pittsburgh's growth, and the expansion in its great environment. The
legal forum has produced a great group of able jurists, who have
contributed their knowledge, counsel and trial experience towards the
maintenance of law and order, and the maintenance of American institutions. Space forbids the mention of many of these as well. In the
332CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
days of circuit riding, these barristers and counselors left the home
tribunal often to participate in the trial of cases in the counties all
about, so that up to i85o, or even to the new constitutional order of
things in I873, the bar of southwestern Pennsylvania was much knit
together, as shown by the trial records.
Historians in this area owe a debt of gratitude to William  M.
Darlington for his fine efforts to preserve our historical archives here.
His juridical forte was along the line of land and estate law, and that
naturally elicited a great interest in exact records and genealogy. He
was active from I837 to I889, and in that period collected the great
and beautiful library now reposing in the Cathedral of Learning. He
wrote several historical works in preservation of these early records.
William Bakewell was the eminent patent lawyer from 1845 to I900,
a field which enlarged here with the enlarging business horizon. The
active life of Neville B. Craig was a major contribution to law, journalism and history, as he lived out the fortuitous life of his forebears
bequeathed to him. James Ross has a large legal niche in the intricate
life hereabouts from I788 to I847, as he took the place of Albert
Gallatin, as United States Senator, when the latter was declared disqualified.
In the field of criminal law, the noted Thomas M. Marshall left
his distinguished record, which was followed up in great measure by
his three sons: Rody P., Meredith M., and Thomas M. Marshall,
Jr., the last being now on the Common Pleas bench of the county.
Mr. Marshall was born in Ireland in 18I9, and was admitted to the
bar in i849. The court records are full of his astuteness, legal acumen
and sharp wit and humor. Robert nM. Gibson, epigrammatic in speech
and winning in argument, came over into Allegheny County, after a
short practice in Washington County, and was active at this bar from
I869 to I882. William D. Moore was earlier the pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church in Greensburg, then went to the Civil War, and
after that service, chose rather to pursue the law. He was admitted
in I866 and died in I896. He frequently returned to Greensburg in
important criminal cases, where his former parishioners could observe
him in action at the bar with the same measure of enthusiasm that he
exercised in his former pulpit.
Archibald Blakeley, Adam Marshall Brown, and John Scott Ferguson were quite active at about the same period. Mr. Blakeley was
admitted in 1852 and practiced until I9I5. Mr. Brown was the first
333SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Following i 8oo the work of these Methodist ministers increased,
so that the Pittsburgh Conference was organized September 13, 18-5.
in Pittsburgh, with seventy-two preachers and nineteen thousand four
hundred and twenty-nine members. It was presided over by Bishop
Enoch George, of Virginia, and its work was divided into convenient
districts, through which it has been conducted down to the present
day. Another important conference respecting the whole church was
held at Pittsburgh, beginning May I, I828, at which the following
five bishops were present: McKendrie, George, Soule, Roheits and
Heading. The delegates to this general conference from fe Pittsburgh Conference were: William Stevens, Daniel Limerick, David
Sharp, Henry Furlong, William Lambdin, James Moore, Asa Shinn,
Henry B. Bascom, Thornton Fleming and Charles Elliott, all of
whom were ministers.
Perhaps two of the most important Methodist preachers who
had to do with Methodist history in these parts were the Rev. Thornton Fleming and Bishop Robert R. Roberts. Bishop Roberts was
born August 2, I778, in Frederick County, Maryland, son of Robert
Morgan Roberts and Mary (Richford) Roberts. He came of Welsh
parentage on his father's side, and of Irish on the mother's side. In
I785 the bishop's father sold his Maryland farm and moved to the
Ligonier Valley in Westmoreland County, where he and his fatherin-law, Thomas Richford, took out land warrants. He was converted
in May, I782, at the age of fourteen years, and spent part of the
winter of I795 and I796 going to school at Fisher's Blockhouse on
Two Mile Run, which is still standing, and better known as Fort
Fisher. At the time he was working at John McCracken's, near Four
Mile Run. He entered the Methodist ministry later, and became a
bishop of the church in 1816. The greater part of his supervisory
work was done near Carlisle, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and in the
West. During his residence in Pittsburgh, in I835, he took a trip u')
the new Pennsylvania Canal along the Allegheny, Kiskiminetas and
Conemaugh rivers with the intention of visiting his old friends in
the Ligonier Valley, and when he came to McAbee's Lock (at present
Bolivar), there he was delighted beyond measure to greet his old
teacher of former years at Fisher's Blockhouse.  This interesting
story is related of him also: Once, while he was preaching in Maryland in later years, he went to visit an old aunt who, upon learning
that he was a Methodist minister, took him to task. The aunt was
28334           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
city recorder of Pittsburgh under the provisions of the famous "Ripper Bill," passed by the Legislature on March 7, I90I (P. L. I8),
which revolutionized the whole city government. David T. Watson
was an eminent jurist of the Allegheny County bar, as were Charles A.
Dickey, George W. Guthrie, A. V. D. Watterson, John Marron, Johns
McCleave, A. Leo Weil, Frank C. McGirr, Thomas P. Patterson, E.
W. Smith, and many others. Mr. Watson gained much legal fame in
his handling of the Alaskan boundary dispute. George W. Guthrie was
a noted reform mayor of Pittsburgh, and later became Ambassador to
Japan, in which country he died in I9I7, at his post of duty. Mr.
McCleave came from Baltimore, Maryland, in I88I, and practiced
until his death in I9II.
United States Senator Philander Chase Knox had a distinguished
career, and was born in I853. He came to Pittsburgh from Brownsville and was admitted to the bar in i 875. He formed a legal partnership with Judge James H. Reed, and for years this was familiarly
known as Knox and Reed, having a large corporate practice. Senator
Knox was also an Attorney-General of the United States, and was
Secretary of State in the Taft Cabinet. Judge Reed became an Assistant United States Attorney in I875, and was appointed a District
Judge for the Western District of Pennsylvania in 1891 by President
Harrison. He tired of these duties, and resigned and returned to
active practice of the law, in which he engaged until his death. Thomas
Stephen Brown made for himself a prominent place in the practice of
law, and was on the Law Examining Committee of the Supreme Court
for many years before his death.
When the Fourteenth Judicial District was formed in I 8 i 8, which
included Washington, Fayette, Greene, and Somerset counties, Judge
Thomas H. Baird served from 18 18 to 1837. He had a rocky judicial
road to travel in the latter years of his service, as far as Fayette
County was concerned. During the month of September, I834, he
was cowhided by a disappointed litigant, on account of some remarks
he made from the bench. This prompted him to address a number of
prominent members of the bar of that county on this wise:
"Gentlemen: You have no doubt long been aware that the occurrence of a variety of disagreeable circumstances in the conduct of our
business in court has rendered my situation often exceedingly painful
and perplexing. It is possible I have had my full share in the causesCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
which have led to this state of things. I think, however, on reflection,
you will be satisfied that in a great degree it has been owing to the
irregular manner of the bar in the trial of causes. It is unnecessary
to go into particulars at this time. It has been the subject of complaint and of conflict, distressing to me and unpleasant to you. Finding a remedy hopeless without your aid, I have frequently brought my
mind to the conclusion that perhaps I ought to withdraw and give you
the opportunity of getting in my room some other gentleman who
would have your confidence and co6peration.
"This determination has heretofore been yielded to the advice of
friends upon whose judgment I have relied. Early in the present week
I requested an interview with you, that we might talk these matters
over, and perhaps agree to an united effort for reform. You were prevented from meeting as proposed. In the meantime the occurrence of
a brutal attack upon me by a ruffian, growing out of a trial in court,
has more and more convinced me of the necessity of coming to some
conclusion that may prevent the repetiton of such outrages. On this
subject I wish not to be misunderstood. The act of a brute, or bully,
can never drive me from the post of duty or of honor. I thank God
that in the performance of my official functions I have been preserved
from the operation of fear as I have been aware of peril. I never, I
repeat, have been deterred by an apprehension of danger, although I
have often been aware of peril."
The members of the bar to whom this was addressed, answered it,
and intimated that "the public confidence seems to be withdrawn alike
from the bar and the court," and suggesting Judge Baird's retirement.
T'his caused him to be more or less resentful, with the final result that
eight members of the bar were stricken from the rolls. When the case
was later heard by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice
Gibson, in an opinion delivered March 3I, I835, among other things
said: "They (the attorneys) had earnestly and uniformly protested
that the object of the publication was not to afflict the judge, but to
disabuse the public mind; and professing this to be their motive, and
in the absence of evidence to disprove it, we are bound to receive it as
the true one. They, too, acted from the impulse of excitement, for
which allowance is to be made, believing that the president has implicated them in the disgraceful assault upon his person. The publication
was made by them, not as members of the bar, but as persons put upon
335SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
their defense by an intimation that they were to be dealt with criminally. In conclusion, it appears that a case to justify the removal of
the respondents has not been made out; whereupon it is considered
that the order to make the rule in this case be rescinded and the rule
discharged; that the respondents be restored to their office, and that
this decree be certified to the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette
County."
In I824 Somerset County was withdrawn from the Fourteenth
Dlistrict to become a part of the Sixteenth District.  Judge Baird
resigned in December, 1837, and the senior Judge, Nathaniel Ewing,
was first commissioned on February 22, 1838, and served ten years.
He was followed by Judge Samuel A. Gilmore, who served by appointment and election from February, I848 to I862, whose successor was
Judge James Lindsey, of Greene County, elected in I86I, but serving
in I 862-63-64, when he died. Governor Andrew G. Curtin appointed
John Kennedy Ewing to succeed to the vacancy, who served for the
most of two years, and was succeeded in the next election by the former
Judge Gilmore. Judge Gilmore served until his death on May i5,
I873. Judge Edward Campbell presided for a few terms in I873,
in succession to Judge Gilmore, and then Judge Alpheus E. Evans was
elected and served his full term of ten years from 1873 to 1883.
The Constitution of I873 made some changes here, also, resulting
in the abolition of associate judges, when Judge James Ingraham, of
Waynesburg was chosen to preside in the district, in succession to
Judge Wilson. Washington County had withdrawn to form a new
district with Beaver County during Judge Gilmore's last term. An
additional judgeship was created in 1887 and Judge Nathaniel Ewing,
the second, a son of Judge John K. Ewing, and grandson of the original Judge Nathaniel Ewing, was appointed, and subsequently elected.
Upon the expiration of Judge Ingraham's term, his successor, S. Leslie
Mestrezat, was elected in I893, and served until his elevation to the
Supreme bench of Pennsylvania in November, I899.
Justice Mestrezat took his seat in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on the first Monday of January, I900, and served until his death
on April 28, I9I9. He was elected as a Democratic member of the
court, and carried into the Supreme tribunal his eminent judicial qualities. It was related by the late Judge John Q. Van Swearingen that
when Justice Mestrezat was a trial lawyer at the Fayette County bar,
and represented the Baltimore and Ohio and other corporations, he
336CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
would take advantage of every opportunity to keep the case from the
jury; that when he became a Judge in Fayette County he was inclined
to send cases to the jury, and that when he reached the highest court,
he sent cases back to the jury, if at all possible, and was a jury champion all through his appellate career. During his eighteen years on
the Supreme bench, he was decidedly courteous and considerate of the
members of the bar, and possessed a keen sense of humor in the midst
of heated argument.
Judge Samuel E. Ewing was appointed and served in the brief
interim after Justice Mestrezat's elevation and until the election of
Judge Robert E. Umbel in I899. Judge Edmund H. Reppert had
been elected to the additional law judgeship in I895, when Greene
County was made a separate Thirteenth District, and began his tenyear term on December 7, I897. Judge Reppert was succeeded by
Judge John Q. Van Swearingen on the first Monday of January, I9o8,
but later reelected to another term after the resignation of Judge
Umbel. Following the death of Judge Van Swearingen, Judge Reppert continued as president judge of this court until his retirement a
few years ago. He maintains an office in the court with the other
judges, and is ready and subject at all times to consultation with them.
Judge Van Swearingen died November I8, I925.
Since Judge Reppert's retirement, in I925, these jurists have occupied the bench of Fayette County: Thomas H. Hudson, I925-37;
Davis W. Henderson, I926-36; S.. John Morrow, I926-36; Harry A.
Cottom, I936; Horatio S. Dumbauld, I936; N. Russell Carr, I938.
The separate Orphans' Court of Fayette County was erected in I907,
and James C. Work was its president judge for twenty years, to be
succeeded by Judge J. William Dawson.
When Greene County became the separate Thirteenth District,
Allen P. Dickey was appointed the president judge of its Common
Pleas Court in 1895, but he was defeated at the election by Judge R.
L. Crawford, who served a full term of ten years. Succeeding judges
have been: James Ingraham, I905; J. W. Ray, I915; Albert H.
Sayers, I925; Challen W. Waychoff, I935. While Greene County in
earlier days had been much of an agricultural county, the development
of its great coal beds, particularly along the Monongahela River, and
the incident changes and increase in population, has brought to its
courts a varied practice in increasing degree.
S. P.-III-22
337SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The earlier circuit riding attorneys came to Fayette County and
were admitted in its earlier days, but Thomas Hadden is reputed to be
its first resident attorney in I795. John Kennedy, of Shippensburg,
was admitted in Fayette County in I798, practiced for a time and was
appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, serving
there from I830 to I846. Others of these former days were: John
M. Austin, Thomas Irwin, John Dawson, and Nathaniel Ewing. Mr.
Dawson was appointed and served as an associate judge in i85, having been admitted in I8 I3.
The later Judge Nathaniel Ewing, progenitor of the Ewing line
of judges in Fayette, was born near Mlerrittstown in I796, and after
graduation from Jefferson College was admitted to the bar on November 19, I8i6, and was a quite active practitioner before his election
to the bench. It is significant that out of Fayette County came the
conception of the noted Bouvier's "Law Dictionary," so universally
used by lawyers. John Bouvier was a native Frenchman, who came
in I797 from an earlier printing experience in Philadelphia to Brownsville to found the "American Telegraph," a weekly newspaper. He
studied law at the same time and after his admission to the bar, moved
to Uniontown and consolidated his newspaper with the "Genius of
Liberty." He labored on his dictionary while in Uniontown, and in
Philadelphia after his removal there, publishing it in I839. He became a judge in the Criminal Court in Philadelphia.
Other persons who became prominent in Fayette's legal life were:
John B. Miller, founder of the "Pennsylvania Democrat," which was
succeeded by the Uniontown "Standard"; James Veech, author of
"Monongahela of Old," who practiced first in Uniontown, then in
Pittsburgh, and then back in Uniontown again; and John L. Dawson,
United States District Attorney and Congressman, who lived and died
at the historical house of Albert Gallatin, known as Friendship Hill.
"Judge" Veech, as he was familiarly called, was a candidate for the
Supreme Court, but failed of election, and the sobriquet stayed with
him during the remaining years.
Many of the lawyers of the very early years were those who
practiced in many of the counties where the president judge sat. The
later Supreme Court Justice Richard Coulter was admitted in Uniontown in 8 Ioi, and A. H. Coffroth came over from the Bedford-Somerset forum and was admitted in I85I. Of later years were: Paoli
S. Morrow, David M. Hertzog, Frank M. Fuller, R. P. Kennedy,
338CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
W. Cook McKean, E. C. Higbee, Monroe Hopwood, and others.
Mr. Higbee was a fearless and vehement attorney in argument, and
was one of the ablest at the Fayette County bar. The late W. Cook
McKean, once remarked of him, as he sat with a group of attorneys
in the Fayette County law library, and heard Mr. Higbee make a
vehement argument before Judge Reppert: "There goes Ed Higbee;
he can enthuse over a pig or a farm." Mr. Higbee had a peculiarly
interesting smile while he was in argument, which on one occasion in
the Supreme Court caused Justice John Stewart to inquire of Justice
Mestrezat, who sat to his left: "What makes that man smile all the
time, when he is making an argument?" Justice Mestrezat replied,
within the hearing of the bar: "He cannot help it; he was born that
way." Mr. Hopwood was of a historical bent and contributed much
of his time to the preservation of Fort Necessity, Jumonville's grave,
Braddock's grave, Fort Gaddis, and other historical points in the Redstone country.
Somerset County was shifted into several judicial districts through
the years, until it became the Sixteenth District. First its area was in
the jurisdiction of the Fifth District, when it was transferred to the
Fourth, and presided over by Judge James Riddle, of Chambersburg,
from 1802 to I804, and Judge Thomas Cooper, I804 to I8o6. It
was a part of the Tenth District after I8o6 and Judge John Young,
of Greensburg, presided in Somerset. Judge Thomas H. Baird presided beginning with I8I8 as of the Sixteenth D,istrict, to which it
was then assigned. Finally it joined up with the old mother county
of Bedford in the Sixteenth District, which number was assigned to it,
when Judge Francis J. Kooser became president judge in I9oI. The
judges who have presided in its courts through the years have been:
John Tod, of Bedford, I824-27; Alexander Thompson, Bedford,
1827-42; Jeremiah S. Black, Somerset, 1842-5I; Francis M. Kimmell,
Somerset, 185 -61; James Nill, Chambersburg, 1861-64; Alexander
King, Bedford, I864-7I; William  M. Hall, Bedford, 187I-8I;
William J. Baer, Somerset, I88I-91; Jacob H. Longanecker, I89II90I; Francis J. Kooser, I9oI-I I; William H. Ruppel, I9I I-I8;
Francis J. Kooser, by appointment, after the death of Judge Ruppel,
I918-19; John A. Berkey, I920-30; Norman T. Boose, I930.
The Somerset County Court has possessed an able and successful
bar through the years, and contains many able barristers now living,
who have won places of honor among their fellows, and some of whom
339SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
have their personal sketches in this work. The present bar has developed through its varied practice in coal development of the last
third of a century, and it has retained its ruggedness and sound Americanism, as justice has been administered in the "Roof-Garden" of
Pennsylvania. A characteristic story of this legal forum is contributed. During the tenure of the late Judge Francis J. Kooser on the
bench, he reappointed an old-time tipstaff and court crier, who had
been adding dignity to its opening sessions for years. Just before the
opening of court Judge Kooser had taken him to task rather severely
for some sin of omission one morning. There was a measure of resentment in his prayer that morning, when he did not close his opening of
the court with the customary: "God save the Commonwealth and
the Honorable Court." He simply ended: "God save the Commonwealth!" and left the court to its own supplication. Judge Kooser
never chastised him for it.
The greater area of Cambria County was a part of Somerset
earlier, as has been detailed in another chapter, but it has had different
judicial alignments. When the Fourth District was created by the Act
of April I3, I79I, it contained the counties of Bedford, Cambria,
Franklin, Huntingdon and Mifflin. Then a new alignment was made up
by the erection of the Tenth District, composed of Armstrong, Cambria, Indiana, Somerset, and Westmoreland counties, by the Act of
February 24, i 806. Judge John Young, of Greensburg, was its presiding judge for thirty years; then Judge Thomas White, I 836-37; Judge
Jeremiah M. Burrell, I847, and Judge John Calvin Knox, I848-5I.
Cambria County left its neighboring judicial forums in 185 I, when
a new judicial district was created out of Blair, Huntingdon, and Cambria counties, and Judge George Taylor became the presiding judge
from I85I to I871. He was succeeded in the judicial office by Judge
John Dean, of Hollidaysburg, from I87I to I883. Cambria County
became a separate district in i883, with Judge Robert L. Johnston as
its first president judge, who was a former eminent school man of the
county, and who died in I890, and was succeeded by Judge Augustine
V. Barker, 890o-I9oI; then Francis J. O'Connor, I9012-I2; Marlin
Bingham Stephens, 1913-22. During Judge Stephens' term an additional law judgeship was established by the Legislature, and Judge
O'Connor was elected to serve from  I913 until his death in I920.
Judge John E. Evans was elected to succeed Judge O'Connor, and
became president judge on the retirement of Judge Stephens. A third
340CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
additional judgeship was created, and these judicial offices have been
filled as follows: President Judge, John H. McCann, I922 to date;
Ivan J. McKenrick, 1930 to date; Frank P. Barnhart, by appointment,
I93I; Charles C. Greer, 1932. A separate Orphans' Court was created in I 9 I 9, with Judge S. Lemmon Reed presiding.
Cambria has had some distinctive practitioners through the years,
whose knowledge and ability as jurists have made it one of the most
interesting counties in the State. Its peculiar formation on the mountain top, with the great city of Johnstown in the Conemaugh Valley,
has made it a two-community county in business and political aspects.
There was much rivalry through the years, and attempts were made to
establish an additional county in the Johnstown community, but logrolling in the Legislature to that purpose was wanting. Johnstown
did get a tribunal called the "District Court" from I870 to I874, with
much political bickering attached to it. In one campaign there were
"Removal" and "Anti-Removal" tickets concerning its future, and
Judge George Taylor was ousted from his office by quo warranto proceedings. Judge James Potts presided over it until its abolition in
1874, and the Johnstown litigants have been going up to the mountain
top at Ebensburg for the adjustment of their legal difficulties ever
since. A distinguished member of the Cambria County bar, the late
Judge Cyrus L. Pershing, was elected President Judge of the Schuylkill County Common Pleas Court at the time of the Molly McGuire
troubles in that county, when there could not be found an attorney in
the county who would risk the contest of an election. Judge Pershing
took charge of the business of that county, without fear or favor and
brought a reign of justice and law out of a rather chaotic condition.
Past years had seen a distinct class of jurists arise in Cambria
County to adorn the practice of the law, among whom have been the
late M. D. Kittell, who specialized in bank law; Robert S. Murphy,
distinguished son of the famed Francis Murphy, apostle of temperance, the son serving a term as Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania
from I907 to I9 I; Frank P. Martin, W. Horace Rose, and Tillman
K. Saylor, all of the city of Johnstown, and active practitioners, the
last named having served the city of Johnstown as solicitor for many
years, until the time of his death; Henry W. Story, active corporation
attorney, and particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad solicitor; F. J.
Hartman, and Percy Allen Rose. In very active practice have been
Percy Allen Rose, along criminal lines; Peter J. Little, in corporation
34I342           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
law, particularly in the development of coal and transportation, having been president of the Southern Cambria street car system, and of
the Cambria and Indiana Railroad at its organization, a line which
has meant much to the coal development of the county; John H.
Stephens, Philip H. Shettig, Morgan W. Evans, and D. P. Weimer,
the last named having been one of its most active district attorneys,
and all of them, and many others, in active practice.
The present Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania,
Hon. John W. Kephart, has had one of the most interesting judicial
careers, and was born in Wilmore, Cambria County, November I2,
I872. After his graduation from Allegheny College and Dickinson
Law School, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in the field of
corporation law until his election to the Superior Court in I9I4. Chief
Justice Kephart's election to the Superior Court came about in the
regular channels of party politics, and he became a candidate for the
Supreme Court justiceship in the non-partisan judicial election of
I9I8. He and the late Justice Alexander Simpson won the two seats
contested for in a very active campaign. Chief Justice Kephart conducted such a thorough campaign through the mails to the voters of
Pennsylvania, and sent out such a volume of mail, that the post office
at Ebensburg was raised from second to first class.
Justice Kephart never resigned from the Superior Court judgeship, but appeared at the bar of the Supreme Court with Justice Simpson, and took the oath of office, and then took his place on the bench.
A messenger then took a certified copy of his Supreme Court oath to
Harrisburg as evidence of the vacancy, and Governor Martin G.
Brumbaugh appointed the present President Judge William H. Keller
to the vacancy. thus created. Justice Simpson drew the lot for the
chief justiceship, but did not live to succeed to the office, and upon the
expiration of the term of Chief Justice Frazer, Justice Kephart succeeded to the office, and has guided the business of this highest court
of Pennsylvania in a manner quite satisfactory to the bar, and with
great honor to himself.
A very interesting and leading decision of the Supreme Court
arose in this area of southwestern Pennsylvania, as reported in the
case of Commonwealth vs. Burrell (7 Pa. 34). At the expiration of
the term of Judge Thomas White, of the Tenth District, Judge Jeremiah M. Burrell was appointed in his stead, but the Senate failed to
confirm the Governor's selection. Judge Burrell assumed the dutiesCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
of the office, and this prompted the noted Edgar Cowan, Esq., who
rode the circuit, even unto Ebensburg, to bring a proceeding of quo
warranto, at his own private suggestion. Upon a consideration of the
case by the Supreme Court in I847, this significant decision was
handed down:
"A writ of quo warranto does not lie, except at the suggestion of
the Attorney-General against one holding the office of Judge of the
Common Pleas."
The District Court of the United States for the Western District of Pennsylvania has been one of the most famous in the United
States, serving as it does the great workshop, of the world, in its various interpretation of Federal questions arising in this area. The
District Court was originally established by the Act of Congress of
May 20, I818, and litigants had to go to Philadelphia originally.
Later Pennsylvania was divided into three districts, and the counties
concerning which this narrative has been written, are all included in
the Western District. Jonathan Hoge Walker was appointed as the
first United States judge here, holding his first court on December
7, I818, and serving until his death in 1824. Judge William Wilkins
succeeded him, and was later elected to the United States Senate, and
he was succeeded by Judge Thomas Irwin, and he by Judge Wilson
McCandless from I876 to the time of his death in I882.
The Third Circuit Court was established for civil cases, and Judge
Winthrop W. Ketchem served from  I876 until his death in I879.
Then came the long service of Judge Marcus W. Acheson, who was
the last before the Diistrict Court was given jurisdiction of civil
matters. Judge James H. Reed, remained on the District Court bench
for but a year; he having tired of the service and being eager to get
back into active practice. Judge Joseph Buffington had perhaps the
longest term of Federal judicial service. He was appointed from the
home bar of Armstrong County, and immediately endeared himself to
the profession by his happy disposition of cases. He was particularly
strong in helping those born abroad to become American citizens, and
in this he was materially aided by William T. Lindsay, long time clerk
in his court. This interesting incident impresses their method of proceedure. Mr. Lindsay had a way of collecting the prospective applicants in his office and putting them through a patriotic catechetical
course, and then submitting them to Judge Buffington. One would gen343OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDArTIONS )N
an orthodox Episcopalian. "You old turncoat!" she shouted. Then
Bishop Roberts retorted: "I never had a coat until I got to be a
Methodist."
On April 25, I798, the Roberts and Richfield families moved
from the Ligonier Valley to the Shenango Valley. He preached his
first sermon at the home of James Stevenson in I8oi and, after being
stationed on the Pittsburgh Circuit in I807, had his residence at
Shenango. He died on his farm in Lawrence County, Indiana, March
26, I843.
Two original manuscripts concerning the Connellsville Circuit of
the Pittsburgh Conference have been available and throw much light
on early Methodist Church life hereabouts.' They cover the period
between I8I9 and I841, and include the church life under these presiding elders: Thornton Fleming, Joshua Monroe, David Sharp,
Charles Elliott, P. M. McGowan, Robert Hopkins, Charles Cooke,
William C. Henderson and Samuel Wakefield. The idea of holding
camp-meetings, advanced so strongly in the South by Bishop Asbury,
seems to have gotten hold of the Methodists here also. Many of the
quarterly conferences were held at such places as: "a campmeeting at
John Strickler's" (Broadford); "in the Presbyterian meeting house in
Greensburgh"; "in the Court House, Greensburgh"; "at the Greensburgh Campmeeting; "at Donegal Camp Ground;" "at Roadman's
Campmeeting Ground;" and "at the Campmeeting at John Pershing's."  In I820 these contributing churches appear on the list
as showing that these early Methodist churches were organized
largely in the open country, a few of them in the larger towns: Connellsville, Mt. Pleasant, Greensburg, Ligonier, Pleasant Unity, Hopewell, McCue's, Mellon's, McNutt's, Fisher's, Stuart's, Wakefield's,
Slutterbeck's, Armil's, Wilson's, Sheppard's, King's, McAnulty's and
Adam's. Many early citizens of the area were listed as local preachers: James Wakefield, Daniel Pershing, Thomas Fairchild, John
Strickler, Conrad Pershing, John Ford, Samuel Wakefield, Charles
McLane, Joseph Kern, George Kern, John Fell, Abel Fisher and
Peter Brindle. There were such prominent exhorters as Jonathan
Doty, George Matthiot, Jacob Strickler, William Green and Peter
M. McGowan.
Coming as it did, up from the Southland and particularly within
the bounds of the Baltimore Conference, the Redstone Circuit claims
the earliest churches. The first preachers appointed to the circuit,
29SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
erally consider Mr. Lindsay's examination as thorough and complete,
but Judge Buffington pretty generally took a turn at them individually.
One morning Mr. Lindsay presented a Polish man, among others,
who had with him a small son for interpreter. Mr. Lindsay was satisfied that the applicant was worthy, but Judge Buffington added this
question in particular: "Who was Kosciusko?"  The Polish man
appeared dumbfounded and stood mute. Judge Buffington turned to
his young son, and asked him to put the question to the father. The
father replied through the youthful interpreter, that he did not know.
"Where do you go to school?" inquired the judge. "To the Sisters down at Carnegie," replied the boy. "Did the Sister never teach
you who Kosciusko was?"  "No."' "Well, you go to your teacher
and tell her to teach you who Kosciusko was; and then, you teach your
father who Kosciusko was, and then have your father come back in
three months." Judge Buffington was kind all through the questioning, but he insisted that a nationalist applying for citizenship here
should know who of his nation, if any, had contributed to the cause of
American independence. He would also not permit anyone seeking
naturalization to change a cumbersome name to one of those represented in the patriotic hall of fame in this country. Judge Buffington
was elevated to the bench of the United States Circuit Court of
Appeals in Philadelphia, and there served for many years until his
retirement in I938.
Following Judge Buffington's elevation to the Circuit Court bench,
Judge James S. Young, who had been serving a few years on the bench
of the Common Pleas Court of Allegheny County, was appointed to
succeed Judge Buffington, and served until his death. He was succeeded for a short time by Judge Nathaniel Ewing, of Uniontown,
but in the meantime an additional judgeship had been created, and
Judge Charles P. Orr appointed to it. In succession, there followed,
through the creation of an additional judgeship: Judges W. H. Seward Thompson, Robert M. Gibson, F. P. Schoonmaker, and Nelson
McVicar. Judge McVicar served for a brief time on the Common
Pleas bench of Allegheny County before his appointment to the District Court of the United States.
This court has been one of the most courageous in all this area,
exercising even-handed justice, yet tempered with mercy, to all who
came before it. No better example can be given than the conduct of
344CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
the trial of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, v. Strayer, et al. (26 Fed.
2d, p. 727) when, after hearing testimony for five days, involving the
story of great parades and other operations of the plaintiff organization, and meeting and deciding exceptions galore to the conduct of the
trial, Judge Thompson used this forceful language, in dismissing the
bill; on April 28, I928:
"This unlawful organization, so destructive of the rights and liberties of the people, has come in vain asking this court of equity for
injunctive or other relief. They come with filthy hands and can get no
assistance here."
Judge Thompson's decree was affirmed by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia. Judge McVicar was appointed
to succeed Thompson after the latter's death.
It is an interesting fact that the first Judge Joseph Buffington, who
presided over the Tenth Judicial District from 1855 to 187I, first had
his mind on a career at the Butler County bar. When he located at
Butler he became an editor of the weekly "Butler Repository," and
during this time read law under General William Ayres, who had come
westerly during the time of the WVhiskey Insurrection, as a.part of its
army, and located at Butler. He was admitted to the Butler bar on
July 4, I826, and moved over to Kittanning a year later. His two
terms in Congress, beginning with I842, brought him fame and an
offer of the chief judgeship of the Utah Territory, which he refused.
He was destined to add his contribution to the maintenance of the
reign of law here.
Levi M. Wise mingled newspaper editing with the practice of the
law, and became one of Butler's most useful citizens. Many of those
jurists admitted to the bar of Butler County, sought the larger forum in
Allegheny County and elsewhere in the United States, in which to make
their contribution to the law's upbuilding. Among those who remained
to "stay by the legal stuff," were: J. David McJunkin, who became a
lawmaker; Livingston McQuiston, prominent Democratic political
leader through the years, who joined in a legal partnership for some
time with James N. Moore, a Republican; James B. McJunkin, Jr., a
Democrat, who joined up with the later Judge James M. Galbraeth,
Republican; T. C. Campbell, A. M. Christly, William Z. Murrin,
John Murrin, Jr., and others. One prominent member of this bar,
State Senator C. Hale Sipe, now representing the Armstrong-Butler
345District, has made a notable contribution to the historical archives
hereabout, in his publication of "Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania,"
"Indian Wars of Pennsylvania," "Fort Ligonier and Its Times," and a
"History of Butler County."
In the practice of the law, and in the administration of justice as
applied to many laws, passed with abandon by the Pennsylvania Legislature in our present day, it is necessary at times to distinguish cases
brought out of animus, and for a real remedial purpose. One of the
greatest retaliatory enjoyments of some folks is to rush into the criminal court, especially through the channels of the minor judiciary, in an
effort to harass their neighbors, and make them bring about a civil
settlement. It remained for President Judge John H. Wilson, of the
Butler County Court to make a clear distinction in this regard.
A "Squire" had haled a hunter before him, with the aid of the
roving constable, to answer the gross charge of hunting on a Butler
County farm before 9 o'clock, A. M., on the first day of the game season, with the result that a fine was imposed, with the added ample
costs due the constable. The defendant appealed to the criminal side
of Judge Wilson's court, and the testimony taken before him revealed
that there was difference in alarm clocks and watches, and it was a
question as to whether the defendant had shot off his gun some ten
minutes before nine o'clock, and bagged the rabbit. At the close of
the testimony before him, Judge Wilson pulled his valuable watch
from his pocket, and solemnly pronounced judgment, about on this
wise: "I carry in my pocket this watch for which I paid some $125.00;
VIEW NEAR PORTERSVILLE, BUTLER COUNTYCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
up in the tower of this court house is a great town clock, which is supposed to keep correct time; and all about Butler are clocks regulated
from the Naval Observatory at Washington. I have had difficulty
for many years in making these three agree. How can three hunters
out in the woods agree in the timepieces which they carry? Defendant
discharged."
While Lawrence County, in its earlier days, was a part of other
judicial districts, and particularly joined up with Butler County, before
it became a separate district, the great growth of New Castle, its
county seat, from an industrial standpoint, has produced a group of
jurists who have likewise made a fine contribution to the developmeut
of the law. The late Judge A. L. Hazen, in his historical writings,
refers particularly to Jonathan Ayres and Lewis Taylor, partners
back in I85o, J. Neff McGuffin and L. L. McGuffin, the latter a judge;
David B. Kurtz, who came from Union County, Scott D. Long, and
J. W. Johnston. Others during the later years, have been: A. Martin
Graham, prominent Democrat; S. L. McCracken; J. M. Martin, outstanding Civil War veteran; Lieutenant Governor William M. Brown,
who served in the administration of Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker; James A. Chambers, a later judge; C. H. Akens, and his nephew, H. A. Wilkinson; Robert K. Aiken; Wylie M. McCaslin;
Thomas F. Dickey, of Gregory and Dickey; State Senator Elmer 1.
Phillips; Edwin F. G. Harber, former representative in the General
Assembly; George T. Weingartner; Samuel W. Dana and Richard
F. Dana, father and son. There are many others who have adorned
the profession of the law by their high-minded and intelligent contributions in this historic county.
In the rugged Indiana County of the earlier years, Judge Thomas
White stands out as a distinctive judicial character. Born at Battle
Abbey, in England, December I4, I799, he spent his boyhood in
Philadelphia, and while on his way to New Orleans to make a permanent settlement there he was induced to tarry at Indiana instead.
After his admission he settled into the practice of the late James M.
Kelley, and specialized in ejectment land law, which was occupying
the judicial tribunals at that time, before the later days of coal
development. He was contemporary with William Banks, who in an
active practice from I824 to I87I, was successively prothonotary of
the county, a legislator, and deputy attorney-general. Judge Harry
White, son of Judge Thomas White, was the eminent Civil War
347SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
soldier, State Senator, and Judge of Indiana County, referred to elsewhere more fully.
In the earlier days there were these who built up the juridical
structure of Indiana County: Daniel Stannard, the first resident attorney from I807 to I867; James M. Kelley, who read with the noted
George Armstrong, prominent in both Greensburg and Kittanning;
James M. Riddle, Ephraim Carpenter, Hugh Brady, Richard B. McCabe, and Samuel Massey, a deputy attorney-general in I807. Samuel Riddle and Walter Forward were admitted here in I807 also.
From Greensburg, where the historic Drum family settled, came Augustus Drum in I83I to practice in Indiana for many years. He was
an editor and a congressman, and after removing to Pittsburgh in
I856, after his rugged training here, he returned to Greensburg just
before his death in i858.
In the later group of jurists in Indiana County there were William
M. Stewart, graduate of Jefferson College in I839, who after his
admission turned his energies in the direction of banking, and in I873
was a member of the firm of B. K. Jamison and Company, of Philadelphia. A. W. Taylor, also a Jefferson College graduate, was in
Congress beginning with I872, and had an active practice. William
A. Todd was an eminent practitioner both in Indiana and Ebensburg,
whence he went in I893. Titian J. Coffey had an extensive practice in
the United States courts, and was in association for a time with Judge
White; and there was Samuel A. Douglas, in I85I; John Conrad,
who later located at Brookville for a long practice. Hugh W. Weir,
first located at Saltsburg, then in Pittsburgh, and afterwards became
the Chief Justice of Idaho Territory. Joseph M. Thompson practiced from I855 to I884, and John P. Blair, Civil War veteran, was
admitted in I865, and served as judge of this district from I874 to
I885, returning to practice until his death in I9I3.
In a still later group were John Lowry and James B. Sansom, who
became editors of prominent county newspapers; Col. Daniel S. Porter, I864-84; John N. Banks, a native of Juniata County, admitted
in I866, who was the Solicitor for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; Samuel J. Cunningham, outstanding beloved Civil War veteran,
admitted in 1870, and who was in partnership with the later Governor
John S. Fisher; David Blair Taylor; Hugh W. Walkinshaw, admitted
in 1873, who after five years sought the larger forum in Westmoreland County; and Summers M. Jack, admitted in I879, served his
348CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
district in Congress for two terms. Out of its active group of jurists
Indiana County has furnished two distinguished members of the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Justice Silas M. Clark was born in Indiana in I834, and died as a
member of the Supreme Court on November 20, I891. He was
graduated from Jefferson College, taught in Indiana Academy, and
after reading law with William M. Stewart, was admitted in I857.
He was a member of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of
I873, and was elected to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in I882,
as a Democrat. Justice John P. Elkin, elected as a Republican, began
his term on the Supreme bench on January 2, I9o5, but died in office
on October 3, I915. He was in the Pennsylvania Legislature in the
sessions of I885 and I887, and a Deputy Attorney-General I895-97,
and became Attorney-General from I899-I903.
Still another jurist from Indiana County became one of Pennsylvania's distinguished citizens, former Governor John S. Fisher. He
was born in Indiana County on May 25, I867, and practiced law
actively in his home county, before contributing his best endeavors to
his State government. He was commissioner of banking from I9I9
to 1922, and a State Senator from his district, during which period
he was on the committee to investigate the Capitol graft. He served
as Governor of Pennsylvania from the first M/onday of January, I927,
to the first Monday of January, I93I, and his administration was one
of balance and good business judgment. Governor Fisher was especially interested in the outstanding history of Pennsylvania, and did
more than any one person to see to the marking of historical sites
during his term. This valuable work has brought to him the presidency of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, and the
presidency of the Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the American Revolution, where he continues his fine contribution to the historic lore of
the Commonwealth.
At the Beaver bar have been some distinguished practitioners
who have added to the lustre of the law through the years. Among
these we find such old-time practitioners as Joseph H. Wilson, an uncle
of the later Judge J. Sharpe Wilson; A. S. Moore, Oliver J. Dickey,
F. H. Laird, J. L. Hogan, A. S. Moore, Frank Wilson, James S.
Rutan, Edward B. Daugherty, Samuel B. Wilson, and many others.
Judge W. H. Seward Thompson, of the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania, came from this bar. There
349was also a prominent Baptist minister, Rev. A. J. Bonsall, D. D., of
Rochester, who loved the law as well as the Gospel, and after a course
of study, was admitted to the Beaver bar. He did not gol into active
practice, but he was thus able to guide the religious keel in his own
denomination, when his brethren were inclined to deviate from settled
religious principles in the law, the complete separation of church and
State.
Armstrong County had a distinguished jurist in William Freame
Johnston, who served as Governor of Pennsylvania, after the resignation of Governor Shunk, from July 26, I848, to January 20, I852.
He was born in Greensburg on November 20, I8o8, studied under
John B. Alexander, and was admitted to the bar at the May term,
I829. He was first a district attorney of Armstrong County, then in
the House and later in the Senate of Pennsylvania, becoming president
of that body before the days of a Lieutenant-Governor. He returned
to practice at Kittanning after his gubernatorial term, and was one
of the organizers of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. He died in
Pittsburgh in I 872.
At the Kittanning bar were Edward S. Golden, who was
admitted in I849 and who practiced until his death on October 4,
BUSY KITTANNING, ARMSTRONG COUNTY. COURT HOUSE IN BACKGROUND
(Photo by Arthur Swager)CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
1890. Orr Buffington and Oliver WV. Gilpen were successful partners
in the law, and John V. Painter served one year by appointment as
judge of the courts. Armstrong County has a strong bar at the present time in active practice, whose activities a later historian should
relate. There comes out of the legal lore of Armstrong County,
during the incumbency of Judge Boggs this story: He had before
him a defendant who had been convicted of horse stealing, and the
offense was considered too serious for a lighter sentence than a term
in the penitentiary. Judge Boggs knew of the defendant's great musical ability in leading a congregation, and wrote down to Chaplain Milligan about it and suggested that he use this talent in his Sunday religious services. When Chaplain Milligan sought out the new inmate to
lead the singing from the chapel hymn book, the inmate promptly
declined, with the remark: "No, I may steal horses up in Armstrong
County, but I will sing nothing but Psalms."
When the Superior Court of Pennsylvania was erected in 1895,
Judge John J. Wickham became one of the initial members of that
court beginning December I9, I895. Judge Wickham died in office
on June I8, I898. He was succeeded by Judge William D. Porter,
a member of the Allegheny Court of Common Pleas. Judge Porter
had a long service on the Superior Court bench, being twice reelected,
and becoming eventually its president judge, because of his seniority.
Justice James B. Drew has had a unique judicial experience, after
his admission to the bar of Allegheny County in I902. He was first
elected to the new county court in I911; then to the Common Pleas
Court in I920; to the Superior Court in I93I; and appointed to the
Supreme Court by Governor Pinchot in 193 I. His election as a justice
of the Supreme Court followed in I932, in which office he is now
serving. That experience may never be duplicated.
Serving also in this court is Judge Jesse E. B. Cunningham, who
was first elected in I925 and is now serving a second term. Judge
Cunningham was born in Johnstown on December 19, I868, and was
admitted to the bar of Westmoreland County in I893. He served
two terms as district-attorney of Westmoreland County, and was
later called to the office of Deputy Attorney-General for the State of
Pennsylvania, where in association with James Scarlet, a Danville
attorney, he successfully prosecuted the Capitol grafters. This caused
him to enter State practice at Harrisburg, from which point he was
elevated to the Superior bench.
35IJudge Joseph Stadtfeld, now serving on the Superior Court bench,
was also a southwestern Pennsylvania jurist. He was born August
8, I86I, in New York City, and cast his legal lines in Allegheny County
later, where he enjoyed an extensive practice after his admission in
I886. Judge Stadtfeld was first chosen to the Common Pleas Court of
Allegheny County in 1930, and then to the Superior Court in I93I,
where he is now acceptably serving.
The peculiarly fine esteem in which Judge J. Frank Graff is held
by the electors of Armstrong County is indicated by his unique experience. He was first commissioned in I923 to fill a vacancy, but failed to
secure the Republican nomination, and then resigned on May 22, 1930.
He had in the meantime resigned his place on the Armstrong County
bench, but no successor was appointed awaiting the outcome of the
primary election. Governor Fisher then appointed him to his old
judgeship in Armstrong County, and he was elected to the full term of
ten years, which he is now serving.
Appropriate reference should be made to the fine contribution
which Justice Richard Coulter made to legal and constitutional stability here. He was born in Allegheny County in I788, and was
admitted to the WVestmoreland County bar in 8 i i. His service on
the Supreme Court bench began with I847, and extended up to his
death in I852 in Greensburg. He wrote three hundred and fortyWASHINGTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, WVASHINGTONCONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISTS
seven opinions in all, the first having been filed eight days after his
appointment, and the last thirty days before his death. Judge Coulter has left many important dicta on the record, as he helped to make
it, and these two are characteristic: In the case of Mitchel v. Kintzer,
5 Pa. 216, we find this classic language:
"In the eye of the law, fraud spoils every thing it touches. The
broad seal of the Commonwealth is crumbled into dust, as against the
interest designed to be defrauded. Every transaction of life between
individuals, in which it mingles, is corrupted by its contagion. Why
then, should it find shelter in the decrees of courts? There is the last
place on earth where it ought to find refuge. But it is not protected
by record, judgment, or decree; whenever and wherever it is detected,
its disguises fall from around it, and the lurking spirit of mischief, as
if touched by the spear of Ithuriel, stands exposed to the rebuke and
condemnation of the law."
This decision has been quoted and cited in courts all over the
United States. Upon the question of constitutional rights, his deep
patriotism is shown in the case of Brown v. Hummel, 6 Pa. 86, 96, in
these words:
"Entertaining a profound deference for the law-making power, we
bow implicitly to its enactments within the pale of the constitution.
But we also represent the people: we represent their justice, their constitution, and their laws.  The constitution is the emanation and
emblem of their high sovereignty. Written constitutions are the guarantees of the liberty and security of the people, and are the supreme
law. To establish them, or rather to establish the right to make them,
the best blood of our fathers was spilled upon the soil of the country
in many a field of battle. We are bound, by every duty, to maintain
inviolate the constitution of Pennsylvania, and will do it according to
our best judgment. All men are liable to err, and the law-making
power, with the best motives which the purest hearts furnish, may
err. It is here, however, in this court, of last resort, that the private
citizen must look for the preservation of his private rights. Here is
the ark of his safety, and the goal of his peace: and when the humblest
citizen comes into this court with the constitution of his country in his
hand, we dare not disregard the appeal."
S. P.-III-23
353SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
John Cooper and Samuel Breeze, came to Beesontown in I784.
Bishop Asbury has recorded that he exhorted at Beesontown on July
19, I786, and that "we had a feeling, gracious season." July 20,
I786, he wrote that he preached to a congregation of six hundred
persons during court. The first meeting house-built of logs near
the present graveyard on Peter Street, in the center of Uniontownmust have been built about 1785, since Bishop Asbury preached there
in I786. The church held several conferences in Uniontown between
I786 and I830 and this significant entry appears in Bishop Asbury's
journal, as of June Io, I792:  "We have founded a seminary of
learning, called Union School. Brother C. Conway is manager, who
also has charge of the District. The Establishment is designed to
instruct in Grammer, Sciences, and the languages." A school room
was built on the west end of the church on Peter Street for the use
of the school. The best evidence obtainable is that the school was
closed in I8oo, and in 1820 the partition was taken out and the
church auditorium  thus enlarged.  Separate entrances were maintained for male and female worshippers, and a gallery erected, where
the negro attendants sat.
The Methodist Episcopal Church of Connellsville seems to be
the next oldest church and its beginnings date back to I789, when
the circuit-riding preachers were coming through. Anthony Banning,
who lived at Connellsville in I789, was received on trial in that year
and later permanently located there in I79I. Connellsville was in
the Pittsburgh Circuit up to I8I, until the newer Connellsville Circuit was established within the Baltimore Conference. While Brownsville was a preaching station on the circuit earlier, there is little history extant as to it, until the erection of the first stone church for the
congregation in I804.  Chads Chalfant, a local exhorter of the
church, gave the ground upon which it was erected. The building
was doubled in size in I821 and finally razed in I859 to make way for
the erection of the second brick edifice, which was dedicated on June
i6, i86I.
The first Methodist Church in Greene County was built in
Waynesburg in I803, just after the founding of the town, and up
until the recent merger there was also a strong Methodist Protestant
Church there. This central planting of the Methodist Episcopal
tenets there has resulted in the dotting of other churches over the
county. In Washington County Methodism had its beginnings with
30354           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
So, from the great fountainhead of justice established for this
western area at Hannastown on April 6, I773, when the martyred
Justice William Crawford first presided, down to the several tribunals which in large measure have emanated from it, and which now
function in the twelve counties embraced in this narrative, the reign
of law continues unabated, due to the fine contribution made by the
jurists, both on and off the bench. The foundation work of the pioneers still stands, and constitutional government has not perished and
will not perish.CHAPTER XIV
W ar's Aid to Democracy
The War of I8I2 the Real War for Independence-Governor Simon
Snyder's Message-The Results of this War-Pennsylvania Aids in
the Mexican Conflict-The Companies from Southwestern Pennsylvania-The Civil War Contest and the Contribution of Troops to
the Northern Army-The Constructive Industrial Period Following
that Conflict-The Building Up of the National Guard-The Contribution of Troops to the Spanish-American War-The Ioth Pennsylvania Regiment Goes to the Philippines-Other Enlistments-The
Guarding of the American-Mexican Border-General John J. Pershing Descended from Westmoreland County Pioneers-The Thousands Trained for the Great World War-The Grand Army of the
Republic-The Spanish Veterans-The American Legion-The
Bulwarks of Democracy in the Days of Peace.
The historic events of the Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, as
they transpired on this western frontier, have been quite fully dealt
with in the earlier chapters. The first internal strife of a new Nation
involved the issues of the so-called Whiskey Insurrection, when in
I794, governmental authority was given its first test. The third clash
of armed forces came during the years from I812 to I814, and have
been generally designated as the "WVar of I8I2."  Some have rather
interestingly designated it as the "War for Independence," as distinguished from the "War of the Revolution."  The heroic struggle
from I776 to I783 was a revolt from the authority of British rule,
but from  1812 to 1814 Great Britain attempted to get back the
colonial territory which she had lost in the former struggle. The
new United States then demonstrated fully its right to national life
and respect among the nations of the world. That independence has
endured down to the present moment.
I ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
When Governor Simon Snyder sent his message to the Legislature
of Pennsylvania in I812, he began it on this wise: "War has been
declared-the sword of the Nation which, for thirty years, has been
rusting in its scabbard, has been drawn to maintain that independence,
which it had gloriously achieved. In the War of the Revolution, our
fathers went forth as it were'with a sling and with a stone, and smote
the enemy.' Since that period our country has been abundantly blessed,
and its resources abundantly multiplied; millions of her sons have
grown to manhood, and inheriting the principles of their fathers, are
determined to preserve the precious heritage, which was purchased
by their blood and won by their valor." He then recited the call for
four thousand Pennsylvania militia to go into the service as the State's
quota for the national defense.
War was declared on June i8, 1812, against Great Britain, and
Governor Snyder used the militia first, which had been maintained
since the revolution, in the western counties. The last appointments
of Major-Generals, and the divisions they commanded, were indicated
on August 3, 1811i i, as the I2th Division, composed of the counties of
Bedford, Somerset and Cambria, with Major-General Alexander Olgle
commanding four hundred and thirty-six men; the I3th Division, composed of the counties of Westmoreland and Fayette, with Major-General David Marchand commanding one thousand and thirty-four men;
the I4th Division, composed of the counties of Washington and Greene,
with Major-General James Stevenson commanding seven hundred and
twenty-four men; the i th Division, composed of the counties of Allegheny, Armstrong and Indiana, with Major-General Adamson Tannehill commanding eight hundred and nine men; and the I6th Division,
composed of the counties of Beaver and Butler, with five new companies added, and Major-General David Mead, commanding eight
hundred and thirty-one men; a total force of three thousand five hundred and thirty-four militia.
Governor Snyder used some troops from the eastern part of the
State but those who were chosen here were sent to General William
Henry Harrison's Northwest Army, and to the forces about Erie
and Buffalo. There were two principal places of rendezvous, Pittsburgh and Meadville. The militia of the counties of Somerset and
Cambria were formed into the first brigade, commanded by BrigadierGeneral Jacob Saylor, of Somerset; the Iogth and the I 28th regiments
were from Somerset County, and the I42d from Cambria County.
356WAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
General Saylor was succeeded by General Robert Philson in I814.
In these forces were the "Allegheny Blues," Captain Casper Keller;
another company commanded by Captain Peter Lane; a rifle company
by Captain Jonathan Rhoades, and a fourth company by Captain Frederick Huff. The two companies of Captains Keller and Lane were
from Berlin. James Weigle recorded an interesting story of these
military movements, from which we quote:
"On Saturday morning, September I 2th (1812), we marched
from Berlin, under command of Colonel Jacob Weyland. The towns
were filled with people to see us start. Many were the tears shed over
our departure. About forty citizens on horseback, with Major Ludwick Baker at their head, escorted the two companies on their way
for several days."  Mr. Weigle then described the first day's march
as far as Somerset, where they lodged for the night, then to Stoystown and Laughlintown, where they were quartered among the people. The next day they marched to Gibson's, four miles east of
Greensburg, where Captain Jonathan Rhoades rifle company from
Jenners overtook them, beautifully uniformed in yellow hunting shirts
and yellow pants. Wednesday they marched to Greensburg and
were lodged in the courthouse; then to Turtle Creek, where they
received their tents and cooking utensils. Mr. Weigle also indicated
that all the pay they received, except later pensions, in addition to
their rations, was $I2 in the Meadville camp of rendezvous. In
December the general ordered them to seek winter quarters, but as
their time was about up, about twenty-two of them decided to return
home, the others evidently reenlisting. Those who returned home
were accompanied by about forty Indians after they left camp, with
the snow two feet deep. They returned through Greensburg.
Most of the enlistments were for four months and longer. While
a portion of the Somerset and Cambria soldiers went to Lake Erie,
Captain Huff's company served in Brigadier-General Richard Crook's
brigade in the Army of the Northwest. One Somerset soldier, Jacob
Finessy, is credited with having been on Perry's flagship at the time of
his victory, and slew a British seaman as he was attempting to board
the vessel.
The first company to leave Fayette County was that of Captain
Thomas Collins, having enlisted for one year beginning August 27,
I8I2. They served at Oswego, Sacket's Harbor, and other points in
western New York. There were also the companies of Captain John
357SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Phillips, and Captain James Whaley's Company, of Connellsville,
serving under General Harrison at Fort iNeigs, having been mustered
in at Pittsburgh October I 2, 1812. The company of Captain Andrew
Moore, of Wharton Township, enlisted on the same date for six
months. The company of Captain Joseph Wadsworth served with
Colonel Robert Patterson at Fort Meigs. The company of Captain
James A. McClelland, designated as light dragoons, served under Colonel James V. Ball, while the companies of Captain John McClean,
Captain William Craig, and Captain Isaac Linn, were in service about
Erie, under Colonel Reese Ilill. Some of these volunteered for service
in the Perry Squadron, after it had been built. The company of Captain James Piper served under Colonel James Fenton, as far as Buffalo,
New York. One company of Fayette County militia, that of Captain
Valentine Giesey, was recruited with one hundred and eighteen men
at Brownsville in 18 I4. They heard a special sermon of blessing from
the Rev. William Brown, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of
Brownsville, and then marched off to Baltimore and Annapolis to join
the forces of General Winfield Scott, and were personally received by
the general, but their term of service was soon ended because of the
signing of peace terms.
Westmoreland County had two noted organizations in the War
of I812: one the Greensburg company, captained by John B. Alexander, noted county lawyer; and the other, Captain Joseph Markle's
cavalry company. Christian Drum was lieutenant and Peter Drum,
ensign of Captain Alexander's company. Humphrey Fullerton, outstanding patriot, whose body is buried close to the United Presbyterian Church between Circleville and Stewartsville, was Lieutenant
and Daniel Waltz, of the Sewickley valley, second lieutenant. Captain Alexander's company joined the Pittsburgh Blues, and went
down the Ohio on boats to Cincinnati, and thence up to participate in
the Northwest campaign along the Mississinewa River, a tributary
of the Wabash. Captain Alexander was promoted to Major on February I, I8I3.
Thomas Meason was a brigadier-general in the militia of General
David Marchand, and George Armstrong, Greensburg lawyer, and
Uriah Springer, of Fayette County, were brigade inspectors in I8I2,
and John Kirkpatrick, of Westmoreland and George Death, of Fayette County occupied the same positions in I8I4. All of these forces
were in the siege of Fort Meigs on the Maumee River in I8I3.
358WAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
When war was first declared Washington County stirred up great
enthusiasm by holding meetings in the courthouse. and when the
surrender of Detroit to the British took place, it spurred the citizens
of this county to action. Captain William Sample organized the
Washington Infantry and Captain James Vance, the Williamsport
(Monongahela) Rangers. Lieutenant William Hunter later became
captain of the latter company. There was also the organization of
the Ten Mile Rangers, from both Washington and Greene counties,
with these officers: Captain William Patterson, Lieutenant Elijah
Rees, Ensign Simeon Brown. A court martial was held at Jefferson on
some deserters from this company, but it finally marched to Erie and
Buffalo. Four other companies were recruited in Washington County,
and when they had rendezvoused, Brigade Inspector James Dunlap
gave orders for the battalion, composed of the companies of Captains William Sample, Thomas Miller, Edward Thomas, James
Warne, and David Buchanan, to march to Niagara, where they participated in the activities along the shores of Lake Erie.'
The immediate cause of the War of I812 has been tersely stated
as being England's interference with trade; the blockade system
adopted by it; the search of American vessels, and the incitement and
encouragement of the Indians. The Detroit and Niagara campaigns,
which most affected southwestern Pennsylvania, had to with a proposed blockade of Lake Erie, and the incitement of the Indians. The
brigade of militia was raised in Pennsylvania for service under General
William Henry Harrison, marched to Upper Sandusky, under the
direction of General Crooks, where they constructed a system of
fortifications. At this point they were joined with a brigade of Virginia militia, commanded by General Leftwich. From Upper Sandusky they proceeded to the Maumee, where they were continued until
their term of service had expired.
The early part of the open season of 18I3 was busily employed by
Commodore Perry in getting his fleet ready at Presque Isle, to meet
the British fleet on Lake Erie on equal terms. The timbers were
cut from the forests, and the rigging and cordage used was manufactured at the Pittsburgh plant of John and Boyle Irwin. There were
no locks in the Allegheny in aid of navigation in that period, but the
river maintained a good boating stage until August, so that the manufactured rigging could thus be easily transported to Erie, enabling
Commodore Perry to fit out his fleet in time for the great naval battle
359SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
that took place on September I o, I8 I3, resulting in the capture of the
whole British fleet, after a stubborn conflict. It is quite appropriate
to here refer to the fine work of former Governor John S. Fisher,
during his term of office, in helping to memorialize the stirring events
during the War of I812, by the great improvement and landscaping
of Presque Isle Park at Erie. One of the improved roads on the
isle has been appropriately named "Fisher Drive."
In addition to the commercial contribution made to the construction of Perry's fleet, Allegheny County made its contribution in men
as well, after the declaration of war on June I8, I8I2. The first
organization to be recruited was the "Pittsburgh Blues," under command of Captain James R. Butler.'They were a part of the six hundred men, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel John B. Campbell, who
marched in the fall of 18 I2 against the Indian towns on the Mississinewa River. Several of these towns were destroyed, twelve troopers
killed, thirty wounded, fifty taken prisoner, and about one hundred and
eighty men frost-bitten at the battle of December eighteen. This company was also with General Harrison at the battle of Fort Meigs in
May, I8I3. Another company, commanded by Captain Jeremiah
Ferree, with sixty men, also went out from Allegheny County, and participated in these engagements. They also were a part of the defense
of Fort Stevenson at Lower Sandusky on July 13, I8I3.
On account of its being nearest the seat of action it fell to the
lot of Beaver County to make possibly the largest contribution to the
armed forces of the United States in the War of I8I2. There were
ten companies from this county that saw service in the conflict. At
the first knowledge of the capture of Detroit, two companies were first
organized and started out on August 27, I812. The officers of the
first company were: Captain Jonathan Coulter, Lieutenant John Lawrence, and Ensign Robert Moore; of the second company, Captain
James Kennedy, Lieutenant John Smurr, Jr., and Ensign James Louthan. United States Senator Abner Lacock was in Congress at the
time, and the "Pittsburgh Gazette" under date of June 25, 1812,
printed the following announcement:
"WAR"
"Extract from a letter of Mr. Lacock to gentlemen in this town,
dated Washington City, June i8, 18 I2.
"I embrace the first opportunity to inform you that war has been
this day declared, and the injunction of secrecy taken off. This meas-.36oWAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
ure passed in the House of Representatives by a majority of thirty,
and in the Senate by I9 to I3. This is an unqualified, unconditional
war, by land and sea, against the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland."
As the war dragged on, there were eight other companies, mobilized on January I4, I814, consisting of five hundred and eighty-seven
officers and men to protect Erie during the severe winter of 1814.
They were in command of Captains D,avid Knowles, David Clark,
Waldo Caldoo, Robert Leifer, William Calhoun, Thomas Henry,
Armstrong Drennen, and Robert Imbrie. They formed themselves
into two regiments, known as the I38th Militia, and the 26th Pennsylvania.
There was also a battalion of one thousand from Washington that
became excited when it was reported that five thousand British and
Indians were landing at the mouth of the Huron River in Ohio,
during I8I3, marched out as far as New Lisbon, and when the report
came to be false, they marched back home and disbanded.
Colonel John Purviance first recruited five companies in the 2d
Regiment in Butler County, commanded by Captains Abraham Brinker,
Robert Storey, James Thompson, Samuel Jorden, and James Stewart.
An additional sixth company was recruited by Captain Martin, and
attached to the I38th Regiment of Militia. In Armstrong County
Captain James Alexander, and Captain John Bannuckman, recruited
two companies which marched with the Northwest Army to Fort
Meigs. Later Major Robert Orr, who became a general of militia,
marched a battalion of two hundred men to Fort Meigs. Indiana
County made its contribution under the draft of February I4, I814,
issued by Governor Snyder. The county's first two companies were
commanded by Captains Samuel Gordon and Jacob Stake, and participated in the engagements at Buffalo, Queenstown Heights, and Chippewa.
With American independence assured out of the issues of the
War of I8 I 2, the western part of Pennsylvania was rapidly developed
and undisturbed by military movements until the Mexican War of
I846-47. Appreciating the necessity of preparation at all times, the
government had established the Allegheny Arsenal at 4oth Street in
Pittsburgh, where cannon and munitions were stored. The Mexican
War was largely a matter of voluntary enlistments. The President
36iSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
called for nine regiments, but it proved to be three too many, from
Pennsylvania. The causes of this war are so well known in school
curricula that they need not be repeated here. The historian, Hon.
Boyd Crumrine, states that he knew of but six men that enlisted
from Washington County; one of whom was Colonel Norton McGiffen. There were no enlistments from Greene County, nor Lawrence,
just formed out of Beaver and Mercer counties. Somerset had no
company in the Mexican War, but some from that county joined the
"Cambria Guards," among them Lieutenant Charles H. Heyer, a
young lawyer recently admitted in I843, and his brother, Theophilus
L. Heyer, Hezekiah P. Hite, Stoystown, Dr. Smith Fetler and Samuel
Kainworthy, Addison; the printer Benjamin P. Kooser, who later went
to California, Associate Judge Charles A. Kimmell, Eli Shockey.
Noah Burd was in Captain William Quaill's company, of Connellsville; Henry Rink was killed at the battle of Buena Vista, John Lichty
at the battle of Cerro Gordo, and Jeremiah Griffith never returned
from Chepultepec. James Turner, James Paul and Daniel Wentzell
perished by fall over shipboard.
Indiana County furnished two companies, "B" and "E," of the 2d
Pennsylvania Volunteers, known as "American Highlanders," with
Captain John W. Geary, later Governor of Pennsylvania as commander. There was an additional company "D," with Captain James
Murray, of Ebensburg, as its commander. All of these participated in
the engagements at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo. Armstrong County
offered a company of volunteers, but it was not accepted. Samuel
Jordan, William A. Logan, Samuel Walker and Fred Haines are
known to have enlisted elsewhere.  A few from  Beaver County
enlisted in the Pittsburgh companies.
Butler County had a good organization known as the "Slippery
Rock Guards," Captain John Loudan; and it tendered its services on
June I3, I846, but these were not accepted, as did also the Washington Cavalry of Butler tender its services on February I3, I847. These
members of some of these companies enlisted elsewhere: James Graham, Charles Hoffman, Henry Hartung, Casper Hartung, Andrew
G. Marshall, Richard Crozier, George L. Glann, Judge James Bredin,
James Reed and Samuel Patterson. Lafayette Sullivan died at Pueblo,
and Lafayette Kerr and John Kirkpatrick were killed in action.
The presence of the Allegheny Arsenal and the activities with
reference to it caused the citizens of the Pittsburgh vicinity to take
362WAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
a great interest in the war preparations. The Ist Pennsylvania Regi
ment was formed in i 846, and to it were attached two Pittsburgh companies; the "Pittsburgh Blues," commanded by Captain Alexander
Hay; and the "Duquesne Greys," commanded by Captain John Her
ron, respectively known in the regiment as Company "A," and Company "K." The Allegheny County battalion was commanded by Colonel F. F. Wynkoop, Lieutenant-Colonel S. W. Black, and Major Bowman. In the next year, I 847, one other company was organized as the
"Hibernia Greens," Company "I," of the 2d Pennsylvania Regiment,
with eighty-six men, and Captain Robert Porter commanding. Two
other companies were later attached to the Maryland troops and
were commanded by Captains P. N. Guthrie and Thomas A. Rowley. The later battalion set-up was Colonel William B. Roberts,
Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Geary, and Major William Brindle.
There were more deaths from sickness than casualties, and when the
company of Captain Porter was mustered out it contained but thirty
members.
Fayette County had but one company in the Mexican War. It was
recruited as Company "H," 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment, by Captain
William B. Roberts and after his elevation to colonel, it was commanded by Captain William Quail. It was recruited principally at
Mr. Roberts' store at the west end of Uniontown, taken in wagons
to Brownsville, and then transported to Pittsburgh for rendezvous,
and then down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers by boat to New
Orleans. The 2nd Pennsylvania lost ninety-eight killed and wounded
out of two hundred men engaged at the battles of Chepultepec and
Gretia Belen. Colonel Roberts was born in Menallen Township on
January 2, I809, and died in Mexico after he had completed the campaign from Vera Cruz to Mexico City. The regiment shipped to
New Orleans from Vera Cruz, after peace had been declared on February 2, I848. There it came up the Mississippi and Ohio to Pittsburgh in boats, and finally arrived home July I4, I848.
Westmoreland County's participation in the Mexican War began
with a public meeting held in Greensburg on December 23, I846, in
the courthouse, when the "Westmoreland Guards," Company "E,"
2d Regiment, numbering ninety-four were transported to Pittsburgh
in wagons. A complimentary dinner was given them in the courthouse, and Dr. James I. Brownson, pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church, presented each of the soldiers with a Bible. They too went
363OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
Reason Pumphries, an early settler near Catfish Town before the
Revolution, and through the preaching and exorting of Eli Shickel,
an energetic young man with deep convictions. One historical writer
has given his view of the beginnings of Methodism and its present
day status on this wise: "In I729 two young men in England, reading the Bible, saw they could not be saved without holiness; followed
it, and incited others to do so. In I737 they saw, likewise, that men
are justified before they are sanctified; but holiness was their object.
God then thrust them out to raise a holy people." Then summing
up the church's status, he writes: "The sole object of the rules, regulations and usages of the Methodist Episcopal Church is that it may
fulfill to the end of time its original divine commission as a leader in
evangelization, in all true reforms, and in the promotion of fraternal
relations among all branches of the one Church of Jesus Christ, with
which it is a co-worker in the spiritual conquest of the world for the
Son of God."
Like the other denominations which came into this great religious
crucible west of the mountains, the Methodist Episcopal Church could
not always please all of its constituents. The church organization
known as the Methodist Protestant Church had its beginnings at the
time of the expulsion of a large group from the Methodist Episcopal
Church at the General Conference held in Cincinnati in I828, which
was presided over by Bishop Robert R. Roberts. Preachers and laymen had been expelled, through disciplining, for asserting their interpretation of the rules of the church. Trials and appeals were held
all over the country, the great majority of cases finally resolving
themselves into the making of evil remarks about the ministers. As
a result of these expulsions, and in protest to the action that had
been taken, the first General Conference of the Methodist Protestant
Church was organized on November I2, I828, with ten district conferences all over the country. Rules were adopted and procedure
outlined much after the polity of the other churches whence they had
come, except that each conference was to govern its own affairs as
much as possible, and laymen were to have a full share in the conference deliberations. As a result of the formation of this new church
organization, many fairly strong churches sprang up all over the
country. In the year I938, however, a union of a great majority of
the Methodist Protestant churches with the original Methodist Episcopal Church was effected. An additional dissension from the Metho3ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in boats to New Orleans and
thence by boat to Vera Cruz, and participated in the campaign to
Mexico City. The officers of the Westmoreland Guards were Captain
John W. Johnston, First Lieutenant James Armstrong, Second Lieutenant Washington Murray, and Second Junior Lieutenant James
Coulter. In this company were many who became prominent in the
business and professional life of Westmoreland County, and many
of them afterwards enlisted in the larger conflict of the Civil War.
Simon H. Drum, grandson of the original Simon Drum, famed Greensburg pioneer hotel keeper, was killed at the entrance of Mexico City
on September 13, I847. He was born in Greensburg, and was a graduate of West Point. Many of this company contracted disease and
died in Mexico.
The many histories of the twelve counties in the area embraced in
this narrative contain lists of the soldiers who participated in these
various wars. The limitations of space here do not permit of listing
them in full. The part which was taken by the soldiers of this section in the succeeding Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and the
World War, will be given general treatment, to show the great contribution which was made here to the maintenance of constitutional
government. The issues of the Civil War were more bitterly fought
out than any other, because there were pitted against each other
graduates of West Point of earlier days, and of equal military ability
and determination. General Robert E. Lee, descendant of the Revolutionary Virginia Lees, graduate of West Point Military Academy,
put his whole soul and military energy into the conflict against Generals McClellan, Hooker and Grant, and that made the conflict so
long. When the first enlistments were taken for three months, it
was the general opinion that the South would be subdued in that
time.
During the period of the Civil War Pittsburgh was a veritable
hive of military activity, due to the marching troops that paraded its
streets almost daily. Its river and railroad transportation facilities
made it not only the gateway to the growing west, but the gateway
to war as well. The records of the State of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg credit the County of Allegheny with about twenty-three thousand
soldiers sent out to war, but several thousand of these came from
the adjoining counties, because Pittsburgh was the natural place of
rendezvous.
364The citizens resented the order of John B. Floyd, of Virginia,
Secretary of War in President Buchanan's cabinet, in December, i 86o,
directing the shipment of artillery and other war implements from the
Allegheny arsenal to New Orleans, and determined in their own minds
to prevent it by peaceable means if possible. They halted the artillery
on its way from the arsenal to the wharf, held meeting and passed
resolutions, all the while imploring Washington to rescind the order.
The order was rescinded later, and serious trouble thus averted. The
recruiting of sixty-four companies of seventy men each began May
2, I86I, under the direction of a Committee of Organization of Home
Guards. The outlying counties co6perated fully with this arrangement. They were completely equipped with arms and accoutrements
through public funds contributed and disbursed by its custodian, John
Harper, president of the Bank of Pittsburgh.
It is to the great credit of Pittsburgh that its Subsistence Committee, whose work was likewise carried on by public assistance, fed
a total of 409,765 soldiers as they passed through Pittsburgh between
July 28, I86I, and January I, I866. During that time 64,460 sick
and wounded soldiers were likewise nursed and cared for at the Soldiers Home. The city became a great source of supply for the army,
as its mills, factories, tanneries, and workshops of all kinds provided
MEMORIAL HALL, PITTSBURGH, SCENE OF MANY MILITARY AND
HISTORICAL CELEBRATIONSSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
great quantities of ammunition, wagons, harness, and clothing during
the war period.
When the great Union Army was finally disbanded on June I,
I865, 786,000 men were mustered out of service. There had been
2,656,553 men enlisted in the service, and I,490,00ooo were actually
engaged. Out of this number almost 50,000 were killed in battle,
another 35,000 mortally wounded and I84,oo0o died in hospitals and in
camps. Each county and community would be entitled to have its
distinctive companies' record embalmed here, but in its absence, it can
be well said that all of them gave whole-hearted devotion to the cause
of the northern army.
Out of the conflict came the organization of the Grand Army of
the Republic, headed by General James A. Logan, and for the past
seventy years the youth of the land, ever growing into mature manhood, has seen the marching legions of the Civil War veterans march
by, on succeeding Memorial Days, their ranks ever thinning, until now
they have gone to their eternal rest out of the majority of the communities. It was a gratifying fact that nearly two thousand of the
veterans, North and South, held a reunion on the battlefield of Gettysburg in July, I938, joined in by thousands upon thousands, with the
dedication of the Eternal Peace Light by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Twenty-five years before, at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg, many more thousands from southwestern Pennsylvania helped to memorialize the victory won there.
Following the decisive determination of the issues of the Civil
War conflict, southwestern Pennsylvania settled down to the development of mining and manufacturing, which continued uninterruptedly
until the beginning of the Spanish-American War. This development
has been detailed in other chapters. The idea of national defense
was always under consideration, and Congress provided for the general army of the United States which did not much exceed 25,000 men
at any time. To supplement this regular army the several states
organized the National Guards, to be used in case of emergencies. As
the railroad, mining and manufacturing industries encountered labor
troubles and consequent strikes, beginning with the Pittsburgh Railroad riots, the Homestead Strike, the Connellsville Coke Region
strikes, and the anthracite coal strikes, the Governors of Pennsylvania would send State troops into these areas to restore peace.
Annual encampments were held, and the organizations were largely
366WAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
for social purposes and for drilling through the score of years, until
the next conflict came on.
The Spanish-American War of I898 was a brief but decisive conflict, and was a voluntary service entirely. Camps were established at
Mount Gretna, Washington and Chattanooga for recruits from this
area, and many of them were in such an unsanitary condition, and the
soldiers were ofttimes fed bad food, that there were many young
men who died in these camps. A part of these troops was taken to
Porto Rico, and some to Cuba, but the war was soon over as to them.
One regiment, the Ioth Pennsylvania, with companies from Mt.
Pleasant, Waynesburg, Washington, Uniontown, New Brighton,
Greensburg, Monongahela, and Connellsville; had longer and more
distinct service in the Philippine Islands. This regiment had to remain
there to put down the Philippine insurrection under Aguinaldo, following the peace with Spain, and thus did not get back home until the
summer of I899. The commander of the Ioth Regiment, Colonel
Alexander L. Hawkins, of Washington, died at sea on July I8, 1899,
as the regiment was returning home on the transport "Senator." Great
parades and a reception followed the regiment's return, and a fine
statue of Colonel Hawkins now graces an important road intersection
in Schenley Park, Pittsburgh. The fine record of the activities of this
regiment has been preserved in many other historical writings, and
need not be detailed here.
During the following fifteen years the Nation experienced another
period of increased industrial development, and particularly along the
lines of transportation and deadly war materials. It became a matter of great concern to this Nation when war was declared in I9I4
by Germany against France, England, and Russia. There were also
troubles along the Mexican border, when General Villa disrupted the
Mexican government, resorting to guerilla warfare, and the entry of
some of his troops into the United States at certain points. Preventive measures were decided upon, and President Woodrow Wilson
selected Brigadier-General John J. Pershing to head the forces located
along the Mexican border. This called into action again the several
commands of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, which included
those companies located all over this area. While it may nothave been
so considered at first this occupation of a part of northern Mexico,
and the attendant service along the Rio Grande River, by General
367SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Pershing's troops, just prior to the World War of I9I8, was indeed
a fine piece of training for the conflict just in the offing.
General John J. Pershing is a western Pennsylvanian in his ancestry. His father was born in Westmoreland County, and the general was
born in Kansas, after the father moved West. He graduated from
West Point Military Academy and saw service in different activities of
the regular army up until the time of his call to lead the American
Expeditionary Forces in the World War. He is a descendant of Frederick Pershing, who settled a tomahawk claim on Nine Mile Run in
Westmoreland County before the days of the Revolution, and who left
a great progeny in this area to honor his distinguished service in bringing about American independence.'
Despite the thrilling scenes incident to the breaking out of the
World War in I9I7, the details of which cannot be adequately related
here, the memory of them is still fresh in the minds of the middle
aged, and many older folks. In this war the government decided on
a uniform draft for all of the soldiers, except those of the regular
army. There were many young men who voluntarily enlisted as soon
as war was declared, but when the immense possibilities and probable
results of the conflict were taken into consideration, a general draft
of all the available young men, who were physically qualified, was
decided upon by the government.
The National Guard units were first enlarged to war-time strength
and numbers, and incorporated into the divisions of the American
Expeditionary Forces to be sent to France. In some cases the existing
regiments were consolidated, an example being the uniting of the corresponding companies of the old Ioth Regiment, of southwestern
Pennsylvania, and the 3d Regiment of Philadelphia, to form the new
IIoth Regiment of the 28th Division overseas. Hundreds of new
regiments were formed from the new soldiers produced by the drafts.
Under the system of the first draft, the sheriffs of the counties were
directed to appoint registrars in each of the voting districts in the
counties, who registered all the young men between the required
ages. No young man was able to avoid the registration for service.
Elaborate questionnaires were later filled out, to determine fitness for
specific services, and to provide for exemptions due to physical, family
and other reasons. Boards were established to pass upon all of these
matters, with the right of appeal to the district boards.
After the eligible young men were sifted out by this selective draft,
they were segregated in intensive training camps all over the country,
368WAR'S AID TO DEMOCRACY
and after a period of preparation, were transported to France to join
the American forces. As the war assumed a more serious aspect in the
early part of 1918, a second draft was started to include all eligible men
up to forty-five years of age. The story of the great drives for Liberty
Loans, the segregation of railroad control under a Director-General
of Railroads, the food and coal restrictions, the stimulated manufacture of war materials and the shipment of men, munitions and supplies
promptly for the support of the soldiers abroad, is a long and thrilling
story, which came to an end many months after the signing of the
Armistice of November I I,  I918, when the soldiers returned to peaceful pursuits.
The twenty years following the World War has produced its deep
lessons in democracy. The slogan of President Woodrow Wilson was
"to make the world safe for democracy." In our present day that
slogan is far from being realized. The soldiers of the War of I8I2
made their contribution to democratic independence; those of the Mexican War service assured its perpetuity in the southwestern border of
our country, particularly in Texas and California; thousands marched
to the southland to impress upon their brothers the need of a united
nation, in a common democracy; the Spanish-American War brought
relief to the distressed and the opportunity to enjoy the fruits of democracy, as do we; but it still remains to be seen whether the dream of an
idealistic President will be fulfilled.
Despite the fact that "war is Hell," as defined by the gallant General William T. Sherman, of Civil War fame, war has still made
its contribution to democracy, in bringing about great developments
in scientific research, better sanitation and housing, and a regimentation of industry, banking, manufacturing, and even schools. All this
has grown out of the intensive regimentation of four million men,
who were trained to war in the shortest possible time. The young
men of the World War army, trained to discipline, are now the middle
aged men who have adopted this type of mass production and sought
the segregation of men, money and materials to accomplish the most
good. That far war has made its contribution to democracy. But
it is still the fruit of that training that remains to be used to bring the
greatest measure of blessing to a democracy now torn by depression.
There were no distinctive organizations of veterans of the War
of I812 or of the Mexican War. The soldiers of the Civil War
S. P.-III-24
369SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
organized and still maintain-with their greatly depleted numbers
fast vanishing-the magnificent organization of the Grand Army of
the Republic. Many posts have ceased to exist because of the death
of all of their members. Many of the Spanish War veterans, particularly those of the Ioth Pennsylvania Regiment, that survived the
Philippine campaign, hold annual reunions at the different towns
where the companies of the regiment originated. They participate
also in the annual parades held on Memorial Day, which observance
has resolved itself into a remembrance of and honor due the soldiers of all wars.
The active organization which has survived the World War is the
American Legion, which had its beginnings in southwestern Pennsylvania and has spread to all parts of the United States. All over this
area are scattered "Legion Homes," as headquarters for the organization's maintenance of the preservation of democracy. For parade
purposes nearly all of these organizations have organized Legion
bands and drum and bugle corps, beautifully costumed, to participate
in parades and competitive drills and band contests. These organizations have done a great work in keeping the spirit of Americanism to
the fore. They have established also an organization known as the
"Forty and Eight," to keep alive the play spirit of the veterans. It
gets its name from the French freight car, used so much to carry forty
men or eight horses to the front.: Still another distinctive organization has been formed out of a
combination of Spanish-American and World War veterans, with
the name "Veterans of Foreign Wars." Its membership is confined
to those who rendered military service outside the territory of the
United States. While a total of four million men were trained for
World War service, but two million, in round numbers, were transported overseas. War has thus contributed, in these more recent
days, these four million men to enter the rnarts of trade and the
channels of industry, to help keep the stream of American democracy
pure.
370CHAPTER XV
Modern Churches and Cathedrals
The Church Architecture of the Pioneers-The Stone Churches of More
than One Hundred Years Ago Still Standing-Pleasant Grove Presbyterian Church-Fell's Methodist Episcopal Church-Beulah Presbyterian Church on the Northern Turnpike-Redstone Baptist
Church at Smock-The Departure of Rev. Thomas and Alexander
Campbell from the Baptists to Form the New Christian Denomination-First Christian Church of Somerset-St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church at Brownsville-First Baptist Church of WashingtonFirst Methodist Episcopal Church of Uniontown--Memorial Baptist Church of Johnstown--East Liberty Presbyterian Church of
Pittsburgh-First Baptist Church of Pittsburgh-Grove Avenue
Evangelical Church of Johnstown.
The story of the development of church architecture from the
days of the pioneers to the present time is one of engaging interest.
The first of God's temples were mere log tents in the woods, which
gave way to some more substantial log buildings scattered all about,
and as these continued in use so long as they could be preserved and
made serviceable, the most of them soon gave way to better buildings
of wood and stone. While there are many old stone churches east of
the Allegheny Mountains, there are not many in the west that are
still in use. In some instances, these old stone churches have been
torn down to make way for modern brick buildings.
There are, however, many brick church buildings now in use that
have been erected during the last century, and these represent possibly
the third cycle of church architecture. Many of these have been, in
turn torn down to be replaced by structures of different colored brick
with stone trimmings and duplex arrangement, to enlarge according
to the size of the congregation, and for added Sunday school accommodations.One of the prettiest and best preserved of the old stone structures
is that of Pleasant Grove Presbyterian Church, three miles south of
Ligonier, in Westmoreland County, on present Highway Route 7II,
formerly the Catawba Indian trail. It stands on the edge of a beautiful grove, with its contiguous burying ground to the southward, in
which lie the remains of several
Revolutionary soldiers, and their
families, who suffered from Indian raids in the early days. In
the earlier Presbyterian history
this congregation was known as
Donegal Church, called for the
township south of the Loyalhanna Creek in which it was
located. This congregation, along
with the ancient Fairfield Church,
made substantial contribution of members to form the later First
Presbyterian Church of Ligonier, when that community became a
sizable municipality. The descendants of the pioneers still worship
at Pleasant Grove. A still older stone church, housing the Sewickley
Presbyterian congregation, two miles from West Newton, is pictured
in an earlier chapter, dealing with these pioneer churches.
A picturesque little stone building still stands in the Redstone
country in Fayette County, where the Redstone Quaker Meeting used
to worship. Prominent among these Quakers were John, Joseph and
Hugh Shotwell, who came from the old Quaker community at Plainfield, New Jersey. John and Joseph Shotwell acquired large acreages
of land on Dunbar Run east of the community, while Hugh Shotwell
lived close to the Redstone Baptist Church, at Smock, and later joined
that church because of his differences with the Quakers. Hugh Shotwell's son, John Shotwell, was one of the founders of Christian
Church in Franklin Township, having been won over to the interpretation of the Scriptures, as expounded by the Revs. Thomas and Alexander Campbell. This little old stone building housed the pioneer
congregation which sent another group over to Washington County
to found the Quaker colony there, and then on out to the vicinity of
Salem, Ohio.
Two miles east of Webster in Westmoreland County stands an
early shrine of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of stone construction.which is still in use by this ancient congregation. It stands on the
high ground above the Monongahela river about two miles to the
eastward and has been a bulwark of Methodism all through the years.
The marker which is attached to the front of the church, tells the story
of its historic importance. The church building itself is not of such
fine cut stone, as that displayed in the Pleasant Grove building, but
it is indicative of the substantial way in which the pioneers used the
stone that was at hand, and made them into an enduring structure
that has stood for these one hundred and fifty years and more.
This church, so early constructed, would be on the edge of the
Redstone country referred to in Methodist history.  In I785 the
Baltimore Conference sent three
preachers to the Redstone Circuit; Peter Moriarty, John Fidler and Wilson Lee, and due to
their much traveling all about
this area, they had unquestionably something to do with the
establishing of the ancient Fels
Church congregation, and possibly all of them preached in this
stone building at times.
The present Beulah Presbyterian Church congregation, located
on the William Penn Highway, Highway Route 22, iS one of the most
ancient of that denomination, although others antedate it.  It is
particularly interesting, because it is one of the earliest Presbyterian
congregations established in the area about Pittsburgh. The present
Wilkinsburg centers on the old plantation of the pioneer, William
Elliott, who was a Presbyterian, and where was located the famous
"Bullock Pens," used as a point of segregation for the beef cattle of
the Forbes army in I758. The community thus located on the later
Frankstown Road and the Northern Turnpike, came to be known as
the "Bullock Pens." The early Presbyterians naturally used this early
community name for their church, as they extended their religious
activities westward from Long Run Church in I784, following the
Revolution. It was first given the name of the "Church at the Bullock Pens," then the "Pitts Township Church," and finally "Beulah."
The architecture of the old Beulah Presbyterian Church is the type
used by many churches in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio,
OLD QUAKER CHURCH,
PERRYOPOLISdist Episcopal Church occurred in I842, when the Wesleyan Methodist Church was organized, which has a small number of churches at
the present time.
One of the oldest churches on the old Redstone Circuit was one
founded by the family of Benjamin Fell and the Widow Beazell, in
Rostraver Township, about 1784, when they had the circuit-riding
preachers come their way. This church is one of the oldest of Methodism still standing and its churchyard contains the remains of some
Revolutionary soldiers.
In addition to the Presbyterian Church, which emanated from
Scotland, and indirectly from Ireland, there came other Presbyterian
bodies which planted themselves on American religious soil. And
these have produced an interesting situation, which has resulted in
the foundation of another strong body, called the United Presbyterian
Church. Resort must be had to the church history of Scotland to
understand the work of these bodies in Scotland and as transplanted
here. In I638 the Reformed Presbyterian Church arose out of the
legal and governmental turmoil of Scotland. They are otherwise
known as Covenanters. A distinguished local historian of that denomination, J. Calvin Elder, states: "The Covenanter Church has been
called the Mother of Churches, all other Presbyterian Churches in
Britain and America being but branches." Historians of the larger
SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, WVASHINGTONbetween the years I825 and I85o. The buildings were pla'in and well
proportioned, the larger ones having two ample doorways, and large
windows, the sashes of which were made of small panes of glass. The
roofs were plain and without steeples. The beautiful setting of the
Beulah Presbyterian Church building is characteristic of these old substantial and imposing churches. In the churchyard in the rear of the
church are found the graves of many prominent Revolutionary soldiers,
who were pioneers in the community all about.
In the history of the First Presbyterian Church, of Pittsburgh, it
appears that "in October, 1785, the Rev. Samuel Barr, a licentiate
of Londonderry Presbytery, Ireland, appeared before the Redstone
Presbytery, having had his attention directed there as a field, and
that the church of Pitts Township united with the First Church
in the call to Mr. Barr."' The
first pastor, Rev. James Graham,
was called at a salary of one
hundred and forty pounds in
Pennsylvania currency, in October, I 804, and continued his pastorate for forty-one years. He
was uirfortunately killed by a
fall from  a horse on June I5,
I845. The church was built in
I837 during the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Graham, and is in use
today, well preserved in its historic beauty.
The Redstone country was not only the scene of pioneer military
operations, governmental and legal differences as between the colonies
of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and of the Whiskey Insurrection, but it
was also the scene of an important religious controversy, which
resulted in the formation of a new and influential religious denomination, known as the Christian Church, and which extends to all parts of
the country. The Big Redstone Baptist Church, near Smock, Fayette County, was the scene of this rift in the rank and file of Baptists.
Any historical discussion of the differences which existed among these
brethren cannot be included here, but the historic ground where it
occurred, and the manner of its occurrence, are matters which should
be historically preserved.
FALLS METHODIST CHURCHOLDEST METHODIST CHURCH WEST
OF THE ALLEGHANIES
(Photo by Arthur Swoger)The minutes of the Redstone Baptist Association are the best evidence of the actions of these brethren towards each other. In its minutes of Sunday, September 6, I812, the Rev. Alexander Campbell, of
Washington County, preached his first sermon before the Redstone
Association, "of very uncommon length." He and his father, Rev.
Thomas Campbell, first became delegates to the Redstone Association
meeting at its I8I5 meeting, from the Brush Run Church.  In the
minutes of September 2, I8I5, there appear these two items:
"5. A letter from a Church at Washington was read, requesting
union with this association, which was unanimously granted. 6. Likewise a letter was received, making a similar request, from a church at
Brush Run; which was also granted."
At the meeting of  8 6, Rev. Thomas Campbell presented the letter of a number of "'baptized professors," in the city of Pittsburgh,
requesting union with the association. He was given a seat in
the meeting, however, but his
request for the congregation was
not granted.  Rev. Alexander
Campbell was delegate to the
Brush Run Church to this meeting. At the meeting of September 2, 18I7, held at the Peter's
Creek Church, Library, the Rev.
James Estep was moderator, and
the Rev. Alexander Campbell,
clerk. The latter was successively clerk at the sessions of
I8I8 and I8I9, and at the session of I820 he was moderator.
Differences in Scripture interpretation began to creep into the
associational  meeting  during
1824 and I825, when the condition of the churches at Washington and Brush Run came in for an
investigation.
Both Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell were delegates
to the associational meeting of August 3I, I82I, held at Ruffs Creek,
REV. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, D. D.SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Greene County, and at the meeting in Washington on August 3I, I822,
the former preached the introductory sermon, both being again delegates from the Brush Run Church. The famed Sidney Rigdon was
one of the delegates from the First Baptist Church of Pittsburgh,
and these four preached sermons during the meeting: Reverends
Thomas Rigdon, Sidney Rigdon, James Estep, and Alexander Campbell.
The Rev. Alexander Campbell had in the meantime transferred a
church to which he ministered at Wellsburg, Virginia, to the Mahoning Baptist Association in Ohio. The Redstone Association had originally dismissed some churches to form the Beaver Baptist Association
in I809, and the Beaver Association, having grown to larger proportions, had dismissed ten churches to form the Mahoning Baptist Association in I8I9. The Rev. Thomas Campbell continued to attend the
Redstone meeting in I823 and 1824, as a delegate from the Brush
Run Church, and the Rev. James Estep was a delegate from the Somerset Church in the latter year. At the Ten Mile associational meeting of September 2, I825, a memorial was presented from the Brush
Run Church, but it was postponed until the next meeting.
This action caused the Rev. Alexander Campbell to appear at the
next annual meeting of the Redstone Baptist Association, held in the
Big Redstone Baptist Church, at present Smock, Fayette County, on
September 2, 1826. He there presented for reading a letter of correspondence from the Mahoning Baptist Association, to which objection
was made, and the reading was postponed for further inquiry.
The Redstone Association then took up further consideration of
the questions concerning the Brush Run and Washington churches,
with the result that both churches were disconnected with the association for all time. The heated discussion and action caused the Rev.
Alexander Campbell to withdraw from the meeting, and take half of
the congregation with him. He retired with them to the beautiful
woods just in the background of the accompanying picture, where he
used a large stone for a pulpit, and there outlined to his outdoor congregation his ideas for establishing of the great religious denomination
which now call themselves the Christian Church.
The movement headed by the Rev. Alexander Campbell spread
over western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, and down into the Dover
Baptist Association in Virginia, and through their vigorous preaching
many Baptist churches went over to the new movement as a whole,
376while others were divided, and the parts of the congregation adhering
to the views advanced by Dr. Campbell, established rival congregations
side by side with Baptist churches in many communities. The Rev.
Mr. Campbell in I833 thus wrote of the separation, as shown by
Brown's "Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge": "After some ten
years debating and contending for the Bible alone and the Apostles
doctrine, Alexander Campbell and the church to which he belonged
united with the Mahoning Association, that association being more
favorable to his views of reform.... Not until after great numbers
began to act upon these principles was there any attempt towards separation."
Some Baptist ministers of the period preached rather vigorously
against the separation, and spoke of the Campbells as "theological
adventurers." It remained, however, for the venerable Dr. James
Estep, who had been through the whole contention at the different
associational meetings, and who made perhaps as great a contribution
as any toward Baptist solidarity, to say many years afterwards: "From
REDSTONE BAPTIST CHURCH (MODERNIZED INTO A DWELLING),
OUT OF WHICH REV. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL LED ONE-HALF
THE CONGREGATION TO FORM THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
DENOMINATION AT PRESENT SMOCK
(Photo by Arthur Swoger)the idea I had of Mr. Campbell, if he had been approached in kindness and Christian affection, he would have been induced to modify
if not abandon, that sentiment, but he was treated by some of the
members of the Association in a most impulsive and forbidding
manner."
One noted example of a whole congregation going over to the new
denomination established by the Campbells is the Somerset Church,
in Somerset County. At the meeting of the Redstone Association in
18 16, the Reverends Matthew Luce, James Estep and Charles Wheeler
were delegated to hold meetings at Somerset on the 2d Lord's Day in
August. Beginning in I818 and up to I824, inclusive, delegates were
sent to the Redstone Association by the Somerset Church. In the
last year the delegates were its
pastor, Rev. James Estep, and
laymen Jacob Graft and Jonathan Younkins.  Mr. Campbell
took the congregation over to
his new connections, and it today
functions as the First Christian
Church of Somerset, having one
of the largest, most respected
and efficient congregations in the
borough.
In a beautiful brochure, entitled, "The Historic Church of
St. Peter," at Brownsville, Rev.
Martin J. Brennen, the pastor,
has preserved the salient history
of this ancient congregation, but
in doing so has gone back to
French, English and American
jurisdictions of former bishops.
The actual beginnings of its congregational life date from the coming of Felix Hughes and other Irish Catholics to Carmichaels, Greene
County, in 1785, but they were unsuccessful in forming a congregation
and building a church. On June 4, I783, Bishop Carroll, of Baltimore,
discouraged the forming of a congregation in these words: "As to the
establishment of a congregation at Redstone, however desirable in
itself, I regret that I cannot grant him the power at this time."
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH,
WASHINGTONTradition and other records have it that there was a Roman Catholic building there between I795 and I803. Various priests made brief
visits at divers times up to I815, when an old almanac says, that they
are "now building one brick Roman Catholic Church in Brownsville."
When Father Helbron, of Sportsman's Hall, held services at Brownsville on November 30, I8o8, there were four Catholic families there.
The present property was purchased from Jesse Jackson and
wife, June 13, I825, for two hundred dollars, the deed being taken in
the name of Bishop Henry Connell, of Philadelphia, in trust for St.
Peter's Roman Catholic Church, of Brownsville. The first church
building erected in 1827 was destroyed by fire on March 25, 1842, and
the present building was erected and dedicated April 6, I845. The
present congregation, under the leadership of the Rev. Martin J.
Brennen, has made of it a beautiful historic shrine, with memorial
windows depicting events there. Under one of these windows appears
a bronze tablet, on which are the words: "On July I, I754, the First
GRACE METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, UNIONTOWN, WHERE
CENTENNIAL CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN SEPTEMBER, 1938SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Mass in this district was celebrated by the Chaplain of the French
Forces proceeding to the attack on Lieut.-Col. George Washington's
command at Fort Necessity." The window commemorating this event
was the gift of the Pennsylvania Courts, Catholic Daughters of
America.
There has been a return to an interesting type of architecture in
the erection of the new First Baptist Church building at Washington,
diagonally across from the campus of Washington and Jefferson College. It is interesting to note, upon a comparison of the picture of
the last preceding courthouse of Washington County a few squares
away, that this same type of architectural building was torn down to
make way for the present Washington County courthouse. The First
Baptist Church of Washington was founded in I8I4, and as the city
has grown to larger proportions, through oil, coal and industrial
development, it has occupied varying types of church buildings, and its
membership has been used to form two other congregations, the Broad
Street Baptist Church, in West Washington, and the Allison Avenue
Baptist Church in old Tylerdale. The present beautiful building was
erected and dedicated in I93 I, during the pastorate of the Rev. W. M.
Kennedy, present pastor.
The year I938 will be significant in the history of the Methodist
Episcopal and the Methodist Protestant churches, in view of the union
of the operative bodies of the Methodist Episcopal Church, North
and South, and of the Methodist Protestant Church. It means a
return to the historic days that prevailed before the Civil War, and
before the Methodist Protestant churches had withdrawn from the
original body. In order to appropriately close this division in this area,
the Pittsburgh Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church held
its centennial and final meeting before the merger during the week
of September 26, I938, in the edifice of Grace Methodist Episcopal
Church. The Pittsburgh Conference had been organized in Uniontown one hundred years before, an account of which is earlier referred
to in this narrative.
This congregation had its beginnings where the old Methodist
Cemetery now is in the city of Uniontown in a log structure, which
was succeeded by the second brick structure in I833. A third edifice
was built on Morgantown Street during the years I877-78, and the
present building was erected in South Beeson Street, during the years
I9I3-I4. It represents still another type of architecture, which has
380been adopted by many churches of several denominations, with adequate quarters for graded Sunday school work in the rear of the regular church auditorium. The accompanying picture shows the beautiful and stately view of this edifice at the time of the last centennial
celebration held.
Many stone church buildings have been erected within the last
twenty-five years in southwestern Pennsylvania by means of intensive
financial campaigns conducted to provide funds for their erection.
Church congregations have in many instances vied with each other to
erect a more beautiful edifice than their neighbors, while many others
have been content to utilize their present plants. Payments of subscriptions have been extended over periods of years, and in some
instances there have been amortization plans utilized, involving the
life insurance of some of the members. Scores of congregations have
placed large sized mortgages on their church properties, many times
in excess of the present-day valuation placed on the properties, and
these have been a source of great burden and discouragement to their
MEMORIAL BAPTIST CHURCH, JOHNSTOWNpastors and members. Some congregations have planned great and
beautiful edifices, and were only able to carry on their building projects
to the point of fitting up basements of such incompleted buildings, or
educational buildings erected in the rear of such incompleted edifices.
In other cases there has been a merger of congregations and an attempt
to dispose of old church properties to assist in building the new. The
coming of the depression of I932 not only threw banking and business into a swirl, but as a by-product, the church financial problems
were thrown into a similar swirl, which has taken tact, patience, and
good judgment to overcome.  Many church congregations would
never have attempted such elaborate financial undertakings had
they known the continued depression was in the offing. The
financial burdens have likewise
had their effect in retarding the
growth of the churches in some
instances, but the latter days of
the depression have shown a return to fundamentals, and especially along spiritual lines.
In the city of Johnstown,
Cambria County, in the area
repeatedly visited by floods,
stands the beautiful edifice of
the Memorial Baptist Church,
along Stony Creek, just at the
foot of the Westmont incline.
The congregation now worshipping in it, is a merger of the Memorial Baptist Church, an original
Welsh congregation, and the First Baptist Church of Johnstown,
founded in I854, whose edifice was on Franklin Street in the heart
of the business section of the city. At the time of the erection of this
new edifice, the merged congregation owned all three church buildings. This building, as well as that of many churches of other
denominations, some of them stone, can be seen in the picture of
the flood of I936. It withstood the flood waters, but as soon as they
had subsided, the congregation was required to remove eighty tons of
mud from its auditorium and basement, deposited there by the flood
EAST LIBERTY PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
AT PENN AND HIGHLAND AVENUES,
EAST ENDFIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIAOTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
Presbyterian Church might dispute that statement. In asserting this
claim, Mr. Elder harks back to the Covenanters of Scotland and their
solemn League and Covenant to defend the Church of Scotland, subscribed in I643. The differences in church polity caused the Reverends Ebenezer Erskine, Alexander Moncrief, William Wilson,
James Fosher, John Brown, John Dick and others to withdraw from
the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland and to form the Associate Reformed Church. Then another group, known as the Associate Presbyterian Church, was formed, mostly from the latter group
of Associate Reformed. These three distinct groups then established
themselves in America.
The Reformed Presbyterian Church sent, first, the Rev. Alexander Craighead. Shortly thereafter there came into eastern Pennsylvania the Reverends John Cuthbertson, Matthew Lind and Alexander
Dobbin, and these organized the first Reformed Presbyterian Presbytery at Paxtang on March Io, I774.
The Associate Presbyterians began their church life in America
on November 2, I753, when the Reverends Alexander Gellatly and
Andrew Arnot were sent over by the Associate Synod of Scotland and
organized the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania.
The Associate Reformed Church was organized on October 3I,
I782, as a coalition of emigrants from the different Scotland Presbyteries. There were thus, up to 1858, these three distinct Presbyterian
bodies with churches in western Pennsylvania. The Associate Presbyterians were generally called "Seceders," and the appellation was
sometimes applied to the Associate Reformed. The Reformed Presbyterians, or Covenanters, have maintained their organization and
distinctly religious entity down to the present day.
At different times during the fifty years prior to i858, the Associate Presbyterians and the Associate Reformed Presbyterians attempted
to form a coalition. It was finally consummated on May 28, i858,
in Pittsburgh. The Synod of the Associate Presbyterians had convened in Pittsburgh on May I9, I858, and the Associate Reformed
Synod met on the same date in old Allegheny City, now a part of
Pittsburgh, across the Allegheny River. Their minds met in religious
contractual relationship, after almost ten days of deliberation and
conference, to form the new United Presbyterian Church of America,
which now has many strong and influential churches all over southS. P.-III-3
33SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
waters. But it was "built upon a rock," and when the floods came and
beat upon it, "it fell not," and it stands today as a pretty edifice of a
distinct type, with its beautiful stone masonry. And the congregation
which it houses has likewise withstood the floods and the depression,
and is one of Johnstown's bulwarks of faith and endurance.
The new edifice of the East Liberty Presbyterian Church, in the
city of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, is perhaps the most beautiful
church cathedral-in western Pennsylvania. This church was the second
Presbyterian Church organized in the city of Pittsburgh in 1819. Jacob
Negley built a schoolhouse for the use of the community on the property about I80o9, and the first church building, of substantial proportions, but oblong in shape was erected in I819. The second building
was erected in 1848; and a third in 1864, which had a pointed steeple.
The fourth building was of stone, and rather commodious in its proportions, and it was built and dedicated in I888, and used until I93I,
when the present great structure was begun.
In I928 two members of the church, Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon, grandsons of Jacob and Barbara A. Negley, the donors
of the original property, presented to the congregation the tract on
Whitfield Street adjoining the church property, thus bringing into the
possession of the church the entire square in the center of East Liberty.
Upon this square Richard Beatty and his wife, Jennie King Mellon,
proposed, in memory of their mothers, to erect and furnish a church
building of monumental character, with a church house completely
equipped. Ground was broken in August, 193I, and the last service
in the church held on Sunday, June 2 I, I93 I. Richard Beatty Mellon
died in 1933 during the progress of the erection of the church, but his
wife lived to see its completion and dedication, and died during the
year 1938. The dedication of the church took place on Mother's Day,
May I2, I935, and was in honor of the mothers of the two donors,
Sarah Jane Negley Mellon and Sarah Cordelia Smith King, who were
members of the East Liberty Congregation for many years.
Connected with the church is the chapel seating three hundred and
twenty persons, the pews of the old church, and the organ and stained
glass windows contained in it. The spire of the church reaches three
hundred feet from the ground, and the Sunday school building, in
addition to four assembly rooms, has forty class rooms for its different departments. The structure is Gothic in its general style, but the
architect, Ralph A. Cram, stated that "the design follows no definite
384precedent nor is it based on any ancient church already existing." This
beautiful building, so massive in its proportions, is the last word in
church plant and equipment in western Pennsylvania.
About two miles from the East Liberty Presbyterian Church, in
the city of Pittsburgh, in the Schenley Farms district now occupied by
the University of Pittsburgh, is the edifice of the First Baptist Church
of Pittsburgh, at the corner of Bayard Street and Bellefield Avenue.
This congregation was organized in 18I2, and one of its early meetinghouses was built at the northeast corner of Third Avenue and Grant
Street in i847. This site is now occupied by the Grant Building. It
sold this property and built a chapel church on Fourth Avenue a square
away in I867. To this was added the large church auditorium facing
on Ross Avenue in 1876. These combined buildings were sold to make
way for the present City-County Building, and proceeds of the sale
were used to erect the present unique edifice.
Farewell services were held in the old Fourth Avenue Church on
March o, 19I o, and plot of ground was purchased at the present site
fronting two hundred and seventy-eight feet on Bayard Street and two
hundred and thirty-one feet on Bellefield Avenue. This district has
become the educational center of Pittsburgh, and there are located
GROVE AVENUE EVANGELICAL CHURCH, JOHNSTOWNSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
close by the Carnegie Institute and Library, the Carnegie Technical
Schools, the University of Pittsburgh, the Mellon Institute, the Schenley
High School, the Pittsburgh Athletic Association, the Masonic Temple,
the Syria Mosque, the Soldiers' Memorial Hall, and several other
clubs and hotels. The corner stone of the new building was laid on
November 20, I9I o, and the completed edifice dedicated on April 28,
1912.
The architect of this church was Bertram G. Goodhue, who was
an earlier partner in architectural work with Mr. Cram, designer of
the East Liberty Presbyterian Church. It is an intelligent digest of
English and Continental Gothic, with an English Perpendicular design.
The auditorium is filled with symbolism, and the fleche has two electrically lighted crosses which are seen far across the neighborhood. The
height from the ground to the ridge of the roof is ninety feet, and
from the ground to the summit of the fleche one hundred and eightytwo feet.
The great cathedral-like churches which have been built were
financed through sales of former properties, or by gifts from  individuals. Other congregations with lesser resources but loving commodious and convenient facilities for carrying on their work, have
erected church buildings all over this area, which have not had extended
towers or steeples penetrating the air, but which have been of a later
type of architecture. A type of this church building is seen in the
Grove Avenue Evangelical Church of the city of Johnstown. Its modest pillared entrance gives it a dignity, and its auditorium is in keeping
with the substantial building outside. Churches of this type are built
of varying kinds of pressed brick and add to the substantial landscaping and home-construction of different suburban communities in which
they are built.
There has been a great measure of pride among all religious
denominations to build better and more substantial church homes. In
tearing down ancient buildings, their historic value has many times been
lost and they might have been preserved. It is to the great credit of
many rural congregations that they are slow to remove these ancient
landmarks of religious faith. The great cathedrals stand in the cities
within the marts of trade, to ever remind business that it must still live
by religious faith and according to religious principles. So, the ancient
rural churches remind us of the pioneers, and our duty to their memory
as they have left us these fundamentals upon which to build.
386CHAPTER XVI
The Depression oJ z932
The New Generation in Business and Professional Life-Early Basic
Training-The Early Water Power Mills-Pioneer Accounting and
Banking-The Failure of the Westmoreland Bank-The Barclay
Bank, and Its Successor, the Barclay-Westmoreland Trust Company
-The Union Bank of Pennsylvania, and Other Fayette County and
Neighboring Institutions-The Banking House of T. Mellon and
Sons, and Its Successor, the Mellon National Bank-Other Pittsburgh Institutions-The Contribution of Old Roads and Bridges to
Commercial Expansion-The Devastating Floods, and Their Effect
on Business-Hon. William Findlay, and Other Early Political MenThe Political Operations of Senator Matthew Stanley Quay-Christopher L. Magee, William Flinn, and John P. Elkin, Important Politicians-The Bank Holiday Preceding the Depression-The New Deal
and Some of Its Leaders-Works of Public Administration and Other
Operations-The Westmoreland Homesteads and Their Operation
-Liquor Control and Its Effects-Labor's Effect on Politics.
The fabric of business life in the vast area surrounding the historic
"Forks of the Ohio," has been greatly disturbed from the year 1932
up to the present time. Its foundations have not been removed, and
the skeleton of the structure still stands, but the occurrences of the
past six or eight years in the business world have been historic in their
effect on the public mind, and in the adjustments that have resulted on
that account. A new generation of young business and professional
men, farmers and workmen, teachers and ministers are coming on, who
need to know the historic backgrounds, the underlying causes, and the
need of calm judgment and wise leadership, that prosperity may return
to all concerned.
The real causes for the present Depression of 1932 SO called for
want of a better term have their roots in the history of the Nation for
II~ --II I-LIL ~-L-hl h ---~II---1_the past one hundred fifty years and more. These causes are both
economic and political, and they touch the welfare of every individual.
The founding fathers of the Nation, through grim determination, good
judgment, and bitter experiences, have built an enduring economic and
political fabric which must not crumble, and it will only crumble when
the present generation forgets its history.
Present-day trading and business began with the dealings of pioneer traders with the Indians from as early as I725 down to 1758,
when the approach of the Forbes army caused the French to leave the
site of Fort Duquesne. In the wake of that victory Fort Pitt was
established to give military protection to trading, and to hold the territory for the British.
The Quaker merchant,
James Kenney, who came
to Fort Pitt following
the end of the Forbes
campaign, early in I759,
was in business there until
May, I763, just before
the battle of Bushy Run.
His diary gives the best
evidence of the efforts to
establish business there,
dealing as it does with
the Indian trade, his rival
storekeepers, and the
military men. The following characteristic entries show business
conditions:
"July 17, I76I. Ye trade runs so now at this place that all
schemes subtlety can invent is used to draw it, and ye masterpiece
of gaining it now seems to be in trusting ye Indians with goods so
this brings their custom to such stores, and pleases them so much
that they are so much in credit. Of which the store that is kept by
Trent and Levy (Franks being concerned, and it'a through Croghan)
ventures much on trust, being come of Croghan's politicks, and he and
all his instruments endeavor to draw all ye custom to that store.
"On August 6, I76I.  Any provisions they have being too dear; a
bushel of corn being 40 shillings, one quart of milk two shillings and
WASHINGTON'S MILL NEAR UNIONTOWNTHE DEPRESSION OF I932
six pence; One pound of butter ten shillings, and for washing one's
shirt two shillings and six pence; and venison seven pence."
The intensive military period which following from I763 to I795
when the pioneers were concerned with support of the rangers and
military regiments protecting the frontier from the British and the
Indians, and the success of the general army in the east, was one of
agriculture and milling in which such mills as Washington's, on the
waters of the Youghiogheny, Arthur Denniston's, on the Loyalhanna
at New Alexandria, Captain David Kilgore's on the Sewickley, Paul
Froman's at the mouth of Mingo Creek on the Monongahela, Colonel
Dorsey Pentecost's, on Chartiers, and many others scattered about,
furnished supplies for the soldiers. There was not so much business
rivalry in that period, but a more co6perative spirit in a common cause.
The next business cycle was one of building up the country, in both
a business and political way, and extended from I795 to about I840.
Agriculture was the main economic foundation, but an increasing number were engaged in iron manufacture, and the building up of the systems of transportation, such as the stage coach lines, and the canals.
The railroad lines had not yet been projected.into this area. Here
and there still remain some evidences of the old gristmills, along the
beautiful streams of that day. Here the pioneer farmers took their
grain, gave so much for toll to the miller, and took the flour back home
to be baked into food for the family. Some few of these old water
mills are still running. The old Washington Mill at Perryopolis has
fast fallen into decay, and is possibly beyond reproduction as the oldest shrine of milling.
While there were great political differences between groups of
western Pennsylvanians, the spirit of neighborliness prevailed to a
great degree. There were, however, financial vicissitudes for many
who had been patriots of the highest order in the Revolutionary days,
a noted example of this being Major-General Arthur St. Clair, who
died practically in poverty on August 3I, i 8 i 8, in the eighty-fourth
year of his age, on the Chestnut Ridge. His lands and possessions
had been taken from him after his return to the Ligonier Valley, following his service as Governor of the Northwest Territory, and he was
able to get a very meagre pension from the State of Pennsylvania.
Before the coming of the canals, there was much boating on the
Monongahela River, which made it the more commercial stream. But
389SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
those who were inland had to depend on the goods brought by the
Conestoga wagons from the East, which they could not manufacture
here themselves. They had to make many journeys to mill, to the iron
furnaces for stoves, to court at the various county seats, and to the
great commercial center, Pittsburgh, for the exceptional things in
trade. There were a great many country stores established at the principal towns, and these became the center of business, gossip and even
politics for the several communities. The account books of one neighbor in the Youghiogheny, dealing with another, more than one hundred years ago, is illustrative of the way neighbors dealt with each
other.  The account is surely devoid of exorbitant prices, and is
interesting in the extreme.
While the plan of barter and trade was in vogue as between neighbors back in the rural areas, there grew up the forerunner of the
present banking systems in the cities and towns. The first Act of
Assembly in Pennsylvania regulating banks was passed March 2I,
1813, but Governor Snyder vetoed the bill. On March 2I, I814, a
second bill was gotten through, but it was necessary to pass it over
Governor Snyder's veto. Before that time banks were organized
under partnership articles of association. These banks issued their
own paper, known as bank-notes, which had a circulation in the immediate communities, and when they were circulated beyond the communities, they were discounted by other bankers in accordance with their
value, and as more particularly shown by a monthly publication, called
the "Bank-Note Detector."  With the means of communication much
slower, some of these notes proved worthless at times over night, as
the banks failed here and there.  Many counterfeits crept into the
exchanges, and when these reached the hands of other bankers, it was
often necessary to prove signatures, before it was known that a note
was genuine.
The Act of 18I4 had many strict provisions, among others that
the State was divided into districts, that if the State required it on sixty
days' notice, up to ten per cent. of the capital stock of the bank should
be loaned to the State, at six per cent. interest, for a period not exceeding five years, and that six per cent. of dividends should be transmitted to the State treasurer. There were further provisions that if
dividends were declared and paid within certain times, the bank should
be deemed dissolved, unlawful and unincorporated. In the meantime'390THE DEPRESSION OF I932
the Bank of the United States came into the banking picture, which
was a great point of attack for President Andrew Jackson, and which
had its effect in demoralizing some of these early bankers of western
Pennsylvania. The old State Bank at Perryopolis Building, which is
still standing, is a reminder of these early banking days, back in I8 I4.
It was one of the earliest State banks formed.
As some of these State banks went down in the depression of 1838,
the next period, before the coming of the national banking system, as
at present conducted, was one of formation of private banks all over
western Pennsylvania. They were in many cases conducted by individuals, and often by two or more of them in partnership. These succeeded well, and survived the depressions, through the confidence the
depositors had in the individual bankers and in their good judgment.
The Pennsylvania Legislature passed a later act providing for the
organization of "banks of deposit and discount," the provisions of
which many citizens availed themselves of to organize State banks.
Some of these private banks finally came into the class of trust companies, while others availed themselves of the provisions of the
National Bank Act. Let us observe two notable examples, which will
serve to illustrate the outstanding changes in the banking systems
through the years.
T'he failure of the former Westmoreland Bank, a State institution,
produced a need for other banking facilities in Greensburg. It was
practically impossible to organize a new institution composed of substantial c'itizens, because of the former failure.  It remained for
Thomas J. Barclay, a prominent Greensburg lawyer, to start his own
private bank in I854, in his residence on Main Street, opposite the
courthouse. Mr. Barclay was the son of John Y. Barclay, a lawyer,
and was admitted to the Westmoreland County bar in I844 at the
age of nineteen years. He was soon appointed a district attorney at
the suggestion of the attorney-general, and served several years in
that capacity.  In I852 he was elected county treasurer, and while
serving there, saw the great need of a bank at the county seat, with
the result that the Barclay Bank was started in I854. Mr. Barclay's
ability and acquaintance all over the county made his bank a success
from the start. As indicative of the neighborly confidence that existed
between banker and merchant in the same town, this story comes out
of the banking life of Mr. Barclay.
39ISOUTtHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
One of his customers, Leopold Furtwangler, was a substantial pioneer jeweler in the town of Greensburg, with his place of business a
square away from the bank. Mr. Furtwangler made periodical visits
to New York to lay in a new stock of goods, and on these occasions
went over to Long Island for a week or two to visit a married daughter. On a certain day of an intended journey to New York, Mr. Furtwangler went to the Barclay Bank to secure a draft for two thousand
dollars to take with him to make his New York purchases. Mr. Barclay arranged to deliver the draft on the Drexel Bank, in Philadelphia,
before the merchant departed on the evening train for the East. As
the draft was delivered in the early evening, Mr. Barclay took with
him a package of apparently legal papers, and asked Mr. Furtwangler
if he would accommodate him by delivering these papers to Drexel
Bank the next morning. Mr. Furtwangler assented to the arrangement, and delivered the papers, and then went on to New York on his
business errand. Some time after his return home, Mr. Furtwangler
casually inquired of Mr. Barclay what was in the package which he had
taken to Drexel Bank. Mr. Barclay promptly replied: "That was the
money to meet your draft for two thousand dollars."
Thomas J. Barclay died August 25, i88, and his bank was conducted by the late Wilson Baughman, his brother-in-law, and his sons,
John Barclay, Joseph K. Barclay, Thomas Barclay, and Morrison J.
Barclay, from that time until Mr. Baughman's death on December I2,
1895. The sons continued the'private bank until the handling of trust
estates and corporate matters required the organization of the Barclay
Trust Company in I904. Recognizing the patronage of its customers,
the Barclays admitted other stockholders on the basis of $200 per
share, on a par value of $Ioo. Some years earlier the Safe Deposit
and Trust Company and the Westmoreland Savings and Trust Company were organized, and in I9o8 the latter institution was merged
with the Barclay Trust Company to form the new Barclay Westmoreland Trust Company. By a later working agreement, but not by legal
merger, the assets of the Safe Deposit and Trust Company, were transferred to the Barclay-Westmoreland Trust Company. This institution is now the oldest and strongest financial institution in Westmoreland County, and has stood as a bulwark of banking for eighty-five
years.
The old Westmoreland Bank of Pennsylvania was formed about
I814 under the provisions of the Act of Assembly above referred to.
392THE DEPRESSION OF I932
It did considerable business as shown by the court records, but it went
down in I827, leaving Westmoreland County without banking facilities of any kind until Thomas J. Barclay established his private bank
in I854.
It is interesting that at Uniontown, in Fayette County, a similar
bank, the Union Bank of Pennsylvania, also took out a charter under
the Pennsylvania Act of 18I4, and only continued in business until the
disposal of its assets in I827. Much after the manner of the beginnings of Thomas J. Barclay, Fayette County's period of later banking
began with John T. Hogg, who established his private bank in Uniontown in April, I854, which later came into the ownership of Isaac
Skiles, and then became the First National'Bank of Uniontown in
1864 under the National Banking Law. During his banking life John
T. Hogg had established banks at Bedford, Brownsville, Connellsville and Somerset. The limitations of this narrative will not permit
detailed history as to these. Other banks were established, first private,
and later transformed into national, and State banks and trust companies, all over southwestern Pennsylvania. Many of these have withstood the strain of all panics and depressions, and like the BarclayWestmoreland Trust Company, are living examples of sound banking
through the years.
The history of the later First National Bank of Uniontown is a
rather sad one, and an example of what took place on a smaller scale
in other institutions which have not survived. Josiah V. Thompson,
whose father, Jasper M. Thompon, had been a former president of
the bank, came into control of its operations after the death of the
father, and then branched out into the purchase, sale and operation of
vast coal lands in Fayette, Greene and Washington counties in Pennsylvania and in West Virginia. His dealings involved the giving of
many negotiable notes, mortgages and other obligations in the course
of his large estate acquirings, and in his dealings with many banks and
individuals. When he came to the point of being unable to meet his
obligations promptly, two of his creditors went into the Common
Pleas Court of Fayette County, and had receivers appointed for him
on January I5, I9I5. The late Judge John Q. Van Swearingen justified the appointment on the broad grounds of "the prevention or
restraint of the commission of acts contrary to law and prejudicial to
the interests of the community, or the rights of individuals." The
Supreme Court reversed this action on the part of the lower court by
393CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
STEPHEN C. FOSTER MEMORIALSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
western Pennsylvania. The Rev. John T. Pressley was chosen as the
first moderator of this new body and the Rev. Dr. Samuel Wilson as
its first stated clerk.
Some noted country churches which were tenacious in their beliefs
of church doctrine and polity were: Brush Creek in Westmoreland
County; Bethel in Allegheny County in the Forks of the Yough,
Indiana, and Conemaugh; and Bethel in Indiana County. Rev. David
Blair was a noted preacher, who was pastor of the Indiana Church
of the Seceders from i818 to I862. He also served the united congregations of Indiana, Crooked Creek and Conemaugh, the former
being twelve miles away and the latter fifteen miles. Distance meant
nothing to these old religionists, for it is within the writer's knowledge that Joseph Walkinshaw, a Seceder, would walk six miles from
Saltsburg to old Conemaugh Church on a Sunday, listen to two
sermons, and walk back home again. The old Conemaugh Church
was originally an Associate Reformed, but when the Rev. Joseph
Jamieson, its pastor, was suspended from the Associate Reformed
Synod on March 27, I795, another building was constructed one mile
to the northward and the congregation changed its allegiance to
Associates. Bethel Congregation in Wheatfield Township, Indiana
County, was established as an Associate congregation in 1818 and
ministered to a large community. The Rev. Matthew Henderson
was an eminent minister at Brush Creek, Dick and West Newton
churches, in Westmoreland County, and afterwards became prominent in the Presbytery of Clarion.
At the time of the merger into the United Presbyterian Church,
the Associate Reformed Synod had extended its work by the organization of the Synod of Scioto, which was composed of the two Presbyteries of Kentucky and Monongahela. Through the work of the
Rev. John Anderson, D. D., the Associate Presbyterians were early
in this field with theological instruction, and that is what made them
strong preachers. The work of this eminent pioneer has been well
memorialized by a marker erected near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, on
which is the following inscription:
"Site of the Service Theological Seminary of the Associate
Reformed Presbyterian Church, the Second Divinity School in
America, in a log building erected here. The first session was held
during the winter of I794-95, the Rev. John Anderson, D. D., being
34its decree of May 7, 1917, on an appeal by other creditors.  (Hogsett v. Thompson, 258 Pa. 85). The effect of the receivership was
that of temporarily stopping hasty action in the collection of claims
against Mr. Thompson, and of giving a measure of judicial balance
to the disturbed financial situation in the county. The result of the
whole matter was the bankruptcy of Mr. Thompson and the liquidation of the First National Bank of Uniontown. This type of bank
failure took place in the period of depression just prior to the World
War.
Of eoual interest, but on a larger scale than that of the old Barclay Bank, was the development of the present Mellon National Bank
of Pittsburgh, and its associated institutions. It had its financial visions
in the mind of the late Judge Thomas Mellon, an outstanding character in the financial world hereabout. Judge Mellon was on the bench
of the United States District Court for the Western District of PennMELLON NATIONAL BANK, PITTSBURGITHE DEPRESSION OF I932
sylvania, and as such, tired of the court routine, and the trial of trivial
infractions of the national laws. He had his mind on larger business.
He retired from the bench in 1869, and immediately opened the banking house of T. Mellon and Sons, having his sons, Andrew W. Mellon
and Richard Beatty Mellon, in partnership with him. Upon the death
of Judge Mellon, his two sons conducted the banking partnership until
it was transformed into the Mellon National Bank in I90o2. Andrew
W. Mellon became its first president, and so remained until he was
appointed Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Harding in I92I. Then Richard Beatty Mellon became president and so
remained until his death in I933.
Jtldge Mellon entered the banking picture in southwestern Pennsylvania, just as the period of expansion of mining and steel manufacture was beginning. He financed many industries all about, and his
sons followed in his footsteps. After the Mellon National Bank was
organized, there was a reaching out to establish smaller banks all
about, to finance local industries and as feeders for the larger institution. Twenty-five years ago when savings accounts were drawing four
per cent. interest, and clearing house balances were large, the Mellon
National Bank paid two per cent. on daily balances, and thus induced
smaller banks to deposit excess funds with them. This naturally
resulted in increased deposits and the creation of larger facilities for
financing new works, large building enterprises, and manufacturing
operations. Many industries can trace their early financing to the help
received from this great banking institution.
As trust and corporate business grew, a companion institution, the
Union Trust Company, was organized to take care of this feature of
financing and corporate business. This company is the largest in volume of business in the Pittsburgh district. In its control of the financing of banks in the smaller centers, a third institution, the Mellbank
Corporation was organized. These and many other corporations, suitable to the ramifications of this financial empire, have been organized
to take care of all of the Mellon interests. It is to the great credit of
Andrew W. Mellon, that as Secretary of the Treasury of the United
States, he guided the financial interests of the United States during the
trying decade immediately following the World War when complicated
international loans had to be handled and dealt with.
The Mellon banking interests have afforded the facilities with
which to erect some of Pittsburgh's largest business buildings. Among
395SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
these are the Koppers Building, the Gulf Oil Building, the Union
Trust Company Building, the Pittsburgher Hotel, and others. The
large and commodious United States Court and Post Office Building
was erected during the incumbency of Mr. Mellon, as well as the Federal Reserve Bank Building, all on Grant Street in the city of Pittsburgh. Many other instances of financing by these interests could be
referred to, as they are located all over this area. These vast financial
undertakings are the fruit of the early wisdom and wise planning of
these visionary men, who saw the possibilities of development all
about.
The First National Bank, of Pittsburgh, was one of the first in
the area to be chartered under the National Bank Act of February 25,
I863, and began business on August 8, I863. There soon followed
the organization of the Second, Third, and Fourth National banks
during I864, as well as the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce
and the Iron City National Bank in the same year. By February in
i865 there were ten additional national banks, Exchange, Allegheny,
Union, People's, German, Tradesman's, Merchants and Manufacturers, Mechanics, Farmers' Deposit, and Allegheny City, Nos. I and 2.
All of the State banks had gone, except the Bank of Pittsburgh, which
soon became a national bank, and used the added term, N. A., meaning National Association. Some of these struck the financial rocks in
later years and went down. The Allegheny National Bank became
more or less of an institution for political loans, and eventually failed,
and the apparently well-founded Bank of Pittsburgh came to grief
just as the present bank holiday was beginning.
The failure of Jay Cooke and Company, on September I8, I873,
had a demoralizing effect upon banking in all of the Pittsburgh area,
and it was especially severe on private institutions. A sounder banking arose out of this condition, but it resulted in much political argument and maneuvering, involving the hectic Hayes-Tilden Presidential
contest, and the later Greenback party in I88o. This disturbing condition was corrected by the growing mining and industrial development
hereabout which stimulated business and banking as well.
Up until the present depression the panic of I893 was the most
severe which this part of Pennsylvania suffered: a financial repercussion from New York. The New York Clearing House resorted to the
issuance of certificates, which was used as a sub-currency. Such certi.
ficates were issued in the Pittsburgh district for a time also. Then
396there was a distrust of currency, and the gold and silver issue of I896
came on, when all kinds of arguments were devised to cure the financial situation. It can well be termed the period of the money panic.
The fright also caused a serious impairment of the national credit.
In Washington County there have been some examples of different
kinds of success in banking, and a notable instance is the long survival
of Alexander and Company, bankers, at Monongahela. This financial house was started back in I828 by Joseph and William J. Alexander, and has been more of less of a private banking institution
through the years. In the county seat is the now defunct Washington
Trust Company, which some years ago was considered one of the
strongest institutions in the county. It had its beginnings in the Farmers and Mechanics Bank organized in I889. It was merged later with
the Guarantee Title and Trust Company in June, I902, when there
was erected and occupied the large business building opposite the courthouse in I903. This apparently strong institution could not resist the
oncoming depression and failed in 193 I.
Many other things contributed to the development of the county,
and thus made extensive banking possible. When the Westmoreland
Bank of Pennsylvania, and the Union Bank of Pennsylvania operated
during the early part of the last century, there were no railroads to
afford easy communications. The products of the iron furnaces were
THE OLD COVERED BRIDGE, AMITYtransported over the back roads to the mountains, and by the turnpikes
running here and there. The Monongahela River was a great aid in
water transportation to the extensive markets down the Ohio. Then
came the canal to the eastern and western sides of the Allegheny Mountains, with the Portage Railroad to connect them up, beginning with
I 825.
As the railroads were built, there came the necessity of bridges
over streams that would carry the weight of heavy trains, and this
matter of transportation has been an economic development in itself,
as these bridges have become the subject of increased engineering problems in themselves, particularly in their construction. The old covered bridges which spanned the streams in the earlier days are fast
disappearing, as more modern steel and concrete spans are being
substituted. It was necessary to build many bridges over the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio rivers and their tributaries, to carry
traffic. On the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad are two exceptionally fine pieces of masonry; at Latrobe, and Johnston. These
beautiful stone arches were built eighty-five years ago, and are as
EAST WAYNESBURG TWVO-WAY BRIDGE, MORGANTOWN-BROW2NSVILLE ROADstrong and substantial as the day they were built. The lines have
been straightened and widened in many places, and on the Conemaugh
River at New Florence, Lockport, Livermore, and Tunnelton, later
beautiful and substantial stone arch bridges have been built by this
railroad.
The steel type of construction of bridges had been carried out more
generally, however, in the spanning of the larger rivers, by the railroads, and by cities and counties, in providing quicker and safer transportation and travel. Through the operation of Pittsburgh steel mills,
and the assembling of these products, great and modern bridges have
been built all about. The American Bridge Company, at Ambridge,
in Beaver County, has furnished the products for most of these great
bridges. This great plant is located on the upper part of the historic
Economy acres, which were acquired from the famed Economy Society,
after it began to disintegrate.
The building of these great bridges was made possible, through
the efficient municipal and corporate financing, which the banks of this
area gave to the builders, This financing was a part of the extensive
THE BUSINESS SECTION OF JOHNSTOWN, CAMBRIA COUNTY,
AS IT APPEARED IN 1935developments here, and was a great aid to the operations of steel, coal
mining, and other kindred industries. At first there was the development of coke, then the drilling for gas, which was piped to the manufacturing plants, and finally the development of electricity, which has
added so much to the efficiency of manufacturing. The great increase
in population brought on the building of better streets, and later concrete highways, with the reinforced steel and concrete bridges to further improve municipalities. All of these improvements have required
that municipalities shall create large bond issues in order that these
improvements shall be carried out, and this has resulted in consequent
larger taxation to meet these bonds. In these elaborate schemes of
financing, the banking interests have secured whole issues of these
bonds, and sold them to their customers.
Nature had something to do with deepening the distress of the
present depression, by sending down a disastrous flood in I936 into
the Ohio Valley, which has been currently designated as the "St.
Patrick's Day" Flood, because it was most severe on the seventeenth
day of March of that year. Western Pennsylvania came into a full
SKYLINE, PITTSBURGHrealization of devastation that could come from the accumulated
waters from this watershed in the Mississippi basin. The rains
descended and the floods came apparently from every tributary of the
Allegheny and the Monongahela rivers. The historic Johnstown Flood
of I889 was still in vivid memory of the older inhabitants, as it had
taken the lives of over 2,200 persons. The flood of I936 was more
severe, because so many fine buildings and manufacturing plants had
been built the preceding forty years, apparently with the idea that
strong buildings, and even steel bridges, could withstand the flood
waters. Nature decreed otherwise; and Johnstown was treated to a
flood in I936, just as severe in property damage as that of I889, but
with very little loss of life, due to telephone and radio communications.
Rumors came that the great Quemahoning Dam, at old Keckenepaulin's cabins, was breaking, and that there would be a repetition of
the rushing waters of South Fork Dam of I889. This caused frightened women to carry their babies to the hills, until the rumor proved
false.
The engineers have advanced different theories for the prevention
of future floods in the Ohio Valley, and during the period of the
POINT BRIDGE, GOLDEN TRIANGLE, PITTSBURGHdepression, some Works of Public Administration projects, which will
be referred to later, have been carried out to deepen the channels of
the streams through the flooded areas, so that there might be a minimum of obstruction. By far the greater plan is a system of flood
control, by the erection of immense flood control dams on different
contributaries. A great amount of work has been done on one of
these on Tionesta Creek, close to its mouth on the upper Allegheny
River. Considerable work has been done on another on Crooked
Creek in Armstrong County. Others are proposed on the Clarion
River, the Conemaugh River, and the Loyalhanna Creek, and at other
points.
Many business concerns and manufacturing plants have built higher
along the river banks, and added great slag and concrete retaining
walls to aid in retaining the raging rivers within their banks. This
has'in some cases succeeded, but the great bulk of the concerns that
have located along the rivers, including the railroad lines, has always
suffered and will continue to suffer, so long as the continuing flood
WILLIAM FINDLEY'S GRAVE, UNITY CHURCHYARDTHE DEPRESSION OF I932
waters roll down to Pittsburgh. Some stores, like the Joseph Horne
Company, which is this year celebrating its ninetieth anniversary as a
going business concern, many years ago constructed flood cellars that
can be closed to prevent the ordinary rise of flood waters reaching the
goods in the cellar. But the flood of 1936 was a noted exception.
This flood was so historic that it is best described by the pictures showing the conditions at the headwaters of the Ohio immediately before
and at the time of the flood. (Pages 424-25, and 440-4I.)
Western Pennsylvania had its real political begninings back when
Congressman William Findley and Judge H. H. Brackenridge differed
in their views concerning the Whiskey Insurrection. William Findley
came into Westmoreland County in 1782, and located on the waters
of the Loyalhanna Creek near Latrobe. He then became a decidedly
prominent figure, until his death in I82I. His neighbors were William Todd and John Baird, who had much to do in the constitutional
life of P'ennsylvania, and this triumvirate, living so close together, were
a power in Pennsylvania politics. William Findley was an ardent member of old Unity Presbyterian Church, and his remains are buried in
its churchyard, close to the site of the first church building. Aiding
this triumvirate were such prominent political figures as Christopher
Lobingier, Thomas Barr and Judge John Moore.
In the growing Allegh'eny County were General John Neville,
Judge Brackenridge, and Walter Forward. In Fayette County were
John Smilie, who was elected to Congress; Judge Nathaniel Breading,
and the famed Albert Gallatin. In Washington County were David
Bradford, Dr. John McMillan, the Rev. David Phillips, and David
Reddick, and on the line between Westmoreland and Fayette counties
was Judge Edward Cook. These were all Democrats in their days,
and democracy prevailed.
The growing influence of the Whigs as an opposition party caused
many interesting political battles here, with the result that the first
Whig National Convention was held in I839. There were combinations of Whigs, Know-Nothings and anti-Slavery Democrats, in an
effort to break the Democratic rule. WVhile the actual birth of the
Republican party is reputed to have occurred in Michigan, yet practically the first Republican Conference was held in Pittsburgh in I854.
The convention of I856 which nominated John C. Fremont for President to run against James Buchanan was held in Philadelphia. Even
403OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
the sole instructor. In 1821 the Seminary was transferred to Canonsburg, Pennsylvania; thence in I855 it was removed to Xenia, Ohio.
By the Union of I858, it became one of the Seminaries of the United
Presbyterian Church of North America."
In recent years the two theological seminaries at Xenia, Ohio,
and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, have been consolidated with headquarters in Pittsburgh.
The Reformed Presbyterian Church early established itself at
Denniston's Town, later New Alexandria, where it still has a strong
congregation. There was established, near the Forks of the Yough,
an Old Ohio congregation over which the Rev. John Black was
installed as pastor in I8oo. At this church in November, I8oo, was
delivered the famous sermon on "The Two Sons of Oil," by the Rev.
S. B. Wylie, a Covenanter preacher, which was later answered by Hon.
William B. Findley, first Congressman from Westmoreland County,
and brought forth a great newspaper discussion. Dr. Wylie's sermon dealt with the position of the Reformed Presbyterian Church
on civil government. The Pittsburgh congregation was set apart
from Old Ohio in I 8o6, with the Rev. John Black also as pastor of it. They worshipped first in the courthouse, then on Market Street, just west of the Diamond. Sometimes they met in the
Evangelical Lutheran Church, at Sixth Avenue, until the church at
Oak Alley was erected in I 803.
Robert Sproull was a pioneer in Westmoreland County who settled in Allegheny Township in 1794. He was a constituent member
of the Greensburg Church founded in I813, with the Rev. John
Cannon as its first pastor. The Brookland Congregation was organized May 9, 1822, out of the Old Ohio also, and joined with others in
calling it "The United Congregations of Brookland, Pucketos, Plum
Creek and North Washington," serving a territory consisting of the
townships of Allegheny, Burrell, Bell and Washington in Westmoreland County, and also the counties of Armstrong, Butler and Jefferson. The Brookland Congregation had as pastors: Jonathan Gill,
I823-33; Hugh Walkinshaw, I835-43; Oliver Wylie, I848-51; Robert Reed, I854-82.
In I804 the Little Beaver congregation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church was organized near New Galilee, Beaver County,
Pennsylvania, erecting a church building in 1814. Pastors have been:
35after Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Democrats had a
majority of one in a joint session of the Legislature, for the election
of a United States Senator, with George V. Lawrence, Republican, as
Speaker of the Senate, and John Cessna, Democrat, of Bedford, as
Speaker of the House.
The real underlying causes of the depression of I932, which has
continued down to the present time, had their roots back in these
earlier days. They were both political and financial, and their development has been apparent through the years. The growth of the
metropolitan area about Pittsburgh, caused a gradual growth of
Republican sentiment, especially in the industrial centers, and it is
worth while to cite the outstanding parts which some Republicans and
Democrats played politically in bringing about present conditions.
The late United States Senator, Matthew Stanley Quay, of Beaver
County, was the greatest political figure produced here. Quay had
BIRTHPLACE OF JAMES G. BLAINE, WEST BROWNSVILLETHE DEPRESSION OF I932
gotten his real beginnings in political life in the campaign of I869,
when Robert W. Mackey, of the Allegheny National Bank, was elected
State Treasurer of Pennsylvania. Governor John F. Hartranft was
serving as Governor when the Constitution of I873 was adopted by
the people, and he was reelected to serve a second term under the
provisions of that constitution, until I879. In that campaign Quay
and Mackey manipulated the Greenback party to the extent of electing
Hartranft, while the House was Democratic and the Senate Republican. He had helped his fellow-townsman, Judge Daniel Agnew, of
Beaver, to reach the Supreme bench, but in the second election Judge
James P. Sterrett defeated Judge Agnew, although Quay did his
utmost for his neighbor.
Mr. Quay had been appointed and served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from I873 to I878, and after the new office of Recorder
of Philadelphia had been created by Act of the Legislature, Governor
Hartranft appointed him as Recorder of that city. He later was
appointed and served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1879
to I882. When Governor Henry M. Hoyt was elected in I878, and
both houses of the Legislature were Republican, this was the real
beginning of the Quay political leadership. His resourceful ally, Robert W. Mackey, died shortly afterwards, which left Quay in control;
and such a control that many tried to batter down through the years.
In the battle for a third Presidential nomination for President U.
S. Grant, Mr. Quay was in the group that supported Grant, and he
had much to do with the fusion that elected United States Senator John
I. Mitchell in I88I. He ran for the State treasurership in I885, having in mind his ultimate election as. United States Senator, which
occurred in 1887. He served continuously until 1899, and then failed
of election. After taking seventy-nine ballots, the Legislature failed
to reelect him. Governor William A. Stone then appointed him after
the Legislature's adjournment, and on April 24, I900, the United
States Senate, by the close vote of 33 to 32 refused to accept the
commission. On January 15, I9oI he was elected by the succeeding
Legislature, and served until his death on May 28, I904.
Senator Quay was instrumental in electing the famed Boies Penrose, of Philadelphia, as his colleague in the United States Senate in
1897, who rendered an uninterrupted political service to his constituents until his death on December 3I, I92I. United States Senator Penrose had even a better hold on the political dynasty which he
405had built up, than had his sponsor, Senator Quay. None was
able to unhorse him, and he was
keen in maintaining an organization of service, which made his
henchmen loyal. One significant
fact was that at the time of his
death he had over $250,000 in
his strong box in the bank in
cash. He was never to be caught
short in his financial needs during a political campaign.
Senator Quay was born on
September 30, I833, in Dillsburg, York County, where his
father, the Rev. Anderson Beaton Quay, was a Presbyterian
minister. At the age of seventeen years he graduated from
Jefferson College at Canonsburg,
and at twenty-one years was admitted to the bar of Beaver
County, two years later becoming prothonotary. The late Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker,
whom Senator Quay helped into
the gubernatorial chair, spoke
these stirring words, in part, as
an eulogy, before the joint session of the Pennsylvania Legislature, following Senator Quay's
death:
"Presidents -  fortunately
they succeed only by a sort of
divine right and hold their power
only so long as they serve the
public need. No other steep is
UNITED STATES SENATOR
BOIES PENROSETHE DEPRESSION OF I932
so hard to climb, and the foothold upon no other crest is so precarious.
He who reaches the height is a mental athlete, and he who holds
it a marvel of capacity. We give our plaudits to the successful general who can command an army of one hundred thousand troops,
but he had the power of life and death to enable him to enforce
discipline. We wonder at the organization of a great railroad system, but every employee knows that the livelihood of his wife and children depends upon his attention to the orders given him. What are
we to think of him who without any of these means of control prevails
upon a million of men to forget their diverse views and interests and go
to work together for a political purpose. Such masters of statecraft,
in other lands and in earlier days in this country, were called statesmen
and were honored for their achievements. That we have become so
prone of recent years to apply to them opprobrious epithets only
shows that we are beginning to forget the philosophy of our institutions and to be weary of the system of government handed down to us
by the fathers.
"In the capacity for building up and the maintenance of political
forces and for their application to the accomplishments of public ends,
it may well be doubted whether this country ever before produced the
equal of Mr. Quay. From the time of his election to the office of State
Treasurer in I885, down until his death on the 28th, of May, I904,
public and political results in this State may be said to have rested upon
his decision. During this long period every means which human
ingenuity could devise and unlimited resources could bring to bear
were used to overthrow his influence.  Coalitions between shrewd
politicians seeking for substantial reward, heated zealots and earnest
reformers, looking backward to the Golden Age and forward, to
Utopia, exerted their energies without effect. Men whom he had
trained and who had gathered information as his allies were secured
to do battle against him only to meet discomfiture. Scandal intended
to be harmful to the State and to him, disseminated far beyond the
State's borders, seemed only to give him strength. Even the processes
of the Criminal Court of Philadelphia were invoked by his enemies,
but in vain. Thrifty commercialism reaching out to grasp the senatorship clutched the empty air. His final reliance was ever upon the
confidence of the people. The bourgeoisie and the men in blouses
never failed him.
4o7SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
"When in I885, the political powers then in control decreed his
retirement, he announced instead his candidacy for a high State office
-and he won! Ten years later, seemingly overwhelming forces united
to wrest from him the control of the organization of his party. They
included the Governor, the mayor of Philadelphia, the party organizations in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and the strongest influences in
the State. The initial step was an effort to secure the chairmanship
of the State Committee, and they suggested for the position a gentleman long identified with Mr. Quay in political movements. Mr. Quay
picked up the glove and announced that he himself would contest for
the chairmanship. No such political battle was ever waged before or
since in America. Neither Marlborough nor Bonaparte ever contended with such odds in opposition. But to use his own metaphor, he
carried the'fiery cross' from Philadelphia to Erie; the very audacity
of the movement brought the people to his support-and again he
won! None but a real leader among men so compels adverse circumstances to yield to his will. And when he went physically feeble,
tottering toward his grave, quiet had settled over all factions and there
were none to dispute his mastery."
One of the most interesting political characters who contributed
to Pennsylvania politics was the late Christopher L. Magee, of Pittsburgh. He was born on April 14, 1848, and after serving in various
political clerkships, became the secretary of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to State and national conventions, and was one of the three hundred and six who banded
together to try to bring about the nomination of President U. S. Grant
for a third term, under the leadership of Roscoe Conkling in I88o.
He also stuck to President Arthur in his effort to secure a second term;
but he broke with Senator John Sherman in i888 and helped to bring
about the nomination of Benjamin Harrison in I888. Mr. Magee
was elected State Senator from Allegheny County in I896, and was
continually returned to the office, being generally designated as Senator
Magee, and with this power was able to deal with political interests
in other parts of the State. Senator Magee bought the "Pittsburgh
Times" in I884 and made of it one of the best daily newspapers in
Pittsburgh, and as he came to the end of his career, it was merged
with the "Gazette" to become the present "Gazette-Times." Senator
Magee was married, but left no descendants, and his greatest legacy
408THE DEPRESSION OF I932
to the community that supported him in his political endeavors, was
the giving of the bulk of his estate to found the present fine Magee
Hospital in Pittsburgh, an institution that has been a great boon to
womanhood.
An equally interesting political character was the late State Senator
William Flinn, of Pittsburgh. He was born May 26, I85I, in Manchester, England, and in I877 formed a partnership with James J.
Booth in the general contracting business. The firm of Booth and
Flinn did much street paving in Pittsburgh, during which they maintained great blue-stone quarries at Long Bridge in Westmoreland
County for street paving stones, especially on hillside streets. One of
the greatest municipal contracts performed by this firm was the building of the South Hills four-lane traffic tunnel, which was begun during
the lifetime of Senator Flinn. He was first elected to the Pennsylvania
House of Representatives in 1879 and I88, and then sent to the State
Senate for two terms from Allegheny County. He was on occasions
a delegate to the Republican national conventions, but changed to the
Bull Moose movement of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, when he carried Pennsylvania, and caused the election of President Woodrow Wilson, as a minority candidate.
Out of Indiana County came the political influence of John P.
Elkin as representing the younger element in the Republican party,
when Senator Quay was having his own political battles. Indiana had
been a Republican county since the Civil War, and it had the distinction
of being one of the few counties of the State that voted against the
adoption of the Constitution of I873. General Harry White had
figured prominently in politics of the Civil War days and afterwards.
He had sent his resignation to the Governor as a State Senator, so
that a successor might be elected to break a deadlock in a senatorial
battle, while he was confined in Libby Prison.
John P. Elkin had early tuned in with the aspirations and activities of Senator Quay, but there later came a time when his group
desired recognition, due to Mr. Elkin's familiarity with State politics.
He had been Deputy Attorney-General for four years, beginning with
I895, and then Attorney-General in I899 for a further four years.
He was a candidate for Governor in I902, but Senator Quay encompassed his defeat, and in I904 made him the candidate for the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which resulted in his election, and the beginning of service in that body, on the first Monday of January, I905.
Justice Elkin served until his death.
409SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
During the World War period, and for the decade following, there
was little political disturbance in the southwestern Pennsylvania counties, except local judicial and county contests. The real political eruption was to come in I932, in connection with the election of Franklin
D. Roosevelt as President of the United States. The inflated values
existing between I920 and I93o began to dwindle, and general business began to suffer a serious disturbance as well. One of the fruits
of the World War was regimentation. The massing of a great army,
the marshalling of great loans to foreign countries; the co6rdination
of business, and the unification of railroads, to win the war, had
impregnated the whole body politic with the idea of regimentation.
Even in the so-called "New World Movement," which collapsed, religious leaders attempted to regiment the churches, irrespective of distinctive creeds and polity which had been in vogue for centuries. Banks
shunted some of their assets into great buildings, and every community, large and small, that could support a financial institution had its
granite bank fronts. Labor regimented itself into all kinds of unions,
never before attempted, and affecting all kinds of work and business,
and this brought on all kinds of restricted working days, and the general adaptation of pension plans to all kinds of industry.
The bankers of the country contributed their large share of the
conditions which brought about the present bank holiday, and which
culminated at the very inception of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
into office. Such a large financial structure in mortgages, stocks and
bonds had been built up that they lost, as a class, the sense of basic
values in dealing with the resources of the country, and in the economic
use of money. Two fundamental axioms of agricultural commerce and
banking must be emphasized, if the present depression is to end. The
lands which the pioneers colonized is still the basis of value, and
whether that value is large or small depends upon its productiveness.
This productiveness can be the products of soil in agriculture, or the
coal, oil, gas and other minerals that come from beneath its surface,
or the value of buildings, be they manufacturing, mercantile or
residential, which may be built upon it.
There are two classes of banks in existence in these later years of
the depression; those that have withstood the bank holiday of 1932;
and those that are being liquidated. During the period new details
of banking have been put in force, and rates of interest have been
revised. Before I932 the banks generally paid three and four per
40oTHE DEPRESSION OF I932
centum interest on savings accounts deposited with them, and checking
service was free. At the present writing, depositors are charged fifty
cents a month for balances in checking accounts less than $50 and
$IOO, depending on the institution. This has the effect of producing
large balances in checking accounts.
Just prior to the bank holiday there were many mergers here and
there, so that today some large towns which had eight banks ten or
fifteen years ago have but two now. Smaller towns which had several
banks, have but one functioning now. The greater number of banks
have been in liquidation, with receivers in charge; and in some instances
some of the larger stockholders of the liquidated institutions have
combined to start a new institution by changing a preposition in the
name of the bank.
The methods of present banking, a fruit of the depression, and the
consequent more rigid control and supervision of accounts by the State
and national authorities, have produced great balances on checking
accounts, and a consequent disproportionate cash balance on hand in
the vaults of the banks, as the statements of condition are called for
from time to time by State bankirig commissioners, and the Comptroller of the United States. Thus this balance is out of circulation, and
the idea that "money is still a medium of exchange," has been cast
aside for the time being, and the depression has still continued.
This period in history will be notable also for the many plans
offered, especially to end the depression. One of them, known as the
"Townsend Plan," originated in California and is fathered by Dr.
Francis E. Townsend. It is a theory to place money in circulation,
by paying each person sixty years of age a monthly pension of stipulated amount, which must be spent during the month, the original
revolving fund to be started by a processing tax on business. This
movement is receiving the support of some western Pennsylvania Congressmen, and is now being brought into the open for discussion and
some Congressional action on the proposal. Townsend clubs have been
organized all over the United States and thousands have joined the
movement in this section.
The political phase of the depression of I932 has been a prominent one, because of the participation and dominating influence of several western Pennsylvanians. Tlwenty years ago the present junior
United States Senator from Pennsylvania, Joseph F. Guffey, a resident
of Pittsburgh, had received the political favor of President Woodrow
4IISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Wilson, his old professor at Princeton University, by appointment to
the newly-created office of Alien Property Custodian during the World
War. He had acquired his political training and acumen through the
years at the hands of his uncle, James McClurg Guffey, who steered
the Democratic party through the lean political years after the Cleveland administration. The elder Guffey did much pioneering in gas and
oil developments in western Pennsylvania, and then as far down south
as Texas and Mexico. James M. Guffey always saw to it that there
was a Democratic ticket in the field in Pennsylvania, and he kept his
political lines intact both in Allegheny County and in Pennsylvania,
with strong alliances in his native county of Westmoreland, and others
close to Pittsburgh. He could always attend the Democratic State
conventions with big delegations and a commanding influence, so that
he was often State Democratic chairman. He further became a
national committeeman of the Democratic party for Pennsylvania, and
occupied that position for many years. IHie once incurred the political
enmity of Colonel William Jennings Bryan, the great commoner and
"peerless leader," to such an extent that Mr. Bryan came into the
State and used his energies in an effort to unhorse Mr. Guffey. Through
the favor of his uncle and the Mellon banking interests, the younger
Guffey came into the industrial picture of Pittsburgh, and particularly
as secretary of the Philadelphia Company, a holding company of many
traction, light, and other utilities. He also got at odds with these
business benefactors, envisioned an opposition to those in political control, and bided his time until the opportunity for action arose. During
these lean political years, he formed a friendship with David L. Lawrence, also of Pittsburgh, a young Democrat, and they together traveled about to State conventions and committee meetings awaiting their
day of opportunity. That day came at the beginning of the present
depression, when Presidnt Franklin D. Roosevelt was swept into the
Presidency by a protest against Republican misrule. A joinder was
made with George H. Earle, a young Philadelphia Republican who
had swung over to the Democrats and who could help the movement
financially.
The year I934 was notable politically because many states supported a new political philosophy, called the "New Deal," advanced
by President Roosevelt during the first two years of his office, with the
result that Pennsylvania aided in sending a Democratic delegation to
Congress to support the President in his policies. Southwestern Penn412THE DEPRESSION OF 1932
sylvania had its part in bringing about this political victory, and many
State and county office vacancies accruing, as well as judgeships, were
filled by the election of those aligned with the Democratic party. In
the election of I934 Joseph F. Guffey was elected United States Senator from Pennsylvania, the first since Senator William A. Wallace,
George H. Earle was elected Governor, and David L. Lawrence acted
as chairman of the Democratic party in Pennsylvania, and chairman
of the same party in Allegheny County.
The support for the "New Deal" could not have been brought
about but for the change in political alignment of hundreds of thousands of former Republicans. Some of these were put into the Cabinet
of Governor Earle, and there were wholesale changes in personnel at
Harrisburg, and all over the State. President Roosevelt was reelected
in 1936, and the State campaign was carried through by Senator Guffey and his associates on the basis of Roosevelt support. Thousands
of old-time Democrats joined with the new Guffey-Earle-Lawrence combination to bring about these successive victories, and to advance the
political panaceas of the President. In the majority of instances the
newer recruits to democracy were given the more prominent and influential positions, to be handed out in accordance with the party system
of government.
W'ith millions of men out of work all over the country, and hundreds of thousands of them in this area, the Roosevelt New Deal
administration devised the alphabetical programs of attempted recovery, the more prominent of them being designated N.R.A., P.W.A.,
A.A.A., and W.P.A. There were many others devised and set up to
deal with all phases of economic and social life. The first attempted,
the National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.), after operating for
a time, was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The
Public Works Administration, which had to do with assistance by way
of large appropriations by Congress to large public works in aid of
municipalities, and other political divisions, is functioning still, as the
P.W.A. The American Agricultural Administration (A.A.A.) paid
money to farmers for restricted crops, and live stock production, and
the last and most prominent functioning set-up was the Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.), which is in force today in diminished
extent.
Under the W.P.A. there was a large set-up of office forces and
field men, and projects of all kinds, including road work, historical
413Robert Gibson, I8 19-30; George Scott, I83I; Alexander Savage.
At Beaver Falls has been established Geneva College (which will be
treated fully in the educational chapter of this narrative), it being
under the fostering care of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. The
distinctive principle of this church body has been that nations should
recognize the existence of God in their constitutions as the supreme
source of all power, and Jesus Christ as the King of Nations, with the
Bible as the supreme standard and guide.
The movement of the Roman Catholic Church into this area was
slow at first, due unquestionably to the relatively small number of
Catholic adherents who came hither in the earlier days. Some pastors of Roman Catholic congregations at historic points are wont to
emphasize the presence of French soldiers there during the French
occupancy of 1754-58, and this zeal leads to the impression that there
was a church there. The French left no church buildings here and
the services the priests rendered as chaplains of their battalions was
the same type of service that the three Presbyterian chaplains rendered in the three Pennsylvania battalions in the Forbes army. Some
Presbyterian historians in a similar zeal want to lay claim to antiquity
for their church organization, because the Rev. Charles Beatty
preached the sermon of Thanksgiving. That good Catholic historian, the Rev. Modestus Wirtner, of Johnstown, started the story
CATHOLIC CHURCH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, WASHINGTONSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
research, sewing for women, sewer work, collation of county records,
music, art and other subjects. Projects had to be sponsored by some
authorized governmental agency, such as the State, county, city, or
township, and offering a definite plan of procedure for the employment of persons on relief rolls. Thousands upon thousands of folks
out of work had been put upon the relief rolls at the beginning ol the
depression.
All operations emanated from Washington, primarily, but in Pennsylvania a great organization'was set up, with an administrator at
Harrisburg, deputies and office managers, and the departments of
finance and statistics, operations, women's and professional projects,
and employment. The whole plan was to keep men's and women's
minds serene by employment. Large office forces were installed in
vacant buildings, and an army of "white-collared" men was sent out
all over the counties, to make all kinds of investigations, and report
back to headquarters. In the employment division, where their projects were fostered by the State and the municipalities for the improvement of roads and streets, great battalions of men were distributed
through the towns and cities and out in the country, cutting down
embankments, laying stone berms along roads, grading and paving
streets and cleaning up debris after the floods of 1936 and I937.
The billions of money coming from the government at Washington, millions of which came into southwestern Pennsylvania, to provide for the financial operation of the W.P.A., were appropriated by
Congress and allotted to the states for distribution. This money came
from greatly increased taxation on industry, and on all other kinds of
business operations. At the same time municipal and school taxes were
increased to the point of confiscation of many properties. The increased
demands of school administration and teaching, and the building of
large consolidated school buildings, added to these tax burdens.
One of the basic needs of the "Bank Holiday," was the refinancing
of mortgage loans on homes. The banks needed the money for liquidation purposes, and the owners could not pay for want of adequate.
employment to support the payments on their mortgages and the
increased taxation. To relieve this situation all over the country, the
administration at Washington formed a corporation, known as the
Home Owners Loan Corporation (H.O.L.C.). Thousands upon thousands of home owners were afforded relief in the form of an amortization mortgage, with monthly payments, depending on the size of the
414THE DEPRESSION OF I932
415
mortgage. This was simply the government going into the loan business, and when the mortgagee failed to get gainful employment, they
were unable to make their amortization payments, and meet the high
taxes imposed. In the succeeding months and.years this has resulted in
thousands of foreclosures of such mortgages, and the purchase of the
mortgaged premises by the H.O.L.C. at the sheriff's sales of the properties.
A companion operation to that of the H.O.L.C. was the large
number of bank foreclosures on mortgages held by them. In the case
of closed banks, the receivers sought these foreclosures for the purpose
of adding funds for their slow liquidation. This has caused hundreds
of the banks and trust companies to be in the real estate business.
Those financial institutions which withstood the holiday could and did
in many cases reduce interest rates and materially re-adjusted mortgage and other loans held by them, and in that way were able to give
a measure of relief to the burdened mortgagors and judgment debtors.
These operations are still going on, and will not cease until the depression lifts.
At the very outset of the depression, a rather meritorious operation was set up by the government, under army regulations, to take
care of unemployed youth, and known as the Civilian Conservation
Corps (C.C.C.). Great bodies of young men were marshalled into
well-ordered and sanitary camps all over the country, and particularly
in mountain sections of Pennsylvania. In this area there was Blue
Hole Camp, No. 344W, near Rockwood, Somerset County; Negro
Mountain Camp, No. I329W, near Salisburg, Somerset County; Kooser Camp, No. I379W, west of Bakersville, Somerset County, near
the Westmoreland County line; North Park, No. 1383, Allegheny
County, and South Park, No. I383, in Allegheny County. Due to their
extensive operations in the forests, this large force of young men was
dubbed by some, "Roosevelt's Tree Army." There were other camps
in Cambria, Westmoreland and Armstrong counties of smaller proportions.
One of the most fortuitous of the government schemes to afford
relief to those in financial distress and out of employment was the
Re-settlement program. One of these was located in the neighboring
State of West Virginia, at Arthurdale, and the other five miles south of
Greensburg, and named, "Westmoreland Homesteads." At the time
of the preparation of this narrative it consists of two or three hundredSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
neat little homes, of light constructions, but with modern conveniences,
on small acreages, with garages and chicken houses of latest design,
and all distributed over an area of two or three miles square, with
winding inter-communica.ting roads. These Homesteads are located in
the historic Sewickley Manor, and otherwise known as the LeasureKilgore-Hurst settlement of pioneer days. It surrounds the present
Hurst High School plant. Thus far there have been erected on the
tract a large, modern school building, a community store, and a pants
factory, which can be seen in the accompanying picture. To the right
of the picture area there are large piggeries and poultry propagation
buildings. The post office has been named "Norvelt," using two
syllables in the name of the President's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt. Mrs.
Roosevelt has visited the Homesteads on occasions during their development, for observations and recommendations as to their improvement.
The original plan of the Homesteads provided for the members
of the community working on the project, and earning such wages as
would be applied to the payment of their homes in part, and for the
support of their families, and with the idea and ultimate object that
all would find gainful employment, to make the community self-supporting, and enable them to own their own homes in the settlement.
There is a limited amount of community control in the project, but it
is subject to government supervision and rules. Its successful future
is not yet assured until it gets out of the experimental state, as is indicated by the lack of adequate industries located within the settlement,
and it remains yet to be worked out to a successful accomplishment.
Having set up these various governmental agencies, and regulation of banking and finance, with the vast means of taxation, the
administration at Washington was naturally keen to retain these
experimental set-ups, so long as it was possible to do so, and political
line-ups naturally followed. This political movement, as generally
called the "New Deal," sought a support of its policies. In the election of I936, when President Roosevelt was returned to office for a
second term, political orators on the hustings and on the radio, built
up their hopes of success on his administration and they pleaded for
support on that account. This political battle cry won in I936. The
result was different, however, in 1938, when the orators again pleaded
for local support; and as affecting this part of the Pennsylvania political domain, the Guffey-Earle-Lawrence combination used this argu4I6THE DEPRESSION OF I932
ment. There was a very serious political break between United States
Senator Guffey and Governor Earle over the selection of candidates.
Governor Earle slated himself for United States Senator, and Senator
Guffey opposed him with another candidate. Governor Earle was
defeated, however, by the incumbent, Senator James J. Davis, seeking
reelection, and the Republicans won a control of both the Senate and
House in Pennsylvania, with the election of Governor Arthur H.
James, who is now in office.
In other chapters the history of the liquor question has been given
beginning with the Whiskey Insurrection and its suppression in I794.
The more recent chronicle of that question would begin with introduction of liquor stores during the second Pinchot administration, and
continued with a more extended and open policy, with new legislation
enacted by the Earle administration. In much more open fashion than
during the days a third of a century ago, when the saloons were better
regulated by the courts, a State Liquor Control Board has been set up,
and licenses issued, with the result that the main highways are lined
with liquor-dispensing roadhouses, and congested centers in some large
cities have open saloons in about every third door. This has naturally
put hundreds of drunken drivers of automobiles on the highways, to
the great peril of other automobilists. An enlarged motor police force
has been thus required to cope with this condition, and hundreds of
offenders are now being sentenced by the several criminal courts of
southwestern Pennsylvania to large fines and imprisonment. This present social condition, arousing a public conscience, may see the return
of Prohibition, as a political expediency.
Despite the continuance of the depression of I932 in its severity up
to the present time, a measure of independent political action again
asserted itself in the elections of I938. It is the same type of independent political action that manifested itself when in the second Pinchot election, the Vare political machine of Philadelphia attempted to
defeat Governor Pinchot by voting the city pretty solidly for the Democratic candidate, Mr. Pinchot came down to the gates of Philadelphia
with more than 60,000 of a majority.
It is the same type of historical political independence that was
manifested, about I9oo, when Edward M. Bigelow, the father of
improved highways in Pittsburgh and in Pennsylvania, was removed
from office as the director of public works in the city of Pittsburgh.
S. P.-III-27
417SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
His brother, Thomas S. Bigelow, started out to undo the political
wrong done his brother, and by giving political support to advantageous centers, was able to secure the election of a new Legislature at
Harrisburg, which ripped out the entire municipal governments of the
cities of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and Scranton. Recorders were elected
instead of mayors, and the late A. M. Brown, the first recorder of the
city of Pittsburgh, appointed Edward M. Bigelow to the office of
director of the Department of Public Works, just one year to the day
after he had been removed from office by his political enemies.
Labor unions have sought to play a large part in deciding elections
in western Pennsylvania, and particularly in the mining and manufacturing centers. The old American' Federation of Labor, which had
its beginnings back in the days of the Homestead steel strike, came
within recent years to comprise unions in nearly every industry.
Another influential group, which began with the miners' unions back
in the days of the coal and coke strikes, within the last few years
became at odds with the American Federation of Labor management,
and organized the "Committee for Industrial Organization" (C.I.O.).
This had been more recently changed to the "Congress for Industrial
Organization." The principal aim of these two labor organizations
during the last few years, and particularly as the depression continues,
has been to effect collective bargaining with the larger industries. This
has resulted in much rivalry between the two organizations, and the
bringing of many strikes here and there, when both industry and labor
could ill-afford to suffer the financial deprivations incident to a strike.
Some industries have threatened to move from the area, if the high
taxes continue to cripple the industry.
With the depression still in force, it is difficult to predict what history will reveal within the next few years. There is a great measure
of confidence in the majority of the people of the "workshop of the
world," and its surrounding mining and agricultural areas, that gainful
employment will gradually return, and that a home-loving, patriotic,
industrious people will work in co6peration to bring about a return
of the prosperous conditions that prevailed before the depression
began.
418CHAPTER XVII
Scientific Advancement
The Beginnings of the Allegheny Observatory-The Scientific Contributions of John A. Brashear-Development of the Aluminum Industry
-Progressive New Kensington-Aliquippa Developed by the Jones
and Laughlin Steel Corporation-The Use of River Transportation
to Market-The Model Town of Vandergrift and Its Industry--
The Use of Steel in Bridge and Building Construction-Industrial
Ambridge Supplants Old Economy in Community Life.
Science has had its great part in the development of the vast area
about the "Forks of the Ohio," through the years. The "workshop
of the world" has necessarily fostered the advance of science in such
a way that it had become the outstanding manufacturing center in the
United States. To maintain this supremacy experimentation has been
carried on by the various industries in the perfecting of steel processes,
in the increased uses of electricity in light, heat and power, in chemical- aids in the refining of oil, so that many by-products have been
obtained, in the enlargement of the glass industry, in the manufacture
of by-products of coal, and in other kindred scientific endeavors.
It can well be pictured, in imagination, what a beautiful sight must
have met the eye of the Indian or the pioneer, as he stood on a mountain height in western Pennsylvania above present Uniontown, or at
Penn View on the Chestnut Ridge in Indiana County, or at Laurel
Summit in Westmoreland County, and viewed God's handiwork in the
making of the firmament. The myriad lights of a great city had not
thus far dimmed its beauty. Standing at the crest of Mount Washington in the city of Pittsburgh on a starry night, the illuminating contrast clearly appears. But in the midst of all this scientific development, there were those who caused the stars to shine out in even
I I ~greater splendor by the use of telescopes which were manufactured
here.
The development of science in its practical sphere may well be
said to have started here with the work with astronomical instruments,
and the first scientist of note was the late Professor Samuel Pierpont
Langley, when he first had charge of the Allegheny Observatory in
1867. The first organization was known as the Allegheny Telescope
Association, which was formed by some leading citizens of the twin
cities of Allegheny and Pittsburgh, the first instrument being purchased in i 860. Professor Langley was a member of the faculty
of the Western University of
Pennsylvania, the later "Pitt."
He made of astronomy a worth
while study, and was succeeded
by Dr. James E. Keeler, who
later returned to the Lick Observatory in California, to which he
had been attached previous to
his coming to Allegheny. Dr.
Langley's pioneer work in the
development of aviation has been
heretofore referred to. His remains lie buried under the dome
of the Allegheny Observatory,
in accordance with his lifetime
request.
The outstanding of the scientific pioneers was Dr. John A.
Brashear, who used the Allegheny Observatory as a base for
his work. He was born in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, on November
24, 1840, and died in Pittsburgh, on April 8, I920. His great-grandfather was Otto Brashear, a pioneer with Thomas and Basil Brown,
founders of the town of Brownsville. His grandfather, Basil Brashear,
entertained General Lafayette at his tavern there when the general
made his return visit to the United States in 1825. John A. Brashear
learned to love the stars from his contacts with his grandfather,
Nathaniel Smith, on the maternal side, and his first experience in
DR. JOHN A. BRASHEARSCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT
viewing them was through telescopes made by General Wampler, of
McKeesport, Pennsylvania. These were crude instruments, but Brashear spent hours with his grandfather studying the stars. At fifteen
years of age he came to Pittsburgh and took a course at Duff's Business College. Later he returned to Brownsville for a few years, working in the newspaper office and at other mechanical turns, and finally
secured employment in the iron mills on the Southside of Pittsburgh.
Dr. Brashear's mother wanted him to become a Methodist preacher
and he studied for a time to that end, but the discouraging words from
a minister in whose pulpit he was preaching, caused him to change his
course. He worked for some years in the iron trade at Louisville,
Kentucky, but when the Civil War came on, returned to Pittsburgh in
i86i. After working in Pittsburgh iron mills for a time, one of the
principal ones being the Zug Mill, he spent his spare time building his
first telescope, with a measure of success. He moved up into a new
home, which he built himself on Mt. Washington, to get a better
view of the heavens at night, and there he worked at first, until he
came in contact with Professor Langley, who encouraged him in his
efforts. His success through the years can well be attributed to the
spirit of his work, as he spoke of it in later years:
"If there is anything in my life uncommon, it is because from the
time I was a boy, no matter what I had to do, I tried to do it a little
better than I had ever done it before. If a workman in the rolling
mill broke a hammer handle, and I set out to make him another, I
tried to make him the best hammer handle he had ever had."
The late William Thaw, of Pittsburgh, became interested in Dr.
Brashear in i88I, and financed him in his efforts along astronomical
lines. It was then that he made the 3o-inch telescopic lens, and his
later factory was built on the Northside. The greatest work of Dr.
Brashear consisted in the art of making a plane surface.  By his
diligent application to this scientific feature he was able to make superior
lenses. He worked twenty-one years in the rolling mills of Pittsburgh
and other places. His first telescope glass weighed four pounds, and
one which he later worked on for the Dominion Astronomical Observatory, at Victoria, Canada, from which he produced a 72-inch lense
weighed several tons. During his lifetime he was in constant touch
with the late Ambrose Swazey, Cleveland scientist, who did so much
in building up Denison University at Granville, Ohio, and they two
made a trip around the world in the later years of their lives.
42IALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA TABLETSCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT
Dr. Brashear was a director of Carnegie Museum for many years,
and trustee of the University of Pittsburgh for twenty-five years. He
was an acting chancellor of the university, during an interim of three
years. He was known as "Uncle" John Brashear among the industrialists of Pittsburgh, and at the age of seventy-five years declared
that he was working fifteen hours a day. Charles M. Schwab, of
Bethlehem Steel Company, paid him this tribute on the occasion of a
dinner:
"Uncle John has the only real education, which is self-education.
He has learned that money for money's sake is a foolish goal to strive
for. So, in the turning out of instruments in his little shop, he has
been satisfied with nothing but the best work. Perfection, without
regard to cost and without regard to labor involved, has been his aim."
On a plate on the door of his old shop which has been made into
a museum are these significant words uttered by Dr. Brashear in life:
"Somewhere beneath the stars is work which you alone were meant
to do. Never rest until you have found it." And the quotation which
he most used concerning his astronomical life runs, speaking of himself and his wife: "We have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of
the night."
The aluminum industry in the United States is just fifty years old,
and had its beginnings in this historic area. The business began under
the name of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, and has been enlarged
into the operations of the Aluminum Company of America, with its
principal plant at New Kensington on the Allegheny River in Westmoreland County. A young scientist, Charles D. Hall, who has not
lived to see the complete development of the industry, as at present
conducted, was the discoverer of an electrolytic process by which aluminum was produced from the clay. It was at first a costly production,
selling for as high as three dollars per pound. By improved methods
of production aluminum has become plentiful and practically inexpensive. It is used most popularly in cooking utensils, and has been
extended to automobile bodies, tables and chairs, bridge construction,
streamline trains, and in the elimination of dead weight in construction.
It has great strength, in addition to its light weight, and does not rust
out like iron products.
The first factory of the old Pittsburgh Reduction Company, now
Aluminum Company of America, was erected in the city of Pittsburgh,
423OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
off right, from the standpoint of his church, in the historical column
of the Ebensburg "Mountaineer-Herald" a few years ago, and to
him should go a praiseworthy mention for the correct setting.
While it was more than a quarter of a century delayed in its foundations, yet the Roman Catholic Church has a decidedly unique and
interesting history. Like the others, its pioneers came and settled
here, as firm in their faith, but in not so large numbers, and they
heartily participated with the others in all the neighborly efforts to
establish their homes here, and to bring about American independence. A pioneer Catholic, Richard Archbold, appears on the petition
sent in from Fort Allen in 1774, and on the one sent from Colonel
John Proctor's at Fort Shippen on Twelve Mile Run in the same year
is the name of Patrick Archbold, another Catholic. Patrick Archbold
next appears on the records as one of the grantees in the deed for the
Greensburg congregation I789; so that for fifteen or more years
after old Westmoreland County was established these pioneer Catholics were without religious services.
In a very interesting booklet published by the Rev. MI\artin J.
Brennan, pastor of St. Peter's Catholic Church at Brownsville, on
September 7, I936, the masses said by the French priests at Fort
Duquesne and at Brownsville are memorialized, as well as the religious services conducted during the French occupancy of Fort
Duquesne from I854 to I858. The services at Brownsville on July
I, I754, as at other times at Fort Duquesne, were thought to have
been conducted by Father Denys Baron. In honor of these religious
services, the Pennsylvania Courts, Catholic Daughters of America,
have placed a beautiful military memorial window in the St. Peter's
Church, beneath which is the following inscription: "On July I, I754,
the first mass in this district was celebrated by the Chaplain of the
French force proceeding to the attack of Lieut. Col. George Washington's command at Fort Necessity."
The first priest to visit the Catholic settlers in Westmoreland
County was the Rev. John Baptist Cause, who came in March, I789,
from his headquarters at Conewago and stayed at Colonel John Proctor's at Fort Shippen, where he gathered the Catholic pioneers and
held services. He returned promptly to his missionary work in the
eastern part of Pennsylvania and the Rev. Theodore Brouwers,
O. F. M., came in the fall of I789. Father Brouwers was born in
Rotterdam, Holland, in I738, and after his Catholic education and
37between Penn Avenue and the Allegheny River, and just west of Shannopin's Old Indian Town. When the new town of New Kensington
was laid out in I89I, the company sought a location there, and its plant
has now grown to become the principal industry of the town. In honor
of its fifty years' life, and the original location, an appropriate historical tablet has been placed as is shown in the accompanying cut.
The present city of New Kensington is a historical outgrowth of
the old town of Parnassus, which was established at the mouth of
Puckety Creek on the Allegheny River. Pittsburgh realtors came up
to Parnassus and organized the Burrell Improvement Company, in
Lower Burrell Township, Westmoreland County, and plotted the acres
of Rev. Alexander Young and Stephen Young and others, beginning
at the edge of Parnassus, and extending up the river on the table land
PITTSBURGH-HIGH VXthere. The ancient Fort Crawford was located at the mouth of Puckety
Creek, and the land was originally patented on both sides of the creek's
mouth, under the name of "Parnassus." When the Allegheny Valley
Railroad was later projected to Oil City in the sixties, Parnassus
became a sizable community, on that railroad, and was the home of
some of the oil operators who went up the river to prosecute their
work in the oil fields. The laying out of the town of New Kensington
on both sides of the railroad, as far as Fourteenth Street was the
beginning of many small industries, some of which have survived, and
some of which have been merged with other concerns.
Still further up the river, beginning with Fourteenth Street, another
community was established, called "Arnold," for the old Arnold Station on the Allegheny Railroad, which in turn had been established
[ARK FLOOD OF 1936SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
about two miles north of Parnassus, for the accommodation of the
Arnold family, through whose land the railroad had been originally
projected. The largest industry to establish itself in this new industrial community, was the Chambers Glass Company, a companion industry to the Chambers-McKee glass interests at Jeannette. This enterprise was successful, and caused the new town of Arnold to build up as
a workingman's community. Parnassus retained much of its old staid
conservatism, and New Kensington became the mercantile business center, destined to extend on the hilltop, along the Freeport Road.
Parnassus was incorporated as a borough on April 9, I872, and
New Kensington on November 26, I892, with Arnold incorporated
shortly thereafter. Up until a few years ago, these three communities,
separated only by a street line, have functioned side by side in a rather
compact whole. Parnassus and New Kensington have combined to
form the city of New Kensington, while Arnold still remains a separate
municipality. The erection of a substa'ntial inter-county bridge across
the Allegheny River helped to build New Kensington, and provide both
vehicle and street car communications with the business communities on
the Allegheny County side of the river, particularly Tarentum and
Springdale.
Slackwater navigation in more recent years on the Allegheny River
has helped to give New Kensington a beautiful setting, and its compact growth on the sloping hillside, easterly to the Little Puckety Creek
Valley beyond, is clearly apparent from the accompanying picture.
Very few river industrial towns, laid out within the last fifty years, are
of prettier setting. The large plant of the Aluminum Company of
America, seen in the foreground of the picture, extends for several
blocks up and down the river bank, and it has also located within the
city, other handsome office buildings and research laboratories.
The present town of Aliquippa, in Beaver County, is the result of
an interesting industrial development. When the Pittsburgh and Lake
Erie Railroad was put through to Youngstown, Ohio, in I877, along
the south bank of the Ohio River, it established the station of Woodlawn, which served as an accommodation to suburbanites for years.
When the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, long operating on
the south side of Pittsburgh in the old days of the borough of Birmingham, and extending its works further to the opposite side of the
Monongahela River in the Soho district of Pittsburgh, sought a new
location for its larger operations it chose Woodlawn, for its expansive
426area along the river bottom lands. The first plant was located at
Aliquippa Station, a mile or two down the river from Woodlawn.
The company then acquired about one thousand and five hundred acres
at Woodlawn for town and plant sites, and laid out a modern plant,
and a modern industrial community.
The Jones and Laughlin Company was perhaps the first to haul
coal from the mines and reduce into coke in the most modern ovens.
The Carnegie steel interests chose to use Connellsville coke shipped
from the coke plants. By establishing these coke operations at the
steel mills, the Jones and Laughlin interests were the first hereabout to
install the scientific processes of extracting from coal the valuable
by-products, instead of allowing them to go off in smoke at the mines.
When the enlarged plant was built at Woodlawn, a modern coke plant
was built there also, and the salvage of by-products was continued. In
the immense plant at present Aliquippa this company manufactures
both open-hearth and Bessemer steel, and its manufactured products,
among others, include fabricated structural work, seamless tubes, tubular products, wire products, and mine rails.
The town of Woodlawn was constructed with a view not only to
the comfort of the employees, but to their ability to eventually pay
for their homes through an amortization plan. The company built
about fifty per cent. of the houses, and the remaining fifty per cent.
were built under private ownership. The business section in the valley
NEW KENSINGTON, PART OF ARNOLD TO THE LEFTSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
next to the railroad station, except for freshets that might come down
the valley, is above the ordinary flood levels of the Ohio River, and
the residential section on the plateau above, makes of the town an ideal
industrial center. The plant and the town are separated by the fourtrack railroad bed. This immense plant has an annual capacity of
approximately 3,500,000 gross tons of ingots, and 3,ooo,ooo tons of
pig iron.
One of the outstanding achievements of the Jones and Laughlin
Steel Corporation was the adoption of steel barges for Ohio River
traffic. River barges had been first made at Elizabeth on the Monongahela from wood, and wooden construction prevailed, especially for
the shipment of coal, for almost a century of the river transportation.
The company decided to use the river transportation where possible,
and particularly after the new dam system on the Ohio was installed.
This elaborate improvement was begun in 1921 and completed in
I929. The company manufactured steel barges of the gondola and
covered types, and constructed modern tow boats to propel them to
their destination. Steel rails, tubing, and other products are loaded
on barges, and shipped down the river to strategic points at Cincinnati, Evansville, Louisville, Cairo, Memphis and New Orleans, for
transfer to rail and steamer shipments from there. Gasoline is also
brought north on barges from the lower oil fields. Thus this company
has demonstrated the feasibility of using two thousand miles of winding river to useful and profitable service.
Woodlawn was destined, however, to lose its municipal name, and
in the course of municipal development, the towns of Aliquippa and
Woodlawn became separated by a street, as in the case of other communities. Then it became feasible to unite the municipalities into one,
and the succeeding municipality is now known as Aliquippa. As in the
case of Monessen, Clairton, Donora and other industrial towns, the
prosperity of Aliquippa depends upon the industrial prosperity of the
Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, its monster Industry. Since its
founding it has enjoyed the measure of prosperity, such as has its
fostering company.
The Apollo Iron and Steel Company was the guiding spirit in the
location of the present town of Vandergrift, in Westmoreland County.
The original plant of this company was located at Apollo, in Armstrong County, just across the Kiskiminetas River to the northward.
This was in the days before the great steel mergers. Vandergrift is
428SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT
located on the great tongue of land, well elevated, which rendered it
an advantageous site for a town. The late Captain J. J. Vandergrift
was one of the principal stockholders in the steel company and he was
honored in the selection of a name. Captain Vandergrift wanted both
a convenient town and a beautiful one, and he spared no efforts to
bring this about. Frederick L. Olmstead, after a study of model industrial towns in Europe and America, laid out a beautiful town in graceful curves, and the only town iin western Pennsylvania so laid out up
to that time. None of the streets in the original Vandergrift were
laid out on angles; everything was in curves.
To the southward on the higher ground,, another town, Vandergrift Heights, was laid out, and the lots sold on more moderate terms.
Between the two was a level table land, which was finally laid out,
streets laid down, and the two communities joined together. This
brought on a municipal union as well, in due time, so that now the borough of Vandergrift consists of the two older communities and the
intervening area. Before the coming of the modern highways, it was
a considerable railroad journey to reach the county seat at Greensburg.
The traveler had to go by rail to present Torrance, and down the
Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas valleys, or to Pittsburgh, and up the
Allegheny and Kiskiminetas valleys. This made the community isolated
and self-centered in many ways, and thus built it up to a distinct and
desirable place to live.
A third community was laid out at the foot of the plateau, and
close to the Kiskiminetas River to the eastward, and this was named
and incorporated, "East Vandergrift." It has never joined up with
the parent community, but has had a distinct life of its own, with its
population largely of foreign extraction, and its racial churches. This
town suffered most severely in the disastrous flood of I936, when the
rushing waters carried away about sixty houses in it and in North Vandergrift across the river in Armstrong County.
Vandergrift community began its life with the erection of the new
mills and the sale of lots in the town in the spring of i 896. The mills
began to operate about September I, I896, and the town had its natural growth many workmen, however, coming from the old mill at
Apollo. In due time the mills became a part of the American Sheet
and Tin Plate Company, which in still later years went into the great
combination known as the United States S;teel Corporation. The
churches of Vandergrift received much encouragement in the way of
429430           SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
building construction by donations of advantageous spots and the contribution of money to aid in their erection. Captain Vandergrift and
his associates well knew the value of such co6peration, and the town
has thus become a substantially religious community, and free from the
rowdiness of some mill towns. It possesses its full quota of lodges, community clubs, and civic organizations, which aid in advancing and maintaining an excellent civic spirit. Vandergrift represents the latest word
in modern and beautiful industrial development, and it is likewise close
to that ancient Indian trading center, Kiskiminetas Old Town, which
was located at the mouth of Pine Run. The archives record the
"Trader's Path," which corresponds to our modern highway of commerce, as extending from Kiskiminetas Old Town across through
Weinel's Cross Roads and Shearersburg, to Shirtee's Landing at
Edgecliff, opposite Tarentum.
The modern industrial town of Ambridge shows the most evident
metamorphosis from an ancient community. First there was the Indian
town of Logstown, then the Economy Society acquired the fertile
acres, and finally the American Bridge Company purchased a great
part of them from John S. Duss, surviving trustee of the society, for
their great plant. Steel beams, arches and girders have become a
mighty factor in the construction of bridges and modern buildings.
They are used in the reinforcement of many other concrete bridges,
large and small, over streams. Most railroads have been satisfied to
use steel bridge construction openly, while State highway construction
is most along reinforced concrete lines. In all of this work, the
American Bridge Company, at Ambridge, in Beaver County has been
a mighty contributing factor.
At the lower end of the town of Ambridge is the old town of
Economy, with its historic community buildings, so well preserved, and
now kept as a shrine by the Historical Commission of Pennsylvania.
In plotting the new town of Ambridge the streets were joined up with
the old town of Economy. The acres farmed by the "Economites" are
now subdivided into building and manufacturing sites, and occupied by
residences and business and manufacturing enterprises.
Science and engineering have joined hands to fabricate durable
steel into strong and useful bridges and buildings at Ambridge. Where,
in earlier days, iron bridges were used and buildings were constructed
of wood, brick and stone, with the best architecture available, under
present conditions, scientific research has produced a better steel withSCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT                          43I
which to carry out the plans of the architect. The greater part of this
scientific and manufacturing advancement has been within the last fifty
years, and future narratives will record even greater achievements in
scientific building.CHAPTER XVIII
Publicity
The Development of the Newspaper-Old Time Newspapers and Their
Advertising-Present Day Metropolitan Combinations and Advertising-Department Store Advertising-The Present Chain StoresThe News Service of The Associated and United Press, and Kindred
Features-The Brilliant Neon and Other Electric Signs-Radio
Advertising, and Its Advantages-Prominent Radio Stations in
Southwestern Pennsylvania-Historical Broadcasting to Schools and
Clubs.
It is a far cry from the intercommunication of the Indians to the
present radio broadcasting, but such is the development in publicity.
The quick conveyance of information from one group of Indians to
another, when they were asked to attend a treaty meeting will never
be fully explained. The communications of the officers of the Braddock and Forbes armies were by swift post-riders carrying the messages back and forth. Then came the publication of the early newspapers, with weeks and months intervening between the happening and
the publication of events. The invention of the Morse telegraph made
communications easier; then the telephone, and now the teletype.
The first newspaper published in western Pennsylvania was the
"Pittsburgh Gazette," even before the beginnings of municipal life in
that town. It was the one medium of exchange used by such eminent
writers as Judge Hugh Henry Brackenridge, in his descriptions of conditions here, and in his discussion of such issues as the Whiskey Insurrection. Brackenridge's vigorous writings brought forth expressions
from others. The mother county of Westmoreland has its early newspaper in the publication of the predecessor of the present "Westmoreland Democrat," beginning with the year I799, when the "Farmer's
Register" was started by John M. Snowden and Williams McCorkle.PUBLICITY
In I8o8 the paper was sold to W. S. Graham, of Philadelphia, who
changed the name to the "Westmoreland and Indiana Register," sometimes called the "Greensburg and Indiana Register," because it was
the medium in the new county of Indiana as well after 1803. Frederick
A. Wise, a native Greensburg printer, who also conducted a job shop,
became the editor in 1819, and he changed its name to the "Westmoreland Register and Farmer's Chronicle." Joseph K. Russell purchased
it in I83O, and took on a partner, David K. Marchant (possibly
Marchand), in 184I, and then sold out to Marchant in I844. The
latter sold out to Andrew Graham in I862 and he, the next year to
James F. Campbell and Campbell in turn to William A. Stokes,
Greensburg lawyer, in 1863, when the name was changed to the "Westmoreland Republican," and then in 1864 to William W. Keenan, owner
of the "Greensburg Democrat," started ten years before.
Another paper, the "Greensburg Gazette," was started in 18  11 by
the Federalists, and David McLean was its first editor. McLean
moved to Pittsburgh in 1822, and Frederick J. Cope became the editor. John Black and Son acquired it in I828, and after the father's
retirement four years later, the son changed it to the "Westmoreland
Intelligencer." Successive owners were R. C. Fleeson, John Ramsey,
John Armstrong and his son, James Armstrong in I839. The Armstrongs purchased and merged with the "Intelligencer" the "Sentinel,"
a political paper started by John F. Beaver, lawyer, in i 840.
The "Pennsylvania Argus," maintained by the late John M. Laird
and his sons, Major James M. Laird and Francis Van Buren Laird;
became one of the outstanding newspapers of western Pennsylvania
ror sixty-four years. It was started back in 183  by Jacob Steck and
George Rippey, and was democratic to the core, and supported the
unsuccessful Henry A. Muhlenburg for Governor against Governor
Ritner. Losing support, it was sold at sheriff's sale and bought in by
Judge Jeremiah M. Burrell in I839, who after two years sold it to
Joseph Cort and James Johnston, who later sold it to S. S. Turney
and W. H. Hacke. The versatile editor John Laird, who conducted
the "Argus" from the time of its purchase by him on January I, I850
from Turney and Hacke, until his death in 1887, had received his early
newspaper training in Somerset, Ohio, and Steubenville. He was
vigorous in style and fearless in his editorial work, and none doubted
his sincerity for the cause of democracy. His two sons conducted the
S. P.-III-28
433SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
ordination as a priest, conducted missionary work on the Island of
Curacao, in the West Indies, and located in Philadelphia sometime
between 1787 and I789. He was commissioned by the Apostolic Prefect, Dr. John Carroll, to go to these western Catholics, and in aid
of this work, first purchased a tract of land on the eastern side of
the Loyalhanna Creek, two miles above Denniston's Town (present
New Alexandria), containing one hundred and sixty-two acres and
forty-three perches. The tract was patented under the name of
"O'Neil's Victory," and is still owned by the organization at St. Vincent's and known to them as the "Seven Mile Farm." Father Brouwers brought sufficient equipment along, in the way of farming utensils, to start his mission there, but no church structure was ever built.
He was the guest of Christian Ruffner, who lived close to the Great
Road through ancient Hannastown and who, with his neighbors, got
a vision of a new Catholic congregation in the new town of Greensburg, which was founded in I786, and to which the Westmoreland
County Court had been moved from Hannastown at the January
term of I787. On March I3, I789, the committee composed of
John Probst, John Young, Patrick Archbold, Simon Ruffner, Christian Ruffner and George Ruffner purchased from Philip Freeman, for
five shillings, and containing one acre and twenty perches, a tract
on Academy Hill, Greensburg, where is now located the Holy Sacrament Catholic Church.
In the spring of 179o eleven men (Philip Freeman, John Probst,
John Young, Patrick Archbold, Simon Ruffner, George Ruffner,
Henry Kuhn, John Topper, Patrick Griffin, Phillip Hart'man and
Christian Ruffner) built a church. Unfortunately, Father Brouwers
died on October 24, I790, and the church was never completed. The
roof was only completed up to the two last rows of shingles and was
never used for services. Ten years later the Rev. Peter Helbron
attempted to finish it, and found it so rotten that it had to be torn
down. During this attempt of Father Brouwers to establish a church
here, he decided that "O'Neill's Victory" was not a proper place for
a church, because off the main highway and too distant from the main
settlements; so he purchased the tract which Joseph Hunter had
patented as "Sportsman's Hall," situate on the western side of the
Loyalhanna near Fort Shippen. Here Father Brouwers built a log
house, seventeen feet square, to serve as his residence, but he con38SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
paper successfully for the succeeding twenty-seven years, until it was
taken over by the present Greensburg newspaper combination.
D. W. Shryock became a vigorous editor, too, when he purchased
the old "Intelligencer" from the Armstrongs in 1850, when he changed
its name to the "American Herald" and then to the "Greensburg Herald." The year I850 marks a distinct milestone in Westmoreland
County journalism, because of the "Democratic Argus" and the
"Republican Herald." The "Greensburg Tribune" was founded in
I870 by J. R. McAfee, and run in opposition to the "Herald," but
David S. Atkinson, and Trevillo J. Weddell, two Greensburg attorneys, acquired interests and added spirit to the enterprise, which
resulted in their acquiring the "Herald" of Mr. Shryock, and publishing the combined "Tribune and Herald."
The publication of a daily newspaper in Greensburg began with
the "Greensburg Press," established by James B. Laux and J. H.
Ryckman, and its first issue on May I8, I88I. H. J. Brunot bought
Mr. Ryckman's interest, and financed the paper, until it was taken over
by the political group headed by John M. Jamison, and others. They
published the "Press," daily and weekly until its merger with the
"Greensburg Daily Tribune" later. After the old "Pittsburgh Times"
ceased its work, its political editor, the late Robert W. Herbert came
out to Greensburg to put metropolitan energy into the "Greensburg
Daily Tribune," which had been established in I886, in opposition to
the "Press." Walter J. Christy and Edward A. Cremer were successively editors of the "Press," and made of it a vigorous paper, until
its merger with the "Tribune." On January I, I924, the entire holdings of the Tribune-Press Publishing Company, were sold to E. Arthur
Sweeney and Robert B. Herbert, who organized the present TribuneReview Publishing Company, now controlling the newspaper situation
in Greensburg.
The D'emocrats were not to be outdone in the newspaper field, so
the late Darwin Musick and D'an P. Stahl founded the "Greensburg
Record," daily and weekly on April I, I886. This paper continued for
a decade or so, and then was discontinued when there became a multiplicity of dailies here, and Democratic interests waned somewhat. It
was a most interesting publication while it lasted. for Mr. Musick was
an able and discerning editor, if necessity required.
One of the most interesting of newspaper ventures, which came to
be an important part of the Greensburg newspaper set-up, was the new
434PUBLICITY
"Morning Review," with the late David J. Berry as practical owner
and manager, and E. Arthur Sweeney as city editor. He had received
his early training as a reporter for the daily "Greensburg Press,"
covering Jeannette in the local news. Mr. Berry had previously conducted the "Latrobe Clipper," and then established the "Morning
Star," at the county seat. At the daily "Tribune" was Crombie Allen,
and at the daily "Press," Edward A. Cremer, and this triumvirate
kept the daily newspaper field a lively one. Mr. Berry's "Star" became
financially involved, and was first purchased by a group headed by
James K. Clarke, who finally sold the plant to John S. Ritenour, former Uniontown and Pittsburgh editor. Mr. Ritenour conducted the
paper for a short time, but sensing the lessening patronage of so many
dailies, finally discontinued the paper and dismantled the plant.
It was at this point that Mr. Berry started the present "Greensburg Morning Review," which has continued as the leading daily newspaper in Westmoreland County since that time. The same plant, considerably enlarged by the addition of additional type-setting machines,
is also used for the issuing of the "Greensburg Daily Tribune." There
were many individual efforts to establish newspapers like "Frank
Cowan's Paper," the "Democratic Times," which Calvin A. Light
tried to turn into a Greenback party paper, and the "Greensburg Record," which existed for a time, first as a Democratic publication, then
as a Prohibition one, and finally as a Republican one, when it was
acquired by Frank A. Maddas, prominent Westmoreland County
brewer and politician.
There is also the interesting story of the "Westmoreland Democrat," which is still published and issued from the "Tribune-Review"
plant. It had its real beginnings back in the year I853, although by
mergers it is entitled to hark back to I799. Edward J. Keenan and
John King, Jr., started the paper on November I8, I853, and called
it the "Greensburg Democrat." Mr. King died in I854, and in I857
Mr. Keenan associated his brother, William W. Keenan with him in
the business. In I858 the firm name was changed to James Keenan
and Company, composed of three brothers, James Keenan, former
United States Consul to Hong Kong, China; Edward J. Keenan and
William W. Keenan. The last named became sole owner after the
death of James Keenan in I862, and the departure of Edward J.
Keenan to the Civil War. After his purchase of the "Westmoreland
Democrat" from William A. Stokes, Esq., on his return from war,
435SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Edward J. Keenan continued the editorial policy of the paper for a
time, and then sold it, along with his brother, to Dr. W. J. K. Kline,
and his cousin, Silas A. Kline, Esq., after which Amos B. Kline acquired
an interest. The name was changed to "Westmoreland Democrat" on
January I, I876, then it was sold to B. Frank Vogle and Thompson
R. Winsheimer on November 22, I882.
The "Westmoreland" has been a distinctly newsy paper through the
years, and Vogle and Winsheimer sold it to James K. Clarke in I9o8.
Mr. Clarke also purchased the "Morning Review" after disposing of
the "Star" to Mr. Ritenour. The paper later became the property of
James W. P. Hart, Washington County newspaper man; E. Arthur
Sweeney and Frank E. Seofert, who' formed the Greensburg Publishing
Company in September, I909, and continued the publication of the
"Morning Review" and the "Westmoreland Democrat," which has
still further continued under the "Tribune-Review" management.
Many of the Westmoreland County papers have been founded during the heat of political campaigns, and have been financed by different groups of Democrats and Republicans, as the needs of those bitter
campaigns arose. Most of these political enterprises in Westmoreland
and other counties have been short-lived. Out of the conditions brought
about by the I932 depression, however, there has been established a
newspaper distinctly political, but independent, which has wielded a
powerful influence, due to its satirical pronouncements, and its exposure
of political wrongs. The "Westmoieland Observer" was established
by H. H. Null, Jr., about January I, I93I, and he remains its editor
and sole owner. After a course at Bucknell University, Mr. Null
became a reporter for the "Greensburg Daily Press," where he acquired
the newspaper experience which he is now using. Later he became
part and parcel of the Westmoreland County Republican organization, and as a particular adherent of the Huff wing of the party, came
to know every slant of the political game. When the Republican
breakdown came during the Hoover administration, Mr. Null established the "Westmoreland Observer," and hammered away at the
Republicans until victory came in successive elections to the Democrats. When the Democratic organization sought later to forget former alliances, and build up an organization composed largely of former
Republicans, Mr. Null continued his attacks upon the Democratic
organization, and had a large part, through the paper's activities, in
bringing victory to the ticket headed by Governor Arthur H. James
436in 1938. The "Westmoreland Observer" has one of the largest circulations in the county, and is eagerly read by Republicans and Democrats alike.
Following the example of the county seat, the communities all
about, as they grew to appreciable size, had their local newspaper of
more or less influence. In historic Ligonier S. A. Armour established
the "Ligonier Free Press" on June I, I845, initially devoted to literature, morality, agriculture and other miscellany, but its editor soon
changed it to a Democratic organ, and the name to the "Valley Democrat."  In later years I. M. Graham, Esq., established the "Ligonier
Echo," which flourished under the pen of its able editor, and is now
being successfully issued by his heirs. The later "Ligonier American"
was founded and published by Mr. Cook.
The old community of Mt. Pleasant had the "Democratic Courier"
as its earliest paper. In later years the present "Mt. Pleasant Journal," now in its sixty-sixth year was ably edited by the late John L.
Shields, and is continued under the equally able editorship of Clark
Queer and H. M. Stoner. This paper publishes a magazine section
which is historical in character and circulates with other papers in
this section.
While the town of Latrobe was established about I852 when the
Pennsylvania Railroad was built, the town grew to such size that it
had its earlier newspapers, the "Latrobe Inquirer" beginning with
I86, and the "Latrobe Advance," with I873. David J. Berry started
the "Clipper," before coming to Greensburg, and in the course of the
years other mergers and combinations have resulted in the establishing of the present "Latrobe Bulletin," a daily newspaper, edited by
Thomas M. Whiteman. Mr. Whiteman was to the manner born at
Latrobe; went to New York and was admitted to the bar, but returned
to the old home town soon afterwards to become the editor of the
"Bulletin." It has a very large circulation in the eastern part of Westmoreland County, and is noted for its able and discriminating editorials, which Mr. Whiteman has written continuously since the paper
was founded about January I, I903. It carries the metropolitan news
service of the United Press, but still retains the spirit of the yesteryears in its news make-up. It is one of the few remaining papers
breathing the editorial mind of its leader, but being partisan as far as
Republican policies are concerned.
In Fayette County the publicity afforded by county newspapers
seems to have started one year earlier than in Westmoreland County.
PUBLICITY
437SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The need of such publicity arose through the importance of the traffic
along the old National Road from there to Brownsville, and on west
through Washington. The "Fayette Gazette and Union Advertiser"
was the first newspaper published beginning with January I2, I798,
by Jacob Stewart and C. M/lowry. Allen and Springer were the proprietors on February 22, 8o05, and they had changed the name to
"The Genius of Liberty and Fayette Advertiser." Others who were
in editorial charge of the paper through the years were James Allen,
Zadoc Springer, James Beeson, Samuel Littell, John Bouvier, John M.
Austin, Thomas Patton, William H. Whitton, Colonel William Reddick, Alonzo L. Littell, John Irons, John W. Shugart, John W. Skiles,
Robert T. Galloway, Thomas B. Searight, Armstrong Hadden, Charles
E. Boyle, G. W. K. Minor, John Bierer, Colonel Edward G. Roddy,
R. B. Brown, James F. Campbell, Frederick S. Rock, Albert M. Gibson, William H. Playford, George W. Litman, Captain William A.
McDowell, Asa F. Hill, Albert Marshall, Frank Higgins, William H.
Cook, A. H. Waychoff, Thomas Hazen, and Thomas S. Gorley.
On May I, I896, the paper was conducted by the new Genius of
Liberty Company, formed by Frank P. Cottom, Albert Marshall and
T. Robb Deyarmon. The business was reorganized under the Fayette
Publishing Company in I900, and the first regular daily "Evening
Genius" was established on May I4, 900oo. Here John S. Ritenour
was the leading spirit for some years and then David J. Berry, of
Greensburg, John O'Donnell, William L. Leamon, John L. Keffer,
Jesse L. Kaufman and W. P. Harader. The paper has continued
uninterruptedly through the succeeding years, and is now issued as the
"Genius and Evening Daily," under the editorship of J. Fred Shean.
It can thus be noted that the "Genius" has had a newspaper ancestry
of more than one hundred and forty years, and is second in age in
western Pennsylvania.
The present "News-Standard," of Uniontown, edited by O'Neil
Kennedy, has a distinguished editorial ancestry, and is another of the
city's strong newspapers. It had its beginnings as the "Pennsylvania
Democrat and Literary Gazette," founded by Jacob B. Miller on July
25, I827. John F. Beazell, Samuel MacDonald, William MacDonald
and Thomas Foster conducted it successively, and called it later the
"American Standard," espousing the "Know Nothing" political cause.
The "Uniontown News" was the successor of the "Three Towns"
of Brownsville, and it had such men as Charles D. Cormer, John D.
438PUB LICITY
Carr, Robert W. Herbert, later of the "Greensburg Tribune," Wooda
N. Carr, A. M. Claybaugh, and Frank M. Fuller, former Secretary of
the Commonwealth, conducting it up to the time of the consolidation
with the "Republican Standard," and "Fayette County Republican" on
March 2I, I879.
The late O. J. Sturgis, one of the best of Fayette County editors,
began with the "Republican Standard" in I88I, and finally acquired
sole ownership of the paper on October 30, I 893, when he consolidated
it with the "News," under the new name of the "News-Standard."
After his death on May I4, I9o8, its control was successively in William H. Cook and Harold G. Sturgis, down to the present time.
Uniontown has had its large share of political' and semi-political papers
during the last century, some of them short-lived, and others merging
with those that have carried on all the way through.
In earlier days long accounts-of interesting events were not written,
and the visit of a Presiden.t, brought but this brief item of publication
on June 28, I830: "General Jackson, President of the United States
arrived in this place (Uniontown) Wednesday evening, June 2I, I830,
and took lodging at the stage office."
Brownsville, being the important shipping point on the Monongahela, had its quota of newspapers also. The earliest was the "Brownsville Gazette," beginning January I4, I8o9, and printed every Tuesday by "John Berry, Printer, on Market Street, opposite Colonel
Brashear's Inn." Then followed the "WTestern Repository" in I8Ioi;
the "Western Palladium" in I812; and the "American Telegraph,"
established by John Bouvier in I8I4, which was afterwards merged
with the "Genius of Liberty" at Uniontown. Other short-lived papers
were the "Western Recorder," I8I7; "American Observer;" I825,
also merged with the "Genius of Liberty"; "Western Spy," 1824; and
the "Brownsville Galaxy," I829. On August 7, I829, there appeared
this significant notice in one of them:
"Whereas, Fanny Morton, alias Kerr, has without cause left my
habitation, and is floating in the ocean of tyrannical extravagance,
prone to prodigality, taken a wild goose chase, and kindled her pipe
with the coal of curiosity, to abolish such insidious, clandestine, noxious,
pernicious, diabolical and notorious deportment, I therefore caution
all persons from harboring or trusting her on my account, as I will pay
no debts of her contracting from this date, unless compelled by law.
JOHN KERR."
439The later papers were the "Brownsville Intelligencer," I830;
"Brownsville Free Press," Whig, I843; "Brownsville Times," Democratic, I857; "Brownsville Clipper," Whig and Republican, reputed
to be one of the oldest, which became the "Greenback Banner," later
the "Labor Advocate," after I877. Connellsville had its early newspapers also: the "Connellsville Herald," i 8 I5-20; "Connellsville Enterprise," I859; "Fayette Monitor and Youghioghenian," I870; "Baptist Messenger," I879; "Connellsville Tribune," I874, Republican and
later changing its political allegiance; and the "Fayette Patriot," 1859,
which was short-lived. The "Keystone Courier" was started on July
I9, I879, when Connellsville began its early career as a coke center,
by H. P. Snyder. Later John H. S. Stimmell joined in on the ownership, and for years this has been known to the reading and advertising public as the "Connellsville Courier." This paper prided itself
in being authority on conditions in the Connellsville coke regions.
Washington County was second in the time of establishing newspapers west of the Monongahela River, when the "Western Telegraph
and Washington Advertiser" was first issued on August 17, 1795, by
John Colerick, William Hunter and W. H. Beaumont. It was distinctly Federalist in its political attitude, and carried the motto: "Freedom But Not Licentious." The proprietors started a book store also,
and on January 6, I796, went into the book binding business. John
Colerick bought out his partners, and ran the paper until his death in
t8o8. It was discontinued in  812. The next paper was the "Herald
of Liberty," established by John Israel in I798.
The "WXashington Reporter" was founded on August 15, I8o8 bySOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
William Sample and William B. Brown. Mr. Sample conducted the
paper until I833, and the following years the following Washingtonians were owners or connected with the paper: Samuel Workman,
B. S. Stewart, George W. Acheson, John Ramsey, S. B. Robinson, U.
W. Wise, John Bausman, J. W. F. White, James G. Sitrean, Robert
Strean, William S. Moore, Enos L. Christman, H. A. Purviance,
James Armstrong, J. W. McWilliams, Alexander Gow, and William
Christman. The Observer Publishing Company was organized on
January I, I903, with John L. Stewart owning the controlling interest,
and Minor H. D'ay, as editor.
Older papers were the "Western Corrector," 1809-I I; the "Washingtonian," 18I2, and the "Washington Examiner," founded by John
Grayson on May 28, 1817, and conducted by him until I833. The
paper upon which to print the issues was secured also from the old
Redstone Paper Mills at Brownsville. Later owners were William
Jack, Thomas W. Grayson, Cornelius C. Kane, James B. Ruple,
Andrew Hopkins, George S. Hart, Adam Ecker, John R. Donohoe,
D. F. Patterson, and it was later merged with the "Washington
Review and Examiner" with William Swan as editor, and finally suspended publication in I887. Mr. Rufus tried to make a daily paper
out of it but failed.
Other papers through the years included the "Democratic Eagle,"
started by Thomas Morgan, on September I5, I827. The late Dr.
Francis J. LeMoyne was so enthusiastic in the cause of the abolition
of slavery, that he founded the "Washington Patriot" and conducted
it from I845 to I849. The "Commonwealth," first Whig and later
Republican, I848, was consolidated later with the "Reporter"; and
the "Washington Weekly Review" was started in I85I by William
Swan and William Reitzel, and was later consolidated with the "Examiner." The "Tribune" was established by John Bausman in I856, and
consolidated with the "Reporter" in i 860. The "Washington Democrat" was founded April 3, I878, and suspended in I920. James W.
P. Hart took hold of the paper on January I, I904, but after its
suspension, he went over to Westmoreland County to engage in editorial work for a time. Mr. Hart had first started the "Washington
Record" for the Jones Brothers' coal interests, and when this concern
went into receivership, the support for the paper fell, and it suffered
a like fate. The "Washington Daily News" had a brief existence as a
Republican paper from  I9I4 to I920, and the "Washington Daily
442PUBLICITY
Journal" from I889 to I894. Thus did the county of Washington,
particularly at the county seat, see many efforts at journalistic publicity
fall, while others have survived.
Another of the survivors is the "Washington Advance," founded
on September I8, I871, by Horace B. Durant and Murray A. Cooper.
The noted Erasmus Wilson came from Belmont, Ohio, and acquired
an interest in the paper in 1872, and its name was changed to "Washington Observer," on March 4, I874. He stayed with the paper until
January I, I873, and then moved over to Pittsburgh to begin his distinguished career there as the writer of the daily column: "Quiet Observer." Others connected with the "Washington Observer" were B. F.
Hassan, Alex Wisehart, Harry J. Shellman, Charles M. Campbell,
James A. Stockney, the late Congressman Ernest F. Acheson, Winfield
McIlvaine, Clark T. Bartlet, Lem Day, and John L. Stewart. It was
established as a morning daily on October 2I, I889, and was the first
daily newspaper in Washington. It is published from the same plant
with the "Washington Reporter," an evening daily, and under the
same editorship of John L. Stewart.
Other newspapers in Washington County are: the "Burgettstown
Enterprise," E. B. Maurey, editor; "California Sentinel," John Matta,
Jr., editor; "Canonsburg Notes," George A. Anderson, editor; "Charleroi Mail," H. E. McCamic, editor; "Claysville Recorder," J. L.
and John Melvin, editors; "Donora Herald-American," Will H. Watson, editor; "Finleyville Bulletin-Advertiser," Leo E. Hannah, editor;
"McDonald Record-Outlook," G. C. Kuehnart, editor; "Monongahela Republican," Floyd M. France, editor; "Roscoe Ledger," Joe
T. S. Cowan, editor.  The "Monongahela Republican" was ably
edited by the famed Chill W. Hazzard, beginning with I88I. Monongahela's first newspaper was the "Williamsport Chronicle," when that
town was originally known as Williamsport.
Somerset County had an early start in newspapers also, with the
first newspaper, known as the "German Farmer," published by John
Youngman in I804. It was printed in both English and German, for
there were many of the latter extraction in the county. George Maurer
started the "Somerset Gazette" in I807, and there was the "Western
Telegraph" begun in 18I2, in both English and German. The "Somerset Whig" was published by John Patton from 18I3 to I829, and
then by John Y. and Jacob M. Glessner. Thomas Patton, brother of
John Patton, of the Uniontown "Genius of Liberty" conducted it as a
443OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
tinued to celebrate Mass at the home of Christian Ruffner. In his
will Father Brouwers provided as follows:
"I give and bequeath all my real estate, viz.: the place on which
I now live called Sportsman's Hall and one other tract of land on
Loyalhanna Creek called O'Neill's Victory, with their appurtenances,
to a Roman Catholic priest who shall succeed me at this place, to be
entailed to him and to his successors in trust and so left by him who
shall succeed me to his successors, and so in trust and for the use
herein mentioned in succession forever. And that the said priest
for the time being shall strictly and faithfully say four masses each
and every year forever, viz: one for the soul of Rev. Theodore
Brouwers on the day of his death and each and every year forever,
and three others the following days in each year as aforesaid at the
request of Rev. Theodore Brouwers. And further it is my will that
the priest for the time being shall transmit the land so left to him in
trust, as aforesaid, to his successor clear of all encumbrance."
Early in the winter of I799, Rev. Peter Helbron, of St. Mary's
congregation, Philadelphia, was appointed pastor of the so-called
Sportman's Hall congregation, and immediately set out for his new
charge. On arrival he found the house and farm occupied by a tenant who refused to vacate, so he had to set about to build up the financial interests of his group of seventy-five communicants by the revenue
secured from the farms. Securing possession of the hall, he conducted
services there until a small log chapel was built in I8 I o of hewn timber, forty by twenty-six feet, and this became the first Catholic church
building west of the Laurel Hill. Father Helbron wanted to change
the name to "Clear Springs." Some called it "Springfield," but it kept
the historic name until 1835, when it was changed to "St Vincent's."
For two years after the death of Father Helbron, the congregation
was served on occasions by Father O'Brien, of St. Patrick's, Pittsburgh,
and Father Gallitzin, of Loretto, and then had Rev. Charles B.
McGuire until I82I. During this period trustees were appointed for
the property under an Act of the Legislature. This caused friction as
between the congregation and the bishop, so that the succeeding pastor, Father Terence McGirr, was much maligned and retired in
I829. The Rev. James A. Stillman then was sent to take charge of
Sportsman's Hall and the Blairsville congregations, and by his com39SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Democratic paper from I834, and it was suspended in I840. John
Patton started and published the "Somerset Patriot" for a short time
in I833, and the "People's Guardian Democratic," and its successor,
the "Somerset Weekly Visitor," was put out from I842 to I853.
The "Somerset Democrat" is a paper of the longest existence, having been started in I854 by the rugged and brilliant Chauncey F.
Mitchell, a Democrat of the old school, whose son, Walter S. Mitchell,
was the cashier of the Mellon Bank for many years, while it was both
a partnership and a national bank. It was born in the heat of an
intense political period, and had much to do with the Know-Nothing
and Democratic campaigns. It was sold to Henry G. Baer and George
F. Baer on January I, I86I, and succeeding editors have been John
Valentine, John Hoffman, J. K. Coffroth, A. H. Coffroth, Jr., R. M.
Linton, Alex B. Groff, and James B. Werner. Before the coming of the
dailies, it was a strong paper in the county. The "Somerset Herald" has been the Republican weekly and semi-weekly paper of the
county for the last fifty years and more and is now edited by Henry
Baker Reilly. There is also the "Somerset County Times," a Democratic organ, of more recent standing, with John M. Keahoe, as editor.
In addition to the "Somerset Herald," Henry Baker Reilly also
edits the daily "Somerset American," which serves the county well as
an agent of publicity, and as a purveyor of news. In other parts of the
county are the "Berlin Record," more than fifty years old, Penn G.
Dively, editor; the "Boswell News," J. C. O'swalt, editor; "Myersdale Republican," founded in I9oo, which formerly was the "Myersdale Commercial," founded in I878, edited by James A. Black; the
"Somerset County Leader," at Rockwood, and the "Windber Era,"
edited by Robert McCann. In former days Confluence had the "Turkeyfoot News," and Boswell, a later mining and lumber community,
the "Quemahoning Sentinel."
The northern part of Somerset County, which later became Cambria, had its earliest newspaper as the "Western Sky," published at
historic Beula in I798. It was printed by Ephraim Conrad, and did
not have an advertisement in it. Ebensburg naturally became the
newspaper center of the county, until the coming of the Johnstown
dailies. There was a great train of different types of newspapers
there, which purveyed the news and advertisements to all parts of the
county. After Ebensburg became the county seat, the "Olive Branch
and Cambrian Record" was first published in 1818. Its famous editor,
444PUBLICITY
Thomas Foley, not being able to make his paper go, was put in prison
for debt in I820. He then went down to Blairsville and established
the "Blairsville Record," as that town came into prominence on the
canal in 1826, and brought it back to Ebensburg in 183 i as the "Ebensburg Sky," which existed until 1836. There were these papers through
the succeeding years of shorter duration: "Cambria Democrat," I832I 833; "Democratic Journal," "Mountain Sentinel," "Mountain Democrat," and then the "Democrat and Sentinel," in I853.
The "Cambria Freeman" came into existence in 1867, and then
followed the "Cambria Tribune," from I9oo to I922. Ebensburg's
two weekly newspapers now are the "Mountaineer-Herald," a merger
of the "Cambria Herald" and the "Mountaineer," and this is edited
by Donald F. Thompson; and the old "Cambria Freeman," started in
1867, and edited by Paul F. Adams, the balance of political editing is
maintained, with the former being Republican in its policies and the
latter Democratic.
The most interesting long-time newspaper rivalry existed in the
city of Johnstown for many years, and while the political complexion
of the two daily newspapers published there were diametrically
opposed politically, and thus furnished the reading public perhaps the
best newspaper west of the Allegheny Mountains, the metropolitan
area of Pittsburgh not excepted. This was due to the able editorship
of both papers, and their matching of editorial wits. The inland
newspapers in the communities all about have produced more editors
of the Horace Greeley type in former years. The present-day lazy
method of inserting "canned" editorials, furnished by newspaper
bureaus, does not add to the value of a newspaper. Some of the
larger dailies in Pittsburgh and other places have brought to their
news and editorial columns the art of the department store advertisement make-up man, much messing up the paper with inappropriate
pictures, and "mat" news. Due to such practices, a wavering newspaper policy has become more general, and the papers of this generation can be said to lack the virile editorial vigor of twenty-five or fifty
years ago. There are numerous exceptions, however, in some of the
publications of these counties.
Johnstown's newspaperdom started with James M. Swank, when
he bought the plant of the "Cambria Gazette," published at Ebensburg
earlier, and latterly in Johnstown in I853. He changed the name to
the "Cambria Tribune," after Horace Greeley's "New York Tribune."
445SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
He set much of the type by candle light; had no composing stone; and
printed it on a rather primitive press. The first number was issued
December 7, I853. As Editor Swank put it himself: "The Cambria
Iron Company failed twice soon after the paper was started and many
circumstances operated against its prosperity. The Whig Party was
dying; the Democrats were in power in Cambria County; money was
scarce; and the times were hard."
The paper was a four-page, six-column affair. From i856 to 1864
it was under other management, and later Mr. Swank conducted it
from I864 to December 31, I869. George T. Swank later became
editor and proprietor, and continued as such for many years. Then
Anderson H. Walters acquired an ownership, and Walter W. Krebs,
later. Until the time of its merger the "Johnstown Tribune" and the
"Johnstown Democrat" were printed in separate plants owned by each
publishing company. But both papers are now printed from the same
plant on Locust Street. Harry Hesselbein is the managing editor of
the "Johnstown Tribune." From the time that George T. Swank came
into ownership and editorial charge the "Tribune" grew in size and
advertising matter, and has been published through the years as a
Republican party organ, and an evening daily.
As a political and business rival to the "Johnstown Tribune," the
later "Johnstown Democrat" was established on August 22, I888, as
a morning daily. It was conducted earlier under the ownership and
editorial direction of H. D. and L. D. Woodruff, and Warren Worth
Bailey came into its full editorial management in I893, and continued
such management until his death in I928. After his death Mrs. Georgia Bailey assumed the direction of its policies, until the merger of
the business part of the two papers a few years ago. Since that time
John C. Sheridan has been managing editor, and Hiram G. Andrews
editor. During the publication and direction of the paper by him,
Warren Worth Bailey sensed the value of a morning daily in these
significant words: "It is a well-known fact that practically all important events occur between I2 M:. and I2 P. M., in time for a morning newspaper to publish a full account, and then inform its readers
the first thing in the morning." That statement was promulgated by
him before the days of radio, when world news can now come so
quickly and instantly, and from all parts of the world during all time
zones.
AA.6PUBLICITY
As the days of business consolidations, depressions, and necessary
retrenchments came to be part of the present economic conditions, the
"Johnstown Tribune" and the "Johnstown Democrat," merged in a
business way, but retained their political policies and spirit, under
vigorous editorship. Both papers are now issued from the same plant,
and supply the city of Johnstown and the country all about with the
highest type of newspaper journalism. There have been similar economic and business combinations in Greensburg, in the case of the
"Morning Review" and the "Daily Tribune," issued morning and
evening respectively, and the weekly "Westmoreland Democrat," and
all from the same plant; also in Washington, where the "Washington
Observer," morning and the "Washington Reporter," evening, are
printed in the same plant, and under the same editorship.  Other
instances could be cited where there have been combinations of this
character.
There were consolidations and suspensions of newspapers during
the half century just ending, in all of the important towns in southwestern Pennsylvania. In Armstrong County there were in I890o the
"Apollo Herald," the "Dayton News" and the "Freeport Journal,"
and "Clipper," in Leechburg, the "Advance," and the "Reporter."
Kittanning had the "Armstrong Democrat and Sentinel," the "Armstrong Republican," the "County Standard," the "Globe," the "Times,"
and the "United Free Press." Ford City was later established as a
large industrial town by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, and in
I938, the county papers were the "Apollo News-Record," "Apollo
Sentinel," "Ford City News," "Armstrong Democrat and SentinelTimes," "Simpson's Leader-Times." "Kittanning Tribune," "Leechburg Advance," "Parker Phoenix," and the "Rural Valley Advance."
In I890o there were in Beaver County the "Beaver Argus and
Radical," "Globe-Star," "Times," the "Beaver Falls Evening Journal," "Tribune," "New Brighton-Beaver Valley News," and the
"Rochester Argus." In I938, due to added communities, there are
the "Aliquippa Gazette," "Ambridge Citizen," "Beaver Valley Labor
News of Beaver," "Beaver Democrat," "Beaver Times," "Beaver
Falls News-Tribune," "Beaver Falls News," "Beaver Falls Review,"
"Ellwood City Ledger," and the "Midland News."
Butler County had in I89o the "County Record," "Citizen,"
"Democratic Herald," "Eagle," "Times," and "Conoquenessing
News." The county has but four newspapers now: "Butler County
447SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Record," the "Butler Daily Eagle," the "Slippery Rock Signal," and
the "Zelienople News-Beacon." The "Daily Eagle" has been established since the city of Butler grew to large proportions, under the
direction of Levi M. and John L. Wise, and is the only daily newspaper in the county, and is capably edited.
Greene County, being predominantly Democratic in its political
life, has had its papers to keep the folks enlightened concerning the
affairs of the county. In I890 there were the "Greene County Democrat," the "Waynesburg Independent," the "Waynesburg Messenger,"
and the "Waynesburg Republican."  The "Messenger" was the first
newspaper in the county, first published in I8I3. In I890o the "Independent" claimed the largest circulation, having been started in I872.
The "Greene County D'emocrat" was established the year before,
while the "Republican" came into being in I833. Greene County has
thus had its political balance as far as newspapers are concerned, but
it has pretty generally gone Democratic at elections.  In I938 its
newspapers had been reduced to two: the "Democrat-Messenger,"
and the "Republican," the former being thus twenty years older than
the latter in this field.
The newspaper field in I890 in Indiana County was covered by
these distinctive newspapers: "Indiana Progress," "Republican, 18 I4;
"Messenger," I856; "Democrat," I 862; "Times," I878; "Indiana
County Gazette," I89o; all at the county seat. Blairsville had its
"Enterprise," I880; "Times-Reporter," I889; and "Evening Courier," I894. There was at Cherry Tree, the "Recorder," and at
Saltsburg, the "Press." In I938 the county seat now has the "Progress," "Messenger," "Democrat," "Patriot," "Indiana Countian," and
the "Gazette" which has been transformed into a daily. Marion Center has the "Independent," Blairsville the "Dispatch," and "The Saltsburg Press" is still published as one of the distinctive county papers,
serving an area in both Indiana and Westmoreland counties. It was
established in I875, and Hugh W. Walkinshaw, father of this author,
was the first secretary of the publishing company. For some years
earlier it was published by several editors, later by Brown and Lowe,
and for many years it has been ably edited by R. A. Walker. It is
one of the old-time newspaper plants, serving faithfully a historic
community. This plant also prints for Dr. James R. E. Craighead
his church paper, called "The Bond" which is replete with news of the
AA8PUJBLICITY
old country churches served by him, the historic lore of old Elders
Ridge Academy, and original poetic productions from his pen.
Present-day caricaturing has developed into quite an art, as an aid'to editorial policies, ever since the days of Thomas B. Nast. Some
are much distorted, but the cartoons of "Cy" Hungerford, printed
daily on the editorial page of the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette," are the
finest produced in this area, and the peer of any in the land. His
likenesses are so near to the characters portrayed, that they hardly
need the name of the character on them. They are drawn almost up
to the hour of the occurrence they portray, or of the news local, State,
or even international, which they satirize. Cyrus C. Hungerford was
born on a farm near Indianapolis, Indiana, and is a self-taught cartoonist, as he was engaged about newspaper offices. He first worked
on the "''Parkersburg Sentinel," then on "Wheeling Register," and
finally came to Pittsburgh on the now extinct "'Pittsburgh Sun." When
the present "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" plant was organized, Mr. Hungerford engaged with it, and daily draws his cartoons, right up to the
news, at his desk in the new building of the paper at Grant Street and
the Boulevard of the Allies.
The "Pittsburgh Gazette" was the first newspaper in all western
Pennsylvania, with John Scull as its first editor. He was aided greatly
by the contributions of the famed Hugh Henry Brackenridge, pioneer
lawyer. It was difficult to secure paper in those early days; it being
first procured at Chambersburg, and transported over the mountains
on pack horses. On one occasion Mr. Scull had to borrow cartridge
paper from Major Isaac Craig, of Fort Pitt. Later a rag paper mill
was built at Brownsville by Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless,
which also supplied paper to plants in the district. No issues were
sold on newsstands then. One had to subscribe to secure the paper.
There were no labor unions then, to harass the editor with specific work,
maximum hours, or fixed rates per hour. Help was hard to get and,
like a free-lance job printer of the present day, Scull many times was
reporter, manager and typesetter, all in one. In the issue of October
Io, I808, this advertisement in the "Gazette" indicates its value as an
advertising medium:
"A living elephant may be seen in the Borough of Pittsburgh from
Wednesday the I2th. to Saturday the I5th. instant. Those who wish
to gratify their curiosity by viewing the wonderful works of nature will
S. P.-III-29
449SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
do well to call, for perhaps the present generation may never have the
opportunity of seeing an elephant again, as this is the only one in the
United States, in perhaps its only visit to this Borough."
Mr. Scull espoused the Federalist cause, and necessarily had opposition in these newspapers: "Tree of Liberty," i 800; "Commonwealth,"
I805; and the "Mercury," i8 I I. His son, John Irwin Scull, took over
the paper on August 9, I8I6, and two years later sold a half interest
to his cousin, Morgan Neville, son of General Pressley Neville, and
grandson of General John Neville. In I822 David McLean acquired
an interest in the paper but withdrew to take over the new "Greensburg Gazette," and in I829 Neville B. Craig bought the paper from
his cousin, Morgan Neville, and conducted it until 1841. He was perhaps the greatest editor the paper had, as he held sway in a very constructive period of the city's life. He was born March 29, I787, son
of Major Isaac Craig, in the blockhouse at Fort Pitt.
The "Pittsburgh Post," Democratic, was established as a weekly
newspaper in I804, and became a daily in I84I, and has continued
down to the present time as the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette," being a
merger of the old "Commercial-Gazette," descendant of the "Gazette." In I84I was established the first evening daily, the "Chronicle," which later merged with the "Telegraph," established in I873,
to form the "Chronicle-Telegraph." In I863 the "Commercial" was
established as a morning daily, and later merged with the "Gazette."
In later years the "Pittsburgh Sun," an evening paper, thrived and
was merged with the "Telegraph," to be published as the "Sun-Telegraph" down to the present time.
Pittsburgh had two distinct newspapers which functioned as able
dispensers of news and politics for many years, until their suspension
fifteen or more years ago. The "Pittsburgh Dispatch" was established
in 1845 as a Republican daily, and the "Pittsburgh Leader" as an
independent. Due to its boldness and force, the latter came to have
one of the largest circulations of any daily. It and the "Dispatch"
were backed by groups of active politicians and were a great force in
elections. For a time the "Pittsburgh Mail" functioned as a morning
daily. But the years of linotype machines and high-powered multiple
presses came, when production could be increased by a concentration
of plants. The smaller newspaper plants had to retire from the field,
and in consequence there were combinations and fewer newspapers.
450Today the Pittsburgh general newspaper field, aside from strictly
trade, church and other journals of that character, is covered by one
morning newspaper, the "Post-Gazette," and two evening papers, the
"Press" and the "Sun-Telegraph." The "Press" is one of the ScrippsHoward chain in many cities, and the "Sun-Telegraph" is under the
control of the Hearst syndicate.
A distinctive newspaper has been conducted in the city of McKeesport for the past fifty-five years, the "McKeesport Daily News." In
a jubilee edition published five years ago, its editor, Senator William
D. Mansfield, well said: "It's more than a newspaper, its a community institution." The one hundred and sixteen-page edition then
issued would have been impossible in I884, when typesetters struggled
several hours to compose one page. Two brothers, Harry S. Dravo
and Wesley B. Dravo, first issued the paper on July I, I884, later J.
B. Shale acquired an interest, then James L. Devenny, and still later
the Daily News Publishing Company was incorporated and took over
the plant. J. Denny O'Neil, prominent McKeesport Republican,
recorder of deeds, highway commissioner, and county commissioner;
E. W. Pitts, banker; and George Altmyer took over the majority of
stock and conducted the paper successfully until it was acquired by the
Mansfields in I927.
Lawrence County's newspaper field was covered in I89o by the
"New Castle Courant," founded in i852; the "New Castle Democrat," I840; the "Lawrenre Guardian," I887, an evening daily, succeeding a weekly started in I870; the "Lawrence News," I869; the
"Lawrence Journal," I849; and the "New Wilmington Globe," I88o.
STATION KDKA'S FIRST BROADCASTONE HUNDRED YEARS AFTER
THREE CHARACTERISTIC CARTOONS OF "CY" HUNGERFORD
FED-UPThis field has likewise suffered a contraction in the number and diversity of the plants, and there are but two newspapers locally there now,
as successors, namely the "New Castle News," daily, and the "New
Wilmington Globe."
One of the greatest aids to the production of a newspaper today is
the news-gathering agency. Some of the principal ones of these are
the Associated Press, the United Press, the Hearst Service, the Central Press Association, the Washington News Service, King Features,
and the different news service bureaus of New York papers. Some
years ago these features came down to the local newspapers by means
of a leased telegraph service. Now, with a kind of typewriter on each
end of the line there is the teletype service, which deposits the printed
news stories, composed at central points, and transmitted to each newspaper office in the land that uses the service. Where in former days
a city news editor was sometimes harassed with his inability to get out
a paper of interest, due to scarcity of news, now the teletype deposits
almost in the lap of the editor a continual stream of national and
world news. If local news is scarce, the daily then takes a more cosmopolitan aspect.
Electricity has been a great aid to advertising by the use of night
signs of all kinds. Upper Broadway in New York City has the cream
PRESENT TRANSMISSON ROOM, STATION KDKA, AT SAXONBURGSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
bined firmness and gentleness the turbulent conditions in the parish
were smoothed over. The old church was then torn down and a
new one erected and dedicated on July 19, 1835, which is still standing and is interwoven in a very substantial way into the fabric of St.
Vincent's Archabbey buildings.
This early history of the predecessor of St. Vincent's congregation shows that the work of an active congregation was not begun
until more than ten years after the beginning of the first church at
Loretto in I799. The Greensburg church building was never used
as a dedicated place of Catholic worship during these early years,
and Loretto, therefore, has the distinction of being the first place of
such congregational worship west of the Alleghenies. Some of the
difficulties of the earlier days arose out of the financial manipulations
of Father Brouwers' estate and that of his successor, Rev. Francis
Rogatue Fromm. Bishop John Carroll was elevated to the Bishopric
in England on August I5, I789, and arrived in Baltimore to assume
his duties here on December 7, I789. Catholic Church matters then
began to take on a more substantial aspect and many congregations
were established throughout the country.
A group of pioneers of the Roman Catholic faith settled in the
later Sugar Creek Township in Armstrong County in I797. Father
Patrick Lonergan visited them in I8oi and Father Peter Helbron in
I803, performing the services of the church for them. Their first log
church edifice was built during the pastorate of Rev. Lawrence Sylvester Phelan, sometimes called Whalen, I8o5-Io. The congregation was also visited, I8Io to I820, by Fathers O'Brien and Macguire from Pittsburgh, and by Father McGirr, from Sportsman's
Hall, and they had as regular pastors: Fathers Charles Ferry, I82II827, and Patrick O'Neil, I827-34. Father Lonergan bought some
lands near Waynesburg in Greene County, with the intention of
establishing a Catholic colony there, but he was not successful in this.
The second brick church built by the Sugar Creek congregation was
destroyed by fire on January I, I872, and having allowed the old log
church to stand through the years, they resumed worship in the log
church during the erection of the third (present) building. The one
hundredth anniversary of the founding of this parish was observed
during the pastorate of Father Patrick Diskin, who was a priest at
Donora at the time of his death a year ago.
4oof such advertising by way of its myriads of colored lights of different
hues, and apparently in motion. This is all produced by the manipulation of the electric current to diversified lights. One special type of
advertising is the Neon sign, which is used more generally for still
lighting. They are found atop the highest buildings, and on the high
hillsides all about a city like Pittsburgh. Manufacturing plants use
them to show the passers-by in automobile and train. Pittsburgh, our
metropolitan city here, has imitated New York in this regard but in a
smaller degree. The smaller communities, as well as the cities hereabout, have their lighting systems and advertising signs, that make
the scenes beautiful after dark. And much of this has come through
the great contributions made by the inventors of southwestern Pennsylvania.
Of greater wonder, however, is the radio system, by which the
human voice and the instrumental music can be carried to every home;n the land. Due to its perfection, since the days when the XxSest'nghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company established the first station at East Pittsburgh, now there are the following radio stations
through the area covered by these annals'
KDKA, and its shortwave station, W8XK, Pittsburgh.
WCAE, conducted by the "Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph," Pittsburgh.
PRESENT STATION KDKA AT SAXONBURGPUBLICITY
WJAS and KQV, conducted in the Chamber of Commerce Building, Pittsburgh.
WWSW, in the Keystone Hotel, Pittsburgh.
WHJB, sponsored by the Penn Albert Hotel, Greensburg.
WJAC, sponsored by the "Johnstown Tribune," Johnstown.
WMBS, Uniontown.
Some of these stations have tie-ups with such chains as the National
Broadcasting Company, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the
Mutual Broadcasting System, the first named being further subdivided
into the "Red" and "Blue" networks. By this means, when the President of the United States desires to send a message out to the people,
he can do so by having the microphones of each system before him.
The football games of such colleges as Pitt, Carnegie, Washington and Jefferson, Duquesne, Westminster, Grove City and St. Vincent
are broadcast, play by play.'The radio is most used by merchants and
manufacturing concerns to advertise their wares. When political campaigns are at their height, it is also used by the spellbinders to convey
to the people the argument of their respective candidates.
The radio is further being used, by means of a distribution system
in high schools, to convey a special message from the principal to the
teachers, and vice versa. Special connections can be made by which
the entire system in the school may be connected up with any of the
general broadcasting systems. This narrator, as this is being published,
has given more than two hundred weekly historical broadcasts, speaking an average of two thousand words at each broadcast over Station
WHJB, Greensburg. This broadcast covers the area included in this
history, and also parts of northern Maryland, northern West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, and to the eastward of the Allegheny Mountains. Such schools as East Huntingdon Township High School and
South Huntingdon Township High School in Westmoreland County,
have repeatedly heard these historical messages in the classroom.
With television in the offing, one wonders what the radio will next
provide, especially along this line. The spoken word into the radio
is the swiftest means of advertising, but the printed page still has its
place. Great newspapers all depend upon advertising to support them,
much more than subscription lists; but the paper with the larger circulation commands higher prices for advertising.
455CHAPTER XIX
Community Service
Present Aids to Community Life-Young Men's Christian Associations
and Kindred Organizations-The Boy Scout Troops-Women's
Clubs Non-Political-Fraternalism as Exemplified by Masonic and
Other Lodges-The Dinner Clubs: Rotary, Kiwanis, Lions, Exchange, Hungry-The College Groups-Community Chests and
Other Charities-Emergency Relief and the Federal and State SetUps-The County Historical Societies-Community Celebrations at
Fort Necessity, Bushy Run, Hannastown, Cresson and Similar
Points, and the Placing of Markers-The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, and Its Tours--The Patriotic Societies-Order of
the Founders and Patriots of America-The Colonial Dames, Sons
of the American Revolution-Daughters of the American Revolution
-Daughters of I812-Grand Army of the Republic-Sons of Veterans-Spanish-American War Veterans-Veterans of Foreign Wars
-The American Legion-Allegheny County and Other Sesqui-Centennials-The Growth of the Community Spirit-What of the Future?
The annals of southwestern Pennsylvania would not be complete
without a review of those elements which, from a personality standpoint, have made their contribution to the historic conditions all about
us. From a mere pioneer neighborliness growing out of the conditions in the primeval woods, there has come through two centuries and
more a complexity that might awe an observer. But it has been a
natural growth, springing from the seeds of this early neighborliness.
There were first the forts as havens of refuge, then the courts of justice
scattered here and there, as the reign of law began. The Revolutionary War brought about a cementing of Colonial governments which
crystallized in the Union of the States. The War of I8 I2 confirmed
the right of the new nation to live, and the people turned to a develI sopment of land and its extension westward. The spirit of neighborliness was in vogue, in greater or less degree, until the issues of the
Civil War were fought out to determine whether the issues determined
in 1776 should live and endure. As the complexities of civilization
due to the greatly increased population came on following the Civil
War period, the questions of social service to the communities arose,
and these have brought forth a great lot of organizations of value to
the community.
One of the chief among these are the Young Men's Christian Associations. These had their beginnings with the initial organization of
Sir George Williams in London, England, on June 6, I 844. The movemnent  spread  through
England, and then to the
United States and Canada during the next decade or two.  The first
Young Men's Christian
Association was formed
on the American Continent at Montreal, Canada, on November 25,
I85I. The first association in the United States
was formed in Boston on
December 29, 1i8 I. This
was soon followed by the
organization of associations at New York, Philadelphia, and on west to Pittsburgh. The
Pittsburgh Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1854
by a group of thirty young men headed by William E. Hunt, a ministerial student in the Western Theological Seminary, in rooms at Third
Avenue and Market Street. For many years later it had living headquarters and owned a building at the corner of Seventh Street and
Penn Avenue. Upon the organization of the Metropolitan Young
Men's Christian Association of Pittsburgh, branches were located in
all parts of the city, and the present downtown skyscraper building was
erected in I924. The sixtieth anniversary of the Pittsburgh Young
Men's Christian Association was appropriately observed with a monsY. M. C. A. BUILDING, GREENSBTJRGSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
ter mass meeting in old Exposition Hall, addressed by President
Woodrow Wilson.
The growth of the movement in the Pittsburgh area naturally
resulted in the organization of associations at Johnstown, Greensburg,
Connellsville, Washington, New Castle, Butler, Indiana, and other
centers. There was much more of community life confined within
narrower bounds in those days, and the associations were popular
centers for young men. The Civil War activities took many young
men and thus depleted the associations, so that some of them went to
sleep for a time, to be revived afterwards. Many of them, however,
have had a continuous and active existence down to the present time.
In later years the trunk-line railroads came to appreciate the value
of the Young Men's Christian Association organization, and each of
the systems established Railroad Young Men's Christian Associations,
paying the salaries of the general secretaries of each of them, but
working through a general supervision and attachment to the State
organization at Harrisburg. This has resulted in organizations of
this character being established at division and intermediate points like
Pitcairn Derry, Conemaugh, Conway, Connellsville, Glenwood, and
other points.
Industrial organizations like Westinghouse, Carnegie Steel Company, Jones and Laughlin, and National Tube Works, and others,
sensed also the value of the association to the welfare of their men, and
they have contributed well to the activities of such o-rganizations as
those at Wilmerding, McKeesport, Homestead, Aliquippa, and other
places. There arose also a movement among the mining men, which
had its beginnings in the anthracite coal regions, and which brought to
the mining towns the benefits of the Young Men's Christian Association, commensurate with their local needs. Under the direction of
the State Committee there was organized in Greensburg on August 20,
1902, the Bituminous Region Committee, with a general secretary and
traveling secretaries, who went out to the mining towns west of the
mountains and organized local associations. Out of this constructive
work came the first movement which was designated as "First Aid" in
industrial plants. During the summers great team contests were gotten up, with the result that the movement spread to all of the industrial plants, where it is in vogue today.
Those who are most interested in the Boy Scout movement give
credit to the Young Men's Christian Association for its inauguration
458COMMUNITY SERVICE
of work among boys. That came naturally out of work for young
men, who were the boys a few years previous. The Young Men's
Christian Association had in centers conducted boys' work since 1867.
Lord Baden-Powell, head of the movement in England, had a tablet
placed at Birkenhead, indicating that the Boy Scout movement began
there on January 24, I9o8, in the Young Men's Christian Association.
In I902 Ernest Thompson Seton started an organization which he
called "Indians," which emphasized woodcraft and outdoor life among
boys. Between I867 and I902 the Young Men's Christian Association had conducted upwards of four hundred boys' camps throughout
the country. Daniel Carter Beard had organized the "Sons of Daniel
Boone," and other local organizations of scouts had sprung up all
over the country, particularly in connection with the long-time Young
Men's Christian Association activities. These crystallized into the
present "Boy Scouts of America," which was fully organized and incorporated in 9 Io.
The Boy Scout movement in southwestern Pennsylvania has displayed much activity, and at the present time has many camps in the
mountains and close to the beautiful streams of the area. The regional
headquarters are in Philadelphia, comprising the states of Pennsylvania, northern Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland. The Johnstown troops in Cambria County have a large casmp, called "Kiwa-LiRota," at Entriken, Pennsylvania. The McKeesport troops have a
camp, called "Aliquippa," in the Indian Creek Valley at Champion,
and camps of other Allegheny County groups are: "Sagamore," at
North Girard, for Homestead; "Twin-Echo," near New Florence, for
the east boroughs of Allegheny County; other Pittsburgh areas:
"Umbstaetter," at Sewickley; "Guyasuta," at Aspinwall; "Laurel
Mountain," at Rector; "Reservation" at Amity. Butler and Armstrong County scouts combine in a camp near Slippery Rock, called
"Bu-Co-Co"; and Indiana has its camp, called "William Penn" at
Penn Run. Lawrence County Boy Scouts have their outings at "John
M. Phillips" camp at Portersville, while Westmoreland County has a
commodious camp on the Four-Mile Run, which they called "WVesco."
Still another camp is "Wildwood" at Confluence. The Boy Scout
movement as conducted in western Pennsylvania has been far-reaching,
as it has been conducted through wise leadership.
A great many women's clubs have sprung up through the years
which are planned to give community service. Some of them are
459SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
divided according to age, and others are known as business and professional women's clubs. The great majority of them hold interesting
meetings, with large attendance and well-arranged programs of a
literary, scientific, and educational nature. Each of them aim to adopt
a program peculiar to the community in which they are located, but
they are all bound together, for united effort, in what is known as the
Federation of Women's Clubs, with county and State set-ups.
Beginning about the year 1870 many fraternal organizations have
sprung up which aid in community service in many ways which are not
publicly announced. The Masonic lodges, and their attached organizations, like the Knights Templar, the Consistory, and similar bodies,
and the Odd Fellows, with their attached bodies, have existed for
more than a century. The latter fraternity has a few homes scattered
through the area, while the Masonic bodies have the Ancient Arabic
Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, designated for short as "The
Shrine"; and the "Tall Cedars of Lebanon," help to foster the lighter
strains of life, and afford amusement for their respective members.
Pittsburgh is a center of Masonic activity, with its Masonic Temple, and its Syria Mosque. In the Temple, meet many bodies of the
different gradations of Freemasonry, including the Scottish Rite Consistory. The Mosque is owned by the Syria Temple of the Mystic
Shrine, and is a great center for musical programs and conventions, in
addition to its fraternal activities. At New Castle the Scottish Rite
Masons have another commodious and beautiful building, and at
Johnstown is another building built by the Johnstown Masons in which
their bodies meet. These are shown in the accompanying pictures, to
indicate their beautiful and architectural effect. Each of them, along
with the many temples erected by the Elks, Moose, Eagles, Knights of
Columbus, and kindred fraternal organizations, meet the needs of
these respective organizations in carrying out their respective type of
fraternalism.
The dinner clubs are a distinctive type of community service that
have grown up in more recent years. They meet at a set time each
week, at the noon or evening dinner hours, and require that the members keep up a regular attendance at these meetings. The oldest of
these is Rotary International, which was founded in 9iIo, and which
has its principal office in Chicago, Illinois. In its District No. I76 are
clubs in the counties of Somerset, Fayette, Greene, Washington, Westmoreland, Allegheny and Beaver, the governor of this district being
46oF. DeWitt Zuerner, of Scott High School, Braddock. In its District
No. 175 are clubs in the counties of Lawrence, Butler, Armstrong,
Indiana and Cambria, together with a few others not included in this
history's area, and having as its governor Robert H. Miller of Titusville, Pennsylvania. The District No. 176 has a membership of fortysix clubs, and a total membership of over two thousand, thus showing
the extensiveness and usefulness of the organization.
The slogan of Rotary is: "Service Above Self-He Profits Most,
Who Serves Best," and its objects are: "To encourage and foster the
ideal of service as a basis of worthy enterprise; and in particular: I.
The development of acquaintance as an opportunity for service; 2.
High ethical standards in business and professions; the recognition of
the worthiness of all useful occupations; and the dignifying by each
Rotarian of his occupation as an opportunity to serve society; 3. The
application of the ideal of service by every Rotarian to his personal,
business and community life; 4. The advancement of international
understanding, good-will, and peace through a world fellowship of
business and professional men united in an ideal of service." The
emblem is a wheel with six spokes and twenty-four cogs, colors blue
and gold, inscribed with the words: "Rotary International."
CAMP WE CO. WESTMORELAND BOY SCOUTSThe next dinner club organization to function in this area is
"Kiwanis International," which has a slightly different form of organization.  Its slogan is: "Fervent in Fellowship, Sympathetic in Service." Its district office is in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, the district
governor being Fred L. Poulson. It also has lieutenant-governors
over districts, those for this particular area being District No. 2,
Walter A. Morris, Butler; District No. 3, Dr. D. Allison Walker,
Torrance; District No. 4, Thomas L. Paden, New Castle; District
No. 6, Dr. Donald H. Matthews, Johnstown. Some of these clubs
have very large attendance at their dinners, and they secure speakers
from time to time on subjects dealing with the objectives of Kiwanis
International. The objectives are, briefly: I. To give value to spiritual
things, rather than material. 2. To practice in daily living the principle
of the Golden Rule. 3. To promote the development of higher social,
business and professional relationships. 4. By precept and example, to
develop a more aggressive and intelligent citizenship.
The emblem of the organization is the letter "K" enclosed in a
circle, and the spirit of it: "We Build." This organization is also
PORTION OF CAMP TWIN ECHO, ALLEGHENY COUNTY BOY SCOUTSCOMMUNITY SERVICE
sponsoring a new organization for boys and girls, which is to be known
as the "Young Builders of America."
Still a third dinner club, which is called the "Lions," is largely
organized in southwestern Pennsylvania, and claims the largest membership in the land. The organization was founded in I9I7, and its
slogan has been worked out from the letters in the name: "Liberty,
Intelligence, Our Nation's Safety." It is officially known as the International Association of Lions Clubs, and also has its headquarters in
Chicago, Illinois. This section of the club's life is known as District
I4B, and has sixty clubs, under the leadership of Clarence Gephart,
Indiana, Pennsylvania, district governor. Region No. 3, comprising
the counties of Westmoreland, Washington, and the eastern part of
Allegheny County has Gothe Faust, Esq., as its deputy district governor.
The stated objects of the Lions Clubs are: I. To create and foster a
spirit of generous consideration among the peoples of the world,
through a study of the problems of international relationships from
the standpoint of business and professional ethics. 2. To promote the
theory and practice of the principles of good government and good
citizenship. 3. An active interest in the civic, commercial, social and
moral welfare of the community. 4. To unite the members in the
bonds of friendship, good fellowship, and mutual understanding. 5.
To provide a forum for the full and free discussion of all matters of
public interest, partisan politics and sectarian religion alone excepted.
6. To encourage efficiency and promote high ethical standards in business and professions.
As an instance of some of the practical work performed in community service, the Greensburg Lions render a distinct service to
underprivileged children, in the way of eyeglasses, medical treatment
to incurables, and the distribution of white canes to near-blind people,
to help them about, as well as a general sight assistance. Its emblem
is the letter "L" embossed on a pin around the border of which is
"Lions International."
Additional clubs like the Exchange, Hungry, Henry George, and
the Amen Corner, have been organized in the city of Pittsburgh, to
advance the free discussion of all kinds of subjects, and to afford a
period of good fellowship at the dinner hours.
In the college life of western Pennsylvania there are many literary
clubs, and Greek letter fraternities, as well as science clubs, that minis463OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
Catholic beginnings in the city of Pittsburgh start with the ministrations of the Rev. Francis X. O'Brien. He was a native of Maryland and came up from Mt. St. Mary's College to visit Father Helbron at Sportsman's Hall, and then came to Pittsburgh shortly after
November I, I8o8. He immediately began the erection of old St.
Patrick's Church, close to the old Union Station, on a property deeded
to Phillip Gilliland and Anthony Beelon by James O'Hara and wife,
November 6, I8I I, "on which the Catholic chapel is erected, in trust
for the Roman Catholic Congregation in Pittsburgh and vicinity, and
their posterity, forever." The congregation was so poor financially
that after the erection of the plain brick edifice, thirty by fifty feet,
the parishioners were permitted to select their location and have a
pew erected by their own carpenter and at their own expense. This
first building was dedicated by Bishop Michael Egan, of Philadelphia,
in August, I8II, he being the first bishop of the Roman Catholic
Church to visit Pittsburgh. Father O'Brien had the first pipe organ
in Pittsburgh installed in his church as a cost of $700 in I 8 I 2. The
Very Rev. Felix de Andreis made a trip from Baltimore through Pittsburgh in 1816, and not finding a place where he could celebrate Mass
for three hundred miles, thus describes conditions there: "The worst
of it was, however, that when we reached Pittsburgh, a pretty considerable town from a commercial point of view, there was no means
of obtaining.this consolation. Among a population of ten thousand,
the Catholics scarcely numbered three hundred..  ".. He found
the priest absent and had difficulty in getting a sufficient number present for a Mass. "We had to remain until the 23d of October at Pittsburgh, the waters of the Ohio being too low to allow us to proceed on
our way."
By far the most noted priest in Pittsburgh's early history was the
Very Rev. Charles Bonaventure Maguire. After his birth at Dungannon, Ireland, on December I6, I770, and early training there, he
acted as a priest in Netherlands and Germany, and later was a professor of theology in St. Isadore College at Rome. He visited at the
site of the battle of Waterloo before coming to America in I8I7.
Locating first at Ebensburg for a time, then at Sportsman's Hall,
he finally succeeded Father O'Brien at Pittsburgh when the latter's
health failed in I820. He entered so unselfishly into the work of the
community that he became a professor of Greek in the Pittsburgh
Academy, predecessor of the University of Pittsburgh, and continued
so until his death.
4Iter to the welfare of the student body, during the scholastic years.
After the graduates are out they join such a club as the "University"
in Pittsburgh, located within the educational center. Here also is the
Pittsburgh Athletic Association, with a pretentious building and ample
quarters in the Schenley District. All through the communities are
college clubs more or less local in character, but advancing the good
fellowship among graduates of the different schools.  It is a characteristic trait of Americans to memorialize the old college days, and
to keep up the college spirit.
Ever since the great drives of the World War period for the
Liberty loans, and other agencies in aid of the victorious ending of
the  struggle,  the
"drive" spirit has permeated every one of
the larger communities. There have been
financial drives for the
Salvation Army, the
Boy Scouts, the Young
Men's Christian Association, the Red Cross,
the American Legion,
and kindred organizations, where large sums have been sought to erect buildings and balance
budgets. Another method adopted has been the holding of "tag days,"
when an artificial flower was pinned upon the label of a person who
donated some amount for the flower, and to help all types of societies
and institutions. To obviate the necessity of so many such drives on
behalf of patriotism and charity, many communities have organized
"Community Chests," being a combined effort on behalf of the many
charities involved. In these cases the funds have been allotted to the
respective cause, in proportion to needs and former amounts.
There has been likewise a demoralizing practice injected into the
community life, which is a by-product of the collective idea of securing funds easily. The lowest form of this is the "numbers racket,"
which originated among the negro emporiums of the "hill district" of
the city of Pittsburgh. This has spread to an amazing degree among
white people, so that whole office building forces "play" the numbers
NEW CASTLE CONSISTORY BUILDINGracket in the city, and it has spread to all conditions and classes. Shiftless men who have nothing else to do, spend hours trailing about
restaurants and amusement places, "writing numbers," and using the
total sales of the New York stock markets, as a basis for the three
numbers which have "hit." Those who play this form of racket can
even secure the favorite number in a newspaper.
Additional forms of an easy securing of money have been used by
patriotic societies and different lodges, in "bingo games," the selling of
a great number of tickets for different makes of automobiles, with a
set date for chancing them off to the person holding the lucky number.
Still another form has been the "bank nights" of the theatres, and
the "refunds" of merchants, all used to draw trade, and at the time
of the bank night drawings great crowds have loitered outside the
theatre to ascertain the lucky one in the drawing. Still another form
has been the slot machine racket,
where men and boys, and even
young women spend their nickels
to play machines that are set for
them to lose in the long run. This
type of gambling slot machine is
not in that class which the late
Judge Alexander D. McConnell,
in a judicial opinion, designated
as "an artificial clerk," where for
the nickel or penny inserted in
the slot, the person receives
something in the way of candy,
chewing-gum, cigarettes, and other merchandise. Akin to the slot
machine of the gambling type is the punch board, introduced into
so many stores, and played by the customers, prior to their purchases.
In some of the southwestern counties, the law-enforcement agencies
have taken a decided stand against many of these demoralizing practices, and have lessened them in some degree.
As the depression developed in I932, and the present administration at Washington was organized, there came into being many associations of governmental form to relieve the unemployment situation.
One of the latest of these was the emergency relief set-up, which took
care of those who most needed the necessities of life. There were also
MASONIC TEMPLE,
PITTSBURGHSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
the old age pensions in vogue under the laws of Pennsylvania, wherein
the aged were assisted who had homes, but whose estates were required
to reimburse the State eventually for the sums advanced. For many
years each county had its poor board, which managed the county
homes, but these have been abolished, and the maintenance and direction of these homes put into the hands of the county commissioners.
The intention of all these things is that it will eventually result in
relieving the relief situation.
Following the lead of the George Washington Commission which
celebrated the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of the "Father
of Our Country," in I932, there has been a great quickening of historical study and memorialization west of the Allegheny Mountains.
There have been historical societies, of greater or less usefulness, that
have preserved the archives in the different counties. One of the oldest of these is the Washington County Historical Society, with rooms
on the third floor of the Washington County Courthouse, and which
has a very large and valuable collection of books, artifacts, maps,
newspapers, war-implements, and flags, which illumine the history of
the area west of the Monongahela River back to the days of the
Indians and the Virginians. Armstrong County Historical Society,
at Kittanning, is active, with Judge J. W. King, as its president. A
new Indiana County Historical and Genealogical Society has recently
been organized, with headquarters and an alcove in the Indiana
Library.
The Cambria County Historical Society has been one of the most
active, under the able leadership of P. J. Little, Esq., and a live corps
of officers. One of the outstanding celebrations held by them was on
May I I, I936, when a large bronze marker was dedicated at the site
of the old town of Beula, two miles from Ebensburg, on land donated
by Lester Larimer, the vice-president of the society. They have also
marked the site of Hart's Sleeping Place, on the old Kittanning Path
extending across the county. This society maintains rooms in the
Cambria County Courthouse, and is constantly adding to its valuable
collection of books, newspapers, artifacts, and other implements, historically characteristic of the outstanding life of the county.
The greatest celebration yet held by this society was the erection
and dedication of the monument to Admiral Robert E. Peary at Cresson on October 15, I937, in Peary Park, located at the junction of the
William Penn Highway and the Loretto Road. Here again P'resident
466BUILDING OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA,
PITTSBURGH. BELL IN FOREGROUND IS FROM THE OLD
PITTSBURGH CITY HALLSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
P. J. Little presided, and the occasion was livened by the presence of
Mrs. Marie Peary Stafford, only daughter of Admiral Peary, her
husband, Attorney Edward Stafford, and their son, Peary Diebitsch
Stafford, then sixteen years of age, who unveiled the monument, Captain Robert A. Bartlett, who accompanied Admiral Peary on the
expedition of 190o8-o9, and Matthew Henson, colored man, who accompanied Peary to the Pole in the last expedition.
This celebration was participated in by a great concourse of people,
and an immense parade composed of the Cresson High School Band,
the crack Ebensburg-Cambria High School Band, winner of State
contests, the Gallitzin American Legion Junior Drum and Bugle Corps,
Rotary Club, American Legion, other fraternal organizations and the
children of the schools. Chief Justice John W. Kephart, of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, delivered a happy address, and the historical
presentation of the life of Admiral Peary was given by Dr. William
Herbert Hobbs, of the University of Michigan. It is to their great
credit that the school children of Cambria County contributed the
money which provided this life-size bronze statue of Admiral Peary.
The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania is the most efficient and active organization engaged in preserving historic lore and
relics of western Pennsylvania civilization. It claims lineage from the
first historical society organized in Pittsburgh on January I, I834,
and its successor of October 23, I843, and still a third society of
November 26, I858, and a rival society, known as "Old Residenters"
of I882. The present organization began on April Io, I879, and
has functioned with intermittent -enthusiasm through the periods when
Dr. A. A. Lambing, Catholic prelate, Thomas J. Bingham, Dr. James
Allison, Presbyterian minister, Edgar W. Hassler were some of its
leading lights.
This society publishes one of the finest historical magazines in the
land, devoted exclusively to the history. of the outstanding events
where its constituency lives. Its publication was first attempted in
1909, and the famous Washington County historian, Boyd Crumrine,
Esq., was asked to edit it, but declined, but its publication did not
begin until I918, in its present ample form. Meetings of the society
were held in different places, in the absence of the building, which was
so much needed. Finally a definite movement for a building was
started in 19 I I, after the membership of the society had been increased
to one hundred fifty or more. It had accumulated funds of $Io,ooo
468COMMUNITY SERVICE
from the city's centennial celebration of I9o8, and received an appropriation of $25,000 from the State of Pennsylvania, which enabled
it to acquire its present site and erect the first unit of its commodious
building. The corner stone was laid on October 30, I9gI2, and the
building was formally opened for use on February 14, I9I4. It was
further substantially enlarged. by securing an additional appropriation
of $40,000 in I929 from the State, and a like sum from corporations
and individuals. The present enlarged structure was re-dedicated on
October 6, I93 I.
In a period of a little over twenty years the society built up a
membership with an annual average of between six and seven hundred;
launched the magazine: "Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,"
now in its twenty-second year; and extended its organization through
the substantial aid of Helen Clay Frick, by the establishment of the
Westmoreland-Fayette branch at the Historical House, at West Overton, in Westmoreland County. The presidents of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania in more recent years have been Thomas
L. Rodgers, I908; William H. Stevenson, I9II; Robert M. Ewing,
I930; John S. Fisher, I935. The society had been incorporated by a
decree of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, No. I,
dated September 8, I888, signed by Edwin H. Stowe, president judge.
The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine has had the following editors during its successful career: Charles W. Dahlinger,
John P. Cowan, Dr. Alfred P. James, Dr. John J. Geise, William J.
Martin, and Franklin F. Holbrook. The magazine has a board of
assistant editors in Omar S. Decker, Robert M. Ewing, Frank C.
Harper, Alfred P. James, William J. Martin, John E. Potter, and
Elizabeth Mellon Sellers. The present officers of the society are:
President, former Governor John S. Fisher; vice-presidents, Omar S.
Decker, Robert Garland, Gregg L. Neel, Judge Ambrose B. Reid;
secretary, Dr. Cortlandt W. W. Elkin; treasurer, John E. Plotter;
trustees, George E. Alter, Harmar Denny, Jr., Frank L. Dugan,
Henry O. Evans, Robert M. Ewing, James H. Gray, James Gregg,
James A. Henderson, John E. McKirdy, Thomas Mellon, II, John
W. Oliver, James Rae, Henry W. Temple, Mrs. William R. Thompson and Joseph C. Trees.
The Westmoreland-Fayette Branch has its headquarters at the
Historical House at West Overton, Scottdale Post Office, with these
present officers: President, Rev. William B. Hindman, D. D.; vice469SOtUTHWESTERN PENN.S,YLVAN I2\
presidents, Buell B. Whitehill, Lloyd E. Davis, Jesse Coldron, Eileen
Burd, J. B. Sheetz; secretary, Helen Woodhull; treasurer, S. L. Denniston. It is now ten years old and maintains a sizable museum. The
executive committee of the branch are: iMrs. J. Harry Gourley,
Edward B. Lee, Clay F. Lynch, John W. Oliver, Judge Edmond H.
Reppert, and these have charge of the historical matter at the Historical House.
A decidedly interesting feature of the work of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania is its series of historical tours conducted
during the past seven years. In its earlier days groups of the members would go by train and horse conveyance to specific historic points,
but since the universal use of the automobile, a fixed time is set each
July, when an automobile caravan of members assemble at the historical building and proceed on a two-day tour to many historical
points, remaining over night at some point along the way, with a historical meeting and addresses on each evening. These distinctive tours
have embraced visitations to Fort LeBoeuf and Erie, Washington and
Waynesburg; Bushy Run, Hannastown, Ligonier and Bedford; Oil
City, Clarion and Titusville; Johnstown, Altoona and Indiana;
Brownsville, Uniontown and Somerset; and Wheeling, Blennerhasset
Island, and Marietta. Scores of historical points famous in the historical annals of the territory through which the caravan moved were
visited, and memorialized in brief addresses. The tour of 1938 particularly paid due historical honor to the Northwest Territory trek
from Ipswich, Massachusetts, to Marietta, Ohio, the one hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of which was celebrated in I938.
In addition to this outstanding work of the Historical Society,
there have been some distinctive celebrations held during the past few
years, in honor of distinct historical occurrences. Chief of them was
the great celebration on July 3 and 4, 1932, at Fort Necessity, when
fifteen thousand people attended the exercises incident to the rebuilding
of the fort. The principal address on this occasion was delivered by
former Governor John S. Fisher, who had been in office from I927
to I93 i and had approved of the legislation making the rebuilding of
the fort and the celebration possible. There were present also representatives of the British and French governments. Since this celebration the United States Government, the Sons of the American Revolution, and the Daughters of the American Revolution have co6perated
47oCOMMUNITY SERVICE
finely in preserving this pioneer fort, the museum, and the grounds,
which are visited by thousands every year.
The Bushy Run Battlefield Commission, working in co6peration
with the Department of Forest and Waters of Pennsylvania, and the
Historical Commission of Pennsylvania, is landscaping and reforesting the battlefield acreage in a substantial and beautiful way. A
museum has been started, and a replica of a Delaware Indian "long
house," has been erected in which to hold meetings. Outstanding celebrations have been held in former years at this point, in addition to
visitations by public school groups from time to time. The first of
these was on August 9, I883; the second on August 9, I913; and
the third, observing the one hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary, on
August 9, 1938, when the principal address was given by C. Hale Sipe,
historian, and a State Senator from the Armstrong-Butler District.
During the past two decades this beautiful park has had an outstanding sponsor in C. Martin Bomberger, editor of the "Jeannette NewsDispatch," and the president of the Bushy Run Battlefield Commission for many years. The present commission is headed by James K.
Clarke, of Greensburg, a historical enthusiast.
In addition to these outstanding celebrations, the one hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the burning of Hannastown was observed by a
concourse of two thousand five hundred people in the twilight of a
beautiful evening on July I3, I932, fostered by General Nathanael
Greene Chapter, Sons of the American Revolution. Parts on the program were given by Mrs. John W. Fairing, Regent of Phoebe Bayard Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution; President Judge
Charles D. Copeland, of the Westmoreland County Common Pleas
Court, and Lewis C. Walkinshaw, chapter historian. The Hlannastown Declaration of Independence was read by Mrs. Albert Sandles,
a native of the acres where the celebration was held. Celebrations,
have been held from time to time at Long Run Presbyterian Church,
on the old Braddock Road, and particularly in connection with the
dedication of markers at different camps along that historic highway,
erected by the schools pupils of North Huntingdon, Sewickley and East
Huntingdon townships, and at the site of Fort Walthour by pupils of
North Huntingdon Township and Irwin Borough. The dedication of
the Fort Ligonier site marker, by William Kenley Chapter, Daughters
of the American Revolution, was an outstanding event of November
14, 1934, participated in by six hundred people. Olther outstanding
47Icelebrations were the dedication of the Fort Carnahan marker on October I 5, I932, and the Fort Hand marker on October 8, I934. All of
these celebrations have quickened the community spirit all over this
historic country.
The patriotic societies of America have made a great contribution
to present true Americanism. The one representing the oldest class
of pioneers is the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America,
in which the right to membership must be proved through a male
descent from a "founder" who was here within the fifty years following the establishing of the Jamestown Colony in 1607 or the Plymouth
Colony of I620, and whose descendants remained true to the cause of
American Independence. The Pennsylvania governor of this patriotic
organization is Captain J. Clark Mansfield, of Pittsburgh.
A live organization of initial
effort is known as "The Colonial
Dames," which has an aggressive
organization in Pittsburgh, and
in membership requires descent
from a Colonial ancestor. It has
placed one of the earliest Forbes
Road markers, a few hundred
feet east of the intersection of
Fifth Avenue and Penn Avenue,
in the city of Pittsburgh, on Penn
Avenue.  It has also recently
printed and published a valuable book of Forbes Expedition letters,
edited by Professor Albert P. James, of the University of Pittsburgh.
On April 30, I889, the Patriotic Society of the Sons of the American Revolution was organized at Fraunce's Tavern, in New York
City. From this beginning a half century ago, societies have been
organized in a majority of the states, and the Pennsylvania Society
was founded in Pittsburgh, where it still maintains its State offices. In
this particular area chapters are now extending the work of memorializing the deeds of the Revolutionary War patriots, marking graves,
and advancing the interests of true Americanism. Eligibility in this
society requires that the member shall be the lineal descendant of an
ancestor who was at all times unfailing in loyalty to, and rendered
service in, the cause of American Independence, either as an officer,
soldier, seaman, marine, militiaman, or minute-man in the armed forcesCOMMUNITY SERVICE
of the Continental Congress or of any one of the several Colonies or
States, as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, or as a member
of a committee of safety or correspondence, or as a member of any
Continental, Provincial, or Colonial Congress or Legislature, or as a
recognized patriot who performed actual service by overt acts of resistance to the authority of Great Britain.
Most active of the chapters in this section of Pennsylvania are:
Pittsburgh, at Pittsburgh; General Arthur St. Clair Chapter, at Dormont; Lafayette, at Wilkinsburg; General Nathanael Greene, at
Greensburg; Fort Necessity, at Uniontown; George Washington, at
Washington; New Castle, at New Castle; and Indiana, at Indiana.
Fort Necessity is proud of its ownership of Braddock Park, where the
remains of the famed General Edward Braddock are buried, and of
Jumonville Park, where the famous French commander is buried, on
the crest of the Chestnut Ridge Mountain above Uniontown. General
Arthur St. Clair Chapter takes great pride in keeping green the
memory of the noted patriot by holding annual celebrations at his
grave, in Greensburg, and keeping a Betsy Ross flag constantly on his
grave.
In the succeeding year after the organization of the Sons of the
American Revolution, the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution was organized on October i i, I89o, and has grown
to a membership of upwards of two hundred thousand, with many
more chapters than the Sons, scattered all over the United States.
The annual meeting of the National Society is held in Constitution
Hall, Washington, District of Columbia, each year, a beautiful and
large structure owned by the society. It has the likewise commendable
purpose to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women
who achieved American Independence, by means of research, the marking of historical spots, preservation of records, the holding of anniversaries, and to foster patriotism through enlightened public opinion.
Southwestern Pennsylvania has two score and more chapters of
the Diaughters of the American Revolution, with large memberships,
and active committee work in all phases of patriotic work. Aliquippa
Chapter at McKeesport is active, along with Monongahela Valley
Chapter, at Monongahela, in embalming the history of the "Forks of
the Yough." Conemaugh Chapter at Blairsville, and Quemahoning
Chapter at Johnstown memorialize the pioneer patriots of the Conemaugh Valley. Great Crossings Chapter at Somerfield has for its
473SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
When the western division of the Pennsylvania Canal was built
from Johnstown, down the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny
rivers to Pittsburgh, it ended in a basin close to which St. Patrick's
Church stood. This basin is now occupied in part by the new Pittsburgh Post Office Building. The building and completion of the canal
greatly stimulated business and added many worshippers to his congregation. He bought an old lawyer's office, close by the church on
Tenth Street, in which he lived until he died. An epidemic of cholera
that struck the city took Father Maguire as one of its victims on
July I7, I833, and his remains were formally interred in St. Mary's
Cemetery. Before his death a new location was secured for a second
congregation, St. Paul's, at the corner of Grant Street and Fifth Avenue, and the church building erected there was dedicated by Father
Maguire on June 24, I829. It was later the location of St. Paul's
Cathedral, which stood at the site of the present Union Trust Company Building, prior to its removal to Fifth Avenue and Craig Street.
The late Rev. A. A. Lambing, eminent historian, tells of early disturbances in this St. Paul's congregation, in which the members were
inclined to resist authority, and comments: "It was one of those
transient disturbances which arose in different parts of the country
in early days, oq account of the different circumstances in which the
people were placed in this country from what they had been accustomed to in the Old World, and also because a few priests were occasionally met with, who unfortunately did not walk worthy of the
vocation wherewith they were called. It necessarily required both
time and experience to establish ecclesiastical discipline in a new country like ours."
When there were sufficient clergy and Catholic membership west
of the Alleghenies, Father Gallitzin at Loretto wanted an episcopal
see established there, but he did not succeed in his wishes. Supervisory jurisdiction had been first exercised by Rev. Anthony Francis
Flannery, vicar general of Pennsylvania, beginning November 7,
I79I, and in succession by Rev. Michael Egan, who later became
the first bishop of Pittsburgh, October 28, I8io; Rev. Henry Connell, September 24, I820; Rev. D. A. Gallitzin, vicar general of the
western end of Pennsylvania; and finally by Father Maguire. The
new Diocese of Pittsburgh was finally, after much agitation, erected
May I4, I843, by approval of the Fifth Provincial Council at Baltimore, comprising western Pennsylvania. This indefinite designation
42SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
chapter house the old toll house on the National Highway, present
Route 40, at Addison, and Fort Gaddis Chapter, at Fairchance, holds
its meetings in the historic Fort Gaddis of I763. Other chapters are
just as active in their respective fields, one of the other largest being
the Pittsburgh Chapter. Phoebe Bayard Chapter, at Greensburg,
named in honor of General Arthur St. Clair's heroic wife, has marked
the Hermitage, east of Ligonier, and St. Clair's old home site on the
Chestnut Ridge.
Of great interest also is the work of the chapters of the National
Society, United States Daughters of 1812, which was organized nationally on May 27, I896. The Pennsylvania Society was organized on May
29, 1896, and has, west of the Alleghenies, these chapters in this particular district: Dolly Madison Chapter, Pittsburgh; New Castle Perry
Chapter, New Castle; Major-General Arthur St. Clair Chapter, Greensburg; Lieutenant-Colonel George Croghan Chapter, Pittsburgh; Johnstown Chapter, Johnstown; and Albert Gallatin Chapter, Uniontown.
In harmony with the aims of the National Society, the Pennsylvania
State Society has for its object: the binding together in fraternal interest those women whose ancestors helped to form the Government of
the United States of America after the close of the War for Independence; the remembering and cherishing the spirit of patriotism and
self-sacrifice of the men and women who rendered civil, military and
naval service, during the War of I8I2, or of the period of the cause
that led to that war; and of encouraging the study of history of our
Nation during the period that we commemorate.
So much stress is placed on Revolutionary history at times, that
the lovers of history are prone to omit the outstanding constructive
work that followed that important war. From the days of the building and adoption of the United States Constitution, until the signing
of the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas Eve, I8I4, is a period fraught
with important events which had to take place to guarantee the stability of the government constitutionally established in I789. Thus these
chapters of the United States Daughters of 18 2 make an outstanding
contribution to history in their work.
Of outstanding value to the continual stability of the Union of the
States has been that great and effective organization known as the
Grand Army of the Republic. Its membership is fast leaving the
scenes of earthly life, as these veterans of the Civil War reach the age
limit of their lives. One of the remarkable reunions was the seventy474fifth anniversary of the Blue and Grey at Gettysburg, on the anniversary of that battle on July 2, 3, and 4, I938, in which a large group
from western Pennsylvania participated. When the first Grand Army
Post at Decatur, Illinois, was organized on April 6, I866, it was the
beginning of an oiganization that spread all over the country. It was
organized by State departments, and after these were thoroughly
organized and a real national encampment held, General John A.
Logan was elected the commander-in-chief in I869. Being the most
populous, Allegheny County had the greatest number of posts, and
after fifty years of existence, as the ranks of the veterans became
decimated, many posts were consolidated. Seventy-five years afterwards, these posts are fewer still. All honor to this fine organization
that has stood for the Union of the States through the years!
In the earlier days, following the Civil War, there was organized
the Union Veteran Legion, requiring a three years' service for eligibility of membership.  The companion  organization  of  the
Ladies of the Grand Army of
the Republic was likewise organized to keep alive the spirit of
patriotism in the hearts of the
wives, sisters and daughters, of
the veterans. Then the Sons of
Veterans was formed, and this
organization has been a fine aid
to the aging veterans, as on each
Memorial Day patriotic programs were carried out and the graves of the veterans decorated with
flowers. All of these organizations have made a fine contribution to
the cause of community patriotism.
Immediately following the Civil War there were many orphaned
children to take care of and help into useful occupations and professional life. To meet this need soldiers' orphan schools were established in different parts of the country, as well as Grand Army of the
Republic homes, and Ladies' Grand Army of the Republic homes, to
care for the aging veterans and their wives, as necessity required. One
of these successful institutions was at Jumonville, in Fayette County,
which functioned so long as there were indigent veterans' children.
MASONIC TEMPLE,
JOHNSTOWNSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
The Legislature of Pennsylvania enacted further laws to provide
for the erection of memorial halls at the county seats for the veterans
of the Civil War. Some few counties built buildings, but the greater
part of them fitted up rooms in their respective courthouse, as meeting
places for the veterans, and for the collection of war relics and archives.
The outstanding building in this record is the Memorial Hall in
Pittsburgh, stately and beautiful in appearance, on the north side of
Fifth Avenue in the Schenley Farms district, built during the term of
Governor Edwin H. Stuart.
Out of the Spanish-American War of I898 came the veterans'
organization composed of those who had seen service outside the
limits of the country. This organization was called the "Veterans of
Foreign Wars." After the World War of I9I7-I8, the laws of this
organization were changed to permit the membership of those who had
been overseas, or beyond the limits of the country.  Hundreds of
thousands of World War veterans never left the country, and were in
the training camps when the Armistice was signed.
The outstanding patriotic organization of the present day is the
American Legion, which has displayed more enthusiasm than any of
its predecessors. The plan of the American Legion was first conceived
in France in I9I9, and under a comprehensive plan of procedure, it
has grown to become a great force in advancing patriotism and the
community spirit. The initial tentative convention in America was
held in May, 1919, in St. Louis, and the first organized convention was
convened in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in November, I919. The
Legion's "ten commandments," are the finest charting of Americanism
that has yet been devised. The organization says: "For God and
Country we associate ourselves together for the following purposes":
I. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
America.
2. To maintain law and order.
3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.
4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our associations
during the Great War.
5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the community,
State and Nation.
6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.
7. To make right the master of might.
8. To promote peace and good will on earth.
476COMMUNITY SERVICE
9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy.
io. To consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
and mutual helpfulness.
Following the organization of thousands and thousands of American Legion posts all over the country, due to a constituency of
approximately four million veterans to draw from, these veterans have
made a good start towards the accomplishment of their purposes.
They have acquired "American Legion Homes" in scores of communities in western Pennsylvania, where they have set up a club life, and
organized bands and drum corps. These have been colorfully costumed, and in addition to gracious parade duty on all occasions of a
patriotic nature, they have held great marching and musical contests.
When these "ten commandments" are lived up to by all of us, then
shall the United States of America have arrived at its Utopia. Generous support has been given to the Legionnaires in their efforts to
better conditions in their respective communities.
Allegheny County began to function on September 24, 1788, and
in honor of one hundred fifty years of the county's official life, a monster celebration was held in the city of Pittsburgh and at North and
South parks, in the week of September 24, I938. It was fostered by
the county commissioners, John J. Kane, George Rankin, Jr., and John
S. Herren, and consisted of elaborate pageants and parades. The
commissioners also published a beautiful volume, entitled "Allegheny
County, a Sesqui-Centennial Review," in which were historical articles
contributed by some of the county's representative citizens, and which
are available in the libraries. In the advertisement of the sesqui-centennial some very beautiful and characteristic posters were used, and
one of them is here reproduced as being the most characteristic. Visitors to the city of Pittsburgh can find no more contemplative position
than on the crest of Mt. Washington, where is the wonderful business
and manufacturing growth of the "Forks of the Ohio."  Were the
Indian to return and view the landscape o'er, he would gaze in amazement. So should we view this panorama with pride in our hearts for
the achievements of the past, and a courageous attitude for the future.
It is, indeed, well-named "the workshop of the world," but it only
became such by the same process of contribution as did the Ohio come
into being as "La Belle Riviere," through the contribution of thou477SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
sands of rivulets from thousands of hillsides. To make the "workshop of the world" the great center that it is, it has taken the combined movements of courageous men, almost unlimited resources of
forests and mines, and the thrifty conservation of these resources
through a proper usage of the medium of exchange, money.
One of the finest features of the Allegheny County Sesqui-Centennial was the elaborate pageant staged in the open air for several
nights, at South Park. It was orderly, characteristic, and sequential
in its beautiful portrayal of the century and a half of life, since the
days of the Indians. No true historian can portray the fine growth of
this area, other than by a portrayal of the southwestern area of Pennsylvania as a whole. Any other portrayal would be more or less
selfish. The sturdy pioneers settled all about, on the mountain tops
and in the valleys, according to their native bent, as acquired across the
sea. They transplanted here in varying degrees, and with many shades
of difference, their religious faiths. They differed many times in their
adjustment to the conditions that grew up all about them. Their judicial application to these conditions brought varying ideas of the sense
of justice. But time has healed many scars, brought more mature
good sense, and created an inter-county community that is second to
none in all the world. The days ahead are fraught with opportunity,
and with the application of latent power, concerning which the half
has not yet been told.
This narrative began with a quotation from the "Lost Empire,"
written in poetic vein by Dr. James R. E. Craighead, of Saltsburg,
Indiana County, Pennsylvania, who was born within the bounds of this
historic country. Dr. Craighead has responded to our request for a
fitting verse in closing the narrative, which he entitles: "The Vision of
the Pioneers." These volumes close with these beautiful lines, but the
annals of current and future days will, as in the past, find capable and
devoted hands to record them.
What saw those pioneers as through the woods
And over mountain wilds they drove their teams
Of sweating oxen on the westward trail,
Or felled the forest monarchs of the hills?
What visions rose before the waiting eyes,
As, resting from their arduous toils, they sat
Beside their campfires in the evening mists?
What scenes of future days, what fruits of dreams
Were listed in the pictures they beheld?
478COMMUNITY SERVICE                           479
The lowly cabin giving place to lovelier home;
The green and golden mantle of the grain
Spread wide upon a thousand fruitful fields,
A score of cities marking where they built
Their campfires for the night and set the watch
To guard against surprise at dawn of day.
In homes, and orchards, gardens, fields and towns,
They saw the fruitage of their toil and dreams
As westward moved the stream of Pioneers.
May we preserve the form of nobleness
In what they saw in vision and in dream,
And sealed with toil and blood in our behalf.
The challenge calls to every heart,, "Be true!"
The hopes of them who in those far-off times
Saw wondrous things repose in each of us.INDEX
S. P.-JII-31mmmmmINDEX
Aaron, Sister Cyril, III, 262
Abbot, John, I, 289
Abercrombie, James, I, 163, I66, 167, 169,
192
Abernethy, Dr. Thomas P., II, 120
Abraham, Enoch, 1, 318
Abraham, J. W., 1, 3
Abraham family, I, 318
Acadia, I,  116
Acheson, Alex W., II, 388, 389; III, 315
Adam, Henrich, I, 298
Adams, Charles Francis, III, 320
Adams, John, II, 340
Adams, Dr. Milo, III, I57, I70
Adams, Rachel, II, 312, 313
Adams, Robert, II, I8I, i88
Adams, Samuel, II, 309, 311, 3I2
Adams, Dr. Samuel, III, I70, 392
Adams, Solomon, II, 312; III, 63
Adams family, II, 312
Adamsburg, III, 270
Addison, Alexander, II, 191, 251, 258, 259,
30I, 318, 325, 326, 327, 333, 369, 377;
III, I, 2, I6, 159, 3I3, 330
Addison, Dr. William, III, I59
Addison Township, doctors in, III, 182
Ade, Dr. Lester K., III, 283
Aetna Iron Works, The, III, II9
Agnew, Daniel, II, 378, 389; III, II4, i66,
32I, 322, 323,'405
Agnew, Dr. James, III, I66, 190
Aiken, David, III, 261
Airplane travel, III, I08, 1O9, IIO
Albany, I, 6, 29; II, 294
Albert, G. Dallas, I, 335
Albert's History of Westmoreland County,
II, 40
Albright, Jacob, III, 58, 59
Albright Methodists, III, 58, 59
Albright Seminary, III, 253
Aleppo, I, II; II, 333
Alexander, James, III, 249
Alexander, John B., III, 327, 358
Alexander, Joseph, III, 398
Alexander, Wliliam J., III, 398
Alexandria, I, 67, 87, II6
Algonquin Indians, I, 3, 4, 14, 70
Aliquippa, III, 211
Aliquippa (Queen), I, I5, i6, 18, 60, 82,
IIO
Aliquippa's Town, I, 15, i6, 6i; III, 426,
427, 428
Allegheny, town of, I, 245, 250; II, 315,
366, 368; III, 99, IOI
Allegheny Classis, II, 354
Allegheny College, III, 235
Allegheny Conference, Brethren in Christ,
III, 55
Allegheny County, I, 25, 35; 11, 5, 14, I91,
I92, I95, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
26I, 262, 269, 270, 364, 373, 387; III, IO9,
IIO, III, II2, I46, 153, 165, I99, 259, 261,
276, 3I7, 320, 328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 351,
352, 360, 413, 477
Allegheny County Airport, III, IO9
Allegheny Furnace, III, 205
Allegheny General Hospital, III, I96
Allegheny Hill, I, 55
Allegheny Indian Trail, I, 32, I84, 187;
II, 33, 38
Allegheny Indians, I, 36
Allegheny Medical Society, III, I67
Allegheny Mountanis, I, 7, 27, 45, 58, 66,
82, 110, II2, 122, 152, I66, I78, I86, I91,
192, 20I, 203, 207, 229, 233, 243, 30I, 305,
307, 342, 348, 366, 415, 42I; II, 4, I68,
I94, 300, 32I, 347; III, 79, 371
Allegheny Observatory, III, 230
Allegheny Path, I, IO, 29, 53
Allegheny Ridge, I, I95
Allegheny River, I, 6, 7, IO, I5, 17, 21, 26,
29, 30, 3I, 32, 33, 34, 36, 47, 52, 58, 59,
65, 76, 80, 82, 88, 114, 141, I42, 151, 153,
185, 230, 23I, 24I, 251, 252, 259, 280, 281,
294, 328, 350, 395, 401, 402; II, 3, 9, I4,
30, 7I, 73, 74, 76, 86, 126, 134, 143, I75,
I8I, I89, 206, 208, 210, 213, 229, 230, 245,
246, 248, 250, 251, 254, 255, 3I2, 364, 365,
367, 368, 372, 375, 379; III, 80, 93, III,
I4I, 208, 299, 424, 425, 426
Allegheny Synod, II, 347, 349, 350
Allegheny Trail, I, 8, Io, 12, i6, i8, 20,
22, 24, 29, 35, 45; II, 31, 220; III, 13
Allegheny Valley, I, 5, 62, 327; II, I45;
III, I70
Allegheny Valley Railway, III, 425
Allegre, Sophia, III, 293
Allen, Andrew, II, 56
Allen, David, II, 355
Allen, Ensign, I, I98, I99, 200, 201
Allen, George, I, 313
Allen, John, I, 350; II, i88, I96
Allison, Andrew, II, 38, I96
Allison, James, III, 205
Allison, John, I, 349
Allison, Jonathan, III, 205
Allison, Rev. Dr., 279, 280REVEREND CHARLES BONAVENTURE MAGUIRE, PASTOR OF ST. PATRICK'S ROMAN
CATHOLIC CHURCH, PITTSBURGH, VICAR GENERAL OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSTY OF PITTSBURGH, 1822-1830SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Allison, Robert, II, 322
Allison, Thomas, III, 18
Alter, Dr. David, III, I70
Altoona, III, 88
Aluminum Company of America, III, 422,
423, 424, 426
Aluminum industry, III, 423
Ambridge, I, 23, 35, 6I; III, 399, 430
American Bridge Co., The, III, I50, 399,
430
American Legion, III, 370, 476, 477
American Sheet and Tin Plate Co., The,
III, I20
American Steel and Wire Co. of New
Jersey, III, 149
Amherst, Jeffrey, I, I66, 169, 217, 279,
295, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,
345; II, I23
Amity, II, 324; III, I63, 221, 222, 397
Amwell Township, II, 2IO, 242
Anderson, David, II, 356
Anderson, Isaac, II, 39, 148
Anderson, John, II, 88, 312; III, I28
Anderson, Rev. John, III, 34, 35
Anderson, Joshua, II, 34
Anderson, Thomas, I, 396; II, 35, 209
Anderson, William, II, 78
Anderson Creek, I, 6
Andr6, Major, II, 286
Andrew, Col., II, I86, I87'Ankney, Peter, II, 308, 309; III, 252
Anthony,' Jacob, I, 9
Apollo, II, 371
Apollo Iron and Steel Co., The, III, 428
Archbold, Patrick, III, 37
Archbold, Richard, III, 37
Archibald, John P., I, 337
Armagh, III, 23, I79'Armstrong, Alexander, I, 38'Armstrong, Andrew, III, I9
Armstrong, Edward, I, 148, I49
Armstrong, George, I, I75, I82, I84, I86,
I9I, I94, 206, 3IO; III, 348
Armstrong, Dr. James, II, 367, 368
Armstrong, Colonel John, I, 8, I9, 2I, 38,
64, 142, 143, I44, 145, I46, I47, 148, I49,
I50, I5I, 152, I53, I54, I55, I56, I57, I58,
159, I6o, I I, 66, 171, I82, 183, I87, 192,
203, 206, 259, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271,
283, 355, 364, 366, 419, 423; II, I39, 152,
I57, 196, I97, 221, 288, 355, 364, 365, 366,
367; III, I56, I57
Armstrong, John, Jr., I, 184, I92, I93
Armstrong, William, I, 9
Armstrong County, I, 2, 9, 30, 159; II, 5,
191, 213, 228, 235, 258, 364, 365, 366, 367,
368, 369, 370, 37I, 372, 375; III, 12, I5,
i68, 350, 35I, 352, 36I
Armstrong County Medical Society, III,
I69
Armstrong Township, I, 366, 367, 368,
386, 395, 396; II, I4, 30, 3I, 74, 222
Armstrong's Camp, I, I9I
Armstrong's Mill, II, 249
Arnold, III, 426, 427
Arnold, Benedict, II, 95, 97, IOI
Arnot, Andrew, III, 33
Arthurdale, III, 415, 416
Asbury, Bishop Francis, III, 26, 27, 29, 30
Ashcraft, Ichabod, I, 412; II, I97
Ashville, I, 7
Assessment list, Armstrong Township, I,
395, 396
Assessment lists, Bedford County, I, 407,
408, 409, 410, 411I, 412
Assessment lists, Brothers Valley Township, II, 391, 392, 393
Assessment list, Fairfield Township, I,
393, 394
Assessment list, Hempfield Township, I,
398, 399, 400, 401
Assessment list, Mt. Pleasant Township,
I, 396, 397, 398
Assessment lists, Pitt Township, I, 4oi0,
402
Assessment lists, Rostraver Township, I,
402, 403, 404
Assessment lists, Tyrone  Township,  I,
405, 406
Associate judges, Indiana County, III, I6,
I7
Associate judges, Lawrence County, III,
II4
Associate Presbyterians, III, 33, 34
Athel, William, I, 424
Atlee, John, II, 95
Atlee, Samuel J., I, 175; II, 245
Attique, I, I49, I59, 231; II, 366
Attorneys, Beaver County, II, 389
Attorneys, Indiana County, III, I7
Attorneys, Lawrence County, III, I20, I2I
Aughwick, I, 7, 15, 30, 35, I21
Augusta County, I, 86; II, 52, 65, i88,
261, 262
Augusta Town, II, 71, 72
Augusta Town Courthouse, II, 69, 70
Aurant, Pastor, II, 35I
Austin, John M., III, 338
Ayres, Rev. Robert, I, 38I
Ayres, William, II, 378; III, 345
Bailey, Eli, II, 222
Bailey, Henry, I, 32
Bair, Rev. Lawrence E., I, 337
Baird, Dr. Absalom, III, I64, 204
Baird, James, I, 396; II, 37; III, 82, I64
Baird, John, III, 403
Baird, Thomas H., II, 333; III, I64, 315,
334, 335, 336, 339
Bairdstown, I, 396; III, 82
Baker, Elias, III, I34
Baker, Lieut., I, 20I, 202
Baker, Dr. Thomas S., III, 264
Baker Furnace, III, I34
484INDEX
Bald Eagle (Indian), II, 58
Bald Eagle Creek, I, 5
Baldwin, Dr. C. C., I, 270
Baldwin, Henry, III, 317, 321
Baltimore and Ohio Railway, III, 72, 74,
75, 87, 93. 94, 97, 206, 208, 212, 213
Bancroft, George, I, 14
Banks, Dr. C. W., III, I95
Banks, Dr. Morgan Rhees, III, I914
Banks, William, III, 347
Banks, III, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395,
396, 398, 410, 4II
Banks, Uniontown, III, 393, 394
Baptist, I, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377,
378; II, 30I, 316, 317, 318, 319, 334, 335,
336, 337, 338, 339; III, 47, 48, 247, 382,
383, 384
Baptist Meeting, I8og, list of churches, II,
335, 336
Barclay, John Y., III, 391
Barclay, Thomas J. III, 328, 39I, 392, 393
Barclay family, III, 392
Barclay-Westmoreland Trust Co., The,
III, 392
Bard, Peter, I, I74
Bar members, Westmoreland County,
I800-22, III, 326, 327
Barnes, Demass E., III, 26I
Barnes, Henry, III, 64
Barnes, J. F., III, 64
Barnes, Oliver W., III, 98
Barnett, Joseph, I, 378
Barnett farm, I, I87
Baron, Rev. Fr. Denys, I, 94, 95; III, 37
Barr, Alexander, II, 36, 37, 40, I97, 239,
242
Barr, James, II, 228, 369, 372
Barr, James, Jr., II, 372
Barr, Robert, II, 37, I32, I97, I98
Barr, Robert, Jr., II, 36, I97, I98, 239
Barr, Samuel, II, 256, 257; III, 374
Barr family, II, 132, I97, I98
Barron, George E., II, 240
Barron, John S., II, 133
Barton, Rev. Thomas, I, I73
Bartram, Moses, I, 8
Basse, Dr. Detmar, I, 3Io; III, I89
Basset, Capt., I, 333
Basset Town, II, I53, I57
Bassler, Rev. Gottlieb, II, 348
Baughman, Wilson, III, 392
Bausman, Jacob, II, 259
Bayard, Balthazer, I, 343, 344
Bayard, Stephen, II, I02, I97, 240, 256,
257, 259
Bayer, Rev. J. Adam, II, 351
Baynton, Wharton and'Morgan, I, 418,
419
Bayon, Thomas, II, I98
Beachley, Dr. Urias M., II, 183
Beal, Thomas, II, 2o6
Bear, Jacob, III, I14
Bear Camp, I, I22, 125
Beatty, Benjamin F., II, 309
Beatty, Rev. Charles, I, 94, I46, 223, 225,
274, 275, 280, 388; III, 36, 202
Beaujeu, Capt., I, 88, 95, II4, 131
Beaver, I, To, 23, 34; II, 293, 39I, 393;
III, 5, III
Beaver, James A., I, 336
Beaver, John F., III, 327
Beaver Academy, III, 249, 275
Beaver Association, II, 338
Beaver College, III, 250
Beaver County, I, 21, 381; II, 187, 258,
373, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 39I, 392,
393, 394; III, 4, 12, II3, I70, 215, 321,
349, 350, 360, 430
Beaver County Medical Society, III, I70,
I7I
Beaver County, townships, list of, II, 390
Beaver Creek, I, 24, 48, 56; II, 292, 39I
Beaver Dam, I, I52, I89, 203, 205
Beaver Presbytery, II, 359, 360
Beaver River, I, 2I, 25, 48, 60o, 6I, 282;
II, I36, 138; III, 85, II2, I21, I24
Beavertown, II, 387
Beaver Valley Traction Co., The, III,
To  
Becht, J. George, III, 282
Beck, David, I, 124
Beckett, James, II, I98
Bedford, I, 9, I6, 22, I22, 140, I69, I83,
187, I88, 3II, 318, 324, 327, 329, 404,
422, 423; II, 2, II, 25, 44, 60; III, I,
60, 62, 6.6, 313
Bedford, Dr. Nathaniel, II, 340, 34I; III,
I58, I59, I65
Bedford, William, I, 8
Bedford County, I, 33, 36, I59, 184, 316,
352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359,
360, 36I, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367,
368, 369, 385, 390, 396, 406, 407, 408,
409, 4Io, 411I, 412, 4I4, 422, 424; II, I,
2, 7, 46, 52, 103, Io8 III, I36, I79, I8o,
195, 232, 241, 289, 300, 303, 304, 305,
320, 323; III, I5
Bedford Furnace, III, 127
Beelor, James, II, 26
Beeler, Joseph, II, 78, 79
Beelor, Samuel, II, I98, I99, 207
Beelor, Samuel, Jr., II, I98
Beeman's Run, II, I99
Beeson, Henry, I, 406; II, 28, 29, I8I, 182,
I83, I90, I99
Beeson, Jacob, II, I82, I83, I99; III, 282
Beeson family, II, I8I
Beeson's Mill, I, 12; II, I82
Beesontown, II. 28. 29, I77, I83
Beissel, Conrad, III, 56
Bell, Rev. Adie K., III, 47
Bell, Margaret K., III, 256
Bell, William, II, 209
Benedict, Rev. David, I, 375
485SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Benedictine Society of Westmoreland
County, III, 25
Bennet, Robert, I, 376
Bennett, William, II, 215
Bensinger, John, III, I32
Bergman, F. E., II, 228
Berkey, David, I, I86
Berkman, Alexander, III, I46
Berks County, I, 29, 298, 360; II, 227, 312
Berks Co. Militia, I, 296, 297
Berlin, Abraham, I, 298
Berlin, town of, I, 203, 270, 385; II, 302,
303, 304, 305, 306; III, 182, 252
Berwick, James, II, 89
Berwind-White Coal Co., III, 212
Bessemer, Henry, III, I37, 138
Bessemer Process, III, I41, I42
Bethany College, III, 51, 52
Bethlehem Steel Co., I, I87; III, I36, 143,
I48
Bettis, Cyrus, III, IO9
Bettis Field, III, IIo
Beula, II, 309, 3II, 315, 316, 3I7, 319, 320,
322, 338; III, 64, 273
Beulah Presbyterian Church, III, 273, 274
Bey, Rev. Andrew, I, I75, 223, 224, 225
Beyer, Jacob, I, 297
Bickel, Rev. Henry S., I, 296
Biddle, John, I, 8
Biddle, Owen, II, 93
Big Beaver Creek, II, 223
Big Bottoms, I, IO, 189, I99, 205
Bigelow, Edward M., III, io6, 417, 418
Bigelow, Thomas S., III, 418
Biggs, John, II, I64
Bigham, T. J., I, 336
Big Island, I, 242
Big Kanawha River, I, 48; II, 62, 63
Big Sewickley Creek, I, I75, 316; II, 265,
386
Big Whitely Creek, II, 330
Bines, Robert, I, 175; III, I56
Bingham's Fort, I, I48
Bisham, James, I, 8
Bite,' Monsieur, I, 62
Black, Chauncey F., III, 318, 319
Black, David, II, 307
Black, Jeremiah S., III, 52, 234, 269, 317,
318, 320
Black, Rev. John, III, 35
Blackburn, I, 315
Black's Cabin, II, 8o, 8I, 82
Blacklegs Creek, I, 2, I6; II, 30, I99, 23I;
III, 80
Blacklegs Indians, I, 2
Blacklegs Indian Town, I, I0, I6, I8, 20,
353
Blacklick, I, 23, 25, 366; II, 320; III, 2I,
22
Blacklick Creek, I, 365; II, 30, 3I, 37, 40,
117, I27, I30, 22I, 238; III, I34
Blacklick Valley, II, 207
Black Log Creek, I, 55, 353
Black Log Mountain, I, 9, 29, 30
Blackstown, II, II0, II8, 119, 242, 323;
III, I
Blacksville, I, 242, 243
Blagg, John, I, I77
Blaine, town of, II, 8o
Blaine, Alexander, I, 296; II, 220
Blaine, Archibald, I, 324, 325, 326, 329
Blaine, Ephraim, I, 124, 270
Blair, Rev. David, III, 34
Blair, Dr. John, III, I56
Blair's Hill, II, 32I
Blairsville, I, 354; II, 3I, II7, I27, 347;
III, 20, 80, 8I, 82, 89, 93, I78, 275, 297
Blairsville Presbytery, II, 36I, 362, 363
Blakeley, Archibald, III, 333, 334
Blank, John, II, 173
Blanket Hill, I, 9; II, I27
Blue Ridge Lines, The, III, I07
Bobbett, Jacob, II, 325
B,oger, Christian, II, 302
Boggs, Andrew, III, 20
Boggs, Jackson, III, 20, 35I
Boggs, Lydia, II, 242
Boggs, R. H., III, I2I
Bogg's Ripple, III, 72
Bolesville, II, 393
Bolivar, III, 80
Bomberger, C. Martin, I, 357
Bond, Dr., I, I73
Bonnett, John, III, 270
Bonsall, Rev. A. J., III, 350
Boone, Daniel, I, II7, I34; II, 212
Boose, Norman T., III, 323
Booth, James J., III, 409
Boreman, John, II, 327
Boscawen, Admiral, I, I66, I69, 343, 396
Boskridge, Lieut., I, 3II
Boucher, John N., 1 336
Bouquet, Henry, I, I70, I7I, 179, I8o, I82,
184, I85, I87, I89, I90, 195, 206, 207,
208, 209, 2I0, 214, 216, 217, 218, 221,
224, 226, 256, 258, 259, 26I, 265, 267,
268, 269, 27I, 283, 284, 296, 299, 300,
304, 305, 306, 308, 3IO, 314, 315, 317,
320, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 33I,
332, 333, 334, 336, 339, 345, 346, 40I,
418; II, 94, I39, 200, 202, 227, 263, 374,
391; III, 6I, I57
Bouquet's Block House, I, I85, 340, 346
Bouquet's Breastworks, I, 270, 27I
"Bouquet's Camp," I, 266
Bouquet Road, I, 270, 315, 322, 324, 401;
II, 2, 201
Bousman, William, I, 27I
Bouvier, John, III, 338
Bovard, H. F., I, 337
Bowdoin, James, I, 344
Bowman, John G., III, 231, 232, 233
Boyd, A. D., III, I04
Boyd, Dr., III, I57
486INDEX
Boyd, John, II, 26
Boyd, Joseph, III, I I7
Boyle, Rev. B. F., I, 335
Boyle, Bishop Hugh C., III, 262
Boyle Express, I, 324
Boyles, James, III, 122
Boy Scouts, III, 458, 459
Bracken, Martha, III, 242
Bracken, William, II, 7, 5I
Brackenridge, Alexander, I, 34
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, II, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 275, 276, 277,
283, 379, 380, 381; III, I, 228, 314, 315,
403, 432, 449
Brackenridge, Hugh M., III, 3I4, 315
Braddock, General Edward, I, 5, 82, IOI,
II2, II3, II4, II5, II6, II7, II8, II9,
I20, 121, 122, I23, I24, I25, 126, I27,
I28, I29, I30, 131, I32, I33, I34, I35,
136, I37, I38, I39, I40, I4I, I42, I65,
I65, I67, 236, 280, 307, 315, 327, 328; II,
263; III, I9I
Braddock Army, I, 34, 36, 44, 287, 314,
3I6; III, I64
Braddock Campaign, I, 49, 65, I49, I77,
I84, 204, 417, 4I8; II, I64, 200, 272
Braddock Field, I, I39, 354; II, 276, 277;
III, I4I, I42
Braddock's Ford, I, 200
Braddock General Hospital, III, I98
Braddock Park, I, I35
Braddock Road, I, II, I2, I69, I79, I8o,
183, 201, 203, 205, 219, 28I, 289, 294,
307, 308, 340, 349, 367, 368, 393, 396; II,
73, 75, 79, 86; III, 62, 87, I8I, I82, 20I,
235, 338
Braden, Edward J., III, 85
Braden, J. D., II, I98
Braden, Mrs. Samuel, II, 225
Bradenville, III, 85
Bradford, Daniel, III, 314
Bradford, David, II, 276
Bradford, William, II, 279
Bradstreet, Colonel, I, I69
Brady, John, II, 138, I43
Brady, Samuel, II, I38, I43, I44, I63
Brady Township, III, 215
Brallier, Dr. Emanuel, II, I79
Brandon, Peter, II, 78
Brant, Joseph, I, 37; II, I45, 148
Brashear, Dr. John A., III, 23I, 420, 42I,
423
Brashear family, III, 420, 421
Brawley, Patrick, III, 294
Bredin, John, III, II4, 32I
Bredin, Stephen C., III, 24I
Breeze, Samuel, III, 30
Breeze, Thomas, III, 27
Brennan, Rev. Martin J., III, 37, 378, 379
Bridges, III, 398, 399, 400
Brighton, II, 392
Brigland, James, II, 25
Brinneman, Adam, I, 8
Brison, James, II, 20, 76, 250, 253, 276,
278
Broad Fording, II, 40
Broad Run, I, 374
Brodhead, Daniel, II, 80, 95, IO9, IIO, I22,
I37, I38, I39, 14I, I42, I43, I45, 146,
I47, I48, I49, I97, 199, 200, 214, 39I,
392
Brookins, Charles, I, 270, 318
Brooks, John, II, 285
Brooks, William, I, 355, 424
Brosius, Rev. Felix, II, 314; III, 44
Brother Gideon, see Chief Teedyuscung
Brothers Valley Township, I, 364, 365,
385, 39I; II, I87, 299, 305, 309, 357;
III, 57, I82
Brouwers, Rev. Theodore, III, 37, 38, 39
Brown, Adam, I, 317; II, 27; III, 333,
334
Brown, A. M., III, 418
Brown, Coleman, II, I25
Brown, Elijah, I, 8
Brown, Joseph H., III, I I9
Brown, Dr. Matthew, III, 242
Brown, Richard, II, 221
Brown, Robert, II, 366
Brown, Samuel, II, 322
Brown, Dr. Samuel P., III, I92
Brown, Thomas B., II, 222
Brown, Thomas, I, 342
Brown, Wendell, I, 317
Brown, Wendell family, I, 317
Brown, William, I, 8
Brown, Rev. William, III, 358
Brown, William  H., III, I20
Brownfield, Basil, I, 343
Brownfield, Thomas, II, I82
Brownfield, Dr. William, II, 337; III, 47,
49
Brownlee, Joseph, II, I73
Brownson, Rev. James I., II, I52; III,
222, 227, 316, 363
Brown's Mill, II, 234
Brown's Run, II, I3
Brownsville, I, 27, 84, 234, 309, 317, 366,
389; II, 83, 200, 212, 230; III, 37, 6I,
70, 71, 72, 75, 95, 131, 187, 201, 2IO,
290, 378, 379'
Brownsville Glass Factory, III, 295
Brubaker, Herman, II, 306
Bruce, Dr. Norman M., III, I8I
Bruce, Rev. Robert, III, 228, 229
Brugh, F., I, I87
Brumbaugh, Martin G., III, 342
Brunot, Dr. Felix, III, I6o
Brunot, John B., I, 337
Brush Creek, I, 35, I25, 382, 384; II, I2,
239, 250, 25I; III, 88, 219
Brush Creek Church, I, 384, 385; III, I6o
Brush Run, I, 366, 367; II, I2, I98; III,
47, 49
487SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Brush Run Church, III, 375, 376
Bryan, Dr. John S., III, I7I
Biryan, Dr. Thomas, III, 171
Bryan, William J., III, 412
Buccaloons, I, 59; II, I45
Buchanan, James, III, 7, 319, 320
Bucknell University, III, 248
Buckner, Mordecai, I, 177
Buck Run, I, 252
Bucks County, I, 29
Buckstown, I, 32
Buck Tooth, II, 145
Budd, Joseph, II, 29I
Buffalo Creek, II, 208, 2Io, 224, 236, 242,
373; III, 80
Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway, III, 97, 98, 213
Buffalo Township, II, 80o, 235, 242, 366,
368, 379
Buffington, Joseph, III, 321, 342, 344, 345
Buffington Township, II, 207
Bull, John, I, 175, 244, 246, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254
Bullit, Thomas, I, 177, I88, 21O, 214, 215,
224, 295; II, 43, 45
"Bullit's Defeat," I, 296
Bullock Camp, I, 266
Bullock Pens, I, 270, 271, 353, 402; II,
53, 86; III, 373
Bullskin Township, II, i85, i86
Bunger Spring, I, I88, 207
Burbridge, Thomas, I, 314, 339; II, 31, 32
Burbridge, William, I, 314, 322, 339, 368;
II, 3I
Burd, James, I, II, 122, 140, 147, I63,
17I, I74, I88, I89, 190, 19I, 206, 207,
208, 209, 2IO, 225, 226, 231, 232, 233,
258, 259, 287, 288, 298, 307, 308, 309,
3Io, 3II, 312, 3I3, 3I7, 324, 364; II, 200,
aoI, 219, 230, 263, 289; III, 6i, I56, 201
Burd, Simeon, II, 38
Burd's Road, I, 184, I87, 234, 349, 365,
368, 393, 404; II, 83
Burger, John, III, 57
Burgett, Boston, II, 201
Burgett, Sebastian, II, 201
Burgettstown, II, 201
Burney, Thomas, 1, 34, 35
Burns, Patrick, I, 35
Burr, Aaron, II, 97
Burrell, Jeremiah M, III, 342, 343, 433
Burrows, Thomas H., III, 275
Burt, Henry, III, 253
Burton, Colonel, I, I24, 125, I29, I30, I33,
I36
Bushy Run, I, I8, 48, I49, 17I, 266, 315,
318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 345, 354, 368,
40I; II, 120, 245, 247, 391
Bushy Run, Battle of, I, 314, 324, 325,
326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 33I, 332, 333,
334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 418; III, 388
Bushy Run Battlefield Association, I, 337,
338; III, 471
Bushy Run Park, I, 330, 337
Butler, III, 65, 303
Butler, Edward, II, IOI, 374
Butler, James R., III, 360
Butler, John, II, 145
Butler, Richard, II, I03, I04, 123, 250,
274, 286, 295, 374
Butler, Thomas, II, Ioo, IOI, 2Io, 374
Butler, Walter, II, I45
Butler, William, II, Ioo, Ioi
Butler Academy, III, 238
Butler County, I, 12, 19, 2I, 24, 230; II,
I9I, 2IO, 258, 295, 365, 373, 374, 375,
376, 378, 379, 380, 38I, 382, 383, 384,
385, 393; III, 12, 92, I89, I90, I9I, I92,
215, 239, 240, 24I, 303, 345, 346, 347,
36I, 362
Byerly, Andrew, I, 3I4, 3I5, 321, 322, 324,
325, 326, 329, 330, 339, 354, 401; II, 201
Byerly, Jacob, I, 314
Byerly, Michael, I, 329, 330
Byerly family, I, 329, 330
Byerly's Path, I, 3I7, 32I, 368; II, I2,
20I
Byers Co., A. M., I, 23, 6I
Byers, James, Jr., II, 260, 26I
Byrd, Charles W., II, 297
Byrd, William, I, I67, I77, I78, I82, I90,
194, 259; III, I56
Cable, Abraham, I, 364; II, 305, 308
Cable, Daniel, III, 215
Cable Cars, III, Ioo, IoI
Cadwalader, John, II, 93
Cadwalader, Robert, I, 34; II, 95
Cahill, Edward, II, 37
Cahill, Isaac, II, 37
Cahill, Thomas, II, 37
Caldwell, Joseph, II, 388
Caldwell, Samuel, I, 8; II, 207
California Teachers College, III, 290
Calvert, Lord, I, I64, 232, 233
Camnbria and Indiana Rwy., III, 99, 214,
342
Cambria County, I, 7, I50, 366; II, 6,
309, 3II, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,
318, 3I9, 320; III, I4, 45, 135, I36,
172, I74, I75, I76, 2II, 212, 273, 3I3,
314, 340, 341
Cambria County Medical Society, III,
I76
Cambria County Newspapers, III, 444
Cambria Iron Co., III, I35, I36, 138,
I39, 206, 214
Cambria Steel Company, III, I36
Cambria Township, II, 3IO
Cameron, Simon, III, 7
Campbell, Rev. Alexander, II, 338; III,
46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 134, 319, 372, 375,
376, 377
488INDEX
Campbell, Charles, I, 9, 332, 333, 396;
II, 37, 39, 128, I30, 206, 213, 239, 240;
III, I8. 21, 63, 177
Campbell, Donald, I, 331, 334
Campbell, Duncan, I, 334
Campbell, Edward, III, 336
Campbell, Dr. Hugh, III, i86
Campbell, Jane, II, 2I
Campbell, John, I, 354, 416, 422; II, 24,
49, 66, 67, 68, 88, 89, I39, I40
Campbell, John B., III, 360
Campbell, Patrick, I, 317, 368, 401; II,
20I
Campbell, Richard, II, II6
Campbell, Robert, I, 395; II, 13I
Campbell, Thomas, II, 37, I46, 147, 238
Campbell, Rev. Thomas, II, 338; III, 46,
47, 50, 372, 375, 376, 377
Campbell, William, II, I3I
Campbell Blockhouse, II, 202
Campbell family, II, I3I
Campbell's Mills Settlement, I, 37; II,
238; III, I8, 2I
Camp Monacatoocha, I, I24, 125
Camp Wesco, II, I33
Canada, I, 58, 62
Canals, III, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77. 78, 79,
80, 84, 85
Canby, Thomas, I, 8
Canon, John, II, 67, 69, 70, 75, III, I55,
205; III, 205, 222
Canonsburg, II, 205
Canonsburg Academy, III, 222, 224
Canton, II, 80, 208
Cappell, Joseph, I, 74
Captain Hill, I, 2I I50
Captain Peter, I, 277
Captain Pipe (Indian), II, I39, I47, I65
Caraher, Rev. Edward P., III, 258
Carlisle, I, I7, 22, 30, 31, 35, 121, 145,
245, 260, 288, 298, 301, 304, 317, 326,
328, 344, 346, 352, 355, 356, 359, 367,
419, 424; II, II, 32, 6o, I38, I62, 204,
256, 265, 289; III, I59, 3I2
Carlisle (Carlyle), John, I, 43, 86
Carlisle Conference, I, 24, I47; II, 265
Carmelt, Caleb, I, 8
Carmichael, James, II, 330
Carmichaels, II, 215, 235, 330; III, 254,
256, 306, 378
Carnahan, Adam, II, 202, 203
Carnahan, David, II, I3I, 203
Carnahan, James, II, 27, 99, Ioo, 200,
206, 283
Carnahan, John, I, 401; II, I6, 27, 50,
131, 203
Carnahan, Mrs. M. E., II, 202
Carnegie, Andrew, III, 140, I4I, 142,
143, I44, 145, 146, I47, 206, 214, 263,
264, 296
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., III, 211,
212, 458
Carnegie Institute of Technology, III,
263, 264, 265
Carnegie Libraries, III, 263
Carnegie Steel Co., III, I44, 145, I46,
147, I48, 149, I50
Carnes, William, II, 241
Carothers, John, I, 354
Carpenter, John, II, I58
Carroll, Bishop John, II, 313, 314; III,
38, 40, 378
Carrolltown, III, 45, 46
Carson, Hampton L., III, 313
Carson, James, III, 314
Carson, John, I, 34
Carson, Moses, II, Io8
Carter, Rev. Abiel, II, 341
Carter, George, I, 292
Carter, Robert, I, 42
Cartledge, Edmund, I, 9, 3I, 32, 34, 46,
I85
Cartledge, John, I, 31, 32
Cary, Robert, I, 419
Casolo Iron Co., The, III, 92, 93, II9
Cassidy, John C., I, I85
Castleman, Jacob, I, 365
Castleman's River, I, 50; II, 299
Casualty List, Battle of Loyalhanna, I,
231
Casualty List, Battle of M,onongahela, I,
134, I35
Catawba Indians, I, II, I4, 22, 50, 97,
121, I63, I67, 224, 237, 248, 253, 268,
357; III, I4
Catawba Trail, I, 9, II, I2, I9, 23, 25, 26,
124, 34I, 35I, 367, 412; II, 3I, II2, I27,
I3I, I33, I45, 197, 212, 216, 220, 227,
228, 241
Catfish Camp, I, I6; II, 69, 73, I53
Catfish Town, II, 245
Cathedral College, III, 252
Cathedral of Learning, III, 232, 237
Catholics, II, 3I3, 314, 315, 372; III, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 4I, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46
Cause, Rev. John B., III, 37
Cavalier, Mr., I, 32
Cavitt, James, II, 7, 26, 5I, 68
Cayuga Indians, I, 3, I4, 15, 245, 276,
278; II, 245
Cecil Township, II, 246
Celoron, see de Bienville
"Centenary Memorial," I, 389
Center, II, 333
Central City, I, I86
Chalfant, Annanias, I, 353
Chalfant, Chads, III, 30
Chalfant, Henry, I, 353
Chambers, James, II, 130, I31, 203, 235
Chambersburg, I, 246
Chapman, Nathaniel, I, 43
Chapman, Col. William, I, 25
Chartier, Martin, I, i6, I7, 30
489SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Chartier, Peter, I, 6, I7, 30, 31, 32, 52,
53, 11II9, 251; II, 63
Chartier's Creek, I, I6, 353, 380; II, 27,
71, 79, I27, 135, I40, I63, 200, 226, 250,
272; III, 158. 211
Chartier's Landing, I, I7, I8; II, 136
Chartiers Town, I, IO, i6, 17, 24, 26, 52,
55, 56, 59, 252, 386; II, 63
Chase, Salmon P., II, 285
Cheat River, I, 12, 49, I6i, 390; II, 324;
III, 72, 73, 93
Cheaver, Peter, I, 35
Cherokees, I, 11, 12, I4, 22, 76, 97, I2I,
I46, I63, I67, 195, 228, 237, 245, 246,
247, 248, 253, 268, 320, 357
Cherry family, II, 204
Cherry's Mill, II, I8o
Cherry Run, II, 233
Cherry Tree, I, 8; II, 14, 309; III, I4,
I79
Chester County, I, 29
Chest Creek, II, 320
Chestnut Ridge, I, 9, IO, II, 23, 25, 27,
I08, II4, 188, 189, I9I, 257, 258, 265,
266, 269, 288, 345, 365, 367, 395, 396;
IT, II, 12, 15, 30, 35, 83, 86, 128, 181,
I86, 197, 229, 29I, 299, 386; III, I5,
92, 132, 268, 269, 389, 4I9
Chest Springs, I, 7; II, 3II, 313
Chew, Coleby, I, 178, 189, 194, I95, I96,
I97, 198, I99, 205, 211I, 258
Chickasaw Indians, I, 97
Chickentown, II, 306
Chief Acqueloma, I, 32
Chief Alleguippas, I, I6
Chief Big Kettle, I, I04
Chief Big Tree, I, 33
Chief Black Hawk, I, 2
Chief Christignay, I, 94
Chief Cockeye, I, 46
Chief Coracolenne, I, 32
Chief Cornstalk, II, 62, 63, 64
Chief Coswantinicea, II, 46
Chief Custaloga, I, 345
Chief Jeskakake, I, 69
Chief Johonorissa, II, 46
Chief Kakowatcheky, I, 53, 57; II, 63
Chief Keckenepaulin, I, I9, 20, I45, I86,
I92; II, 310
Chief Keissiniautchtha, I, 345
Chief Killbuck, I, 20, 293, 345; II, I38,
139, 147; II, 314
Chief Kishacoquillas, II, 63
Chief Little Turtle, II, 294, 296
Chief Logan, I, 42, 42I; II, 59, 120, I2I,
I25
Chief Loyporoowah, I, 32
Chief Monacatoocha, I, 69, 77, 104, io6,
125. See also Chief Scarouady
Chief Nemacolin II, 27, 43; III, 69
Chief Neucheconnah, I, 32, 52, 53; II, 63
Chief Nonowland, II, 144
Chief Ocowellos, I, 27
Chief Okawela, I, I8
Chief Opessah, I, 42
Chief Packankie, III,  I2
Chief Pisquetomen, I, 20, 2I, 64, 236, 237,
238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247,
249, 250, 252, 254, 292, 293, 313
Chief Quagnant, I, 37
Chief Red Hawk, II, 64
Chief Red Pole, III, I58, I59
Chief Sassoonan, I, 32
Chief Scarouady, I, 36, 53, 57, 60, 85, I I9,
121, 122, 127, I47, 422; II, 46, 265
Chief Sequeheton, I, 53
Chief Shannopin, I, 34, 46
Chief Sharpwing, I, 4
Chief Shikellamy, I, 5, 37, II9, 244
Chief Shingass, I, 21, 85
Chief Silver Heels, I, I2I
Chief Sonatziolwanah, I, 53
Chief Tamenend, II, 137
Chief Tanacharison, I, 24, 36, 49, 57, 60,
63, 69, 72, 73, 77, 85, 87, 90, 98, Ioo,
I03, Io6, I08, IIO, I2I, 1.23
Chief Tangooqua, I, I6
Chief Tecumseh, II, 294
Chief Teddyuscung, I, 5, 236, 237, 239,
293
Chief Totiniontonna, I, 244
Chief Turtle Heart, I, 327
Chief War Eagle, I, 5
Chief'W'hite Buffalo, I, 4
Chief White Eyes, II, I23, I37, I39, I47,
211
Chief White Thunder, I, I2I
Chief Yellow Thunder,. the First, I, 4
Chief Yellow Thunder, the Second, I, 4
Chief Yellow Thunder, the Third, I, 3,
4, 5, 14; II, 220
Clhildren's Hospital, III, I96
Chillicothe, treaty of, II, 64
Chillisquaqua, I, I8
Chillisquaqua Creek, I, 27
Chinklacamouse, I, 8, 149, I50, I63, 233,
242; III, 13
Chinklacamouse Indian Town, I, 6
Chippewa Indians, I, 4, 14, 97; II, 126
Christian Church, II, 338, 339; III, 46
Christy, John, II, 209
Christy, William, II, 68
Chrystie, James, II, Ioo, IoI
Churches, III, 37I, 372, 373, 374, 375,
376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 38I, 382, 383,
384, 385, 386
Churches, Cumberland  Presbyterian
Church, III, 54
Churches, Presbyterian Church, III, 34
Church of England, I, 372, 378, 379, 380,
381; II, 334, 339, 340, 34I, 342, 343;
III, 238
Church of the Brethren, III, 56, 57, 58,
244, 245, 24649oINDEX
Citizens Passenger Rwy. Co., III, 99, oo00
Civil War, III, 364, 365, 366, 457, 458
Clairton, III, 211, 212
Clapham, William, I, 146, 147, 149, I75,
3I5, 317, 321, 322, 325, 416; II, 201I
Clapham, William, Jr., I, I75, 320
Clapham  family, I, 329
Clapham Massacre, I, 325
Clarion County, I, 12
Clarion River, III, 402
Clark, Daniel, I, 415
Clark, George Rogers, I,.415; II, 58, 59,
124, I47, I48, I53, I54, I87, 203, 221,
223, 238, 374
Clark, James, II, 215
Clark, Rev. John, I, 386; II, 14I
Clark, Mrs. Joseph, II, 204
Clark, Norman E., III, 317
Clark, Silas M., III, 349
Clark, William, II, 204
Clark's Mill, III, 22
Clarke, James D., III, 113
Clarke, James K., I, 337
Clarksville, II, 222; III, 131
Clause, William L., III, 298
Clay, Henry, III, 69
Clay, Job, I, 8
Claypoole, James, II, 204, 205, 366
Clayton, Asher, I, 174, 201, 295, 310, 346
Clearfield, I, 6, 8, 9, 55, i86, 207, 233,
237
Clearfield Creek, I, 7
Cleckhorn, David, II, 38
Clemmens, Christianna, II, 242
Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Co.,
III, 89
Clifford, Charles, II, 132
Clifford, James, II, I32
Cline, Jacob, II, 205, 326
Clinton, II, 326, 375
Clinton, Governor George, I, 58, 59, 60;
II, 326; III, 79
Clinton, James, II, 145
Clohessy, Michael, II, 239
Clopper, Frank Y., III, 102
Clymer, George, III, I6
Coal, III, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
215, 216, 217
Coal Lick Run, II, 205
Coal Pit Run, I, 46, 344; II, 30
Coburn, Jonathan, II, 83
Coccosky, I, 56
Cochran, Robert, III, 22
Cochran's Fording, I, I0, 258
Cocke, Thomas, I, 117, 144
Cocke, William, I, 177
Cockeye's Cabins, I, i8, 205, 270, 315
Coetus, Rev., I, 383, 385
Coetus of Pennsylvania, I, 383, 385; II,
354
Coke, III, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
215, 216, 217
Coke Operators, Connellsville region,
III, 207
Cokeyille, I, 23, 26, 367; II, 31, 38
Coleman, William, III, 141, 142
Colleges, Disciples of Christ, III, 52
College Clubs, III, 463, 464
Collins, Thomas, III, 240, 357
Colonial Dames, The, III, 472
Colvin, William, I, 317
Community Chest, III, 464
Community Service, III, 456, 457, 458,
459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466,
467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474,
475, 476, 477, 478, 479
Compass,  Joseph, I, 145
Concolrd, II, 88
Conemaugh, II, I97, 3I1, 3I2, 313, 376;
III. 63, 64, 272
Conemaugh Old Town, I, 18, 364, 366,
390
Conemaugh River, I, 2, 20, 26, 27; II, 12,
30, 31, 36, 37, 40, 121, 124, 127, 2I5,
2I6, 226, 237, 240, 300, 309, 313, 316,
320, 371; III, I5, 18, 20, 23, 72, 79, 81,
82, 213, 402
Conemaugh Teachers Institute, III, 273,
274
Conemaugh Valley, I, 26; II, 3II
Conestoga, I, 29, 30, 31
Conewango Creek, I, 50; II, 246
Confluence, I, 50, 98, II2, 307; II, 161
Connell, Rev. Henry, III, 42, 379
Connell, Zadhariah, I, 406; II, 28, 75, 76
Connellsville, I, 49, 83, 406; II, 43, 75,
i67, I77, i86, 264, 272; III, 78, 90, 94,
91, I29, I86, 187, 204, 206, 207, 209,
2IO, 427
Connellsville and West Newton Navigation Co., III, 78
Connelsville Basin, III, 203
Connellsville Circuit, III, 29, 30
Connellsville State Hospital, III, 197
Connentach, see Conemaugh
Connolly, Dr. John, I, 404; II, 43, 44,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
58, 60, 6I, 66, 67, 68, 80, 85, 86, 87,
104, 122, 135, I67, 169; III, I57
Conococheague I, 42, 77, 148
Conococheague Valley, 223
Conodogwainet, I, 17, 31
Conodogwainet Creek, I, 35; II, 43
Conoquenessing Creek, I, 24; II, 382,
393
Conoquenessing Township  II, 376, 379;
III, 215
Conotocarios, see Washington, George, 88
Conoy, I, 29
Conrad, Dr. Frank, III, 309
491SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Consolidated Traction Co., The, III, I02
Constables, Armstrong County, II, 369
Continental Army, II, 98, 99, Ioo, IOI,
I02, I03, 104, I05, I06, I07, Io8, I09,
IIO, III, 112, II3, II4, II5, ii6, II7,
II8
Continental Congress, II, 92, I36, I37
Contrecoeur, Captain, I, 87, 88, 89, 90,
91, 93, 94, I03, 114, 131
Conway, Brother C., III, 30
Conwell, Jehu, II, 205
Conwell, William, II, 205
Cook, Edward, I, 404; II, 77, 78, 94, I6o,
I70, I78, I8I, I87, I98, 203, 228, 229,
266, 270, 276, 277, 355; III, I
Cook, George, II, 205
Cook, Thomas, II, 356
Cooper, James, II, 121, 122
Cooper, John, III, 27, 30
Cooper, Thomas, III, 339
Cooper, William, II, 213
Copeland, Charles D., II, I76, I77, I78
Coraopolis, I, 34; II, 114
Corbin, Gawin, I, 43
Corbly, Rev. John, I, 374, 376, 378, 412;
II, I6o, i6i, I62, 211, 212, 222, 265,
324, 330, 336, 337; III, I, 222
Corbly Massacre, II, I6o, i6i, 324,
Cornwallis, Lord, II, 184
Corson, Dr. O. T., III, 280
Cort, Rev. Cyrus, I, 335, 336
Cort, Ralph B., I, 336
Coshocton, II, I47
Costello, V., III, 253
Coulter, Eli, 1, 270, 401; II, 356
Coulter, Jonathan, II, 387
Coulter, Richard, I, 335, 336, 337; III,
207, 327, 338, 352, 353
Countryman, Jacob, II, 307
Courts of Quarter Sessions,  Butler
County, II, 377, 378
Covode, Dr. Josepih, III, I82
Cowan, Edgar, I, 255; III, 6, 7, 246, 270,
324, 325, 343
Cowan, Dr. Frank, I, 255, 256, 355; II,
48; III, 7, I42
Cox, Gabriel, II, 205, 206
Cox, Isaac, II, 75, 76, 77, III, 205
Cox, John, III, 48.
Coxburg, II, 206
Cox's Creek, II, 307
Coyle, Manasseh, II, 39, I48
Crabbe, Dr. William R., III, 259
Crabtree Bottoms, I, Io, I88, I99, 205,
258, 266, 270
Crabtree Creek, I, 396
Crabtree Run, I, 365, 366; II, 12
Craft, John, II, 206
Crafton, II, I35; III, I58
Craig, Alexander, II, 233
Craig, Isaac, I, 380; III, I26, 449
Craig, James, II, 366
Craig, Jane M., II, 32, 239
Craig, John, I, 401; II, 3I, 2IO, 370
Craig, Morgan N., III, II
Craig, Neville B., II, 275, 283; III, II,
333
Craig, Samuel, I, 3I4, 396; II, 31, 32,
33, 37, I29, 338
Craig, Samuel, Jr., II, 39, I48
Craig, William, II, 67
Craig family,I, 33; II, 94
Craighead, Rev. Alexander, III, 33
Craighead, Dr. James R. E., I, I, 2; III,
244, 265, 266, 279, 478
Craighead, Rev. Samuel J., III, 242, 247
Craik, Dr. James, I, II7, ii8, I34, 177,
358; III, I55, I56
Cram, Ralph A., III, 384, 385
Cramer, I, 26, 27, 12I
Crawford, George, II, 260
Crawford, Hugh, I, 3I3, 354
Crawford, John, I, 270; II, 39, I48, I64,
i66
Crawford, Valentine, I, 406; II, I9, 207
Crawford, William, I, I04, 342, 350, 355,
357, 358, 36I, 364, 365 404, 406; II, 6,
II, 20, 22, 23, 28, 42, 43, 46, 5I, 52, 53,
54, 59, 6o, 6i, 62, 72, 74, 79, 86, 88,
139, I40, I62, I63, I64, I65, I66, I67,
I69, 206, 207, 212, 232, 234; III, i6o,
204, 3II, 3I2, 354
Crawford, William, Jr., II, I66
Crawford County, II, 258; III, 320
Crawford Expedition, II, I69
Crawford's Expedition, list of officers, II,
I64
Crawford's Run, II, 250
Crawford's Sleeping Place, 354
Craycraft, Charles, II, og9, IIo
Creigh, Alfred, I, 379
Cresap, Daniel, I, 43
Cresap, Michael, I, 42, 309, 412, 4I9, 420,
42I; II, 44, 58, 59, 122
Cresap, Thomas, I, II, 42, 43, 45, 67, 289,
308 42I
Cresap, Thomas, Jr., I, 42
Cribbs, Jacob, II, 279
Crise, Frederick, II, 307
Croghan, George, I, I4, 26, 27, 30, 33,
35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60,
62, 67, 84, 85, 88, 89, io6, IO7, II2, II3,
119, I2z, I45, 147, I56, I62, I63, 268,
269, 27I, 282, 283, 293, 294, 306, 3I3,
327, 346, 347, 349, 350, 353, 359, 370,
402, 415, 417, 4I8, 4I9, 42I, 422; II, 27,
43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 5I, 66, 67, 70, 86, 88,
I 3, 265, 266
Croghan W., I, 415
Croghan's Gap, I, 35, I46
Crooked Creek, I, 9, 30, 367; II, 30, 213,
225, 235; III, 402
492INDEX
Crosslye (Crosbye), Rev. Henry, I, 374,
375
Cross Creek, I, 376; II, 7I, 73, 80, 82,
I Io, I58, I98, 224, 229, 236, 240
Cross Creek Academy, III, 236
Crouse, Dr. C. C., I, 260, 263, 270
Crow, William, III, I20
Crow, William E., III, 9
Crown Point, I, 116, I66, I69
Crowther Iron Co., The, III, I20, 206
Cruikshanks, Andrew, II, 171
Crumrine, Boyd, II, 69, 70, I52, 153, 157;
III, 317, 362
Culbertson, Samuel, I, I75; II, 37
Cumberland, I, 2:5, 43, 68, I83, 200, 290,
29I, 368; II, 327
Cumberland County, I, 21, 29, 30, 34, 35,
67, I4I, 3I4, 344, 350, 352, 356, 358,
359, 419; II, 7, 3I, 37, 43, 52, I27, 153,
I96, I98, 226, 239; III, 312
Cumberland Presbyterian Church, III,
52, 53
Cumberland Road, II, 7I
Cumberland Synod, III, 53, 54
Cumberland Township, II, 235
Cumberland Valley, I, I9, 30, 33, I48,
I52, I59, I6o; II, 35
Cummins, Erwin, III, 317
Cunningham, Francis, II, 208
Cunningham, James, I, 3I
Cunningham, Jesse E. B., III, 35I
Cunningham, John, III, 239, 240
Cunningham, Robert, III, 239
Cunningham, Samuel, II, 376
Cunningham, Dr. Smith, III, I70
Cunningham's Mill, II, 376
Curran, Barney, I, 35, 47, 48, 68, 71
Curry Run, I, 9
Curtis, Glenn, III, Io8
Cushcheating, see Goshgoshing, 19
Cushing, Thomas, II, 285
Cussewago, I, 78
Custis, Daniel P., I, 4I9
Custis, George W. P., I, 424
Cuthbertson, Rev. John, III, 33
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, II, 285, 287, 288
Cut Straw, I, 59
Cuyahoga River, II, 136
Dabler, Catharine, II, 78
Dagworthy, John, I, 117, I64, I65, I66,
189, I90, 2IO, 216, 2I7, 225, 226, 287
Dagworthy's Breastworks, I, 20, I64, I89,
I9I, I98, 207, 209, 2IO, 216, 217, 218,
22, 223, 249, 266, 344
Daily, William V., II, 234
Daine, M., I, 219
Dakota Indians, I, 4
Dane, Nathan, II, 285
Dangerfield, William, I, I77, 295; II, 62
Darby, William, II, 242
Darlington, William  M., I, 45; III, 232,
333'Daugherty, James, II, I9, 20
Daugherty, Neil, II, 216
Daughters of the American Revolution, I,
23, 24, 340, 346; II, I75, 2I2; III, 473,
474
Daughters of I8I2, III, 474
Dauphin  County  Historical Society, I,
231, 232
Davenport, Jonas, I, I8, 25, 32, 33, 46;
II, 366
Davenport, Josiah, I, 32, 32I
Davidson, Elias, I, I89
Davidson, Hugh, I, 37I
Davidson, John, III, I22
Davidson, Robert, III, 122
Davis, Benjamin, II, 247
Davis, H. P., III, 309
Davis, James, 1I, 239,
Davis, James J., III, IO
Davis, Rev. Robert, III, 328
Davis family massacre, II, 233
Dawson, John, III, 338
Day, James E., III, 78
de Belle Isle, Marshall, I, 2I9
de Bienville, Celeron, I, 15, 33, 36, 58, 59,
60o, II9
DeBold, John, II, 224
de DiesKau, Baron, I, I38
De Haas, John P., I, I75; II, 95
de Jumonville, Monsieur, I, 87, IOO, IOI,
102, IO03, I04, 107, IIO, III, I25; II,
IO03, 263
de la Galissionaire, Marquis, I, 58, 59, 60,
62
de la Joncaire, Marquis, I, 62, 70, 73, 78,
80
De LaSalle, Robert, I, 28
Delaware George, 1, 20, 64, 239, 253, 370
Delaware Indians, I, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, I I, I3,
I4, I5, i8, 20, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 46, 48,
49, 57, 64, 65, 78, I0o6, I21, 122, I43,
I46, I48, i6i, I63, 225, 226, 236, 240,
242, 294, 323, 326. 345, 357; II, 45, 57,
58, I23, I37, I44, I47, I48, 223
Delaware River, I, 3, 6, 4I, 42
Delaware Water Gap, I, 6, 29
de Lignery, Monsieur, I, I3I, 219, 231
de Marin, Pierre P. S., I, 68
Demerie, Paul, I, II7
Democrats, III, 403, 404, 434
Denmark Manor, I, 315
Denniston, Alexander, I, 33, 34; III, 21,
22
Denniston, Arthur, I, 314, 396; II, 32, 33;
III, 22
Denniston, John, II, 34, 35
Denniston family, I, II, 31; II, 33, 34, 35
Denniston's Mills, II, 33, 34, 35, 233; III,
I9, 389
493
iAnnals of
SoutIwesterrn- Pennsylvania
By
LEWIS CLARK WALKINSHAW, A. M.
Historian, Pennsylvania Society, Sons of tle
American Revolutiown
VOLUME III
LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
NEW YORK
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((~C~SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
was later changed to include the counties of Bedford, Huntingdon,
Clearfield, McKean and Potter, and all counties west of them  in
Pennsylvania.  Twelve of these counties comprising the northern
part of the Diocese of Pittsburgh were cut off on April 29, 1853,
to form the Diocese of Erie. In charge of the Diocese of Pittsburgh
since its founding have been, successively: Bishops Michael O'Connor, John Twigg, Richard Phelan, J. F. Regis Canevin and Hugh
C. Boyle.
Some of the early priests were not averse to entering into controversy with ministers of other denominations in discussing fundamentals of the beliefs of each. On one occasion, stirred up by the
continuous attacks upon the doctrines of his church, the Rev. Patrick
O'Neill, Roman Catholic missionary to Armstrong, Butler and Allegheny counties, preached a vitriolic sermon in the courthouse in Butler on "The Mystery of the Real Presence."  Bishop Kenrick suppressed about one-fourth of the manuscript and Father Maguire cut
out considerably more before it was published.  The Rev. Isaac
Niblock, spurred on by Father O'Neill's effort, answered it in the
Associate Reformed Church in Butler, under the topic "Against
Transubstantiation."
As indicating the early churches which grew out of the foundation
work of Father Maguire and his successor, Father O'Connor, vicar
general at St. Paul's beginning with June 17, 1841, the latter built the
first parochial school and dedicated St. Patrick's' Church at Sugar
Creek, July 29, I841, and SS. Simon and Jude Church at Blairsville,
October 2, 1842. During the term of his bishopric, Bishop Francis
P. Kenrick, of Philadelphia, came on from the East and visited the
churches at St. Mary's, Freeport; St. Philomena's, Pittsburgh; St.
Mary's, Pine Creek; St. Paul's, Pittsburgh; St. Phillip's, Chartiers
Creek; St. Peter's, Butler; St. Simon and Jude's, Blairsville; and at
St. Vincent's Archabbey.
Undaunted by his failure to have a new episcopal see established
at Loretto, Prince Gallitzin continued his religious work with much
zeal, because of the growing communities and the extension of business along the turnpikes and the portage railroad connecting the
eastern and western branches of the Pennsylvania Canal.  Other
early visitations to the communities were by Reverends Felix Brosius,
Lewis Sibourd and Patrick Lonergan. The church established in
the McGuire settlement at Loretto was called St. Michael's.  The
44494                SOUTHWESTER
Denniston's Town, II, 33, 210; III, 35
Denny, William, I, 163, 169, 173, I82, 236,
237, 242, 243, 244, 259, 260, 279, 282, 294
Dent, John, II, 84, I09
Depontency, Captain, I, 62
"Depreciation Lands," II, 246
Depression, 1932, III, 387, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398,
399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406,
407, 408, 409, 410, 4II, 412, 413, 4I4,
415, 416, 417, 418
Derry Township, I, 23, 366, 395; II, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 4I,
I43, I96, 209, 229, 238, 239, 242, 365,
372; III, 15, 21, 24, 275, 276, 308
de St. Pierre, L., I, 71
Detar's, I, 315
Detroit, I, 58, 59, II5, 123; II, I35, I37,
I39, I40, 147, 149, 163, I84
Deundaga, I, 18
Devan, Barnabas, I, 107
de Villiers, M. Coulon, I, I07, II0, 308
DeVore, James, I, 404
Devoy, Henry, I, 35
DeWolf, Dr. Henry C., III, I89, 190
Diamondville, I, 8
Dickens, Charles, III, 8i
Dickey, Allen P., III, 337
Dickey, Dr. John, III, I20, 121, I84
Dickey, Robert, III, 121
Dickinson, Rev. E. H., III, 258
Dickinson, John, II, i85
Dickinson Township, II, 246
Dickson,  Dr. John, III, i66
Dickson family, III, i66
Dike, Peter, II, 216
Dill, James B., III, I47
Dilliner, Augustine, II, 330
Dillon, Matthew, II, 207; III, I28, 129
Dillow, John, II, 207
Dilltown, II, 207
Dilworth, Charles, I, 7, 8
Dilworth, Joseph, III, 261
Dinner clubs, III, 460, 462, 463
Dinsmore, James, II, 207, 208
Dinwiddie, Robert, I, 43, 62, 65, 67,
69, 72, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 95, 98,
Ioo, 103, I04, I0o8, 112, 133, I64, I65,
I67, 4I5, 417; II, 263
Diocese of Pittsburgh, II, 342, 343, 344;
III, 42, 44
Disciples of Christ, III, 46, 51
Diskin, Father Patrick, III, 40
Dixon, Jeremiah, II, I86
Dixon, Samuel, II, 37, 130
Dixon, William, II, 37, 222
Dobb, Captain, I, 117
Dobbin, Rev. Alexander, III, 33
Dobbins, James, III, 224
Dobbs, Arthur, I, 42
Doctor John (Indian), I, 19
ZN PENNSYLVANIA
Doctors, III, I55, I56, 157, I58, I59, I6o,
161, I62, I63, 164, I65, I66, I67,  I68,
I(9, 170, I7I, 172, I73, I74, I75, I76,
177, 178, 179, I80, i8I, I82, I83, I84,
I85, I86, I87, I88, I89, 19o, I9I, I92,
I93, 194, I95, 196, 197, 198, i99, 200
Doctors, list of, III, I59
Doctors, Armagh, III, 179
Doctors, Armstrong County, III, I69
Doctors, Beaver County, III, I70, I7I,
172
Doctors, Berlin, III, I82
Doctors. Blairsville, III, 178, 179
Doctors, Brownsville, III, I87
Doctors, Butler County, I90, I92
Doctors, Cambria County, III, 174
Doctors, Centerville, III, 191
Doctors, Connellsville, III, i86, I87
Doctors, Greene County, III, I88, I89
Doctors, Indiana County, III, I78, I80
Doctors, Mt. Pleasant Township, III, I93
Doctors, New  Castle, III, 183, I84
Doctors, Portersville, III, I9o, I9I
Doctors, Uniontown, III, i86
Doctors, Washington  County, III, 164,
I65
Doctors, Waynesburg, III, I89
Doctors, Westmoreland County, III, I64,
I65
Dodd, Dr. Cephas, III, 163, I64
Dodd, Charles, II, I57
Dodd, Dr. Elias F., III, I63, 164
Dodd, Dr. Frank C., III, 164
Dodd, John, II, I57
Dodd, Dr. Thaddeus, III, 163
Dodd, Rev. Thaddeus, I, 386, 387, 388;
II, 152; III, I63, 222, 223
D,odd, Dr. William S., III, I63
Dodd family, III, i63, 164
Doddridge, John, II, 208
Doddridge, Rev. Dr. Joseph, I, 379, 380,
38I; III, i62, I63
"Doddridge's Notes," III, I62, I63
Doherty, Dr. Robert E., III, 264
Donaldson, Rev. Alexander, II, 362; III,
241, 243, 244
"Donation Lands," II, 246, 247, 248
Donegal Township, II, II, I2, 80, 133,
I86, 208, 224, 240, 376; III, 133
Donnan, John W., II, 69
Donora, III, 205
D'oran, Nicholas, I, I87
Doreil, Commissary, I, I38
Doty, Lucian W., III, Io
Dougal, Thomas, II, 216
Dougherty, Bernard,  I,  356, 357, 361,
362, 363
Dougherty, James, II, 181
Dougherty, Patrick, II, 366
Douglas, Stephen, III, 320INDEX
Douglass, Ephraim, II, io8, I84, I85, I88,
I89, I90, 280
Douglass, John, I, 7
Douthet, Thomas, II, I8I, 183
Dow, Lieut., I, 331
Downer, Jonathan, III, 234
Doyle, Arthur, I, 42
Drake, Edwin, III, 296
Dravo, John F., III, 206
Drennen, David, II, 388
Drew, James B., III, 351
Drinker, Joseph, I, 8
Drown, Dr. Solomon, III, i85
Druillong, Monsieur, I, IOO
Drum, Augusta, III, 348
Drum, Christian, III, 358
Drum, Peter, III, 358
Drummond, Samuel, I, 270
Dumas, Captain, I,. 88, 131, I32, 159
Dumbauld, Abraham, II, 208
Dumbauld, Peter, II, 241
Dunbar, Thomas, I, IOI, ii6, TI7, 119,
125, 130, 136, 142, 143, 322
Dunbar Creek, III, 127
Dunbar Furnace, III, i88
"Dunkards," I, 161, 162; III, 56, 57, 58,
268
Dunkards Creek, II, i6I, I86, 234, 324,
330
Dunkard Creek Valley, II, 125
Dunkard Township, II, 327
Dunker's Bottom, I, i62
Dunlap, Rev. James, II, 83, 317; III,
359
Dunlap, John, II, I7I
Dunlap's Creek, I, 27, 317, 366, 389, 421,
422; II. 83; III, 72, 214
Dunlap's Old Road, I, 378; II, 73, 79, 83,
I82
Dunnmore, Governor, I, 404; II, 5, 42, 43.
50, 5I, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 6o, 6I, 62,
63, 64, 65, 85, 86, 87, 135, 140, 167, 169,
228, 374
Dunmore's War, I, 309, 421, 425; II, 36,
56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 6i, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 201, 237
Dunning, James, I, i8, 35, 184, 206
Dunning; Robert, I, 55
Duquesne, Marquis, I, 62, 72, I113, 114
Duquesne, city of, I, 128
Duquesne University, III, 259
Duquesne Works, III, 144
Duss, John S., III, 430
Dustin, Dr. Bernard, III, 171
Dustin family, III, 171
Dyer, Herman, III, 230
Earle, George H., I, 337; III, 412, 413,
417
East Augusta, II, 74
East End, I, Io
East Finley, II, 80, 209
495
East Liberty Presbyterian Church, III,
384
Easton, I, 6, I46, I63, 227, 230, 237, 239,
242, 246, 250, 26I, 3I5, 327
East Pittsburgh, III, 308, 309
East Waynesburg, III, 397
Ebenezer, II, 209
"Ebenezer Chapel," II, 318
Ebensburg, II, 3II, 315, 318, 3I9, 320,
322; III, 37, 45, 64, 82, 98, II2, I72,
I73, 214
Ebensburg Academy, III, 236, 258, 273
Eberlhart, John F., III, 253
Eckenrode's Mill, I, 7
Eckerlin, Gabriel, I, I6I, I62
Eckerlin, Israel, I, i6i, I62
Eckerlin, Samuel, I, I6I, I62
Eckerlin Brothers, I, 161, 162; III, 56
Economy, I, 23; II, 384, 393; III, 430
Ecuyer, Capt. Simeon, I, 84, 325, 327,
328; III, I57
Edgar, James, II, 152
Edgar, Thomson Steel Co., III, 142, I43
Edgecliff, I, I7, 251
Editors, newspapers, III, 432, 433, 434,
435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 44I, 442,
443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
45I
Editors, Western Pennsylvania Historical
Magazine, III, 469
Edmondson, Capt., I, 359
Edmund's Swamp, I, 9, 31, 183, I85, I86,
I9I, I95, 202, 258, 365
Education, III, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238,
239, 240, 24I, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 25I, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 26o, 261, 262,
263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,
279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 29I, 292
Edwards, Dr. Jonathan, III, 227
Egan, Bishop Michael, III, 41
8th Regiment, Pennsylvania, Revolution,
roster of, II,         io4, I05, Io6, I07, Io8
Elder, David, II, 35, 209'
Elder, Hannah Anderson, II, 35, 208, 209
Elder, James, II, 209
Elder, J. Calvin, III, 32, 33
Elder, Robert, II, 35, 209
Elder, Sarah G., II, 209
Elder, T. B., III, 242, 246
Elder, William E., III, 181
Elder, Dr. William G., III, I8I
Elder family, II, 209
Elder's Ridge, I, 2; II, 209
Elder's Ridge Academy, II, 23I, 262;
III, 241, 242, 243
Elder's Ridge Presbyterian Church, I, 2
Elderton, II, 204, 372
i
iSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Electric Light Industry, III, 305, 306,
307, 308
Electric Railways, III, 99, IOO, IOI, Io02,
I03, I04, I05
Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital, III, I99
Elizabeth Township, I, 317; II, 78, I02,
251, 259, 282
Elkin, John P., III, 349, 409
Ellinpisco, II, 64
Elliott, Andrew, III, 122
Elliott, Matthew, III, I40, I4I, 295
Elliott, Robert, I, 353
Elliott, William, I, 354, 402; II, 53, 54,
66, 67, 86
Elliott-Blair Steel Co., III, I20
Elwood, William, II, 208
Ely, Henry, III, 273
Emerson, Dr. Edward P., III, 178
Emery, David, III, II3
Emmett, Samuel, II, 259
English Colonies, I, 27, 28
Enlow, Abramham, II, 209, 210
Enoch, David, I, 376
Enoch, Enoch, II, 21O
Enochs, Capt., I, 342
Ephrata, I, 161
Episcopalians, see Church of England
Erb, Bishop Jacob, III, 55
Erie, I, 62, 245, 249
Erie Canal, III, 78, 79, 84
Erie Classis, II, 354
Erie County, II, 258
Erie Railway, III, 97
Erwin, Joseph, I, 401; II, 94, 99, Ioo, I46,
I47, I73
Espey, Hugh, I, 9
Estep, Dr. Ephraim, III, i64
Estep, Rev. James, II, 337; III, 47, 48,
51, 375, 376, 377, 378
Etna, III, I53, 304
Evans, Alpheus E., III, 336
Evans, Jesse, II, I97
Evans, John, I, 35; II, I09
Evans, John J., II, 318, 319
Evans, Lewis, III, II2
Evans City, I, 24
Ewer, William, I, 325
Ewing, James, I, I75Ewing, John K., III, 336
Ewing, Nathaniel, II, 333; III, 94, 315,
336, 338, 344
Ewing, Samuel E., III, 337
Ewing, Thomas, III, 33I
Ewing, William, I, 344
Faculty, State Teachers College, Indiana,
III, 288, 289
Fahnstock, Samuel, III, I39
Fair, R. Willis, III, 265
Fairchance Furnace, III, 205
Fairfax, George, I, 43, 67
Fairfield, I, 365, 367, 386, 393, 394; II,
II, 12, 40, 233, 241
Fairfield Presbyterian Church, II, 226;
III, 372
Fairing, Mrs. John W., II, 175
Fairmont, III, 93
Fairview Township, II, 376
Fallen Timbers, II, I95, 247, 297, 39I
Fallston, II, 393
Farmer, John I, 372
Fauquier, Francis, I, 272, 281, 347
Fayette County, I, II, 12, 50, IIO, 317,
318, 343, 385, 391; II, 6, 29, 58, 70, 75,
o08, 157, 170, I79-8o0, i8I, 182, I83, 184,
I85, I86, I87, i88, 189, I90, 19I, 192,
I9_3, I95, I99, 2'00, 203, 2I3, 222, 225,
231, 235, 236, 258, 259, 268, 269, 270,
323, 332, 333, 336; III, I30, 184, i85,
i86, 187, I97, 205, 2I4, 272, 273, 329,
335, 336, 358, 363
Fayette  County  Medical  Society,  III,
188
Fayette County Railroad, III, 93, 94
Fayette Township, II, 208
Fechtig, Dr. Samuel C., III, 183
Felebaum, George, II, 230
Fell, Benjamin, III, 32
Fell, Paul, I, 8
Ferguson, John S., III, 333, 334
Ferree, Jeremiah, III, 360
Ferrier, Rev. Andrew, III, 235, 236
Ferries, II, 259, 332, 333; III, I9, 20, 76
Ferry, Charles, III, 40
Fetter, Dr. Christian, III, I82
Fetterman, W. W., III, 321
Fidler, John, III, 373
Findlay, George, II, 121, 128, I31   III,
23
Findley, James, II, 272, 273
Findley, Samuel, II, 377
Findley, William, I, 264, 265; II, 268,
280; III, 35, 64, 402, 403
Finegan, Dr. Thomas E., III, 28I
Finessy, Jacob, III, 357
Fink, John, II, 158
Finley, Ebenezer, II, 132
Finley, Rev. James, I, 386, 404; II, 132;
III, 328
Finley, John, II, IO8, 139
Finley, Joseph L., II, 139
Finleyville, III, 2IO
Fish Creek, I, I I
Fisher, John, I, 32, I87, 213, 337; II,
305
Fisher, John S., III, io6, 282, 349, 360,
470
Fisher Blockhouse, I, 269; III, 28
Five Nations, I, 3, 11, 64, 246, 275, 278
Flac'., James, II, I32
Flalherty's Run, II, 249, 250, 25I
Flannery, Rev. Anthony F., III, 42
Fleming, Alexander, III, 50
496INDEX
Fleming, Richard, II, 39, 148
Fleming, Rev. Thornton, III, 27, 28, 29
Fleming, Capt. William, I, I77
Fleming, Dr. William, III, I56
Flinn, William, III, 102, 409
Flowers, George W., I, 337
Floyd, John B., III, 365
Forbes, General John, I, 36, 164, I66, I67,
I68, I69,  I7I, I74, I79, I80, I8I, I82,
I83, I84, I85, I86, 187, I88, I89,  90o,
191, 192, I93, 208, 209, 210, 220, 221,
222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 236,
237, 242, 257, 259, 260, 265, 266, 267,
268, 269, 27I, 273, 274, 279, 280, 28I,
282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 294, 29'5, 298,
300, 30I, 305, 307, 423; II, 220, 22I,
256, 263; III, 6I, I91
Forbes, Thomas, I, 93, 94
Forbes Army and Expedition, I, 22, 26,
27, 3I, 32, 65, 84, 94, II7, I37, I45, I46,
I48, I49, I52, I6o, 165, I166, I67, 170,
I79, I80, I81, I82, 183, I84, I85, I86,
I87, I88, I89, I90, 19I, I92, 193, 194,
218, 243, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261,
262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269,
270, 271, 272, 273, 279, 287, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 30I; II, 31, 43, 208, 219,
227, 235, 263; III, 6o, 6I, I55, 20I,
202, 209, 388
Forbes Road, I, 257, 258, 263, 266, 269,
270, 27I, 288, 294, 295, 30I, 302, 303,
304, 3I3, 314, 315, 318, 344, 346, 364,
366, 367, 393, 396, 398; II, 2, 8, 9, 22,
33, 4I, 43, I70, 17I, I77, 2I7, 220, 233,
299; III, 62, 87
Ford, John B., III, 298
Foreman, Charles, II, 9, 247
Forks of the Ohio, I, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76,
83, 86, 88, 126, I66, 237, 305, 346, 401,
414, 419; II, 104, I38, I95, 229, 245,
247, 374; III, 387, 419
Forks of the Yough, I, 367, 402; II,
237, 339; III, 35
Fort Allen, I, I95, I96, 236, 38I; II, 217,
346; III, 37, 222, 268
Fort Allison, II, I96
Fort Ancient, I, 3
Fort Armstrong, II, 102, I96, I97, 206,
214, 229
Fort Ashcraft, I, I2; II, I97
Fort Augusta, I, 25, I47, I49, 233, 237,
242, 311, 316, 345; II, I38, 201
Fort Baldwin, II, 243
Fort Barr, II, 36, 129, 130, I97, 198, 229,
242
Fort Bayon, II, I98
Fort Beckett, II, I98
Fort Bedford, I, 230, 274, 285, 287, 288,
295, 296, 3I4, 328, 353, 4oI;  II, 37,
235, 237, 289, 290, 291
Fort Beelor, II, I96, 207, 236, 323
Fort Beeman, II, I99
Fort Beeson, II, I99
Fort Belle Air, I, i85, I91
Fort Blacklegs, II, I99
Fort Bull Creek, II, I99
Fort Bulls Town, II, 200
Fort Burd, I, 308, 309, 3IO, 311 3, 317, 322,
325, 340, 352, 366; II, I95, 200, 201
Fort Burd, see also Fort Redstone, II,
200, 201
Fort Burgett, II, 201
Fort Bushy Run, II, 20I, 202
Fort Carnahan, II, 36, 39, I27, I30, 132,
I47, 202, 203, 213
Fort Cassell, II, 203
Fort Cherry, II, 204
Fort Clark, II, 204
Fort Claypoole, II, 204, 205
Fort Cline, II, 20,5, 324
Fort Conwell, II, 205
Fort Cox, II, 205, 206
Fort Crawford, Fayette County, II, 207
Fort Crawford,  Westmoreland  County,
II, 62, I42, I43, 206, 207, 2I4, 229; III,
425
Fort Cumberland, I, II2, 116,  17, I63,
I65, I66, I67, I8o, 182, 287, 314, 349
Fort Defiance, II, 296
Fort Detroit, I, 323
Fort Dill, II, 207
Fort Dillow, II, 207
Fort Dinsmore, II, 207
Fort Doddridge, II, 208, 236
Fort Duart, I, I83, i85, I86, 187, I91,
207, 230, 258, 259, 285; II, 30I
Fort Dudgeon, I, I83, I86, I87, I91, 285
Fort Duff, II, 208
Fort Dumb-auld, II, 208, 240
Fort Dunmore, I, I6; II, 43, 65, 67, 94,
I98, 210, 227
Fort Duquesne, I, 24, 48, 82, 84, 88, 9I,
92, 93, 95, 98, IOI, I02, IO4, IO6, I07,
IIO  113, II4, II6, II9, I22, 123, 124,
126, 127,  I31, 132, I37, I38, 140, 148,
I59, I63, I64, I66, I67, I79, I82, I89,
191, 192, I94, 195, I96, I97, I98, 201,
203, 204, 209, 2IO, 216, 217, 218, 2I9,
220, 224, 225, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239,
242, 243, 247, 249, 252, 253, 256, 257,
258, 259, 260, 26I, 262, 263, 264, 265,
266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273,
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 285, 294,
359, 369; II, 75, 80, 208, 2IO, 220, 256,
264; III, 37, 77, 164, 388
Fort Elder, II, 37, 208, 209, 23I
Fort Enlow, II, 209, 2IO
Fort Enoch, II, 2IO
Fort Fayette, II, 2IO
"Fort Field," I, 317
Fort Fisher, III, 28
Fort Frederick, II, 142
Fort Freeport, II, 2IO
Fort Froman, II, 2IO, 211I
S. P.--III-32
497SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Fort Frontenac, I, 259
Fort Gaddis, I, 12, 340, 341, 343, 412; II,
1O9, 212, 221
Fort Garard, II, 211, 212
Fort Granville, I, 146, 148, I49, I51, 152,
I55; II, 139
Fort Graybill, II, 212, 213
Fort Green, II, 213
Fort Greenville, II, 296, 297
Fort Halifax, I, 3I6
Fort Hand, II, 116, 117, 122, 130, 136,
I42, 143, 202, 203, 213, 214, 225
Fort Hannastown, II, 214, 215, 216
Fort Harmer, II, 2912
Fort Harris, I, 316
Fort Harrison, II, 214
Fort Heaton, II, 216, 222
Fort Henry, II, 6i, 64, 65, 82, 117, 118,
136, 142, 148, I49, 223
Fort Hoagland, II, 216
Fort Hughes, II, 216
Fort Hunter, I, 25, 316
Fort Inyard, II, 216, 217
Fort Jackson, II, 2I7, 218
Fort Jefferson, II, 295
Fort Keith, II, 218
Fort Kepple, II, 218
Fort Kittanning II, 118
Fort Klingensmith, II, 2I8, 219
Fort Lamb, II, 219, 220
Fort Laurens, II, I39, I4I, I44, 214
Fort Leasure, II, 220
Fort LeBoeuf, I, 24,,62, 63, 66, 76, 85,
88, I I7, 323, 327; II, 263.
Fort Ligonier, I, 22, 174, 187, i88, 207,
221, 231, 274, 28I, 283, 284, 301, 315,
32I, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 344, 345,
352, 393; II, I, 2, 33, 35, 37, 40, 89,
I27 I28, 129, I30, I3I, I32, I34, I95,
202, 214, 220, 221, 226, 228, 233, 235,
238, 29I; III, 23
Fort Lindley, II, 221, 222
Fort Littleton, I, I, I46, 246, 301
Fort Lochry, II, 36, 222
Fort Loudon, I, I46, I67, I68, I70, 245,
246, 281, 295, 298, 301; II, 290
Fort Lowther, I, 146
Fort Lucas, II, 222
Fort McCartney, II, 222
Fort McCoy, II, 222
Fort McDonald, II, 222
Fort McDowell, I, I46; II, 223
Fort McFarland, II, 223, 226
Fort McGeorge, II, 223
Fort McIntosh, I, 6r; II, 138, 139, I58,
i66, 214, 223, 224, 228, 294, 390; III,
117
Fort Machault, I, 88, II4, 28I
Fort Marchand, II, 224
Fort Markle, II, 224
Fort Marshel, II, 225
Fort Martin, II, 225
Fort Mason, II, 225
Fort Miami, II, 297
Fort Miller, II, 225
Fort Miller, Westmoreland  County, II,
225, 226
Fort Milliken, II, 226
Fort Minor, I, 342
Fort Minter, II, 226
Fort Moorhead, II, 226, 227
Fort Muncy, II, 143
Fort Necessity, I, 30, 33, 34, 87, 93, IOO,
104, 105, io,6, I07, IO8, 109, IIO, III,
I23, 125, 136, I77, 308, 358, 424; II,
103, I95, 227, 263, 366; III, 37, 155,
470~
"Fort Necessity and Historic Shrines of
the Redstone Country," I, 3
Fort Necessity  Washington  Monument
Assn., I, III
Fort Niagara, I, 314, 323
Fort Norris, I, 146; II, 227
Fort Palmer, I, 12, 393;  II, 124, I27,
129, I31, 227; III, 23
Fort Patterson, I, I46
Fort Pearse, II, 228
Fort Peelor, II, 228
Fort Perry, II, 36
Fort Pitt, I, 32, 34, II11, 145, 170, I7I.
I88, 234, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277,
278, 279, 2.80, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285.
286, 287, 288, 294, 295, 296, 306, 307.
309, 311,  313, 3I5, 3I9, 321, 322, 323,
325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 33I, 334, 339,
342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352, 353,
354, 358, 367, 37I, 383, 401, 418, 423; II,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 25, 37, 44, 6I, 62, 80,
86, 98, 99, Ioo, IOI, IO2, I03, 104, I05,
Io6, I07, 108, 109,  110, III, 112, 113,
II4, II5, 116, 117, II8, 122. 123, I36,
I37, I38, 139, I40, 141, I42, I54, 158,
I63, I66, I68, 175, I88, 195, 201i, 206,
210, 2I4, 222, 229, 230, 23'6, 238, 240,
246, 340, 374; III, 62, 156, 157, 159,
I86, 202, 449
Fort Pomeroy, II, 3I, 36, I32, I96, 229,
243
Fort Preservation, II, 127, 220
Fort Presque Isle, I, 327; II, 297
Fort Randolph, II, II7, I42, 214
Fort Rayburn, II, 229, 230
Fort Recovery, II, 296
Fort Redstone, I, II, 27, 234, 307, 342,
42I; II, 73, 79, 125, 182, I95, 206, 230,
269, 279, 330, 331, 332; III, 6
Fort Redstone, see also Fort Burd
Fort Reed, II, 213, 230
Fort Rice, II, 218, 224, 231
Fort Riffle, II, 231
Fort Robinson, II, 231, 232
Fort Roney, II, 232
Fort Rugh, II, 232, 233
Fort Run, II, 204
498INDEX
Fort Ryerson, II, 233, 234
Fort Sackville, II, 294
Fort Shields, II, 130, I95, 234
Fort Shippen, II, 234; III, 37
Fort Shirley, I, 146, I52, I56
Fort Simpson, II, 234
Fort Sloan, II, 37, 39, 234, 235
Fort Sparks, II, 235
Fort Stanwix, I, 350, 352, 357, 418, 419;
II, 223
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, I, 34, 37, 339;
II, 32, 42, 57; III, I58
Fort Statler, II, 235, 324
Fort Stokely, II, 235, 236
Fort Stony Creek, I, I86, 191, 301; II,
236
Fort Strickler, II, 236
Fort Swan, II, 236
Fort Swan-Van Meter, II, 236
Fort Swearingen, II, 236, 237
Fort Taylor, II, 36, 237
Fort Teeters, II, 237
Fort Thompson, II, 237
Fort Trent, I, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 94, 96,
148, 285, 4I5; II, 80, 2IO, 285
Fort Turner, II, 237
Fort Vance, II, 237
Fort Van Meter, see Fort Swan
Fort Venango, I, 7, 237, 280, 295, 323,
327; II, I45
Fort Wallaoe, I, 354; II, 31, 36, 37, 39,
II7, I24, 127, I28, 129, I3I, 132, I97,
238, 239
Fort Walthour, I, 382; II, 240
Fort Washington, II, 294, 295
Fort Wayne, II, 294, 296
Fort Wells, II, 241
Fort Williams, I, 12, 393; II, 133, 24I,
242,, 243
Fort Williamson, II, 242, 243
Fort Wilson, II, 243
Fort Wolf, II, 243, 244
Fort Woodruff, II, 244
Fort Worley, II, 244
Forts, Frontier, II, I94, I95, I96, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205,
206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237,
238, 239, 240, 24I, 242, 243, 244
Forward, Chauncev, III, 50, 318, 319
Forward, Mary, III, 319
Forward, Walter, III, II, 330
Foster, Alexander W., III, 325
Foster, Henry D., III, 324, 325
Foster, Stephen Collins, III, 240, 241,
325
Four Mile Run Rangers, List of, II, 241
Four Mile Run Valley, I, 12, 258, 269;
II, 133, 208, 240
Foxes (Indians), I, 4
Francis, Dr. James, III, i86, 187
Francis, Joseph, II, 312
Francis, Stephen, I, 381
Francis, Tench, II, 257
Francis, William M., III, 123
Franklin, Benjamin, I, 64, II7, II8, 127,
146, I62, 225, 3I5, 418; II, 93, 123, 248
Franklin, William, I, 418
Franklin, town of, I, 7, 12, 59, 62, II114;
II, 80, 185
Franks, Charles B., III, 248
Franks, David, I, 325, 353, 4I6; III, 3818
Frank.s, Stephen H. O., I, 416, 417
Franks family, I, 4I6, 419
Frankstown, I, 7, 55, 56, 4I'6; II, 313,
315; III, 63, 64
Frankstown Road, III, 64
Frazer, Alex, I, I86
Frazer, Jenny, I, 247
Frazer (Frazier), John, I, I6, 33, 35,
59, 62, 63, 70, 75, 76, 77, 82, 85, 86, 89,
285, 354, 360, 36I
Frazer, John G., III, 329
Frazer, Robert S., III, 329, 330
Frazier's, I, 68
Freedom, II, 393
"Freedom  on the March," II, 293, 294
Freeman's Falls, I, I2
Freeport, II, 370, 371; III, 93, 203, 217
Freeport veins, III, 203
French, Daniel, III, 76
French, Dr. Jonathan, III, 177
French and Indian War, I, 28, 36, 38
French in Pennsylvania, I, 31, 32, 33, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 6.2, 63, 64,
65
French Creek, I, 33, 62, 69, 71, 88, II4;
II, 145
Frey, Rev. James, II, 337
Frick, Henry Clay, III, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, I48, 206, 207, 209, 210, 2I2,
214, 216
Frick Coke Co., H. C., III, 143, 144, I45,
207, 209. 21O, 212
Friedline, J. E., I, 187
Friedline, M., I, 187
Friedline, Peter, II, 3017
Frisbee, Levi, Rev., I, 386
Fritz, George, III, 138
Froman, Paul, I, 404; II, 28, 79, 2I0,
211
Fry, Joshua, I, 49, 86, 87, 9I, 96, 99, 103,
104, 415; III, 155
Fulton, John T., I, 124
Funk, Henry, I, 8
Furnaces, Cambria County III, 135, 136
Furnaces, Somerset County, III, 133
Fu,rnaces, Westmoreland County, III,
13I, 132
Furtwangler, Leopold, III, 392
499SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Gabby, William, II, 69
Gaddis family, I, 343
Gaddis, Thomas, I, 340, 34I, 342, 343;
II, I09, IIO, 212
Gage, General Thomas, I, II7, I26, I27,
129, 130, I34, I36, 345, 347; II, 3, 4
Gaither, Paul H., I, 336
Galbraeth, Thomas, II, 33
Galbraith, James, I, 54; II, 216; III, I23
Galbraith, Joseph, I, I82
Galbraith, Robert, II, 22, 6I; III, 63, 64
Gallatin, Albert, II, 268, 332; III, I, 3,
293, 294, 333, 338
Gallitzan, Augustine D., II, 309, 313, 314,
315; III, 39, 42, 44, I48, 257, 258, 273
Ganagarahhare, I, 62
Gapin, Stephen, II, 325, 326
Garard, John, II, I62, 211, 212, 330
Garard, Jonathan, II, 212
Garard's Fort, II, 124, 205
Garfield, James A., III, 52, 320
Garrett, Peter, II, 222, 225
Gas fields, III, 295, 296, 300
Gates, Horatio, I, ii6, II7, 134, 3II, 324;
II, 201, 202
Gautier Steel Co., The, III, I38, I39
Gay, E. F., III, 73, 74
Gazzam, Dr. Edward D., III, I66
Gazzam, Dr. Joseph P., III, I66
Geary, John W., III, 291, 362
Geistown, II, 313
Gellatly, Rev. Alexander, III, 33
Geneva College, III, 36, 244
George, Bishop Enoch, Ill, 28
George, Rev. Henry, III, 258
George, Isaac, II, 259
George's Creek, I, I2, 76, 340; II, 58,
70, I81, 230, 323, 324, 326, 332; III,
I27, I30. I84, 294
George's Township, II, i85, I87
George III, II, 54, 9I
George VI, II, 54
German Baptists, III, 56, 57, 58
German Lutherans, I, 334, 344, 345, 346,
347, 348, 349, 350
German Reformed Church, I, 382, 384;
II, 334, 351, 352, 353, 354; III, 246,
247
Cerman Township, II, 185, 230
Getty, Dr. George W., III, 178
Geyer, John, II, Ioo
Geyer, Mary, II, Ioo
Geyer, Peter, II, IOO
Gibbons, Joshua V., III, 273
Gibson, Carl E., III, 317
Gibson, John, II, 39, 49, 66, 69, III, II4,
II6, 120, I21, 123, I30, I39, 141, I42,
149 I58, I63, 238, 274, 275, 276, 278,
340, 341; III, 21, 128
Gibson, Robert M., III, 333, 335
Giesey, Rev. Henry, II, 353
Giesey, Valentine, III, 358
Gilson, James, II, I23
Gilson, William, II, 36, 132
Giles, Jacob, I, 42, 43
Gilfillan, Dr. Alexander, III, I84
Gillespie, M. A., I, 337
Gilpin, Jacob, I, 9
Gilson, Wm., II, I98
Girard, Stephen, III, 84
Girty, George, II, 230
Girty, John, II, 376
Girty, Simon, I, I5I; II, 25, 67, I40, I65,
i66, I69, 294, 295, 376
Girty family, I, 15I; II, 230
Girty's Island, II, 230
Gist, Christopher, I, II, I8, 19, 22, 24,
26, 27, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62,'66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 7I, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, IOo, I04,
io6, I07, O II,  II, 7, II9, I24, I27
130, I34, 162, I63, I 6, 167, I77, 234,
267, 307, 308, 415; II, 25, 263; III,
6o, 6i
Gist, Nathaniel, I, 177
Gist, Richard, I, 43
Gist, Thomas, I, 82, 360, 404, 405, 406;
II, 6, 25, 28, 75, 78, 86, 357
Gist family, I, 43, 44, 49, 50
Gist's Plantation, I, 3I3, 322, 349, 350,
365, 366, 404; II, 6, 13, I8I, 200; III,
60, I31, 20I.  See also Gist, Christopher
Given, Robert, III, 323
Given, William M., III, 323
Glade Run, III, 304
Glades Road, I, 307; II, 299, 310; III,
62, 63, 66, 68, 270
Gladwin, Major, I, 325
Glan, James, I, 190
Glass industry, III, 293, 294, 295, 296,
297, 298, 299, 300
Glessner, Jacob, II, 308
Glessner School, III, 269
Glover, James, II, 375
Gnaddenhutten, II, 159, i63, 224, 237, 240,
241
Goe, Wm., II, 66, 203
Goff, Milton B., III, 230
Golden, Edward S., III, 350, 35I
Gonder, Newt, I, I87
Goodhue, Bertram G., III, 386
Good Intent, II, 202.
Gordon, Harry, I, I3I, I84, I94, 209,
225, 226, 267, 327
Gosgoschunk, see Goshgoshing
Goshen, I, 374, 375, 376; II, I6o
Goshen Church, I, 377, 378
Goshgoshing, I, I9, 22, 25; III, II2
Goshgoshing Indian Town, I, I2; III, I4
Goughenour, Peter, II, 312
Gourley, Mary, II, I71
Grace Church, I, II
_Jraff, J. Frank, III, 352
Graham. Arthur, II, I39
500INDEX
Graham, James, III, 23, 374
Graham, John, I, 331, 334
Graham, Mary, III, 23
Graham, Patrick, I, 344
Graham, Robert, II, 376
Grand Army of the Republic, III, 366,
474, 475
Grandview, I, 9,'285
Grant, James, I, 164, i89, I90, I92, I98,
199, 207, 208, 20'9, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 215, 2I6, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 233, 256, 258,
280, 299, 327; III, I64
Grant, Thomas, I, 8
Grant, Ulysses S., III, 405, 408
Grant, William, I, 218
Grant's Defeat, I, 194, 206, 207, 208, 209,
210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,
218, 219, 220
Grant's Hill, I, 242
"Grant's Paradise," I, I89, I90
Grapeville, III, 295, 296
Grassy Run, I, II, I2
Gratz, Bernard, I, 353, 416; II, 44
Gratz, Michael, I, 416
Gratztown, I, 4I6; III, 208
Graves, C. E., III, I07
Gray, Benjamin, I, 327
Gray, George, II, 93
Gray, Matthew, II, I25
Gray, Thomas, I, 37I
Graybill, Joseph, II, 212
Great Beaver Creek, I, 47, 78, 80
Great Bethel, I, 374, 375, 378
Great Bethel Baptist Church, II, 337
Great Crossings, I, 50, 98, 122, 125, I63;
II, i66, i8i
Greathouse, Daniel, II, 59, 124
Great Kanawaha River, I, 59
Great Kunnaway, I, 75
Great Lakes, I, 58
Great Meadows, I, I00, I03, 104, io6,
I07, io8, IIO, III, 290, 313, 355, 424
Great Meadows, battle of, I, 30
Great Miami River, I, 59
Great Road, II, 9, Io; III, 62, 63
Great Rock, I, II; II, r6i
Great Swamp, I, I9
Great Western  Iron  Works, III,  134,
I35
Green, William, II, 213
Greenbrier River, II, 71
Greene, Nathanael, II, 325, 328
Greene Academy, III, 254
Greene County, I, ii, I6I, 35I, 39I; II,
6, 58, 8o, I24, I6o, I62, 187, I91, 205,
211, 222, 232, 234, 235, 243, 258, 265,
323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 336, 339; III, 30, 3I,
I88, I89, 254, 256, 305, 315
Greene Township, II, 327
Greensboro, II, 332, 333; III, 75, 295,
305
Greensburg, I, 255, 260, 335, 366; II, 2,
14, I00, I68, I69, I70, I76, I77, I178,
195, 207, 223, 225, 23I, 239, 253, 279,
315, 3I8, 328, 332, 333, 35I, 352, 353,
367; 386; III, i6, 38, 65, 66, 68, 88,
89, 90, IOO, 102, 103, 104, I09, I32,
I71, 207, 209, 257, 26I, 262, 312, 3I3,
348, 457, 458
Greensburg and Hempfield Electric
Street Rwy. Co., The, III, 102, IO3,
I04
Greensburg basin, III, 203.
"Greensburg Democrat," III, 324
Greensburg Female Seminary, III, 236
Greenville, I, 8
Greer, Guion, III, 249
Greersburg, II, 393
Grey, David, II, 325, 326, 328, 330
Greyhound Lines, III, 107
Grier, Robert C., III, 3I7, 330
Griffin, Charles, II, 226
Griffith, Thomas, II, 3I9
Guffey, James McClurg, III, 412
Guffey, Joseph F., III, I0, 4II, 4I2, 413,
417
Guiterman, Arthur, II, 297, 298
Guthrie, George W., III, 334
Guthrie, James, I, 354; II, 40
Guthrie, John, II, 39, I48, 174
Guthrie, William, II, 37
Guthrie family, II, I74
Guyasuta, I, 326, 327, 345; II, 123, I44,
I45, I69
Guyatau, I, 335, 336
Gwinnett, Button, II, I37
Haas, Frank B., III, 282
Habliston, Rev. Henry N. B., II, 350
Hacke, Rev. Nicholas P., II, 25I, 253
Hadden, Thomas, III, 338
Haetchl, Jacob, II, 305
Hague, Mrs. Isaac N., II, 224
Half King, see Chief Tanacharison
Halket, Francis, I, 134, i80, 209, 280, 284
Halket, Sir Peter, I, II6, II8, 129, I33,
280
Hall, Charles D., III, 423
Hall, Joseph, II, 253
Hamberg, John S., I, 337
Hambrecht, Captain, I, 298, 300
Hambright, John, I, 149
Hamilton, Alexander, II, 268, 278, 280;
III, I, 2
Hamilton, Hance, I, I52, I6o, I87
Hamilton, Henry, I, 30, 35, 36, 50, 5I, 59,
60, 65, 84, 85, 89, 90, 112, 115, I46, 417;
II, I23, I24, 130
Hammerslag, Dr. Arthur A., III, 204
Hammond, David, II, I74
50ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Hammond, Robert H., II, I74
Hammons, James, I, 290
Hampton, Moses, III, 234
Hanbury, Capel, I, 42
Hanbury, John, I, 42
Hanbury, John and Co., I, 42
Hancock, John, II, 97
Hand, Edward, I, 342; II, 27, 62, 80, 116,
117, 122, 135, I36, 137, I40, 213, 214;
III, 112, I57, I58
Hankston, John, I, 394, 395
Hanna, Robert, I, 364, 367, 393; II, 7, 8,
II, 21, 22, 40, 68, 94, 99, I70, I7I, I74,
I76, I77, I78, 246, 247, 356
Hanna family, II, I74
Hannastown, I, I88, 205, 258, 270, 322,
345, 366, 367, 370, 383, 396, 404, 4I2,
4I4; II, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, IO, II, I3, I6, I7,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 32, 36, 40, 43, 44, 52, 54, 55, 56,
57, (0, 72, 80, 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 9I, 92,
94, 99, I00, I04, I09, III, II9, I46, I47,
I50, I6o, I62, I68, 169, I70, I7I, I72,
I73, I74, I75, I76, I77, I78, I8o, I96,
I98, 203, 212, 225, 229, 230, 232, 233,
235, 239, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 252,
253, 259, 26I, 266, 328, 358; III, I, 38,
3II, 31I2, 3I3, 314, 354
Hannastown Court, III, I58
Hannastown Road, I, 258
Hannumr, James, I, 7
Hannum, John, I, 7
Hannum, Rufus, I, 7
Harbison, Massa, II, 229
Hardin, John, II, I43, I44
Harman, Andrew, II, I34
Harman, John, II, I33, I34
Harman, Philip, I, 395; II, I33, I34
Harman family, II, I33, I34
Harmar, Josiah, II, 224, 292, 294, 296,
328
Harmony, II, 38I, 382, 383, 384, 385, 393;
III, 92, 189
Harmony Lines, III, I07
Harmony Society, III, 96
Harold, Daniel, II, 279
Harper, John, III, 365
Harrah, William S., III, I82
Harris, James, III, 63
Harris, John, I, I8, 35, II9, I45, I84; II,
235
Harrisburg, I, 13, IIO, I45; II, 209, 289,
385; III, 80o, 98
Harris Ferry, I, 35, 242, 245, 301
Harrison, Catharine, II, 78
Harrison, Christopher, III, I26
Harrison, Lawrence, I, 349
Harrison, Richard, II, 214
Harrison, William, II, 5I, I64, I66
Harrison, William  Henry, III, 356, 358,
359
Harrison City, I, 315; II, 20I
Harrold Settlement, I, 38I; II, I95, 218,
346; III, 219
Hart, Prof. Albert B., I, I26
Hart, George S., III, 315
Hart, John, I, 7, 34
Hart, John, Jr., I, 34
Hart's Log, I, 34
Hart's Rock, I, 34
"Hart's Sleeping Place," I, 7, 34; III, 45,
46
Hartley, William, II, 312; III, I28
Hartly, James, II, 375
Hartranft, John F., III, 405
Hartstown, III, 85
Harvey, Patrick, II, 375
Harvie, John, II, 88
Haslet, John, I, 248, 249, 271, 279, 280.
Hassey, John, I, I74
Havre de Grace, I, 42
Hawkins, Alexander L., III, 367
Hawkins, Elizabeth, II, I58
Hawkins, William, II, I58
Hawkins family, II, I58
Hay, Francis, II, 305
Hay, John, II, 93
Hay, Dr. Michael, III, I74
Hayden, John, III, 127, 130
Hayden Furnace, III, I30
Haymaker, John C., III, 33I
Haymaker Brothers, III, 296
Haymakers' Run, I, 270
Hays, Christopher, II, I8o
Hays, Dr. George, III, I68, I77, 227
Hays, James, I, 20, I45, I92, 201, 202, 207,
244, 246, 249, 250, 253, 264, 275, 276,
283, 284
Heath, Andrew, II, 70, 72, 77, 78, I56
Heath, Henry, II, 67
Heathtown, II, 72, 79, 80, 84, 86, I03, II8,
II9, 205, 2I2, 245, 259
Heckewelder, Rev. John, I, I6, 20, 25,
149, 356; II, 366
Hedges, Silas, II, 8I
Heighley, Emanuel, II, 213
Heinz, Henry J., III, 232
Helbron, Rev. Peter, III, 38, 39, 40, 379
Hellen, Thomas, II, I25
Hempfield Railway, III, 9I
Hempfield  Township, I, 366, 367, 382,
398; II, I2, 32, 40; III, I93
Henderson, John, II, 233
Henderson, Joseph, III, I2
Henderson, Rev. Joseph W., III, 23, 24
Henderson, Rev. Matthew, III, 34, 222
Henderson, Robert, II, 259
Hendrickson, Dr. Cornelius, I, III, II7,
I83
Hendrickson, John, III, II7
Henrici, Jacob, III, 96
Henry, Patrick, I, 340; II, 8I, 87, Io3,
III, II8Rev. T. F, III23, I69
Henry, Rev. T. F., III, 58
502INDEX
Hepburn, Hopewell, III, 330
Hermitage Furnace, I, 257
Hervie, John, II, 89
Hleyer, Rev. Carl F., II, 347, 348, 350
Hice, Henry, II, 388
Hickman, John, I, 20
Hickman, Thomas, I, I45, 242, 243, 244,
250, 251, 252
Hiester, Gabriel, I, 297
Higbee, Edward, III, 339
High Lands, I, I03
Highway Route 711, I, I2
Hildrebrand, II, 322
Hill, Joseph, II, 66
Hillman Coal and Coke Co., III, 2I2
Hillsborough, Lord, I, 418
Hines, John, III, 122
Hinkston, John, II, 121, I22, I28
Historical Society, Western Pennsylvania,
I, I05; III, 332, 348, 468, 469, 470, 47I
Historical societies, III, 466, 467, 468,
469, 470
Hodge, Rev. William, III, 52, 53
Hodgens, James, II, 236
Hogan, John, I, 149
Hoge, David, II, I5I, I52, I53, I57; III,
222
Hoge (Hogg), Peter, I, 30, 87, io6, II7,
I44, 153, I56, 157, I58, I77
Hogetown, II, I53
Hogg, John T., III, 393
Holbrook, Henry L., III, 253
H. O.. L. C., III, 414, 415
Holcroft, II, 273, 274
Holland, William Jacob, III, 23I
Holliday, Adam, III, I27
Holliday, John, III, 127, I28
Hollidaysburg, III, 80, 8i, 82, 83, 84, 88,
I27
Hollingsworth, Levi, I, 8
Holmes, John, I, 372
Holsinger, H. R., III, 57, 58
Holton, John, II, 328
Holy Ghost College, III, 259
Holy Sacrament Catholic Church, Greensburg, III, 38
Homeopathic Medical and Surgical Hospital, III, I96
Homer City, I, I2, 24, 26; II, 3I, I96;
III, 16
Homestead, III, 143, I44, I45
Hook, Marcus, II, 99
Hoopes, David, II, 392
Hoops, Adam, I, I82; III, 6I
Hopewell, II, 80, 218
Hopewell Culture, I, 3
Hopkins, Captain, II, 37, I31, I32, 237
Hopkins, Rev. John H., II, 34I; III, I32
Hopwood, John, III, 234
Hopwood, town of, III, 234
Horne Co., Joseph, III, 403
Homer, Isaac, I, I87
Horse car lines, III, Ioo, Iol
Horseshoe Bend, I, 7
Hospitals, III, I55, 176, 194, 195, I96, I97,
I98, I99, 200
Hosten, Henry, I, 285
Houck, Henry, III, 281
Howard, George, II, 99, Ioo00
Howard, Dr. William, III, 73, 74
Howell, Reading, I, I88, 257, 258; II, 40
Hoyt, Henry M., III, 405
Hudson, John, I, 7
Huff, Frederick, III, 357
Huff, George F., III, 207
Huffman, Henry, I, 401
Huffnagle, Michael, II, IO2, I70, I7I, I72,
175, 184, i88, I98, 229, 232, 251, 260,
261, 266; III, 314
Hughes, Felix, II, 330
Hughes, Haldain B., III, 317
Hughes, Howard W., III, 317
Hughes, James, II, 215
Hughes, John, II, I56
Hughes, Thomas, II, 215, 222, 235
Hughes, William, I, 178; II, 38
Hungerford, Cy, III, 449, 452
Hunker, I, 124
Hunt, William E., III, 457
Hunter, Abraham, II, I53
Hunter, Andrew, II, 366
Hunter, David, III, 92
Hunter, James, II, 39, I48
Hunter, James A., III, IO, 324, 325
Hunter, Joseph, I, 37I; II, 153
Hunter, Martha, II, 153
Hunter, William, III, 359
Huntingdon, I, I2; II, 208, 315; III, 80
Huntingdon County, II, 320
Hupp, Frank, II, I58
Hupp, John, II, 224
Hurons, I, 3, 4
Husband, Herman, I, 365; II, 301, 302,
307
Husband, Isaac, III, 49, 50
Husk, Nathaniel, I, 398
Huston, Joseph, II, I90, 273; III, 234
Hutchins, Thomas, I, 27, I75, 295, 310,
3I3, 416, 423; III, I12
Hutchinson, William, II, 209
Hutchison, George, I, 35
Hyde's Ferry, II, 330
Illinois Indians, I, I4
Independence, II, 80, 208, 236
Indiana, I, 8, 12, 26
Indiana Academy, III, 236
Indiana Borough, III, I7, I8
Indiana Company, I, 423
Indiana County, I, 2, 8, I2, 22, 30; II, 5,
209, 234, 238; III, 12, I3, 14, I5, I6,
I7, I8, I9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 65, I34,
177, I78, I79, I80, 211, 212, 348, 349
Indiana County Medical Society III, I8o
503OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
first building was built of white pine logs, and was dedicated on
Christmas, 1799. The second congregation was that of St. Patrick's
at Ebensburg, which began in a log chapel in i8 6, and for which an
acting congregation was established in I827.
The third congregation was that of St. Joseph's in Susquehanna
Township, Cambria County, which was built near Hart's Sleeping
Place, a historic location on the Kittanning Path; but it has been
determined that, when the tract was patented by John Weakland, it
took that name but was actually located a considerable distance to
the southward, and this has confused some eminent historians. It
was known as the Weakland community and the subscription list
shows that the first edifice was built of logs on September 29, 1829.
The Rev. Peter Lemke first ministered to the Catholics at St. Joseph's,
but later decided to seek a new location for his community. He then
sold his farm near Hart's Sleeping Place and bought the Curtis Clay
tract of three hundred and ninety-five acres on which present Carrolltown is located, on February 5, I 840. This year marks also the death
of Prince Gallitzin and the beginnings of St. Benedict's Church at
Carrolltown. Father Lemke built a two-story log house over a spring
at the headwaters of the Susquehanna River and then a log chapel,
northeast of that, in I85o.
Other older churches were St. Patrick's at Cameron's Bottom, in
Indiana County, where Bishop Kenrick assigned Father Terence
McGirr as early as May 23, I834. Through the extension work of
the priest at Bedford an early parish was established at New Baltimore, Somerset County, which was named St. John the Baptist. The
town was formerly known as Harmon's Bottoms, west of Bedford.
With the laying out of Johnstown, St. John Gaulbert's Church was
established there, and after a time, due to differences as between the
parishioners of English and German extraction, it was necessary to
erect a new congregation, known as St. Joseph's, near by.
It is interesting to note that when the later Arch-Abbot Boniface
Wimmer first came to America, great effort was made to have him
establish a Benedictine monastery at Carrolltown. In I846 Father
Wimmer went to Carrolltown and offered to buy Father Lemke's
farm, and in this way the Benedictines first became interested in the
place. Bishop O'Connor, of Pittsburgh, however, favored the St.
Vincent location, and paid a visit to its location with a brick church
building in the fertile Loyalhanna Valley. This appealed to the
45SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Indiana Teachers' College, III, 265, 287
Indian Creek, II, 337
Indain Creek church, II, 335
Indian Creek valley, II, 208
Indian Purchase, I768, I, 339, 340, 341,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349,
350, 351
Indians in Pennsylvania, I, I, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, Io, 11, I2, 13, 14, 15, I6, 17,
i8, 19, 20, 2I, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 235,
236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 24I, 242, 243,
244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254
Indian Towns, I, 13, I4, I5, I6, I7, I8,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
Indian Wars, I, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,
3I0, 3II, 312, 3I3, 3I4, 3I5, 3I6, 3I7,
318, 319, 320, 32I, 322, 323;  II, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, I26, I27,
128, I29, 130, I31, I32, I33, I34
Industries, New  Castle, III, II9, I20
Ingersoll, Robert G., III, 320
Ingraham, James, III, 336
Innes, James, I, IO4; II, 163
Inyard, David, II, 215
Iron  and  Steel industry, III, I25, I26,
I27, I28, 129, 130, I31, I32, I33, I34,
135, 136, 137, I38, I39, I40, 141, 142,
143, I44, 145, I46, 147, I48, I49, 150,
151, 152, 153, I54
Iron Bridge, I, I9
Iroquois Indians, I, 3, 5, 14, 22, 35, 37,
58, 6o, 148; II, 57
Irvine, William, II, 149, I63, 164, 174,
175, I88, I89, 190, I98, 216, 221, 239,
240, 278, 279, 286; III, 112, I58
Irwin, Joseph, II, 8, 26
Irwin, Robert, I, 173, I87; III, 316
Irwin, Samuel, II, I88; III, 315
Irwin, Thomas, III, 338, 348
Irwin basin, III, 203
Irwin, town of, III, I92, 208
Isabella Iron Furnace, III, 206
Jack, Matthew, II, I74
Jack, William, II, I43
Jack's Narrows, I, 38
Jackson, Andrew, II, II4; III, 2, 318
Jackson, Jesse, III, 379
Jackson, Dr. Robert M. S., III, I78
Jackson, Samuel, II, 2I6
Jacobs, Captain, I, I8, 19, 21, I48, I49,
150, 152, I54, I55, I56, 3I3
Jacobs, William, I, 317
Jacob's Cabin, I, I8, 19, 77, 82, 124
Jacob's Church, I, 385
Jacob's Creek, I, 12, 124, I41, 365, 366,
367, 404; IT, 12, I3, 86, 179, I80, I8I,
I85, 225; III, 126, 153
James Burd Road, I, 11
James, Prof. Albert P., I, 325, 326
James, Arthur H., III, 417
James, Edward V., II, 322
James, Simon, II, 319
Jamieson, Rev. John, III, I8, 24
Jamieson, Rev. Joseph, III, 34
Jamison, David, I, 174
Jamison, John, II, 200
Jamison, Robert S., III, 209
Jamison Coal Co., III, 209, 210
Jeannette, I, 366; II, 2I7; III, 295, 296,
297, 426
Jefferson, Thomas, I, 42; II, 27I, 272,
297; III, I, 2, 69, 318
Jefferson College, III, 222, 223, 224, 225,
226, 227, 228, 293
Jefferson Medical College, III, 226
Jefferson Township, II, 203, 327; III,
I34
Jenkins, Israel, II, 326
Jenkins, William, I, 68; II, 326
Jenkinson, Israel, II, 325
Jenners, I, 9, 285
Jennings, David,'I, II
Jennings, Dr. Ebenezer, III, 164
Jennings, Dr. Jacob, III, I64
Jennings, Rev. S. C., III, I64
Jesuits, I, 28
Joceyline, Capt., I, I87
Johns, David, II, 330
Johns, Joseph, II, 306; III, I27, I28, 274
Johnson, Benjamin, II, I63
Johnson, David, II, 389
Johnson, Richard, II, 228, 229
Johnson, Robert, II, 270, 271
Johnson, Sir William, I, 22, 23, 26, 59,
60, I38, I48, 163, 296, 345, 349, 417,
418; II, 42, 59, I40
Johnston, Alexander, II, 38
Johnston, Andrew, III, I33
Johnston, Benjamin, III, 125, I26
Johnston, David, III, 224
Johnston, Francis, II, 93, 95, 245
Johnston, Rev. J. B., III, 244
Johnston, Richard, III, 133
Johnston, Robert L., III, 273, 340
Johnston, Samuel, III, 249
Johnston, Tom  L., III, 105, I36, 137
Johnston, William  F., I, IIi;  II, i9;
III, II6, 133, 350
Johnstown, I, i8, I85; II, 310, 3I2; III,
80, 8i, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 105, 127, 135,
136, I37, I39, 149, 173, 174, I76, I77,
I97, I99, 2I4, 273, 274, 285, 286, 287,
341, 38;I, 382, 384, 385, 386, 398, 399,
40O
Johnstown Floods, III, I76, 197, 401
Jones, Benjamin F., III, I5I
Jones, Dr. David, II, 337
Jones, Rev. David, I, 372
Jones, Edmon, II, 337
Jones, Ephraim, II, 259
504INDEX
Jones, Samuel, II, 250
Jones, Samuel M., III, 82
Jones, Mrs. T. C., II, 228
Jones, William R., III, 142, I43, I48
Jones and Laughlin Co., III, I5I, I52,
211, 214; 426, 427, 428, 458
Jones's Mill, II, I8o
"Journal of the Braddock Expedition in
I755," I, I9
Joyce, William, II, 37'
Judges, Allegheny County Court, III, 330,
332
Judges, Court No. I, Allegheny County,
III, 331
Judges, Circuit Court, Armstrong County,
II, 370
Judges, Beaver County, II, 388, 389
Judges, Butler County, II, 378
Judges, Cambria County, III, 340, 34I
Judges, Fayette  County, III, 337, 338,
339
Judges, Greene County, III, 337
Judges, Circuit Court, Indiana  County,
III, I5
Judges, Somerset County, III, 339
Jumonville, I, ii; II, 83
Juniata Creek, I, 33, 324, 360
Juniata Crossing, 1, 9, 246
Juniata Forge, III, 139, I40
Juniata Old Town, I, 22
Juniata River, I, Io, 30, 35, 38, 45, 149,
I52, I84; III, 79
Juniata Road, II, 316
Juniata Valley, I, 7, 146
Juries and Jurists, III, 3II, 312, 3I3, 3I4,
315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322,
323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 33'6, 337, 338,
339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346,
347, 348, 349, 350, 35I, 352, 353, 354
Jurors, Armstrong County, II, 369, 370
Jurors, Fayette County Court, list of,
I783, II, I88
Jury, Beaver County, II, 389
Jury, first grand, Greene County, II, 327
Jury, Hannastown Court, I773, II, I6, I7
Jury, first grand, Somerset County, II,
307
Justice, Joseph, III,  I3
Justices, Bedford County, I, 36I, 362
Justices, of the peace, Greene County, II,
327
Justices, county  of  Washington,  I78I,
list of, II, I55, I56
Justices, Yohogania Court, list of, II, 74
Kanawha, I, 49, I64
Kanawha River, II, II8
Kantner, I, I83, 186; II, 235
Kaskaskunk, I, I9
KDKA, III, 309, 3IO, 454
Keach, Rev. Elias, I, 373
505
Keagy, John, III, 57, 58
Kearns, William, II, 376
Keckenepaulins Cabins, I, 20; III, 40I
Keckenepaulin's Town, I, Io, I8, I9, 20,
I9I, 203, 206, 247, 249, 254; II, 202;
III, I8
Keeler, Dr. James E., III, 420
Keenan, Edward J., III, 324, 435, 436
Keffer, Adam, II, 307
Keffer, Jacob, II, 305, 308
Kegg's Run, I, 9, I84
Keister, David, III, 244
Keith, Alexander, II, 217
Keith, Dr. John A. H., III, 282
Keller, Casper, III, 357
Keller, William H., III, 342
Kelley, James, II, 127
Kelley, James M., III, 347, 348
Kelley, Colonel John, II, I74
Kelley, John, 1, 35; II, 174
Kelleysburg, I, I2
Kelly, William, III, 137, I38
Kenley, Edward B., I, 335
Kennedy, Daniel, III, I24
Kennedy, David I, I78, 295
Kennedy, John, I, I07
Kennedy, Thomas, II, 307
Kennedy, Rev. W. M., III, 380
Kenney, James, I, 33, 288, 289, 290, 291,
292, 293, 294, 295, 3II, 3I2, 3I3, 318,
320, 32I, 322, 340, 370, 37I; II, 265,
266, 366;  III, I2, 156, I57, 20I, 202,
388
Kenrick, Bishop, III, 44, 45
Kenton, Thomas, I, 292, 293
Keper, Benjamin, I, 298
Kephart, John W., III, 342
Keppel, Admiral August, I, II6
Kepple, George, II, 217
Kepple, Michael, II, 217
Kepple family, II, 217
Kerfoot, John B., III, 249
Kern, Jacob, I, I74
Kerr, I, 9
Ketocktin, I, 374
Ketocktin Association, I, 378
Keystone Bridge Co., The, III, I4I, I50
Keystone Coal and Coke Co., IIT, 2IO
Kickapoos (Indians), I, 4
Kickkeknepolin, I, 20
Kieffer, Rev. J. H., II, 353, 354
Kiester, Simon D., I, 270
Kilgore, David, I, 398; II, 32, I08, I73,
174; III, 389
Killbuck Island, II, II9, I44, 252, 253
Killingsworth, Thomas, I, 372
Kimmell, Dr. Edward M., III, I8I
Kimmell, Dr. Gabriel, III, 183
Kimmell, George, II, 3017
Kimmell, Dr. Henry S., III, I8I
Kimmell, Jacob, II, 306.
Kimmell, John, II, 308; III, I8o, I8ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Kimmell, Peter, III, I34
King, Dr. Alfred L., III, 191, 192
King, David, II, 307
King, George S., III, I35
King, Dr. James, III, I67, I96
King, Thomas, I, 282
King, William  I., III, 248
King Beaver, I, 20, 21, 24, 48, 147, I48,
236, 238, 239, 248, 279, 282, 292, 345;
II, 387
King Beaver's Town, I, 2I; II, I39
King Charles II, I, 4I
King George II, I, 43, I38, 342, 347
King James I, I, 40
King Shingass, I, 18, 24, 64, 68, 77, 78,
142, 147, 150, 236, 239, 241, 248, 292,
327
Kingston Gap, I, 198
Kinkade, Samuel, II, I25
Kirkindall, Benjamin, II, 72, 76, 77
Kirkpatrick, Abraham, II, 277, 278
Kirkpatrick, James, II, 204
Kirkpatrick, John M., III, 331
Kishacoquillas Creek, I, 33, I49
Kiskiminetas, I, IO, i85, I92, 202, 268,
366, 367, 395; II, 12, 30, 31, 71, 74,
II7, 170, 21I3, 371
Kiskiminetas Creek, I, i6, 20, 46, 55,
353
Kiskiminetas Old Town, I, 20, 251; II,
202, 351; III, 430
Kiskiminetas Path, I, 9, 20, 53
Kiskiminetas River, I, 20, 27, 32, 231;
II, 130, 136, 229, 230, 239, 3IO; III,
15, 20, 80, 428, 429, 450
Kiskiminetas Springs School, I, 20; III,
265, 266
Kittanning, I, 6, 7, 8, I5, I8, 21, 22, 23,
32, 59, 117, I45, I4'6, I48, I49, 15I, I57,
159, 16o, i6I, 236, 350, 390; II, I4, I02,
103, I39, 143, 145, I96, 200, 246, 345;
III, 13, i68, 178, 350, 364, 366, 367, 368,
369
Kittanning Academy, III, 236, 238
Kittanning Gap, I, 7
Kittanning Hill, I, 289
Kittanning Path, I, 7, 8, 9, 12, 20, 2I, 23,
26, 29, 30, 34, 38, I50, I52, 258, 367,
417; II, 30, 3I, 126, I27, I28, 204, 225;
III, I3, 14, I8, 45
Kittanning Presbytery, II, 36I
Kittanning Trail, I, 8
Kittell, M. D., III, 341
Kiwanis Club, III, 462
Klauder, Charles Z., III, 232
Kline, Amos B., I, 335
Kline water mill, I, I86
Klingensmith, Philip, II, 218
Kloman, Andrew, III, I40, I43, 151
Kloman, Anton, III, 140
Kloman and Co., III, I40
Knappenberger-Moore farm, I, 124
Knight, Dr. John, II, I64, I65, I66, 167;
III, I6o
Knollys, Hansard, I, 372
Knott, Wilson, III, 82
Knox, Henry, II, 129, I30, 132, 280
Knox, Philander C., III, 8, 9, 334
Knox, Robert, II, 226
Knox, Roger, II, 132
Knoxville, III, IoI
Koch, Rev. Henry, II, 345
Koontz, Wm. H., II, 309
Kooser, Francis J., III, 339, 340
Kuhn, Henry, III, 257
Kuhn, W. S., III, I04
Kunkle, J. Laurie, I, 335
Kunkle, Lewis, I, 270
Kuskuskies (Indians), I, 7, Io, 15, 19,
20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 48, 69, 78, I45, 226,
236, 237, 238, 240, 243, 250, 252, 254,
274, 306; II, I36; III, III, 1, 12
Kyle, Thomas, III, I26
Labor, III, 418
Lachlin, Robert, I, 326
Lacock, Abner, II, 387, 388; III, 4, 360,
361
Lacock, Prof. John K., I, I26, 336
Lacomick Creek, I, 80
Lady, Rev. David B., I, 336
Lafayette, Marquis de la, I, 219; II, I79,
272; III, i6o
Lafayette College, III, 234
Lafoo,n, Mrs. Kittie P., I, 337
LaForce, Monsieur, I, 88, 92, 98, IOO
Laird, Rev. Francis, II, 36I; III, 258
Laird, Harrison P., II, I75; III, 328
Laird, John M., III, 433
Laird Institute, III, 258
Lake Chautauqua, I, 58
Lake Erie, I, 33, 35, 58, 69, 114, 280, 328
Lambert, Guy C., I, I87
Lambeth College, III, 238
Lambing, Rev. A. A., III, 42
Lancaster, I, 53, I70, 232, 288, 308, 311,
325
Lancaster Conference, I, 64
Lancaster County, I, 6, I7, 29, 30, 35, 42,
84, I18, 262, 297; II, 35, 43, I35, I38,
I47; III, 54, 55
Lancaster Treaty, I, 49, 50, 56, 63, 414
Landisburg, I, 33
Land Office, Harrisburg, I, 13
Lane, Peter, III, 357
Lang, Henry J., II, 306, 307
Langdale, I, 320
Langley, Dr. Samuel P., III, I08, 230,
420
Lardner, Lynford, I, 311
Latrobe, I, 1o, 20, I64, I89, I99, 201, 205,
207, 249, 258, 386; II, 7, 38, 234; III,
88, 92, 193, 207, 209, 398
Latrobe Basin, III, 209
5o6INDEX
Latta, John, III, 323, 324
Lattridge, Capt., II, I74
Lauffer, H. Albert, I, 338
Laughlin, James, III, I5I
Laughlin, Robert, I, 394; II, 26, 27, 357
Laughlintown, I, 394; II, 27
Laurel Hill, I, 9, 27, 34, 83, I83, I85, I86,
187, 20I, 202, 207, 229, 247, 258, 259,
264, 285, 296, 302, 303, 325, 356, 360,
364, 374, 387, 388, 39I; II, 2, 3, 5, II, I2,
I3, I5, 20, 28, 44, 65, 74, 86, 88', I28,
I52, I82, I86, 320, 32I, 330, 364, 365;
III, I5, 63, 70, I3I, I50
Laurel Hill Creek, I, 50; II, 299; III,
I34
Laurel Ridge, I, I89
Laurelville, I, I2; II, 280
Laurens, Henry, II, I39
Lauth, Bernard, III, I5I
Lawrence, David L., III, 412
Lawrence County, I, 2I; II, I87; III,
III, II2, II3, II4, II5, II6, II7, II8,
II9, 120, 121, 122, I23, 124, 183, 184,
215, 256, 347
Lawrenceville, III, Ioo
Lawson, John, I, I78
Lawyers, Armstrong County, III, 350,
35I
Lawyers, Beaver County Bar, III, 349,
350
Lawyers, Cambria County, III, 34I, 342
Lawyers, Indiana County, III, 347, 348,
349
Lea, William, I, 380
Leasure, Abraham, II, 219
Leasure, Daniel, II, 219
Lebanon Valley, I, 37
Lee, Arthur, II, 257, 374
Lee, Henry, II, 280, 28I, 282, 283
Lee, Dr. J. K., III, I75, 176
Lee,- Philip Ludwell, I, 43
Lee, Richard, I, 43
Lee, Thomas, I, 42, 43, 50, 5I, 417; II,
280
Lee, Rev. Wilson, III, 27, 373
Leech, David, II, 37I
Leech, James, II, 215
Leech, Dr. Richard, III, I82
Leechburg, II, 37I, III, 85
Leet, Daniel, II, 387, 390, 392
Leet, David, II, I54, I55, I57
Leet, Isaac, II, 79
Legionville, II, 2IO, 295
Leininger, Barbara, I, I45, I50
Leiper, Samuel W., II, 322
Lemes, Christopher, I, 349
Lemke, Father Henry, III, 25I
Lemke, Rev. Peter, III, 45, 46
LeMoyne, Dr. Francis Julius, III, I6I,
I96
LeMoyne, Dr. Francis J., Jr., III, I6I
LeMoyne, Dr. Julius, III, I6o, I6I
LeMoyne Crematory, III, I6I
Leni-Lenapi Indians, I, 3
Leonard, Jane E., III, 288
LeRoy, Marie, I, I45, I50
Leshhart, Leonard, I, 8
Leslie, Matthew, I, I34
Letort, Ann, I, 30
Letort, Capt. Jacques, I, 30
Letort, James, I, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 46;
II, 204, 366; III, I8, I9
Letort's Spring, I, 22, 30
Letort's Town, I, 20, 22
Levergood, Peter, II, 3II
Lewis, Andrew, I, Io6, Io07, I77, I82, I9I,
211, 212, 213, 214, 227, 308; II, 62, 63,
64, I39
Lewis, Dr. David, III, 173
Lewis, Jacob, I, 269
Lewis, Lawrence, I, 424
Lewis, Thomas, II, I39
Lewis and Evans Map, II, 321
Lewistown, I, 38
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., III, 298
Library, II, 265
Lick Run, I, 11
Lightfoot, Samuel, I, 288, 289, 290, 29I,
292
Ligonier, I, 5, I2, I5, I6, 22, 46, I83, I86,
205, 207, 222, 257, 269, 286, 287, 288,
293, 295, 296, 302, 307, 310, 312, 318,
32I, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 33I,
337, 353, 354, 37I; II, 30, 146, I77, 200,
213; III, 6I, 372
Ligonier Basin, III, 203
Ligonier Classical Institute, III, 258
Ligonier Gap, I, 337
Ligonier-Kittanning Path, I, 26
Ligonier Valley, I, 26, 367, 395; II, 13I,
143, 240; III, 28, 92, 241
Lilly, Josiah K., III, 232
Limestone Hill, I, I2
Lincoln, Abraham, III, 404
Lincoln Highway, I, I25, I84, I86, 20I,
246, 387; II, 239; III, Io8, 132
Lind, Rev. Matthew, III, 33
Lindbergh, Mrs. Charles A., III, 292
Lindenmuth, John M., I, 296, 297, 298,
299, 300, 30I, 302, 303, 304, 305
Lindley; Demas, II, 220, 221
Lindley's Mill, II, 220, 221
Lindley Settlement, I, 387
Lindsay, William T., III, 343, 344
Lindsey, James, III, 336
Linn, Andrew, I, 404; II, 26
Link, Jonathan, II, I58
Lions Club, III, 463
Lippincott, Joseph, III, 244
Liquor Question, III, 417
Little, Francis, II, 25
Little, Peter J., II, 318
507SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Little Beaver Congregation, III, 35, 36
Little Chest Creek, I, 7
Little Crossings, I, 122
Little Fork, I, 27
Little Meadows, I, 98, II8, II9, 122, I63,
289
Little Sewickley Creek, III, 159
Livermore, III, 194, 195
Lloyd, Rees John, II, 3I8, 319, 322
Lloyd, Thomas, I, I74, 225, 296
Lobingier, Judge, II, 273
Lochry, Archibald, I, 398; II, 37, 39, 213,
221, 223, 226, 233, 237, 238, 243, 357;
II, I29, I30, 136, 146, I47, I48; III,
I87, I99, 203
Lochry, Jeremiah, I, 398; II, 94
Lochry, William, II, 7, 22, 51, 94.
Lock Haven, I, 5, I49, 242
Lockport, III, 86
Loehr, Peter, III, 50
Logan, James, I, 32, I48; III, 325, 366
Logstown, I, IO, 12, I4, I5, 19, 23, 24,
3I1, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 53, 55,
56, 57, 58, 59, 6o, 6i, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70,
77, 84, 85, 88, 95, 104, II9, 121, I84,
236, 249, 277, 282, 345, 415; II, 295;
III, 212, 430
Logstown Marker, I, 23
Lohr, A. Park, I, 9, 32, I85
Lomax, L., I, 49
London Company,.I, 40
Londonderry Township, II, 301
Lone Pine, II, 210
Lonergan, Father Patrick, III, 40
Long, Isaac, III, 54, 55
Longdon, Isaac H., III, 277
Long Island, battle of, II, IOO, 142
Long's Mill, I, 12
Long Run, I, 386, 387; II, 265
Long Run Valley, I, I25
Loos, Rev. Charles L., III, 253
Lorain Steel Co., III, I37
Loretto, I, 313, 314, 315; III, 42, 257, 258
Loudan, John, III, 362
Loudon County, I, 87
Loudon Lands, I, 358
Loudoun, Lord, I, 162, I63
Loughran, Rev. Joseph, III, 256
Louis XV, I, 59
Love, William II, 234
Lowrey, James, I, I07
Lowrie, Matthew B., III, 320
Lowrie, Walter, III, 4, 320
Lowry, Stephen, III, 239, 240
Loyalhanna, I, I5, 22, 23, 46, I89, I9I,
I98, I99, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211,
212, 217, 219, 247, 257, 260, 262, 264,
269, 276, 280, 281, 283, 289, 299, 300,
30I, 302, 303, 3I4, 365, 366, 367, 395,
396; II, II, I2, 14, 30, 31, 32, 220, 247,
263, 3I7, 338; III, I9
Loyalhanna. battle of, I, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,
233, 234, 242, 243, 258, 261, 262, 263,
264, 272, 327; II, 200
Loyalhanna Creek, I, IO, I6, 24, I64, 188,
189, 192, 258, 259, 339, 344, 353; II, 35,
I95; III, 402
Loyalhanna Indian Town, I, 5, 9, I2, I04,
i88, 206; II, 30
Loyalhanna Old Fort, I, 264; II, 200
Loyalhanna-Kittanning Path, II, 23, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38
Loyalhanna River, I, 20, 27; II, 173
Loyalsock Creek, I, 33
Loxley, Benjamin, II, 315
Lucas, John B., II, 258
Luce, Rev. Matthias, II, 337; III, 47, 49
Luetge, Rev. Anthony U., I, 382, 383; II,
239, 344
Lukens, David, II, 216
Lute, Daniel, II, 152
Luther, Martin, I, 382
Lutherans, I, 38I, 382, 383; II, 305, 306
Luzerne County, I, 6
Luzerne Township, II, I85, 212
Lyall, Sir Charles, III, 215
Lycoming County, I, 33; II, 364; III, I3,
I5
Lynex, Amos, I, 8
Lynn, John, II, 274
Lyon, Mary, II, 228
Lyon family, II, 228
Lyons Run, I, 270
McAdams, John, I, 124
McAdoo, Dr. John, III, 241
McAdow, Rev. Samuel, III, 53
McBriar, Andrew, I, I07
McCabe, Richard B., III, 348
McCachen, David, II, 23
McCall, Dr. Ro,bert, III, i86
McCandless, John, II, 376
McCandless, Stephen C., III, 241
McCartney, Joseph, II, 221
McCartney, Thomas, III, I7
McCausland, Alexander, r, 7
McClain, James, III, I7
McClean, Alexander, II, i86, 187, I89,
I90; III, 234
McClean family, II, i86
McCleary, William, II, I56
McCleave, Johns, III, 334
McClelland, E. S., III, 306
McClelland, James, III, 358
McClung, Captain, II, I65, i66
McClure, Alexander K., III, 86
McClure, Rev. David, I, 37I, 386; II, 81,
io8, III; III, 25
McClure, Denny, II, 387
McClure, Francis, II, I25
McClure, Dr. Robert, III, I85
McColl, W. H., III, 265
508INDEX
McComb, James, III, I7
McCombs, William, II, 357
McConnell, Alexander D., I, 336; III,
311, 465
McConnellsburg, 246
McConnell's Mill, II, 124
McCorkle, Thomas, II, I53
MhcCorkle, William, III, 432
McCormick, Dr. James, II, 37I; III, 190
McCormick, Dr. Samuel B., I, 336; III,
23I
McCoy, James, II, 221
McCoy's Fort, I, II
McCracken, Henry M., III, 230
McCracken, John, III, 28
McCready, John, II, 40
McCreedy, Robert, II, 230
McCulley, John; I, I78; II, 213
McCullough, David, II, 8I
McCullough, John, II, 70, 81, 82
McCullough, Patrick, II, 356
McCullough, Sam, II, 70
McCullogh family, I, I48
McDade, Francis, II, 22, 23
McDonald, John, I, 213, 214, 215; II,
145, 221
McDonald Field, III, 302, 303
McDowell, John, II, 356
McDowell, Nathaniel, II, 37
McDowell, Thomas, II, I32, I33
McDowell's Mill, I, 146
McElroy, Patrick, II, 67, 70
McFarland, Abel, II, 222
McFarland, Andrew, II, I96
McFarland, Daniel, II, Io9, IIo
McFarlane, James, II, 274, 275, 276; III,
86
McFarlane, William, II, I56
McGarragh, Joseph, II, 266
McGarvey, Bishop Eugene, III, 46
McGee's Run, I, 354, 367; II, 3I, 36, 38,
127, 237
McGee's Run Valley, I, 23
McGinnis, Robert, I, 270
McGirr, Father Terence, III, 39, 45
McGraw, Philip, II, 143
McGready, Rev. James, III, 52
McGregor, Alex, I, 354
McGuffin, Lawrence L., II, II4
McGuigan, Alexander, III, 300
McGuire, Archibald, II, 215
McGuire, Rev. Charles B., III, 39, 4I,
42, 43, 44, 228, 230
McGuire, John, I, 35
McGuire, Luke, II, 313
McGuire, Michael, II, 3II, 313, 314
McGuire, Richard, II, 313
Mcllhaney, Robert, I, 270
McIlvaine, John A., III, 315, 3I6, 317
McIntosh, James, I, 33I
509
McIntosh, Lachlan, II, II6, 117, 123, 136,
137, I38, 139, I4I, I42, 206, 214, 222
McIntosh family, II, 231
McKay, Mrs. Aeneas, II, 53
McKean, Thomas, II, 253, 256, 278, 279,
318, 341, 369; III, 23
McKean, W. Cook, III, 339
McKee, Alexander, I, 34, 353, 364; II, 7,
5I, 140, I69, 294, 295
McKee, David, I, 401; II, 79, 259, 260,
26I, 262
McKee, James, II, 260, 261, 262, 376
McKee, John, II, 260, 26I, 262, 393
McKee, Samuel, II, 26
McKee, Thomas, I, 34, 327
McKee family, II, 260, 26I, 262
McKeesport, I, I5, II9, I25; II, 259, 260,
26I, 262, 292, 393; III, 96, io8, 286,
304, 42I, 451
McKees Rocks, I, 15, 30, 49, 69; II, 140,
255
McKee's Store, I, 316
McKennan, Thomas M. T., III, 12
McKenrick, Ivan J., II, 318
McKenzie, Dr., III, 157
McKenzie, Robert, I, I77, 213, 214, 216,
217, 296
McKibben, John, II, I30, 214, 355
McKinley, William, III, 9
McKinney, John, I. 91, 92, 93
McKinsey, Elizabeth, II, 375
McKinsey, Peter, II, 375
McKinsey family, II, 375
McKinstry, Dr. G. H., III, 200
McKnight, Captain, I, I87
McLaren, John F., III, 230
McLaughlin, Randall, II, 39, 130, 238;
III, 21
McLean, Alexander, II, 7
McLean, David, III, 433
McLean, James, II, I82
McLean, Dr. John J., III, Io9, IIo, 157
McMechen, James, II, 8i
McMichael, John, II, 378
McMillan, James, II, 357
McMillan, Dr. John, I, 381, 386, 387, 388;
II, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 389; III, I,
25, 52, 221, 222
McMillan Log College, III, 22I
McMullen, Lawrence, II, 322
McMullen's Run, I, I87
McMurray, Samuel, II, 375
McNeil Estate, I, 230
McNeill, John, I, 178
McNulty, Joseph, II, 235
McPherrin, Rev. John, II, 362
McPherson, Major, II, 286
McVicar, Nelson, III, 344, 345
McWhorter, John, III, II6510
SOUTHWESTERN
Mackay, Aeneas, I, 353, 402; II, 7, II,
25, 49, 50, 5I, 53, 54, 55, 103, I04, I09,
I37, 142, 211I
Mackay, Alexander, I, io06, I07, 109, IIo,
270, 348, 349
MacClay, Samuel, III, 19
Maclay, William, II, 245
MacFarlane, Andrew, II, 50, 54, 55, I26,
127
Macfarlane, James R., III, 86
Machault, Jean B., I, 88
Mackellar, Patrick, I, I30, 131
Mackey, Robert W., III, 305
MacLean, Allen, I, I85, 19I
MacQuire, John, I, 68
Maddox, Jo,hn, I, 32
Madison, II, 222
Madison, Dr. James, III, 234
Madison, James, II, 297, 340
Madison, John, Jr., II, 65, 70, 74
Madison College, III, 234, 235
Magee, Christopher, III, II, 102, I98, I99,
331, 408, 409
Magee Hospital, III, 409
Magenty, Alex, I, 35
Maihnenschmidt, Rev., II, 35I
Mahoning Association, II, 338; III, 52
Mahoning Creek, I, 12; II, 246, 30I
Mahoning River, I, 22, 242; II, 136; III,
III, 112, 113, 124
Mahoning T'ownships, I, I2
Mallory John S., I, 336
Maloy, James, III, 258
Mamachtaga, II, II19, 252
Mann, Andrew, II, o08
Maple Creek, II, 337
Marchand, Albert G., III, 328
Marchand, Dr. David, II, 23, 223; III,
I58, 159, i86, 19I, 270, 328. 358
Marchand, Mrs. David, III, 270
Marchand, Henry G., III, 328
Marchand, Dr. Lewis, III, i86
Marchand family, III, i60
Margaret Morrison  Carnegie College,
III, 264
Margiotti, Charles J., III, 322
Marianna Mine, III, 216
Marietta, II, 292, 293, 294, 296
Marin, Monsieur, I, 62
Marion Center, I, 12
Markle, Gaspard, II, 223
Markle, Roxana, II, 20I
Markle's Mill, II, 223
Marks, William, III, 4
Marquis, John, II, 230
Marquis, Rev. Thomas, II, 229, 230
Marshall, Humphrey, I, 292
Marshall, James, III, I
Marslhall, Dr. Robert J., III, I78
Marshall, Thomas M., III, 333
Marshall family, III, 333
PENNSYLVANIA
Marshel, Henry, II, 241
Marshel, James, II, 153, 154, 155, I57,
2I6, 224, 230, 240
Marshel, John, II, 276
Martin, Rev. George A., I, 364; III, 57,
268, 269
Martin, Hugh, II, 247
Martin, John, I, 8
Martin, Thomas, II, 318
Maryland, I, 3, 42, 163, 164, I65
Mason, Calvin, III, 327
Mason, Charles, II, i86
Mason, George, I, 42
Mason, John, I, 342; II, 224
Mason and Dixon Line, I, 51I, 350, 35I,
390; II, 83, 85, 185, 155, I79, 242, 243,
324; III, 234
Masonic Order, III, 460
Masontown, I, 342; II, 224, 330
Masterson, John, II, 26
Matthews, James, II, 366, 367
Matthiot, Jacob, III, I33
Maumee River, II, 296
Maus, Rev. Charles W., I, 125
Maxey, George W., III, 322, 323
Mayer, C. P., III, Io8
Meach, John, I, 3I1, 3II
Means, Sarah, II, 132, 133
Meason, Isaac, I, 406; II, 78, 272; III,
127, 128, 129, 131, I33, I53, 205
Meason, Isaac, Jr., III, 133
Meason, Thomas, III, 234, 358
Mechling, Rev. George W., II, 345
Mechling, Jacob, II, 370
Mechling Rev. Jonas M., II, 345
Medical Societies, III, i65, 167, I68, I69,
170
Meetkirk, William, II, 325, 326
Melich, John, I, I37
Mellon, Andrew W., III, 233, 384, 395
Mellon, Richard B., III, 233, 384, 395
Mellon, Thomas, III, 92, 394, 395
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research,
III, 23I, 232, 233
Mellon National Bank, III, 394, 395
Menallen, II, I3, 14, 28, I8o, I84, I85,
I92
Mennonites, II, 385, 393; III, 59
Menominies (Indians), I, 4
Mercer, George, I, io6, I44
Mercer, Hugh, I, 117, I34, I44, I52, 155,
157, I58, i6o, I7I, 175, 223, 259, 262,
271, 279, 293, 295, 306, 3I0, 327; III,
156, I57
Mercer, John, I, 42, 43, 86, Io6
Mercer, Thomas, I, 289, 290
Mercer County, II, 258, 294, 354; III,
I 13
Mercersburg, I, 223
Mercier, Chevalier le, I, 88, 89, 93
Mercy Hospital, III, I94, 195, I97INDEX
Merrittstown, II, 205
Merrick, Samuel V., III, 87
Mestrezat, S. Leslie, III, 336, 337, 339
Metcalf, William, II, 342
Methodists, I, 372; II, 346; III, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 380
Methodist Protestant Church, III, 31, 32,
235, 236
Mexican War, III, 36I, 362, 363, 364
Meyer, Balthazer, I, 38I, 382; II, 346,
349; III, 2I9, 268, 269
Meyer, Rev. C. F., II, 350
Miami Indians, I, 4, 34; II, 294
Mickle, John, I, 290
Middlebrook, II, I4I
Middle Island, II, 7I
Middle Island Creek, II, 80
Middlesex Township, II, 379
Miers' Spring, II, 170
Mifflin, Thomas, II, 213, 274, 275, 278,
279, 280, 301, 318; III, 2
Mifflin Township, II, 250
Miles, Samuel, I, I77, 315, 3I6; II, I28,
232
Milesburg, I, 5
Milford Township, II, 300, 307
Milan, Dr., I, 320; III, I56
Mill Creek, I, 9, 12, 22, 187, 207, 265,
374; II, 219
Miller, Adam, II, 308
Miller, Dr. Charles S., II, 385
Miller, Christy, I, 290
Miller, George, II, 204
Miller, Jacob, II, I58, 218, 224
Miller, John, I, 365; II, 299
Miller, John B., III, 338
Miller, Dr. Martin L., III, 179
Miller, Oliver, II, 50, 76, 77
Miller, Rev. R. C., III, 59
Miller, Mrs. Salome,.III, 221
Miller, Samuel, II, io8, 134, I37, 171, 225
Miller, Thomas N., III, 140
Miller's Blockhouse, II, I70, 172
Millersdahl, II, 290; III, 159
Miller's Run, II, 249, 250
Miller's Station, II, 224
Milligan, Dr. J. D., III, I93
Milligen, Robert, II, 330
Mill Run, I, 12
Mills, Benjamin, II, 139; III, 224
"Mill Seat," II, 182
Millwood, II, 35
Mine Explosions, III, 216, 217
Mingo, II, 159, 163, 164
Mingo Bottom, II, 240
Mingo Creek, II, 2Io, 273
Mingo Presbyterian Church, II, 275, 276
Mingoes  (Indians), I, 48, 49, 225, 242,
294, 327, 349, 357
Ministers and Members, Allegheny Synod, 1842, II, 347, 349, 350
5II
Ministers, Methodist Church, III, 28, 29
Minor, John, II, 324, 325, 327, 330
Minter, John, II, 225
Miranda, George, I, 32
Mississippi River, I, 4, 8, i6, 46, 53, 58,
273
Mississippi Valley, I, 27, 28, 58
Mitchell, Charles, II, 38
Mitchell, Dr. John, II, 38, 276, 307; III,
70, 180
Mitchell, John I., III, 405
AMitchell, William, II, 38
Mitchell family, II, 38
Mobilian Confederacy, I, 14
Moffatt, Dr. James S., III, 226
Mohawk Indians, I, 3, 14, 15, 23, 6o; II.
245
Mohicans,'I,' 15, 57
Mohr, James, I, 297
Monckton, Robert, I, 307, 311I, 313, 324;
II, 201
Monessen, III, 152
Monongahela, I, 3, 5, 76, Io8, 109, I23,
198, 214, 367, 371; II, 354
Monongahela Academy, III, 236
Monongahela, battle of, I, 36, 103, 114,
122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, I34, 136,
137, 143, i65, 236, 280; II, 167, 263;
III, I55
Monongaleha Camp, I, 125, 126
Monongahela Forks, I, 85
Monongahela Navigation Co., III, 72, 73,
74
"Monongahela of Old," quot., II, I87, I88
Monongahela Rwy., III, 96
Monongahela River, I, I8, 33, 43, 49, 59,
77, 85, 86, 90, 93, 107, 127, I28, 200,
259, 294, 303, 308, 317, 320, 325, 342,
351, 358, 359, 390, 414; II, 9, I2, I3,
I4, I8, 28, 5I, 54, 56, 58, 67, 70, 73, 75,
76, 79, I02, I03, 15, II8, I22, 135, I50,
I5I, I52, i68, 179, I8o, I98, 200, 2I0,
212, 228, 232, 245, 254, 255, 294, 332,
333; III, 72, 75, 76, 96, 202, 205, 211,
212, 293, 337, 389, 428
Monongahela Valley, I, 5, 49, III, 75, 210
Monongalia County, II, 71, 78, 83, 84,
I03, I09, II, II8, I8I, 205, 230, 246,
324
Monongalia Court, I, 340; II, 169, I95,
205
Monroe, James, II, 230
Monroe County, I, 6
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, I, 221, 23I
Montgomery, Archibald, I, 172, 218, 227,
259, 266, 267, 268, 269
Montgomery, John, I, I6, 353, 368; II,
309
Montour, Andrew, I, 33, 34, 47, 48, 49,
56, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 85, 88, 104, io6,
II9, 127, I47, 283, 293SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Montour, Henry, I, 33, 34, 282
Montour, Madame, I, 33
Montour's Island, I, 34
Montoursville, I, 33
Montreal, I, 32, 33
Moog, W. E., I, 338
Moontooth, E. A., II, I75
Moon Township, II, 250
Moore, Aaron, II, 376
Moore, Andrew, III, 358
Moore, James, II, I74
Moore, Jesse, II, 377, 378, 388; III, I
Moore, John, II, 35, 40, I82, I88
Moore, Joshua, I, 8
Moore, Robert, II, I
Moore, Dr. Robert D., III, I86, I87
Moore, William, II, I74, I75, I8o
Moore, William D., III, 333
Moorhead, Fergus, I, 9; II, 3I, 126, 127,
225, 226; III, I7, i8
Moorhead, Isaac, II, 225
Moorhead, John, II, 37
Moorhead, Samuel, II, 37, 40, 93, 94,
iI6, 117, I26, I27; III, I37, I43, I96,
I97, 206, 214, 226, 238
Moorhead, Dr. Thomas, III, I77
Moorhead, Dr. William W., I, 336
Moorhead's Blockhouse, II, I26, 127
Moorhead family, II, 127, 225
Moorhead's Fort, I, 9, I2
Moravian Missionaries, I, 9, 20; II, 64,
253
Moreton, Thomas, II, 280
Morgan, Daniel, I, I I7; II, 272, 280
Morgan, George, I, 423; II, 104, II7, I23,
I39, I40
Morgan, Rev. Gilbert, III, 228
Morgan, Dr. John I. (Colonel), I, I74,
295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303; II, 374;
III, I56
Morgan, Rev. John, III, 53, 54
Morgan, Thomas, I, 3II
Morgan, Zackwell, II, I09, 324
Morgantown, II, 83, I09, 230
Morgantown Road, I, 34I
Moriarty, Peter, III, 373
Mormon Church, II, 338
Morrell, Daniel J., III, 137, I38, I39
Moirris, Isaac, I, 376
Morris, Robert Hunter, I, II3, II5, II9,
I34, I42, I43, I47, I52, I63, 316; II, 93;
III, 239
Morris Cross Roads, II, 83, 236
Morris Township, II, 327
Morrison, James, II, I56
Morriss, James (Indian), I, 293
Morrow, James E., III, 284, 292
Morrow, Dr. John, III, 284
Moshannon Creek, I, 6
Motor Coaches, III, 104, I05, 107
Mound Builders, I, 2, 3
Mt. Braddock, I, II, II0, 317
Mt. Braddock Mansion, I, I2
Mt. Hope, III, I32
Mount's Creek, I, I2; II, I86
Mt. Morris, I, 35I
Mt. Odin Park, III, 7
Mt. Pleasant and Broad Ford Rwy. Co.,
III, 94, 206
Mount Pleasant Institute, III, 244, 245,
246 247, 248
Mt. Pleasant Township, I, 365, 366, 383,
385, 386, 387, 389, 396, 397, 398; II,
12, I7I, I72, 204, 280, 282; III, 55, 98,
I29, I93, 2I4, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248,
270, 300
Mt. Washington, I, 424
Mowry, Dr. Peter, III, I59
Mowry, Dr. Robert, III, I59
Moxham, I, I8
Moxham, Arthur J., III, I36, 137
Muddy Creek, I, 389; II, I24, 326; III,
215
Muddy Run, I, 8, 258
Muhlenberg, Rev. H. Melchoir, I, 382
Muncy, II, I38
Munsee Delaware Town, I, I9
Munster, II, 319, 320
Murdering Town, see Murthering Town
Murray, James, III, 362
Murraysville, I, Io, I83, 270; III, 295,
296, 300
Murthering Town, I, I2, 24, 74, 78, 80
Muse, Major, I, Io6
Muse family, II, 228
Muskingum, I, 48, I4I; II, ii6, I25, I37,
289
Muskingum River, I, 59; II, 137, 292
Muskingum Trail, I, Io
Musser, John, I, 8
Mutual, II, 219
Myers  (Meyers), Eleziar, I, 402; II,
Io8
Myers (Meyers), Jacob, I, 322; II, 8
Nachez Indians, I, I4
Nanoland, II, I63
Nanticoke Will, I, 294
Napoleon, Ohio, II, 230
Narrow gauge railroads, III, 91, 92
National Guard, III, 367, 368
National Pike or Road, I, II; III, 69,
7I, 74, 234
National Trail No. 40, III, I08
Navigation, III, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78,
79, 80, 8I, 82
Neal, Jordan S., III, 210
Negley, Jacob, III, 384
Nelson, John, Ii, 95
Nelson, Joseph, I, 184
Nelson, Thomas, I, 43, I84
~5I2INDEX
Nemacolin's Creek, I, 317; II, 83, 200
Nemacolin Path or Trail, I, II, 15, 45,
49, 50, 66, 84, 308; III, 60
Nescopeck, II, 138
Neshannock Creek, III, II7, 119, 124
Nevill, Joseph, II, 186
Neville, John, II, 5, 88, 122, 135, 268,
269, 272, 274, 275, 278, 282, 283; III,
I, 450
Neville, Morgan, III, 450
Neville, Pressly, I, 380, 38I;  II, 272,
276, 278, 283, 34I; III, 450
Neville Island, I, 34; II, 272
New Alexandria, I, 24, 3I4, 322, 368;
II, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 94, 210, 234, 239;
III, 35
New Alexandria Female Seminary, III,
236
New Blomfield, I, 35
New Brighton, II, 392
"New Camp," I, 266
New Castle, I, 21, 24, 41, 42, 48, 252;
III, 84, 85, 93, 112, 1I3, 115, 116, 117,
119, I20, 121, I83, 286, 347
New Castle Female Seminary, III, 236,
238
New Castle Mills, III, II9, I20, 12I
New Castle Steel and Tin Plate Co., III,
120
Newcomerstown, II, I47
New Dleal, III, 4I3, 414, 4I5, 416
New Derry, II, 40
Newell, James, II, I
Newell, Samuel, II, 72, 259
New Florence, I, 25, 26; II, 215, 226;
III, 192, 193
New Geneva, II, 58, 83; III, 294, 295
New Geneva CGlass Works, III, 294, 295
New Harmony, II, 384
New Kensington, II, 206; III, 423, 424,
426
New -Lisbon, I, 48
Newlonsburg, I, 270
Newport, II, 31I
"New Purchase," I, 352
New Salem, I, 317
New Salem Presbyterian Church, II,
363
Newspapers, III, II, 432, 433, 434, 435,
436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 44I, 442, 443,
444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451,
452, 453
Newspapers, Armstrong County, III, 447
Newspapers, Brownsville, III, 439, 440
Newspapers, Butler County, III, 447, 448
Newspapers, Cambria County, III, 444,
445
Newspapers, Fayette County, III, 437,
438
Newspapers, Greene County, III, 448
Newspapers, Greensburg, III, 435
Newspapers, Indiana County, III, 448
S. P.--III-3 3
513
Newspapers, Johnstown, III, 445, 446,
447
Newspapers, Latrobe, III, 437
Newspapers, Lawrence County, III, 45I,
453
Newspapers, Ligonier, III, 437
Newspapers, McKeesport, III, 451
Newspapers, Pittsburgh, III, 449, 450
Newspapers, Somerset County, III, 443,
444
Newspapers, Uniontown, III, 438
Newspapers, Washington  County,  III,
441, 442, 443
Newspapers, Westmoreland County, III,
432, 433
Newtown, II, 328
New York, I, I3, 6o
New York Central Rwy. Co., III, 97, 99
New York Synod, Presbyterian Church,
II, 354, 355
Niagara, I, 28, 58, II4, 116, 312
Niblock, Rev. Isaac, III, 44
Nicholson, Hannah, III, 293
Nicholson, James W., III, 294
Nicholson, John, III, 127, 294
Nicholson, Owen, I, 35
Nicholson Township, II, 221, 230; III,
294
"Niles Register," I, 264, 265
Nimmo, William, I, 43
Nine Mile Run, I, I89, 2Io, 258, 266, 303,
32I, 344; II, 247
Nixon, Lewis, III, 148
Noble, Henry, III, 134
Nomer, Dr. Harold A., III, 259, 261
Nordland, Henry, I, 37
Norman, Dr. J. P., I, 378, 379
Normanville, Sieur, I, 123
Norner, John, III, 172
Norris, Isaac, I, 64
Norris, William, II, 226
Northampton County, I, 29
Northern Turnpike, III, 8I, 82
North Huntingdon Township, II, 239
North Ten Mile Creek, II, 225
Northumberland County, I, 27
North Virginia Company, I, 40
Northwestern Railroad Co., III, 92, 9:%
Northwest Territory, II, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 29I, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298
Noss, Dr. Theodore B., III, 290
Null, Henry, III, 68
Null, Henry H., III, 68
"Null Pike," III, 68
Oak Grove, I, 12
O'Brien, Father Francis X, III, 39, 40,
4I
O'Connor, Bishop Michael, III, 45, 46,
194, I95, 257SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
bishop more than the town of Father Lemke's on the mountain top
at Carrolltown, and St. Vincent was chosen as the location for the new
monastery. After spending two years in the East, Father Lemke
joined the Benedictine Society in I85I, when he returned to Carrolltown.
When the Pittsburgh Diocese was formed in I843 it had fourteen
priests, thirty-three churches and forty-five thousand adherents, twelve
thousand of them being German. St. Michael's, at Loretto, worshipped in a frame church and had one thousand eight hundred
adherents; St. Bartholomew's, at Wilmore, formerly known as Jefferson, had built a stone church and had five hundred and fifty adherents; St. John Gaulbert's, of Johnstown, a brick church, with four
hundred adherents; St. Patrick's, Ebensburg, a frame church, with
two hundred and fifty; St. Joseph's, near Hart's Sleeping Place,
frame, with three hundred; and St. Aloysius, at Summit, with five
hundred adherents; and a frame church under construction. After
a period of great expansion the new Diocese of Altoona was formed
in June, I9go, of which Bishop Eugene A. McGarvey was the first
head.
One of the most interesting religious movements in America had
its beginnings in southwestern Pennsylvania, that of the denomination first known as the Disciples of Christ, and latterly better known as
the Christian Church. It grew out of the discussions in the old Redstone Baptist Association, precipitated by the Rev. Thomas Campbell
and his son, the Rev. Alexander Campbell, resulting in whole congregations, in some instances, being won over to the new movement.
The Rev. Thomas Campbell was born in County Down, Ireland, on
February I, I763. His father, Archibald Campbell, had first been a
member of the Roman Catholic Church and then joined the Church
of England. The son, Thomas Campbell, became a minister of the
Associate Presbyterian Church, after being a Covenanter for a short
time. He arrived in the United States on June I, I807, and was
received by his brethren of the Chartiers Presbytery. On account of
a sermon involving the rights to communion, he was tried by the Presbytery and subject to the punishment or censure. Appealing to the
Associate Synod of North America, that body reversed the Presbytery.
The Rev. Alexander Campbell was born in Ireland on September
I2, I788. He studied at Glasgow, Scotland, and became thoroughly
familiar with the basic controversy of the "Seceder" churches. He
46SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Officers and soldiers, Ohio County, roster of, II, 110, III
Officers of militia, Ohio County, list of,
II, 8i, 82
Ogden, Matthew, II, 97
Ogle, Alexander, III, 356
Ogle, Charles, III, 319
O'Hara, James, III, 41
Ohio and  Pennsylvania  R. R. Co., II,
89
Ohio Company, 1, II, 18, 22, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
66, 68, 83, 86, 107, i8o, 415, 417, 420;
II, 285, 288, 294; III, 72
Ohio Company of Associates, II, 285, 292
Ohio County, I, II, 71, 79, 8o, 82, 103,
109, II, III, I47; II, 232, 245, 323
Ohiopyle, I, 50
Ohio River, I, 6, 7, 12, 15, 20, 23, 30, 34,
47, 50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 67, 142, 272, 279,
281, 284, 289, 345, 350, 367; II, 3, 39,
62, 71, 73, 74, I36, I51, I53, 159, 187,
223, 233, 243, 245, 250, 25I, 254, 255,
256, 284, 294, 324, 375; III, 69, 72, 79,
93, III, II6, 121, 13I, 152, 202, 205,
426, 428
Ohio Synod, II, 346, 347
Ohio Trail, I, 7, 25
Ohio Valley, I, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 22, 25, 28,
29, 30, 39, 42, 49, 52, 54, 60, 64, 112,
12I; II, 43, 64, I25, 402
Oil industry, III, 300, 302, 303
Old Kittanning Town, II, 365
Old Town, I, 25, 67
Old Town, Maryland, I, 6, I, I6, 30
Old Town, Wolfsburg, I, 16
Oliphant, F. H., III, 136, 205
Oliver, George T., III, 9
Oliver, Henry W., III, 146
Oliver, James B., II, 222
Olmstead, Frederick L., III, 429
"Onas," see Wm. Penn
Oneida Indians, I, 3, 14, 15; II, 245
O'Neil, J. Denny, III, iO6
O'Neil, Patrick, III, 40, 44
Onondaga, N. Y., I, 3, II, 12, 15, 35, 62,
63, 121
Onadaga Indians, I, 3, 14, I5, 57, 240;
II, 245
"Opessah's Town," I, 25, 45
Orbison, Wm., II, 322
Orchard Camp, I, 123, 136
Ormsby, John, I, 95, 354, 402;  II, 24,
55, 79, 88, 340, 341, 356; III, I58
Ormsby, John, Jr., I, 354
Ormsby, Oliver, I, 354; II, 392
Orr, Robert, II, 39, I48, I99; III, 36I
Orne, Robert, I, 19, 122, I23, 124, 128,
I29, I30, I34, I36
Osten, Henry I, 276
Otstonwakin,/I, 33
Ottawa Confederacy, I, 345
Ottawa Indians, I, 4, 14, 80, 97, 224
Otterbein, Bishop Philip W., III, 54, 55
Otterman, Ludwick, II, 247
Oughsara, see Montour, Andrew
Oury, Adam, II, 243, 244
Oury, Christina, II, 32
Oury, Francis, II, 32
Oury, John, II, 243, 244
Oury, Wendell, I, 318, 320, 328, 329, 401;
II, 21, 22, 68, I08, I74, I96, 217, 243,
244
Oury's Run, II, I96
Oven Run, I, 9, i85
Overholt, Abraham, III, 14
Overseers of the poor, list of, II, 19
Owens Sleeping Ground, 1, 8
Paddock, Rev. Wm. H., II, 342
Paint Creek, I, 192
Paint Creek Valley, III, 212
Palmer, John, II, 132, 226
Pantaleoni, Dr. Diomede, III, 306
Paris Collegiate Institute, III, 236
Park, John E., I, 336
Parker, H., I, 43
Parker, John, II, 371, 377
Parker, William, I, 7; II, 37I
Parker's Landing, II, 37I, 379
Parkinson, Benjamin, II, 276
Parkinson family, II, 79
Parkinson's Ferry, II, 278, 280, 282, 290
Parkman, Francis, I, 305, 328
Parks, Andrew, I, 425
Parks, William, II, 23'6
Parkstown, III, 122
Parnassus, II, 206; III, 424, 426
Parr, Isaac, II, 34, 35
Parry, Caleb, I, 357
Parsons, Samuel H., II, 288, 292
Passavant, Dr. William A, III, 194, I95
Passavant Hospital, III, 194, 195
Patentees, Forbes Road, list of, 187
Patriotic Societies, III, 471, 472, 473,
474, 475, 476, 477
Patterson, Andrew, II, 370
Patterson, James, I, I37, 187, I99, 203,
204, 205; 3IO, 311; II, 392
Patterson, William C., III, 88
Patterson, "History of the Backwoods,"
quot., II, i65, i66
Pattison, Robert E., III, 146, 319
Patton, James, I, 49
Patton, John, I, 85
Patton, Joseph, II, 205
Paul, George, II, 24
Paull, James, II, 233
Paxtang, 1, 17, 29, 31, II1
PCA, III, I09, IIo
Peak, Priscilla, II, 242
Peake, Pressley, II, I58
Pearse's Fort, I, 12
Peary celebration, III, 466, 468
514INDEX
Pechoquealin, I, 6, 29
Peebles and Co., III, II9
Peeble Township, I, I5I
Peelor, David, II, 227
Peelor, Jacob, I, 9
Peholand, I, 24, 25, 26; II, I96
Peholand-Coucheating Trail, I, 25
Pemberton, Israel, I, 288
Pendergrass, Garret, II, 235, 29I
Pendergrass, Garret, Jr., II, I, 22
Penn, John, I, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350,
359, 360; II, 50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 6I, 85, 90,
121, 122, I83, I96, 218, 301
Penn, John, Jr., II, 340
Penn, Richard, I, 359, 360; II, 4, 20, 21
Penn, Thomas, I, 32, II5, 264, 359, 360
Penn, William, I, 41, 64, 65; II, I37;
III, 219
Pennepack Church, I, 373
Penn Gas Coal Co., III, 208, 2IO, 302
Penns, I, 3, I5, 24, 34, 36, 37, 296, 343,
350, 352, 420; II, 3, I86, 257, 330
Penn's Creek, I, 145
Penns Manor, I, 8
Penns Valley, II, I38
Pennsylvania Canal, III, 42, 78, 79, 80,
85, 86, 87, III, II5, 116
"Pennsylvania Gazette," quot., I, 262,
263, 264
Pennsylvania, regiment in Forbes expedition roster of, I, 173, I74, 175, 176
Pennsylvania Railway, I, 7; III, 84, 85,
86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 9I, 97, 99, 134, 213,
214
Pennypacker, Samuel W., III, 406, 407,
408
Penrod, Abraham, I, I87
Penrose, Boies,'III, 405, 406
Pentecost, Dorsey, I, 360, 404, 406; II,
7, 51, 67, 70, 74, 75, III, 153, 154, 155,
156, I57, 159, 163, 224, 267, 355, 356;
III, I, 315, 389
Pentecost, Joseph, II, 390
Pepperel, Sir William, I, II5
Pequea, I, 6, 29
Pequea Creek, I, 17, 30
Perry, James, II, 94, 218
Perry, John, II, 32, 233; III, i6o
Perry, Oliver, III, II3, 358, 359
Perry, William, I, 368; II, 356; III, 19
Perry County, I, 33
Perryopolis, II, 207; III, 388, 389,Perry's Run, IT, 249
Perry Township, II, 234
Pershing, Cyrus L., III, 341
Pershing, John, III, 366, 367
Peters, Richard, I, 64, I2I; II, 282, 283
Peters Creek, II, 205, 273
Peters Creek Church, II, 336
Peters Township, II, 246
Peterson, George, II, I56
5I5
Peyronie, William, I, io6, Io9, II7, 133
Philadelphia, I, 30, 37, 42, 121, 159, 237,
288, 297, 301, 324, 344, 348; II, 54, 286;
III,'65
Philadelphia Baptist Association, 1, 373
Philadelphia County, I, 29
Philadelphia Synod, Pres. Church, II,
354, 355
Phillips, Theophilus, I, 412; II, 70, 83,
84, IO9, i8I, 231
Philipsburg, II, 393
"Philip's Choice," II, 84
Phillips, David, II, 265, 336
Phillips, John, III, 358
Phillips, Miles, II, 3Ig9
Phillips, Thomas W., III, 52, 303, 304
Phillips, Thomas W., Jr., III, 304
P'hillipstown, I, 340; II, II8, 119, 326;
III, I
Philson, Robert, II, 308
Phipps, Henry, III, I4I, 147
Phythian, Dr. Charles G., III, I73, I82
Phythian, Dr. John B., III, 182
Picket, James, II, 355
Pigeon Creek, I, 422; II, 79, 270
Piggott, James, II, I08, IO9
Pilltown, I, I86
Pinchot, Gifford, III, 282, 4I7
Pine Creek, I, 35, 8I; II, 205
Pine Hill, II, 302
Pine Run, I, IO, 20, 25I; II, I30, I34,
142, 213; III, 430
Pioneers boys of I938, II, 292, 293, 294,
295
Pious Springs, II, 305
Piper, John, II, 37, 237
Pisquetomen's Place, I, 24
Pitcairn, John, III, 298, 299
Pitt, William, I, I63, I67, I68, I88, 192,
I93, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 259, 273,
274, 280, 281; II, 219, 228
Pittsborough, I, 188, I9I, 259, 274; II,
219,
Pittsburgh, I, Io, I6, 26, 6o, 62, 69, 75,
95, 183, i88, 204, 257, 259, 261, 269,
27I, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 291I, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 304,
308, 3IO, 313, 315, 317, 318, 320, 325,
346, 358, 3'63, 370, 371, 372,.379, 382,
383, 402; II, 3, I4, 43, 46, 49, 50, 5I,
52, 53, 6i, 65, 79, 8o, 88, I03, 148, 177,
I98, 208, 216, 229, 245, 246, 247, 249,
251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
26o, 266, 269, 277, 290, 293, 294, 295,
380, 382, 388; III,  I, 20, 35, 4I, 6i,
65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 8I, 88, 89,
90, 94, 99, IO00, IOI, I02, 103, I04, 105,
I07, I08, IO9, IIO, 121, 127, I39, I40,
I4I, I46,  53, I53, I58, 67, I94, 67,  I95,
200, 202, 210, 213, 214, 217, 263, 265,SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLTVANIA
282, 283, 284, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
306, 317, 334, 365, 382, 383, 384, 385,
399, 400, 401, 419, 42I, 423, 424, 425,
429, 449, 450
Pittsburgh Academy, III, 228, 23I, 234
Pittsburgh and  Connellsville  Coal and
Coke Co., III, 206
Pittsburgh and Connellsville Rwy., III,
71, I94
Pittsburgh and Erie Rwy, III, 90o
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Rwy., III, 95,
96, 97
Pittsburgh and Steubenville Rwy. Co.,
III, go
Pittsburgh anId  Western  Railroad  Co.,
III, 92
Pittsburgh and Wheeling Rwy. Co., III,
90
Pittsburgh Association, II, 339
Pittsburgh banks, III, 394, 395, 396
Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Co., III, I43
Pittsburgh Coal Co., III, 211
Pittsburgh College for Women, III, 26I
Pittsburgh, Columbus, Cincinnati and St.
Louis Rwy. Co., III, 90, 91
Pittsburgh conference, III, 28, 29
Pittsburgh Diocese, II, 46
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago
Rwy. Co., III, go
Pittsburgh Gas Coal Co., III, 213
"Pittsburgh Gazette," II, 253, 254, 255,
256, 257, 259, 270, 275; III, II, 129,
158, I85, 228, 408, 449
"Pittsburgh Gazette Times," III, 9
"Pittsburgh Leader," III, II
Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Youghiogheny Rwy. Co., III, 96, 97
Pittsburgh Medical Society, III, I67
Pittsburgh meeting, 1775, list of delegates, II, 88
Pittsburgh Motor Coach Co., The, III,
104, I05
Pittsburgh, New Castle and Lake Erie
Rwy., III, 92
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., III, 297, 298,
299
"Pittsburgh Post," III, II
"Pittsburgh Press," III, II
Pittsburgh Railways Co., The, III, 102,
I04
Pittsburgh steel, III, I52
Pittsburgh Synod, II, 345, 348, 349, 354;
III, 33, 34
Pittsburgh Synod, members of, II, 349
Pittsburgh Synod, 1845, pastors in attendance, II, 348, 349
"Pittsburgh Times," III, I98, I99
Pittsburgh Turnpike, III, II5
Pittsburgh, West Virginia and Charleston Rwy. Co., III, 94, 95
Pittsylvania, I, 418, 419
Pitt Township, I, 366, 367, 401, 402. 414;
II, 12, 251, 256
Plank roads, III, 67
Plates, buried in rivers, I, 58, 59
Plattsville, I, 8, 37
Pleasant Grove, I, 12
Pleasant Grove Presbyterian Church, II,
131; III, 372
Pleasant Unity, II, 219
Pleasant Valley, I, 315
Plum  Creek, I, 9, 30, 271; II, I8I, 234,
250
Plum Creek Township, II, 204
Plumstead, Mary, I, 353
Plum Township, II, 250
Plymouth Company, I, 40
Poe, Adam, II, I56
Point Pleasant, battle of, II, 63, 120, 139
Political establishments, III, I, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, I0, II, I2
Pollins, Calvin E., II, 219
Pollins, John W., II, 219
Pollock, James, II, 7, 51
Pollock, Dr. Joseph, III, ii6
Polson, William, I, 86, io6, 107, 117,
I33
Pomeroy, John, I, 396; II, 31, 35, 36,
37, I32, I96, 228, 234, 241, 242, 247
Pomeroy, Mrs. John, II, 228
Pomeroy, Thomas, III, 123
Pomroy, George, II, 37
Pontiac, I, 170, 326, 327
Pontiac's War, I, 37, 305, 306, 307, 308,
309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 3I4, 315, 316,
3I7, 318, 3I9, 320, 321, 322, 323, 346
Pope, John, II, 257, 258
Portage Railroad, III, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
Portersville, III, 346
Port Johnston, III, I9
Port Marion, I, 340
Post, Christian Frederick, I, 7, 20, 22,
24, 25, I92, 226, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
240, 24I, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247,
248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
25'6, 26I, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 306, 320, 325,
370; II, 39I; III, I9, III
Postlethwaite, Dr. James, III, I9I
Postlewaite, William, III, 50, 5I
Potomac River, I, 6, 43, 49, 67; II, 73
Potomac Valley, I, 25, 42
Potter, James, I, I52, 349
Potter, John, III, II5
Potts, James, III, 341
Potts, John, I, I89, 258
Potts, Stephen C., III, 24I
Powel, Philip, I, 292
Powell, Nathan, II, 240
Powell, William, I, 415
Power, Rev. James, I, 386, 387, 388; II,
17I, I73, 237, 358, 359; III, 25Putnam, Dr., II, Io9
Putnam, Rufus, II, 285, 288, 289, 290,
292
Pyatt, Jacob, I, 3I
Quakers, I, I48; III, 372
Quay, Matthew S., III, 7, 8, II, 404, 405,
406, 407, 408, 409
"Queen" Aliquippa, see Aliquippa
Queen Elizabeth, I, 40
Quemahoning, II, 357
Quemahoning Camp, I, 206, 207; II, I87
Quemahoning Creek, I, 20, 46, I9I, I92,
20I, 247, 365; II, 300
Quemahoning Dam, I, 9, 20, 31, I45, I86;
II, 3I0; III, 40I
Quemahoning Township, II, 300, 307, 309,
310
Quicsil, Ensign, 1, I87
Raccoon Creek, I, 36, 422;; II, 46, I98, 207,
215, 249, 387
Radebaugh, III, 88, 89
Radio, III, 309, 310, 45I, 453, 454, 455
Raestown, see Raystown
Railroads, III, 7I, 87, 88, 89, 90, 9I, 92,
93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99
Raleigh, Sir Walter, I, 40
Ralston, Andrew, II, I25, I26
Ralston, James S., I, 9
Ralston, Joseph, II, I25, I26
Ralston, Samuel, I, 8; III, 25
Ralston family, II, I25, I26
Ralston's Fort, II, 125
Ramsay, Joseph, III, 92
Ramsey, Albert, II, 240
Ramsey, John, I, 354
Rankin, David, I, 270
Rankin, Matthew, II, 215
Rankin, Rhoads, I, 7
Rankin family, II, 215
Rannels, James, I, 8
Rapp, Frederick, II, 382
Rapp, John G., II, 38I, 382, 383
Rapp, John, Jr., II, 38I
Rauch, George, II, 305
Rawlings Co., II, 142
Rayman, Gootlieb, II, 307
Rayne Township, II, 236
Raystown, I, 122, I69, I8o, I82, I84, I88,
I89, I90, I9I, I94, 195, 201, 204, 205,
206, 221, 224, 226, 239, 242, 247, 258,
260, 274, 299, 30I, 302; II, 289
Raystown Cabins, I, 9
Raystown Path, I, 9
Reading, I, 243, 298
Ream, C. F., I, I87
Reburn, Adam, II, 228
Red Bank Township, II, 368
Reddick, David, II, I88, 192, 247, 248,
258, 280; III, I
Reddick, John H., II, 388
Redstone, I, 36, 43
Pratt's Run, II, 216
Preachers, German  Reformed  Church,
II, 352, 353, 354
Presbyterians, I, 370, 37I, 372, 386, 387,
388, 389; II, 334, 346, 354, 355, 356,
357, 358, 359, 360, 36I, 362, 363; III,
23, 24, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 52, 53, 54,
235, 236, 254
Presbytery of Blairsville, II, 3'60, 36I
P'resbytery of Hartford, II, 359, 360
Presbytery of Ohio, II, 355, 359
Presbytery of Ohio, ministers in, II, 359
Presbytery of Saltsbury, II, 36I
Presbytery of Washington, II, 360
Presidents, Waynesburg College, III, 256
Presque Isle, I, 62, 68, Io02, 280, 28I, 309,
323
Pressley, Rev. John T., III, 34
Price, John, I, 7
Price, Leonard, I, I78
Prickett, Jacob, II, IIo
Principals, Slippery Rock State College,
III, 29.2
Prisoners, Grant's defeat, I, 217
Prittstown, I, I24
Probst, John, III, 132
Proctor, Isaac, II, 312
Proctor, John, I, 354, 398; II, 33, 52,
53, 55, 94, 146; III, 37, 233
Proctor, William, II, I
"Proctor's Tent," II, 363
Proprietary Council, I, 84
Prosperitv, town of, II, 220
Provance, Sarah, II, 328
Providence Fort, I, 342
Providence Mounts, II, 86
Provincial Council, Pennsylvania, 1, 29.
3I, 32, 34, 35, 39, 46, 53, 58, 60, 63, 67,
II9, I45, 151, 236, 260; II, I, 2, 3, 4,
5, 7, 8, 24, 37, 56, 93, I03, I09, I55, 157
I95
Provincial Hikers, I, 269, 270, 340
Pryor, J. M., III, 276
Publicity, III, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436,
437, 438, 439, 440, 44I, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 45I, 452,
453, 454, 455
Public School Law of I834, III, 271, 272,
273, 274
Public Schools, III, 267, 268, 269, 270,
27I, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,
279, 280, 28I, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293
Puc'.ety Creek, I, 25, 315; II, 62, I42,
20o6, 249, 25I, 286, 370, 375; III, 424
Pugh, Evan, II, 393
Pugh, John, II, 393
Pugh Place, I, 230
Pulaski, III, 122
Pumphries, Reason, III, 31
Punxsutawney, I, 6, 12, 25, I50, 151, 242
Purviance, John, III, 36I
INDEX
517SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Redstone Baptist Association, I, 375, 376;
II, 335, 336, 338, 339; III, 46, 47, 375,
378
Redstone Baptist Church, III, 374, 377
Redstone Circuit, III, 29, 30, 31, 32
Redstone Creek, I, 3, 83, 86, 91, 97, Ioo,
I04, io6, 107, 121, 123, 281, 288, 289,
290, 29I, 293, 308, 317, 340, 347, 348,
349, 356, 357, 367, 402, 40, 414; II, I2,
45, 46, 65, I8I, I82, 189, 190, 229; III,
2I4, 290
"Redstone Old Fort," I, 308
Redstone Presbytery, I, 387, 389; II, I52,
I9I, 338, 354, 355, 358, 360; III, 23, 242,
243
Reed, Colonel, II, 97, 146, I47, I54, 197,
218, 243
Reed, David A., III, 9, IO
Reed, George, II, 132, 133
Reed, James H., III, 334
Reed, Jay, II, 38
Reed, John, II, 307
Reed, Rebecca, II, 132, 133
Reed, Robert, II, I32
Reed family, II, 132
Rees, William, II, 319
Reese, David, II, 319
Reeside, A. J., III, 67
Reeves, Dr. James A., III, 262
Reformed Medical College, III, I87, I88
Reformed Presbyterian Church, III, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36
Rehoboth Presbyterian Church, III, 312
Reichart, Rev. Gabriel A., II, 344, 345
Reichert, Frederick, II, 38I, 382
Reichhelm, Dr. Gustavus, III, I67
Reid, Ambrose B., III, 331, 332
Religion, I, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374,
375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390;
II, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340,
34I, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363; III,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50
Reno, Rev. Francis, I, 380, 38I
Renwick, Mrs. A. K., I, 5
Renwick property, I, 207
Reppert, Edmund H., III, 337, 339
Republicans, III, 403, 404
Revolution, War of, II, I35, I36, I37, 138,
I39, I40, I4I, I42, I43, I44, I45, I46,
T47, 148, 149, I50
Reynolds, John, II, 37
Reynolds, William, II, 229, 230
Rhoades, Henry, II, 302
Rhoades, Jonathan, III, 357
Rhodes, Henry, Jr., 364
Rhys (Rhees), Rev. Morgan John, II,
309, 315, 316, 317, 3I8, 3I9, 337
Rice, Abraham, II, 218, 230
Rice, Conrad, III, I7, I8
Rice, Edward, II, 78
Rice family, III, 17, 18
Rice's Landing, II, 324
Richards, Josiah, II, 356
Richardson, Dr. Andrew, III, I59
Richland Township, II, 312
Riddle, Dr. David H., III, 230
Riddle, George, II, 390
Riddle, James, II, 308; III, 339
Riddle, Samuel, III, II, 348
Ridpath, John Clark, I, 3, 4
Rigdon, Rev. Sidney, II, 338; III, 376
Rigdon, Rev. Thomas, II, 339; III, 376
Riggs, Robert, I, 269
Ringler, Thomas, I, i87
Riparti, Monsieur, I, 7I
Rist, Joseph, III, 206
Ritchie, Robert, II, i88
Ritner, Joseph, II, 370; III, 6, II, 2, I73,
325
Rivieire aux Boeufs, I, I02
Road commissioners, III, 65
Roads, III, Io6, I07
Road viewers, Indiana County, III, 22, 23
Roaring Run, I, I86; II, II
Roberts, Dwight, I, 18
Roberts, George, II, 322
Roberts, John, II, 319
Roberts, Samuel, II, 333, 34I, 369; III, I,
28, 29, 31, I64, 313, 330
Roberts, William B., III, 363
Roberts, W. Milnor, III, 74
Robertson, Archibald, II, 392
Robinson, Robert, II, 230, 231
Robinson's Falls, I, 12
Robinson Township, II, 196, I98, 246
Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron
Co., III, 213
"Rock Fort Camp," I, I23
Rodgers, C. P., III, io08
Rodgers, Thomas, II, 181
Rogers, David, II, iII
Rogers, Philip, II, i88
Rogers, Dr. William, II, I6I, 315
Rogersville, II, 326
Rohr, Harry, I, 184, I86, I94, 206, 207,
214, 216
Rohrer, Frederick, I, 344
Rohr's Gap, I, I83, I86
Rolleter, Peter, I, 354
Roney, Hercules, II, 231
Roney, James, II, 23I
Roosevelt, Mrs. Eleanor, III, 416
Roosevelt, Franklin D., II, 293; III, I0,
366, 4I1, 4T2, 413
Roosevelt, Theodore, III, 409
Roots, George, II, 89
Rosena Furnace, III, I2O
Rose Point, III, 122
Ross, Alexander, II, 5, 50, 260
518INDEX
Roots, George, II, 89
Ross, Hugh, II, 256, 257
Ross, James, II, 261, 279; III, 3, 4, 3I4,
333
Ross, Samuel, II, 356
Ross, Washington, II, 213
Rosston, II, 213
Roster, in attendance Council of War,
Catfish Camp, I777, II, III, II2, II3,
I14
Roster soldiers with Captain Vance, I3th
Virginia, II, II4, II5
Rostraver Township, I, 3I6, 367, 402; II,
7, I3, I4, 78, Io8, 170; III, 32
Rotary Club, III, 462
Roth, Henry, I, 364
Rowland, Griffith, II, 319
Roy, James, I, 178
Royal Americans, I, I7I, 301, 324, 329,
334
Royal Gas Co., III, 302
Ruffner, Christian, III, 38, 39
Ruffs Creek, III, 215, 222
Rugh, Michael, I, 231, 232, 247; II, 7,
I73
Rugh family, II, 231, 232
Rule, Dr. James N., III, 282, 283
Rumsay, Rev. John, I, 372
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, II, 316, 318, 322;
III, I59
Russell, Dr., 192
Russell, Hy, I, I78
Russell, William, II, 36, 37
Rutherford, John, I, II6
Sackett, Dr. Samuel, III, I6o, I84, I85
Sacs (Indians), I, 4
Sadowsky, Anthony, I, 32
St. Clair, Arthur, I, I66, I88, 257, 258,
*-   343, 344, 345, 353, 355, 360, 362, 364,
37I, 393, 4I9, 420, 42I, 423; II, I, 5, 6,
7, 8, 20, 21, 22, 36, 40, 47, 50, 5I, 56, 6i,
85, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, IOO, IOI, 102, 121,
I22, 141, I69, I76, I96, 220, 237, 285,
286, 288, 292, 294, 295, 297, 328, 374,
39I; III, I, I9, 70, I32, 3II, 312, 389
St. Clair, Mrs. Arthur, II, I76
St. Clair, Dr. Charles M., III, I57
St. Clair, Daniel, I, 344; II, 25I; III, 314
St. Clair, John, III, 234
St. Clair, Sir John, I, II6, II7, II8, I24,
125, 128, 129, I33, I38, I84, I85, I86,
19I, 199, 206, 224, 259
St. Clair, Louise, II, 292
St. Clair, Phoebe Bayard, I, 343, 344
St. Clair, Dr. Thomas, III, I57, I78
St. Clair Hermitage, I, I88
St. Clair Township, II, 250
St. Francis College, III, 257, 258
St. Francis Hospital, III, I96
St. Lawrence River, I, 27, 28
St. Luke's Church, I, 380
St. Patrick's Church, Pittsburgh, III, 42
St. Patrick's Day Flood, III, 400, 401
St. Paul Classis, II, 354
St. Pierre, Commander, I, 72
St. Thomas Church, I, 379, 380, 38I; II,
339
St. Vincent's College, I, 270; II, I46, 22I;
III, 40, 45, 46, 250, 25I, 252
St. Xavier's Academy, I, 270; III, 257
Salem Township, II, 32
Salisbury, III, I82
Sallard, John, I, 178
Saltsburg, I, 2, I6, 20, 368; II, 202; III,
I8, 19, 20, 478
Saltsburg Academy, III, 258
Salt Lick Township, II, 208
Salt Well, I, 8
Samm, Adam, I, 401I
Sample, Robert, II, 356
Sample, William, III, 259
Sampson Mill, I, I25
Sandles, Mrs. Sarah Steele, II, I75
Sandusky, II, I62, I63, I65, I66
Sandusky River, II, I64
Sankey, Ezekial, III, 120
Sargent, Winthrop, II, 285, 292
Saukonk, I, Io, 25, 48, 6I, I45, 236, 241,
274, 282, 345
Saunder, Capt., I, 216
Savannah Indians, I, 6
Sawmill Run, II, I98, 255
Saxman, Christian, II, 38
Say, Benjamin, I, 7
Saylor, Jacob, III, 356, 357
Scalp Act, I, I47, I48
Schaeffer, Nathan C., III, 280, 28I
Schantz, Joseph, II, 3II, 312
Schellsburg, I, 9, 83
Schenley Park, III, Io6
Schlatter, J. L., III, 98
Schlatter, Rev. Michael, III, 54
Schmidt, Albert, III, 305
Schneider, Adam, II, 308, 309
Schneider, Jacob, II, 307
Schoepf, Dr. Johann D., II, 290
Schools, Lawrence County, III, I2, I23,
124
Schoenbrunn, II, I59, I64
Schoharie Valley, I, 37
Schoonmaker, J. M., III, 95
Schuylkill, I, 24
Schwab, Charles M., III, I43, I44, I46,
I47, I48, 257, 423
Schweizerbach, Rev. Johann G., II, 344,
345, 346, 347
Scientific Advancement, III, 4I9, 420,
42I, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428,
429, 430, 43I
Scioto, synod of, III, 34
Scioto River, I, 3I, 48, 53
Scioto Valley, II, 63
5 i(sSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Scotch Highlanders, Forbes Campaign,
roster of, I, 172, 173, 191
Scotch Highlanders in War, I, 172, 2Io,
2I2, 213, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223, 259,
266, 267, 328, 329, 334
Scott, Charles, II, 96
Scott, Hugh, II, 152, 157
Scott, James, I, 42
Scott, Joseph, II, 249
Scott, Matthias, III, I34
Scott, Thomas, II, 50, 65, 155, 182; III,
I, 140, 141
Scott, William, II, 8i, I56
Scottdale, I, 366
Scriven, Rev. William, I, 373
Scull, John, I, I8; II, 253; III, II, 228,
449, 450
Seals, James, II, 325
Searight, William, II, 37
Seaton, Rev. Mr., I, 381
Sellers, Jacob, II, 217
Semple (Sample), David, II, 22, 25, 67,
215; III, 3I5
Semple, Nathaniel W., II, 3I8
Semple, Samuel, I, 371, 402; II, 24, 25,
26, 28, 266
Seneca Indians, I, 3, 5, I4, 15, 22, 23, 57,
326, 335, 336; II, 123, I3I, 134, I39,
140, I44, I45, 227, 245
Senseman, III, III
Service Theological Seminary, III, 34,
35
Seton Hill College, III, 261, 262, 263
Sewickley, I, 7, 15, I25, 146, 322, 368,
386, 387, 389; II, I08, 144, 206, 218,
230
Sewickley Academy, III, 259
Sewickley Creek, I, 6, I5, 25, 32, 36, I49,
321, 353; II, 75, 76, I96, 201, 234, 386,
387
Sewickley Indians, I, 25, 32
Sewickley, No. 2, I, 25
Sewickley Old Town, I, 6, I8, 32, 315,
316, 325; II, 201
Sewickley Presbyterian Church, III, 372
Shade Creek, I, 9
"Shades of Death," I, I85, I86
Shade Township, I, 230
Shadrach, Dr. William, II, 337, 338
Shady Side Academy, III, 259, 260
"Shaffer's Sleeping Place," I, 8
Shallenger, 0. B., III, 305
Shamokin, I, 7, 22, 37, I47, I50, 244, 250,
316
Shamokin Daniel (Indian), I, 278
Shamokin Indian Town, I, 5, II9
Shannon, Michael, I, 326
Shannon, Samuel, II, 27, 39, I28, I30,
I33, 148
Shannopin's Town, I, IO, 12, I8, 22, 24,
26, 35, 36, 46, 47, 72, 74, 77, 82, 85,
204, 271, 353, 359, 4I5; II, 177; III,
141, 424
Sharon, II, 387
Sharpe, Horatio, I, I64, i65, 232, 233
Shasslodt, Capt., I, 303
Shaw, George P., III, 120
Saw, Peggy, I,171, 172, 178
Shawanese Bottom, I, 8
Shawanese Cabins, I, 8, 55, 56, 258, 299
Shawanese Indians, I, 56, 57, 65
Shawnee Cabins, I, 9, i84, 185, 19I, 201,
299
Shawnee Indians, I, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15,
I7, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 48, 49, 53, 57,
64, 95, io6, 119, 121, 143, 146, I48, 163,
225, 236, 237, 238, 240, 277, 294, 3I5,
322, 323, 326, 345, 346; II, 56, 58, 59,
123, 125, 158, 206, 386
Shearer, William, II, 208
Shearersburg, I, 251
Sheets, Milton, II, 309
Shelby, Captain, I, i86, 217, 225, 266, 267,
3I5
Shelby Road, I, i86
Shelocta, I, 9, 22, 23, 26, 30; III, II, 14,
I8, 19
Shenango Creek, II, 187
Shenango Furnace, The,III, II9
Shenango River, I, 15; III, III, 112
Shenango Trail, I, 8
Shepherd, David, II, 69, 70, 72, 8I, III,
I47
Shepherd, John, II, 50
Sherman, William  T., III, 369
Shermans Creek, I, 33
Shickel, Eli, III, 31
Shields, John, II, 32, 35, 234, 247
Shingass Town, I, 48
Shippen, Edward, I, 63, 232, 308; II,
233; III, 2
Shippen, Joseph, I, 173, 221, 348, 350,
421; II, 44, 200, 2II
Shippensburg, I, 60, 245, 298; II, 358
Shiras, George, Jr., III, 317
Shirley, William, I, 58, 115, 134, 142, i65,
I66
Shirleysburg, I, 30, 35
Shirtee, see Chartier, Peter
"Shirtee's" Landing, I, 251, 3I5; II, 20I;
III, 430
"Shirtee's Town," I, 17
Shoemaker, Dr. Henry W., I, 415, 416
Shoenberger, George, III, 139, 140
Shoenberger, Dr. Peter, III, I35, 139,
140
Short Creek, II, 69, 80
Shotwell, Hugh, III, 372
Shotwell, John, III, 372
Shotwell, Joseph, III, 372
Shreive, Isaac, II, 234
Shreve, Henry M., III, 76
520INDEX
Shryock, Henry,III, 18
Shunk, Francis, II, 370
Shunk, William F., III, 98
Shute, Philip, II, I82
Shute's Run, I, 12
Sibourd, Rev. Lewis, III, 44
Sideling Hill Tunnell, III, 98
Simonton, Dr. Adam, III, i85
Simpson, Alexander, III, 342
Simpson, Andrew, II, 221, 233
Simpson, James, II, 40, 233
Simpson, John, II, 221, 225
Simrall, Alexander, II, 29I
Simrall family, II, 29I
Simrall's Ferry, II, 290, 291; III, 63
Sinclair, Samuel, II, 261, 262
Singer, George B., i88
Singer, John B., I88
Sioux Indians, I, 4, I4
Sipe, C. Hale, I, 306, 307; III, 303, 345,
346, 47I
"Sisters of Mercy," III, 257
Sites, Rev. W. A., III, 55
Six Nations, I, 3, 5, II, 22, 30, 50, 59, 64,
65, 78, 88, 98, I04, II9, I47, I48, I62,
237, 326, 337, 422; II, 46, 57, I45, 245
Skinner, Rev. Nathaniel, II, 337
Slater, Thomas, II, 326
Slavery, II, 23, 24
Slaymaker, Samuel R., III, 67
Slippery Rock State Teachers College,
II, 385; III, 287, 291, 292
Slippery Rock Township, II, 379; III,
II3
Sloan, David, II, 38, 234
Sloan, James, II, 366, 367, 368
Sloan, John, II, 39, 204, 233, 234, 366
Sloan, Samuel, II, 7, 38, 39, 233, 234
Sloan, William, II, 233, 234
Sloan's Fort Settlement, II, 38
Smallman, Thomas, I, 26, 271, 295, 4I5;
II, 49, 6, 69, 88, I63
Small Plantation, I, 330
Smilie, John, II, 190; III, I, 3
Smith, Abraham, I, 354
Smith, Augustine, see Gallitzin, Prince
Smith, Deveraux, II, 50, 54, 55, 88
Smith, George, I, 354
Smith, George N., III, 86
Smith, H. Burns, I, 337
Smith, Jacob, II, 307
Smith, James, I, 138, I40, 141, 226, 347
Smith, John, II, 40, II9, 252, 253
Smith, Rev. John, I, 8
Smith, Rev. Joseph, I, 386, 387; III, 222
Smith, Dr. Joseph, II, 331, 332
Smith, Nathaniel, III, 420
Smith, N. Ruggles, III, 270
Smith, Richard, II, 260
Smith, Robert W., I, I50, 337
Smith, Samuel, I, 42
Smith, Thomas, III, 2
Smith, Dr. William, I, 264, 265, 380;
II, 339, 340
Smithfield, II, I97
Smith's Creek, I, 374
Smith's Ferry, I, 34
Smithtown, I, I41
Smith Township, II, 236
Smoky Island, II, I63
Snee, John, II, 95
Snively, Jacob, II, I
Snowden, George R., III, I46
Snowden, John M., III, 432
Snowshoe Mountain, I, 5
Snyder, Abraham, II, 375
Snyder, John, II, 224
Snyder, Peter, II, 312
Snyder, Simon, III, 356
Solomon's Run, II, 312
Somerfield, I, 122
Somerset, III, 66, 67, I05
Somerset Academy, III, 252, 253
Somerset Bus Co., The, III, I07
Somerset Church, III, 378
Somerset Collegiate Institute, III, 253
Somerset County, I, 20, 52, 66, 307; II,
35, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305,
306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 3II, 318, 321,
322, 330, 333- 338; III, 98, I33, I80,
181, I82, I99, 212, 213, 234, 252, 272,
322, 339, 340, 378
Somerset County Glades, III, 269
Somerset Valley, I, 39I
Sons American Revolution, III, I36, I75,
343, 471
South Carolina, I, 6, II, 25, 32
"Southern Conference History," I, 381,
382
South Fork, I, I8
South Penn Railroad, III, 98, 99
Southside Hospital, III, I97
South Virginia Company, I, 40
Southwestern Teachers College, III, 287
Southwest Pennsylvania Rwy. Co., III,
94
Sowers, Christopher, III, 56
Spangenberg, Cyriacus, II, 353
Spanish-American War, III, 366, 367
Sparks, Absolem, II, I
Sparks, Charles, II, I
Sparks, Phoebe, II, I
Speak, George, I, I78
Spear, Joseph, II, 7, 54, 55
Specht, Martin, I, 298
Speer, Rev. William, II, 371
Speers, Henry, III, 49
Speer's Run, II, 203
Spicer, William, II, I24, I25
Spicer family, II, 124, 125, 212
Sportsman's Hall, III, 38, 39, 41, 379
Springdale, I, 25
Springer, Dennis, II, I90; III, 234
Springfield Township, III, I13
52ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Springhill, I, 366, 406, 414; II, I2, I3, I7,
I8, I04, I8O, I82, I85, 230, 235, 323,
333
Spring Run, I, 424
Sproul, William C., III, io6, 281
Sproull, Robert. III, 35
Spruce Camp, I, 8
"Squaw  Campaign," II, 136
"Souaw's Fort Camp," I. T22
Squirrel Hill, II. 25, 26, 215, 226
Squirrel Hill Indian Town, I, 12; III, 14
Stacltfeld, Tose)h, III. 352
Stafford. Cornelius, III, 12
Stahl-Kinkaid Mill, II, 32
Stahlstown. I, 12; II, TIl
Stamm, Bighon J. S.. III, 59
Standard Works, III, 210
Standling Stone, I, 55
Stanley, W;illim, ITT, 305
Stannard, Daniel, III, 348
Stanwix, John. I, I67. T6S, 270. 294, 295,
313, 314,.I6, 124; II, 20T; III, 6I. 62
Star Junction. III, 208, 209
Stark, Col., II, 97
State Sunerintendents Schools, III, 280,
281, 282, 28.3
Statler, Casner, I, 364; II, 299
Staunton, II,.55
Steck. Rnv. Tohn Mf.. I. 382. 183; II, 344
Steele, Dr. J. J., III, T87, I88
Steele (Steel), Rev. John, I, 174, 223,
349; II, 30T
Steel Companies, III. 148, I49, I50
Steinberg. John, I, I87
Stephen C. Foster Memorial, III, 232,
217
Stenhens, Adam, I, Io6,  T7, 134, I77,
186, 217,.310, 311I, 315; II, 220
Stephens, Dr. Benjamin, IIT, I86
Stephenson, John, II, 5I, 78, 139
Sterret's Gap, I, 35
Sterrett, Tames P.. III, 329, 405
Sterritt. Samuel, III, 12
Steubenville, T, 34
Stevens, Dr. Beniamin, III, 6
Stevens, Tacob, II, 300
Stevens, Nehemiah, I. 107
Stevens, Thaddeus. III, 267, 275
Stevens, Rev. William  B., II. 342
Stevenson, George, T. 172; III, T59
Stevenson, Tames, III, 29, 356
Steward, Henry, I, 68
Stewart, Alexander. I, 7, 353, 368
Stewart, Charles, II, 207
Stewart, David. III, I34
Stewart, Dr. Henry C., ITI, 183
Stewart, Dr. James M., II, 37; III, I77,
I80
Stewart, John, II, 207; III, II2, II3, ii6,
339
Stewart, Robert, I, I44, I77, 178
Stewart, William M., III, 348, 349
Stewart's Crossings, I, I2, 349, 422; II,
I I, 28, 46, 60, I77
Stewartsville, I, I25
Still, Isaac, I, 244, 249, 275, 276, 278
Stillman, Rev. James A., III, 39, 40
Stimble, Isaac, I, 325, 326; II, I32
Stobo, Robert, I, 93, io6, I33, I34
Stockton, Dr. John, III, 236
Stockton, Joseph, III, 228
Stokely, Nehemiah, II, 234
Stokely, Thomas, II, 39, 148, I57, 206,
234, 235
Stokely's Fort, II, 39
Stone, William A., III, 8, 405
Stoner, Edward, I, 124
Stoner, John O., II, 301I
Stony Creek, I, 9, I8, 46, 192, 202, 226,
247, 258, 259, 285, 299, 3II, 318, 324,
325; II, 202, 300, 305; III, 269
Stony Creek Fort, I, I86
Stony Creek Glades, I, 365
Stony Run, II, 37, 38
Stony Springs, II, 217
Storm, Dr. David, III, I73
Stoy, John, II, 299
Stoystown, I, I86; II, I87, 309; III, 252
Strayer, Rev. John F., III, 55
Street's Run, II, 250
Strickler, Lawrence, II, 235
Strub, Rev. Joseph, III, 259
Stuart, Alexander, I, I6
Stuart, Edwin H., III, 476
Stuckey, Samuel, I, I84, I87
Studebaker, David, II, 375, 376
Studebaker, Joseph, II, 375
Sturgeon, Dr. Daniel, III, 6, i86
Sturgis, Phineas, II, 197
Stutzman, Jacob, II, 312
Stutzman, Joseph J., III, 272
Subsidiaries, U. S. Steel, III, I5O, 15I
Sugar Creek, I, 78; II, 368, 372, 375;
III, 40
Sullivan, John, II, I44, I45, I6i
Sunbury, I, 5, 119, 242, 311, 316
Superintendents of Schools, Allegheny
County, III, 276
Superintendents, Allegheny County, III,
278
Superintendents, Beaver County, III, 278
Superintendents, Butler County, III, 278
Superintendents  of  Schools,  Cambria
County, III, 273, 278
Superintendents of Schools, Fayette
County, III, 273, 278
Superintendents, Greene County, III, 278
Superintendents, Indiana County, III,279
Superintendents of Schools, Johnstown,
III, 273, 274, 286, 287
522INDEX
Superintendents, Lawrence County, III,
279
Superintendents of Schools, Somerset
County, III, 272, 279
Superintendents, Washington County,
III, 279
Superintendents, Westmoreland County,
III, 279
Supreme Executive Council, I, 13
Susquehanna, I, 237, 297, 316; II, 5, 246
Susquehanna Indians, I, 36
Susquehanna River, I, 5, 6, I8, 25, 31, 42,
46, 58, I63, 242, 288; II, 138, 145; III,
24, 79, 98
Susquehanna Township, I, 8
Susquehanna Valley, I, 5, 8, I9, 21, 25,
29, 30; II, 125; III, 13
Sutton, Benjamin, II, 216
Sutton, Isaac, I, 375, 378, 412
Sutton, James, I, 376; II, 217
Sutton, John, I, 375; III, 288
Sutton Hall, III, 288, 289
Swan, Charles, II, 235, 330
Swan, John, II, 215, 235, 330
Swan, Dr. Samuel M., III, 173, 176
Swan, Rev. William, II, 265
Swazey, Ambrose, III, 421
Swearingen, Duke, II, 236
Swearingen, John, II, 235, 236
Swearingen, Van, I, 404; II, 50, 5I, Io8,
I43, I52, I56, 157, I81, 236
Swine, Charles, I, 145
Swope, Michael, II, 93
Symmes, John C., II, 288
Synod of Ohio, II, 354
Synod of Pittsburgh, II, 358, 359, 360
Synod of Pittsburgh, churches in, II, 359
Taggart, James, II, 208
Talmage, Dr. Samuel, III, I77
Tannehill, Adamson, III, 356
Tarentum, I, Io, 17, 26, 31, 52, 251, 252,
3I5; II, I99, 201I; III, 430
Tawa Indians, I, 294
Taylor, Abish, I, 7
Taylor, Andrew, I, 8
Taylor, George, III, 340, 341
Taylor, Henry, II, 75, I56, 157; III, 315
Taylor, Dr. James, III, I78, 195
Taylor, James F., III, 316
Taylor, Jeffrey W., II, 176
Taylor, John, I, 43
Taylor, John, III, 206
Taylor, Rev. John, II, 34I
Taylor, Myron C., III, I50
Taylor, Richard, II, 116
Taylor, R. B., II, 377
Taylor, Robert, II, 13I
Taylor, William, II, 79
Taylor, Zachary, III, II6
Taylor and Company, III, 295
Taylorstown, II, 236
Teachers' Associations, III, 274, 275
Teachers, Lawrence County, III, 122, 123
Teagarden, Wm., II, I6, I7, 26
Teeters, Samuel, II, 208, 236
Temple, Dr. Henry W., I, 336
Ten Mile Baptist Association, II, 339
Ten Mile Creek, I, 387, 389; II, 73, 124,
125, 182, 216, 217, 220, 325, 330
Tennessee Valley, I, 25
Thaw, William, III, 230, 421
"The Indian," quot., I, I, 2
Theological seminaries, III, 34, 35
Thicketty Run, I, I24, I25; II, 235
Thiel, A. Louis, II, 349
Thiel College, II, 349
I3th Pennsylvania Regiment, Revolution, roster of, II, 99, IOO, IOI, I02
Thomas,'E. Trudeau, III, 26I
Thomas, George, I, i88
Thomas, J. Arthur, II, 175
Thomas, John, I, 270; II, 319
Thomas, W. Phillips, Sons and Co., III,
304
Thompson, Edward, II, 54
Thompson, George, III, 314
Thompson, James, II, 127
Thompson, John II, 236
Thompson, Josiah V., III, 393
Thompson, Mordecai, I, 173; II, 45
Thompson, Robert, I, 354
Thompson, William, I, 354; II, 5, 7, 25,
27; III, 234
Thompson, W. W. Seward, III, 344, 345
Thompson's Run, I, 271
Thomson, J. Edgar, III, 141, 142
Thorn Creek, III, 303
Thornton, Col. William, I, 43
Three Redoubts, I, 221, 266, 270, 271,
302, 315, 32I, 325; II, 2I7
Three Springs Camp, I, 124, 125, 386
Ticonderoga, I, I66, I69, 237; II, 95, 97
Tightwees, I, 56, 57, 6.5, 104
Tightwees Town, I, 34
Tilghman, James, 1, 421, 422; II, 46, 56
Tintsman, A. O., III, 206
Tintsman station, II, 225
Tioga, II, 145
Tionesta, I, 12, 15, 340; II, 145; III,
I4, II2
Tionesta Creek, I, I9.; III, 402
Tisagechroanu Indians, I, I5
Tittle, Peter, I, 19
Titusville, III, 303
Toby Township, II, 366, 368
Todd, David, II, 370, 37I
Todd, James, III, 323, 324
Todd, Joseph, I, 372
Todd, William, II, 370; III, 348, 403
Toddstown, II, 370
Tohogus, I, 22, 26, 30
Toledo, II, 230
Toll rates, old turnpike, III, 68, 69
523OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
came to America with the remainder of Rev. Thomas Campbell's
family in the early autumn of I809. The father and son and others
formed what they termed the "Christian Association of Washington,
Penn'a," and after two or three years became dissatisfied with that,
and organized on May Io, I8io, the "First Church of the Christian
Association of Washington, meeting at Cross Roads and Brush Run,
Washington County, Penn'a." In this association they came to the
position, in their own minds, of a belief in the baptism of believers by
immersion, and as a result were immersed by the Rev. Matthias Luce,
a Baptist minister, along with their wives and others.
WVhile they preached in Baptist churches prior to that time, these
two ministers did not formally ally themselves with the work of the
Redstone Baptist Association until the session of September 2, I815,
when the Washington Church and the Brush Run Church were each
granted membership in the association. Both Thomas Campbell and
Alexander Campbell were delegates from the Brush Run Church to
the association that year. At the associational meeting of September
2, 1817, Dr. James Estep was moderator and Alexander Campbell
clerk. At Connellsville on September I, I8I8, Charles Wheeler was
moderator and Alexander Campbell clerk. At the Horseshoe Church,
near Monongahela City, on September 3, i819, Dr. William Brownfield, of Uniontown, was moderator and Alexander Campbell clerk.
At Plum Run, in I820, Alexander Campbell was moderator and Dr.
James Estep clerk; and at Washington, in I822, Thomas Campbell
was moderator and Isaac Pettit clerk. At the meeting of September
6, I823, Rev. Thomas Campbell opened the meeting at George's
Creek with prayer, and on September 3, I824, Rev. Thomas Campbell was a delegate from Brush Run Church. So that, from  8 i 5 to
I824, the Campbells, father and son, were connected with the Redstone Baptist Association, as delegates and in an official capacity.
Due to the lack of any appellate bodies, in Baptist Church polity,
which can decide, the historian must look to the life of individual
churches to clarify the issue which led to the withdrawal of the Campbells from their Baptist connections. One of the best examples of its
effect can be noted in the Christian Church in Somerset, Pennsylvania.
As has been noted earlier, the Turkeyfoot Baptist Church, near
Ursina in Somerset County, was the county's earliest congregation,
founded in I775. It joined the Redstone Baptist Association at its
formation in 1776 and associational meetings were subsequently held
47SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Tomahawk Camp, I, I83, I86, I9I, 285
"Tom the Tinker," II, 273
Torrance, Francis J., III, I99
Torrance, James F., I, I8, 270
Torrance Hospital, III, I99
Tostee, Peter, I, 35
Tower, Ensign, I, Io6
Townsend, Benjamin, II, 393
Townsend, David, II, 392
Townsend, Joseph, Jr., III, II7
"Townsend Plan," III, 4II
Townships, Butler County, II, 379
Townships, Indiana County, list of, III, I7
Townships, Lawrence County, III, II5
Town supervisors, list of, II, I9
Traders, I, 28, 29, 30, 3I, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38
Traders' Path, I, 29, 184, 189, 194, I95,
I98, 200, 202, 205, 210, 2I7, 258; II,
136; III, 430
Trailways System, The, III, I07, Io8
Transportation, III, 6o, 6I, 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 8I, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
Treaty of Logstown, I, 23, 24
Treaty of Paris, I, 317, 318
Trent, Samuel, III, 48
Trent, William, I, I8, 36, 37, 64, 66, 67,
68, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 98, 99, Io7,
I66, I93, 285, 306, 308, 322, 327, 361,
415, 418, 419
Trinity Church, I, 379; II, 340, 34I
Trinity Hall for Boys, III, 249
Trotter, John, I, 63,'64
Truby, Christopher, II, 178, I96, 247
Truby, Mary Ann, II, 178
Trustees, California State College, III,
29I
Trustees, Canonsburg Academy, III, 224
Trustees, Kittanning Academy, III, 238
Trustees, Madison College, III, 235
Trustees, Mount Pleasant Institute, III,
247, 248
Trustees, Slippery Rock State College,
III, 292
Trustees, Somerset Academy, III, 252,
253
Truxal, J. R., II, 219
Truxell-Lauffer Farm, I, 124
Tubmill Creek, II, 215
Tupper, Benjamin, II, 285
Turkey Foot, I, 50, 98, 99, 122, I140, I77,
317, 318, 349, 350, 364, 365, 368, 393;
II, 289, 299, 301, 3Io
Turkey Foot Congregation, III, 47, 48
Turnbull, Marmie and Co., III, I26
Turnbull, William, III, I26
Turner, George, II, 319
Turner, James, Jr., I, I5I
Turner, John, I, 15I
Turner's Mill, II, 207, 236
Turney, Jacob, II, I75
Turnpike companies, III, 64, 65, 66
Turtle Creek, I, I6, 33, 36, 63, 69, 82,
89, I25, 127, 128, I37, 203, 204, 266,
268, 270, 285, 303, 330, 33I, 353, 358,
422; II, 2, 4, 6, 228, 249, 250, 251
Turtle Creek Valley, I, IO, 315; II, 208
Tuscarawas, II, 159, 222
Tuscarawas River, II, 137, I39
Tuscarawas Valley, II, I64
Tuscarora, I, 370
Tuscarora Indians, I, 3, II, 14, 224
Tuscaroras Mts., I, 246; II, 245
Tuscarora Path, I, 55
TWA, III, T09, IIo
Twelve Mile Run, I, 183, 270; II, I46,
147, I95, 243
Two Lick Creek, I, 8, 24, 26; II, 30, 3I,
128, I96, 233, 320
Two Licts, I, 26, 204, 205, 366; II, 37,
317, 338
Two Mile Run, I, 26, 269, 271, 353, 415;
II, 14, 25I
Two Mile Spring, I, I88, 258
Tygert's Creek Valley, I, 340
Tyler, John, III, 330
Tyrone, I, 366, 4o4; II, 12, I3, I8, 28,
I80, I85
Uches Indians, I, I4
Ulery, Abigail, II, 134
Ulery, Elizabeth, II, I34
Ulery, Julian, II, I34
Ulery, Rev. William F., I, 38I; II, 344
Ulery family, II, I34
Umbel, Robert E., III, 337
Underwood. William, I, 290
Union Academy, III, 234
Union galley, II, 29I, 292
Uniontown, I, 49, 83, I36, 340, 34I, 374,
375, 406; II, 28, I8I, I82, I83, I89, I90,
I99, 222, 228, 337; III, 27, 30, 53, 70,
93, 103, 104, IIo, 207, 214, 234, 3I5, 388,
393, 419
Union Township, II, I85, 206; III, 123
United Brethren Church, III, 54
United Presbyterian Church, III, 32
United States Steel Corporation, III, 140,
143, I47, 148, I49, I50, 429
United Traction Co., The, III, I02
Unity Presbyterian Church, I, 270; II,
17I, I73, 234, 235, 363
Unity Township, III, 276
University of Pittsburgh, III, 227, 229,
230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 423
Upper Buffalo Academy, III, 236
Usaw, John, I, I86
Utes Indians, I, I4
Vail's Sugar Camp Hollow, I, II
Vallandigham, George, II, 66, I56
524INDEX
Van Braam, Jacob, I, 67, 74, 86, 87, io6,
Io9
Vance, James, III, 359
Vance, Joseph, II, 236, 237, 240
Vance, Robert, II, II4
Vance's Fort, II, II4, I58
"Vandalia," I, 418
Vandergrift, I, 20, 366; II, 31, 202; III,
428, 429, 430
Vandergrift, J. J., III, 429, 430
Vandergrift Heights, III, 429, 430
Vanderlin, J., I, 9
Van Meter, Henry, II, 235, 330
Vanmeter, Jacob, II, 66
Vanmetre, Abraham, II, 82
Van Metre, John, I, 404
Van Swearingen, John Q., III, 336, 337,
393
Varnum, James M., II, 288, 292
Vaudreuil, Governor, I, 33, II4, 2I9, 230,
231
Veech, James, I, IoI; II, I83, I87, I88,
227, 273, 330; III, 338
Venango, I, 8, I2, I6, 33, 35, 59, 62, 69,
7I, 73, 78, 79, 80, 84, 88, 252, 281, 282,
293, 294, 312; II, I43, 258; III, 215
Venango Trail, I, 7, I2, I9, I63
Vermet, Mary Jane, I, 94
Versailles Township, II, 250
Vesta Coal Co., III, 211II
Veterans of Foreign Wars, III, 370, 476
Vickroy, Thomas, II, 257, 3I2; III, 133
Vickroy, Dr. William A., III, I74
Viele, Arnold, I, 6, 29
Vincennes, I, 28
Virginia, I, 6, II, 39, 4I, 42, 47, 49, 50,
52, 60, 62, 64, 85, I I0, I44, I65, 190,
I9I, 313, 346, 414, 4I5, 416, 417, 418,
419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425; II,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, i8o, I8I, 264
Virginia convention, II, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89,90
Virginia Council, I779, II, I23, I24
Virginia Court, Pittsburgh, members of,
II, 65, 66, 67
Virginia Regiment, roster of officers, I,
I44
Vogel, Peter, III, 48, 49, 50, 51
Voight, Rev. Henry E., II, 351
Von Moschisker, Robert, III, 329
Vorner, James, I, 353
Wagerlein, Philip, II, 30I, 302
Waggener, Thomas, I, 86, io6, II7, I44
Wakefield, Dr. Alfred N., III, 174
Wakefield, Rev. Samuel, III, 7, 8
Walker, Alexander, II, 366
Walker, Hoge, III, 342
Walker, Jacob, II, 302
Walker, James, III, 122
Walker, Joseph, II, 302
Walker, Zadoc, III, 234
"Walking Purchase," I, 6
Walkinshaw, Hugh R., II, 228
Walkinshaw, Hugh W., III, 348
Walkinshaw, John, III, 270, 271
Walkinshaw, Joseph, III, 20, 2I, 34
Walkinshaw, Robert D., I, ii, 89
Wallace, James, II, 40
Wallace, Peter, II, 36, 37, 238
Wallace, Richard, I, 396; II, 36, 37, 39.
I27, 148, 237, 238
Wallace, Robert, II, I58
Wallace, Mrs. Robert, II, I58, I59, 237
Wallace, Samuel, II, 376
Wallace, William, II, 325
Wallace, William A., III, 413
Walter, Dr. Albert G., III, I67
Walter, Philip, I, 8
Walthour, Casper, II, 239
Walthour, Christopher, II, 239
Walthour, Frank P., II, 239
Walthour, George J., II, 239
Waltz' Creek, II, 234
Wampum, III, 122
War of I812, III, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359,
360, 36I, 456, 457
War, Pennsylvania's part in, III, 355,
356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 36I, 362, 363,
364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370
Ward, Edward, I, 32,. 85, 86, 89, 90o, 9I,
94, 95, 98, 148,.149, I52, 201, 202, 203,
225, 295, 364, 415, 417; II, 26, 70, 74,
75, 80, 88,  111
Ward, Henry, III, Io9, IIO
Wardrop, James, I, 42
Warren, II, 371
Warren's Sleeping Place, II, 37I
Warriors' Path, I, I6, 45, 35I
Washington, Augustine, I, 42
Washington, Bushrod, I, 424
Washington, George, I, I5, I6, I9, 24,
26, 30, 33, 36, 37, 43, 5o, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 7I, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 8I, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 90, 9I, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, Ioo,
IoI, 102, 103, 104, 105, I06, 107, I08,
Io09, II0, III, 112, II7, II8, 119, 121,
I22, I23, I25, I27, I28, I30, I33, 134,
I36, I37, 142, I43, I59, I63, I64, I65,
I66, I67, I68, I69, I70, 17I, I77, I78,
179, I8o, I82, I83, I89, I90, I9I, I94,
205, 208, 209, 218, 221, 222, 224, 256,
258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267,
268, 272, 281, 307, 308, 3II, 355, 357,
358, 359, 37I, 401, 404, 406, 415, 4I9,
420, 423, 424; II, 9, 22, 24, 27, 42,
43, 59, 60, 6I, 62, 86, 92, 94, 98, IOI,
I36, I4I, 142, I43, I45, I49, I56, I62,
I63, I67, I75, 207, 226, 263, 264, 271,
272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 286, 295,
525SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
325, 358, 366; III, 2, 37, 60o, 69, I55,
I56, I58, I59, 204
Washington, Geoge S., I, 424
Washington, John, I, 88, IOI, II8, 358,
404
Washington, Lawrence, I, 42, 67
Washington, Leonard, I, 404
Washington, Lund, II, 215
Washington, Samuel, I, 358, 404, 424
Washington, William A., 1, 424
Washington Academy, III, 224
Washington and  Jefferson  College, III,
224, 226, 227, 243, 3I6
Washington College, III, 220, 234
Washington County, I, I6, 30, 378, 379;
II, 6, I4, 58, 80, I24, 135, 150, I51, 152,
I53, 154, I55, I56, I57, I58, I59, I60,
I6I, 162, I63, I64, I65, i66, I67, I8I,
187, 191, 192, I93, 199, 202, 204, 209,
2IO, 217, 222, 226, 227, 241, 243, 245,
248, 249, 252, 258, 265, 269, 270, 274,
324, 325, 330, 333, 336, 337, 342, 387;
III, II, I2, 30, 3I, 90, 9I, 92, 163, I64,
2II, 300, 313, 315, 316, 317, 352, 359,
388, 398, 466
Washington County Medical Society,
III, I65
Washington Female Seminary, III, 248,
249
Washington's Spring, I, IOI, I23
Washington, town of, I, I6; II, 153, I85,
192; III, 204, 221, 248, 249, 378
Washington's Mill, II, 207; III, 388, 389
Waterford, I, 62
Watson, David T., III, 334
Watson, Hugh, III, I23
Watson, William, II, 371
Watts, Rev. John, I, 373
Watt's Hill, I, 9
Wayne, Anthony, II, 93, 95, I4I, 195, 2IO,
247, 285, 295, 296, 297, 298, 328, 374,
39I
Wayne, Isaac, I, 315
Waynesburg, II, 2I6, 326, 328, 329, 333,
334; III, 3%0 74, 91, 92, I89, 254, 255,
256
Waynesburg College, III, 254, 255, 256
Ways, Joseph, I, 288
Wayshoff, Prof. Andrew J., I, I26
Weakland, John, III, 45
Weaver, Jacob, II, 371
Weber (Webber), Rev. John W., I, 383;
II, 345, 350, 353
Webster, Daniel, II, 285
Webster, William, II, 2
Weddell, George, I, 316, 317, 322, 339, 368,
404; II, 291
Weddell family, I, 316, 317
Weethee, Rev. J. P., III, 235, 236
Weigle, James, III, 357
Weinel, Rev. William, II, 350, 351
Weinel's Cross Roads, I, 25I; II, 35I
Weisberger, Rev. David, I, 235
Weiser, Conrad, I, I4, I5, I7, 20, 23, 30,
31, 33, 37, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 64,
II9, 146, I48, I63, 244, 382, 415
Weiser, John Conrad, I, 37
Welch, George, III, 228
Wells, Alexander, II, 240
Wells, Benjamin, II, 272, 273
Wells, George W., III, 295
Wells, James, II, 301
Wells, John, II, 273
Wells, Richard, I, 365; II, 240
Welsh in Pennsylvania, II, 3I2, 315, 3I6,
317
Welsh, Sylvester, III, 82
Wenningo, I, 63, 64, 90, 9I
Wesley, Rev. John, III, 26
West, Harvey B., I, I88
West, Thomas, I, 379
West, William, I, 34
West Augusta, I, 343; II, 69; III, II5,
323
West Augusta County, I, I6, 402; II, 47,
73, 83, I40
West Augusta Court, II, 60, I95, 245
West Derry, I, 367
Western Maryland Railway Co., III, 97
Western Medical Society, III, I67
Western Pennsylvania Conference, German Baptists, III, 58
Western Pennsyvania Hospital, III, I95,
I96
Western Transportation Co., III, 83
West Fairfield, I, I2
West Finley, II, 80, 202
Westinghouse, George, III, 305, 306, 307,
308
Westinghouse Airbrake Co., The, III, 309
Westinghouse Company, III, 305, 306, 307,
308, 309, 458
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing
Co., The, III, I03
Westinghouse Electric Supply Co., The,
III, 308
Westinghouse Machine Co., III, 306
Westminster College, III, 256, 257
Westmoreland Associators, II, 92
Westmoreland Bank, III, 39I
Westmoreland Classis, II, 354; III, 246
Westmoreland Coal Co., III, 2IO, 302
Westmoreland Bank of Pennsylvania, III,
392, 393
Westmoreland County, I, 8, II, I4, 20, 2I,
26, 36, 51, I22, I59, 181, 255, 270, 316,
335, 337, 355, 360, 363, 367, 383, 386,
390, 414, 422; II, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, IO, I2, 13, 14, 15, I8, 23, 29, 30,
32, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47, 54, 55, 74, 77, 85,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, I04, I36, I40,
I43, 146, I48, I50, I51, I57, I68, I69,
526INDEX
170, 179, 18o, 183, I86, 187, i88, 19I,
195, 196, 206, 208, 213, 221, 222, 226, 230,
231, 232, 233, 234, 239, 24I, 242, 246,
247, 248, 249, 258, 270, 273, 283, 299,
300, 320, 337, 340, 345, 350, 364, 365,
373, 375, 386; III, io, 13, 15, 16, 37, 38,
68, 8, 9go, 102, 131, 132, 159, 200, 206,
216, 217, 245, 274, 275, 308, 3II, 312,
323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 358, 363, 432, 433
Westmoreland County, Militia, Revolution, Ros'ter of, II, 95, 96, 97
Westmoreland County  Representative in
Philadelphia House of Representatives,
III, 2
Westmoreland Democrat, III, 432
Westmoreland Gas Co., III, 208
West New Castle, III, I20
West Newton, I, 25, 366; II, 236, 290,
293, 294; III, 78, 270
West Penn Railroad Co., III, 93
West Pennsylvania Synod, II, 345, 346,
347
West Penn System, III, I04
West Pike Township, I, 378
West Salem, I, 48
West's Church, I, 379
West Wheatfield Township, II, 215
Weyand, Jacob, III, 252
Weyland, Jacob, III, 357
Whaley, James, III, 358
Wharton, Samuel, I, 423
Wharton, Thomas, I, 8; II, 37, 45, I30,
213, 237
Wharton Township, II, I8.5, 186, 246
Wheatfields, III, 23
Wheeler, Prof. Charles, III, 48
Wheeling, II, 80, 83, 142, 148, 203; III, 90
Wheeling Creek, II, 158, 199, 232, 325
Whippo, Charles T., III, 114
Whiskey Insurrection, II, 256, 263, 264,
265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,
273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
281, 282, 283, 284, 324, 336; III, 228,
4I7, 432
White, Benjamin, II, 240
White, David N., III, II
White, Haffield, II, 289, 290
White, Hannah, II, 233
White, Harry, III, 347, 348, 409
VWhite, James D., III, 119i
White, John, II, 233
White, John W. F., III, 331
White, Thomas, II, 370; III, 342, 347, 348
White, Bishop William, I, 38I; II, 340
Whitely, I, II; II, 211, 327
Whitely Creek, I, 59
Whitemarsh, II, 62
White Oak Ridge, I, 258
Whiteside, Mary, II, 35
Whiteside, Thomas, II, 35'
White's Mill, II, 249
Whitestown, II, 376
Whittaker, John, II, 79
Wickham, John J., II, 389'; III, 351
Wiggins, Andrew, I, 9
Wilder, Shibal, III, I I9
"Wilderness Trail," I, 45
Wiley, Samuel T., II, 234
Wilkins, James, II, 241
Wilkins, John, II, 8, 9
Wilkins, William, II, 389; III, 4, 6, 327,
330
Wilkinsburg, I, I0, 270, 271, 402; II, 53,
256
Wilkinsburg Academy, III, 236, 238
Willa Mountain, I, Io
Willard, Mrs. Mary W., II, 239
William Penn Highway, II, 38
Williams, Aaron, I, 389
Williams,'David, III, 88
Williams, Elizabeth, I, I07
Williams, John, II, 27
Williams, Richard, II, I33, 240
Williams, Robert, II, 319
Williams, Roger, II, 366, 373
Williams, Dr. Roger H., II, 318
Williams, Samuel, III, 48
Williams, William, II, 319
Williams' Ferry, I, 170
Williamsburg, W. Va., I, 40, 41, 64, 66,
76, II0, 281, 342; II, 43, 55, 56, 59, 62,
64, 75, 79, 85, 86, 88, II5, 169
Williamson, David, I, 8; II, 158, I59, 163,
164, 237, 241, 242
Williamson, Jeremiah, I, 8
Williamson, John, II, 241
Wills, Andrew, II, 233
Wills Creek, I, 43, 49, 50, 68, 76, 82, 86,
87, 89, 90, 96, Io4, io6, I09, II2, II7,
118, 121, 122, 138, 165, 287; II, 263
Wilmerding, III, 309
Wilson, Andrew, III, 265
Wilson, Charles, II, 40
Wilson, George, I, 366, 4I2, 422, 423; II,
7, 83, 103, I42, 332, 355; III, I
Wilson, Henry, III, 320
Wilson, James, II, 36, 37, 44, I08, I09,
132, I97, 198, 228, 238, 242, 277, 278
Wilson, John, III, I17
Wilson, John H., II, 381; III, 346, 347
Wilson, Rev. Samuel, III, 34, 227
Wilson, Woodrow, III, IO, 367, 409, 4II,
412, 458
Wimmer, Abbot Boniface, III, 45, 250,
251, 252
Winchester, I, 67, 97, 104, io6, 117, 1169,
I80, 281, 289
Windber, III, 212
Winnebago Indians, I, 3, 4, I4
Winnebrennarians, III, 59
Winthrop, Robert C., I, 344
Wipey, Joseph, I, 27, 395; II, 121; III, 23
527SOUTIHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Wipey's Cabin, I, 26
Wires, Capt., I, 217
Wirtner, Rev. Modistus, II, 318; III, 36,
37
Wise, Levi M., III, 345
Wishart, Dr. David, III, I66
Wishart family, III, I66
Wissameking, I, 16
Wissinger, Ludwig, II, 312
Witherspooin Institute, III, 24I
Withrow, Hargnett, I, 269
W. J. Rainey Co., III, 207, 209, 210
Wolf, George, III, 6
Wolf, Jacob, II, 242
W,olf Clan, Delaware Indians, I, 6
Wolfe, James, I, i66, 344
Wolfsburg, I, Io, 16, 184
Womelsdorf, I, 37, 53
Women's Clubs, III, 459, 460
Wood, George, II, I
Wood, Hugh, III, II6
Wood, John, III, 116
Wood, M. D., II, 330
Wood, Rev. William, II, 337
Wood, William, I, 376, 378
Woodend, Rev. W. W., III, 258
Woodford, William, I, I78
Wood, Morrell'and Co., III, 137
Woodlawn, III, 426, 427, 428
Woodruff, Nehemiah, II, 242
Woods, George, II, 257; III, 230
Woods, John, I, II; II, 261; III, 314
Woods, William, II, 215
Woodstock Academy, III, 234
Woodville, I, 380
Woodward, Hy, I, 178, 295
Worcester County, I, I65
Work, Patrick, I, I75
World War, III, 368, 369, 370
Worrall, Col., III, 98
Worth Township, settlers in, II, 376
Worthington, II, 372
Worthington, Dr. F. J., III, 194, I95
Wright, David, II, 307
Wright, James, I, 64
Wright, Joshua, II, 27, 75
Wright, Dr. Robert, III, i88
Wright Brothers, III, io8
Wrightsville, I, 42
Wyandot Indians, I, 14, 15, 23, 48, 57, 104,
294; II, 148, 149, 158, 295, 296, 374
Wylie, Rev. S. B., III, 35
Yadkin River, I, 48
Yeates, Jasper, II, 279; III, 2
Yeates, Richard, II, 79
Yellow  Breeches Creek, I, I7, 3I
Yohogania County, I, 379; II, 62, 70, 7I,
72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 136,
I40, I69, I88, 205, 206, 212, 237, 245,
272
Yohogania Court, I, 17, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77,
79, 80, 86, I03; II, 15I, I95, 259; III, 63
York, I, 288
York County, I, 29, II8, 223
York's Run, I, I2, 3I8
Yorktown, II, I70, I77, 203, 286
Youghiogheny, I, I9, 77, I63, 289, 322, 391
Youghiogheny Crossings, I, II8
Youghiogheny River, I, 6, 12, 15, 25, 49,
50, 82, 99, 122, 123, I24, 202, 203, 204,
3I6, 321, 339, 355, 357, 364, 365, 366,
367; II, 5, 6, II, I2, 13, 60o, 62, 140, I67,
177, 179, I8o, I8I, 226, 235, 24I, 250,
261, 262, 272, 291, 294, 299, 386; III,
70, 72, 76, 93, 96, 128
Youghiogheny Valley, II, 207
Young, Rev. Alexander, III, 424
Young, Dr., III, I85
Young, James, I, 173; III, 344
Young, John, I, 63, 310; II, 270
Young, Judge John, II, 270, 322, 370; III,
314, 339
Young, Rev. Lloyd, III, 24I
Young, Stephen, III, 424
Y. M. C. A., III, 457, 458
Youngstown, I, 269
Zadock "Pittsburgh Magazine Almanac,"
II, 382, 383, 384
Zeigler, Abraham, II, 38I, 384, 385
Zeisberger, David, I, 10, I9; II, 366; III,
III, 112
Zelienople, III, 92, 190
Zimmers, Joseph, III, 89
Zinzendorf, Count, I, 235
Zundall, Rev. William A., III, 219, 221
Zundell, John Michael, III, 22I
Zwidler, Rev. C., II, 35I
528SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
with the Turkeyfoot congregation, otherwise locally known as the
"Jersey Church," because most of its founding members had come
from New Jersey. The association meeting of I822, as shown by
the Redstone minutes, had John Cox, Jacob Graft and John Pringle
as delegates from the Somerset Church, and on September 2, 1824,
Rev. James Estep, Jacob Graft and Jonathan Younkins represented
it. Let us turn now to the historical narrative, "Tale of a Pioneer
Church," written by Peter Vogel, and quote:
"When the Jersey Church, in July, I8I9, deemed it necessary to
call a council to sit in judgment on Dr. Cox, Jacob Graft was considered fit to be associated with such men as Elder James Fry, of Big
Redstone, and Dr. James Estep, of Mt. Pleasant..... In August
or September, I817, Dr. James Estep and Prof. Charles Wheeler,
the latter then of Washington College, a Presbyterian institution,
were called to constitute a church of immersed believers in Somerset.
The fact that they were both Baptist ministers, and that both before
and after this only Baptist ministers preached for this church, made
it known as the Baptist Church, a title by which to this day (I887)
the general public designate the Somerset Disciples of Christ.....
All the surrounding Baptist Churches for whom the above-named
ministers labored were not only strongly Calvinistic, but uniformly
adopted the Declaration of Faith, set forth by the Philadelphia Association, September 25, I747..... Regular Baptist ministers
preached for Somerset. For the first three years Dr. Cox paid them
stated visits, and in 1826 and I827 Elder Samuel Williams, an unmarried man, was located with them, boarding at'Aunty Graft's,' as she
began to be called. Dr. Cox was succeeded for five months by the
brilliant but erratic Elder Armor. The rest of the intervening time,
between Cox and Wilson, was improved by such home talent as John
Hollis, who had become a full-fledged immersionist, and Samuel
Trent, Sr., whose custom was to talk three or four hours, or at least
so long as any one would stay to listen. His home talent was occasionally supplemented by visiting members, especially Dr. Estep,
whose medical practice extended even to Somerset.  On ordinary
occasions the meetings were held either in the brick office or in some
one of the houses near town. When, however, Dr. Estep or some
other man from abroad would come, the Court House was secured
and filled. On Communion occasions, which did not often occur, but
48OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
drew large crowds, they were put to their wits. The brick office or
private residence was too small and the Court House was not considered sufficiently sacred. Once at least, shortly after the founding
of the church, the German Reformed meeting-house was secured for
the purpose. This inconvenience may have had something to do with
the infrequencies of sitting at the Lord's table."
As the breach widened between the Rev. Alexander Campbell and
the other ministers in the Redstone Baptist Association, Mr. Vogel
goes on to say, quoting:
"Campbell's action had been so recent and so quiet that it was
unknown to the leaders of the opposition, who still believed him to be
a member at Brush Run. When he, therefore, appeared at the meeting of the Redstone Association as a spectator, they at once started
the discussion of the propriety of receiving, or rather rejecting, the
messengers from Brush Run. The controversy ran high: the messengers from Somerset, through their leader, Isaac Husband, defending
the Bible alone as a sufficient creed.  The fact at length became
known that Campbell was not a messenger from Brush Run, but
belonged to another church and a different Association. This brought
a sudden truce to all discussion. But thenceforth the interest of the
Somerset Church in that Association abated greatly, and the creed
spirit grew apace. By I826, matters had come to such a pass that
at the meeting of the Association at Big Redstone the Somerset members were not even granted seats. Elder Brownfield (Rev. William
Brownfield of Uniontown), with his aids, had the night before fixed
on a high-handed plan of action. Out of twenty-four churches, aggregating seventy-two messengers, they managed to secure ten churches,
or thirty votes, in the following way: An article in the Constitution,
which had long been a dead letter, required that the yearly letters of
the churches to the Association should refer to the Philadelphia Confession of Faith. The ten churches that did this were declared to be
the Association; these sat in judgment on the remaining fourteen
churches, expelling them, one by one, usually without even a hearing. The Washington Church, after being called'Arian, Socinian,
Arminian, Antinomian, and everything that is bad,' was first expelled;
next came the Maple Creek Church, with its good Elder Henry
Speers; then Pigeon Creek, with the venerable Elder Luce; and
further down the list came Somerset.
S. P.-III-4
49SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
"The excommunicated churches met at a house half a mile or so
distant, and asked Alexander Campbell, who had been sent by the
Mahoning Association to the Redstone Association as a corresponding member, to preach for them. After Campbell left, they agreed
to go home to report to the churches that had sent them, and to propose to them to send messengers to Washington, Pennsylvania, on
the Saturday preceding the second Lord's Day in the following
November, for the purpose of forming a new Association. This plan
was carried out and the new body was called the Washington Association. On the 7th, 8th, and gth of September, I827, it met again
at Washington, and Somerset was represented by Isaac Husband,
Jonas Younkin, John Prinkey and' Jacob Lichleiter, who reported
four baptised, seven dismissed by letter, and forty members. At that
meeting Thomas Campbell and Williams were appointed as evangelists for the Association, to travel among the churches and hold
meetings..
"Late in June, I829, Thomas Campbell, with his son Archibald,
returned to Somerset, preached a few times, and then went to TurkeyFoot to work up an interest in the Jersey church. He found them,
however, more wedded to Calvin and Baptist usage than to Jesus and
his apostles. He returned in the second week in July to Somerset
and began his work in earnest. His meetings, as usual, were circulatory. On Thursday, July gth, he preached at Peter J. Loehr's, four
miles east of the village. Chauncey Forward did not feel comfortable about matters, and saddled his horse for a ride to Stoystown, ten
miles to the northeast; but somehow he found himself sitting at
Loehr's house, the most attentive listener of them all. When the
invitation to come to Christ was given, he responded eagerly, followed only too gladly by his wife, and also Mr. and Mrs. Alexander
B. Fleming. They were all baptized on Friday, July Ioth, at the
mill below town. Mr. Forward's baptism made no little stir; for
he was a prominent lawyer, had served in both houses of the State
Legislature, and since I825 has been in the National House of Representatives. Mr. Fleming was also a lawyer.....
"Notwithstanding the radical doctrinal changes already indicated, and the offishness of the Jersey Church, the Somerset Church
still believed itself to have a place among Baptists, or at least did
not wish to part company with them, and sent messengers to the next
Washington Association. The young but scholarly Wm. H. Postle50OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
waite, one of the messengers, wrote the annual letter and emphasized
with no stint the dwarfing nature and hurtfulness of human creeds.
Traveling Baptist Ministers were as welcome as before to occupy the
Somerset pulpit. Both in I828 and after the above meeting in I829,
William Shadrach,.... was called in to administer baptism. Whatever may have been his views, the candidates understood the ordinance to be for the remission of sins."
This picture of the contact of a local church with the other
churches, through their delegates, at an associational meeting, demonstrates the vigorous and intense discussions on those days of a century and more ago. The minutes of the Redstone Baptist Association do not show all of the actions as indicated by Mr. Vogel, and the
Baptist version of the great session at Redstone Baptist Church, now
at Smock, Pennsylvania, is that Mr. Campbell, not as a spectator but
as a fraternal delegate from the Mahoning Association in which he
was so influential, injected himself fully into the discussions, and finding that he could no longer convince the delegates that his views of
Scripture were the correct ones, withdrew from the meeting and
mounting a great stone for a pulpit, in the woods close by the meetinghouse, drew the half of the congregation with him, and thus by his
eloquent discourse induced them to part with their brethren. It was
a day of historic cleavage, when the great Christian Church, otherwise
known as the Disciples of Christ, had their organic formation. As
indicated in the Vogel narrative, the Campbells and other preachers
prosecuted a vigorous ministry throughout southwestern Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.  In some instances whole churches were
induced to change their denominational allegiance, and at other points
Christian churches were established in the larger communities, side by
side with the older Baptist churches.
There was much bitterness in the discussions at times, but in spite
of that, the veteran Baptist, Dr. James Estep, who had been through
the controversy with the Campbells, said quite a few years afterwards
that if the brethren of the Redstone Association had treated the Rev.
Alexander Campbell right, he would never have walked out of the
meeting at Big Redstone with the large company that followed him.
Mr. Campbell later established himself on a plantation at Bethany,
West Virginia, where the most prominent college of the denomination
was established also, with Mr. Campbell as its president. He was
5ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
quite ready in debate, and at one time had quite a discussion with
Archbishop Purcell, of Cincinnati, a Catholic prelate, in which he
defended the position of the Baptists in their interpretation of the
Scriptures, as against the Catholics.
The Legislature of Virginia granted a charter for Bethany College in I840, which was located near the old plantation of Alexander
Campbell, in Brooke County, now a part of West Virginia, and the
college began its sessions in I841. Other college institutions of the
denomination are: Hiram College, of Hiram, Ohio; Butler College,
at Indianapolis, Indiana; and Drake University, at Des Moines,
Iowa. After the disbanding of the old Mahoning Association, the
extension work of the denomination was conducted by the Christian
Association of Washington, Pennsylvania, which was later superseded
by the American Christian Association, established in I849. Rev.
Alexander Campbell was the first president of Bethany College, serving until I866, and his successors through the years have been: Dr.
W. K. Pendleton, Dr. W. H. Woolery, Dr. Archibald McClain, Dr.
Hugh Diarmid, Dr. Thomas E. Cramblet, Dr. Cloyd Goodnight, and
the present president, Dr. Wilbur H. Cramblet.
One of the most interesting laymen of this denomination was the
Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, who married the daughter of Chauncey Forward, Esq., also a layman of this connection. The former travelled
all the way from Somerset County to Bethany, West Virginia, to be
baptized by Rev. Alexander Campbell. Later he became a judge of
the Sixteenth Judicial District of Pennsylvania at the age of thirtytwo, and then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
in I85I and Attorney-General of the United States in I857 under
President Buchanan. He was an outstanding Democrat, and a contender for the fullest religious liberty, as is evidenced by these words:
"To live unmolested is not a political privilege, but a natural, absolute and indefeasible right, which human government may protect,
but cannot either give or withhold." Other prominent men of this
denomination were President James A. Garfield and Hon. Thomas
W. Phillips, pioneer oil man of Butler County.
The Cumberland Presbyterian Church had its beginnings in the
Transylvania Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky, due
to the active evangelistic preaching of Rev. James McGready. He
had been a student under Dr. John McMillan, the western Pennsylvania pioneer, and when he and the Reverends William Hodge, Sam52OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
uel Hodge, William McGee, Samuel McAdow, Finis Ewing and Samuel King led off in their evangelistic sermonizing, the Synod of Kentucky dissolved the Cumberland Presbytery, as Transylvania was later
called. There were also minor differences in the interpretation of certain provisions of the Westminster Confession of Faith. The General Assembly approved of the action of the synod and these ministers were without an ecclesiastical home. Some few of the ministers
returned to the Presbyterian fold. But this initial action started the
organization of the new denomination:
"In Dixon County, State of Tennessee, at Rev. Samuel McAdow's,
the 4th day of February I8Io, we, Samuel McAdow, Finis Ewing,
and Samuel King, regular ordained ministers in the Presbyterian
Church, against whom no charge, either of rumor or hearsay, has
ever been exhibited before any church judicatures, having waited in
vain more than four years, in the meantime petitioning the General
Assembly for a redress of grievances and a restitution of our violated
rights, do hereby agree and determine to constitute ourselves into a
Presbytery, to be known by the name of Cumberland Presbytery."
By the addition of churches coming over to this group, the original
presbytery was divided into three groups, and these in turn organized
the Cumberland Synod. Their new faith, catechism and discipline,
were Presbyterian in substance, but differed, as they expressed it, in
fatality. As they grew in numbers, they organized a General Assembly and spread northward.
Through the missionary work begun by the Reverends Alexander
Chapman and John Morgan, the first Cumberland Presbyterian
Church in southwestern Pennsylvania was organized in Morris Township, Washington County, near the Greene County line. It was called
Concord Church, and the Concord Camp-meeting was organized out
of it and attracted great throngs. Out of this grew other churches
and the Washington Presbytery was organized on May 25, I832,
afterwards known as the Pennsylvania Presbytery, by authority of
the Green River Synod of Tennessee. The Uniontown Presbytery
was later erected to include churches east of the Monongahela River,
and the Athens Presbytery for those west of the river and into Ohio.
Still another presbytery, Allegheny, was formed, and out of all this
movement came the Pennsylvania Synod of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, organized at Uniontown in I838.w186
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Prominent churches established within this area were in Greene,
Washington and Fayette counties, and were located at Upper Ten
Mile, Washington, Monongahela City, Windy Gap at Burnville,
Fairview, Bethel, Van Buren, Pleasant Hill, near Clarkstown, and
Millsboro. The denomination, by appropriate action in the year
I9o6, merged with the Presbyterian Church body, and nearly all of
the churches have gone over to that connection. As an example, the
Cumberland Presbyterian congregation in Uniontown, after the merger, changed its name to the Third Presbyterian Church of Uniontown. Greene Academy, at Carmichaels, Greene County (which
became Waynesburg College) and Madison College, at Uniontown,
Fayette County, were prominent institutions founded by the Cumberland Presbyterians, but these will be treated in a later chapter.
While the first meetings of the United Brethren Church, as a
denominational body, were held in southwestern Pennsylvania, it had
its roots in the earlier work of Bishops Philip William Otterbein and
Martin Boehm, east of the mountains. The official name of the
denomination is "The United Brethren in Christ."  The Synod of
Holland of the German Reformed Church sent the Rev. Michael
Schlatter to the United States to do misisonary work in I746, and
in I75I he returned to Europe for aid and additional missionaries.
Among the six young men who responded were: Philip William
Otterbein, who arrived in New York in July, I752, and came to a
congregation in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He had been born in the
Duchy of Nassau in I726 and had some experience in pastoral work
when he arrived in America. One of his first contacts was the young
man, Martin Boehm, a Mennonite preacher, with whom he was associated in evangelistic work in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia.
This evangelistic method, varying from that of the older church,
resulted, through the criticism of his ministerial brethren, in his
acceptance of the pastorate of an independent church in Baltimore.
He and the future Bishop Boehm continued their evangelistic efforts
for the next fifteen years with vigor, with the result that Boehm was
expelled from his church. Martin Boehm was born near Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, November 30, I725, and became a M/iennonite minister
in I756.
United Brethren historians are a little uncertain as to the exact
year of the first actual meeting in Isaac Long's barn in one of the
years I776, I777 or I778, we assume in Lancaster County, as the
54OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
place of the barn is not stated. It was an assembly of Lutherans,
German Reformed, Mennonites, Dunkers and others who came to hear
Otterbein and Boehm preach and to effect some sort of an-organization. They knit themselves together in Christian work by the common expression, "We are Brethren," which crystallized into "The
Church of the United Brethren in Christ," when in I8oo the first
annual conference was held. Formal gatherings had been held beginning with one in Otterbein's parsonage as early as I789. At this first
Baltimore conference of I789 were Bishops Otterbein and Boehm,
George Adam Geeting, Christian Newcomer, Adam Lehman, John
Ernst and Henry Weidener. The original conference, organized in
I800, was known as Hagerstown, and then followed Miami, in I8 Io;
Muskingum, 1818; Scioto, I825; Indiana, I830; and Wabash, I835.
Hagerstown Conference was first divided into the Pennsylvania Conference and the Virginia Conference; and from the Pennsylvania Conference was sliced off the Allegheny Conference in I 838, which was the
beginning of organized conference work here.
The first general conference was held at the log Bonnett Schoolhouse, near Mt. Pleasant, in I8I5. This log building is gone, but a
substantial marker, on which is an appropriate bronze plate, designates the site. The second general conference was held there also,
and the Allegheny Conference held its first meeting at Mt. Pleasant
in I839. This continued to be the place of worship of the Mt. Pleasant congregation until the erection of the first church building in 1854.
This first session of the Allegheny Conference was presided over by
Bishop Jacob Erb.
As the need for financial aid to churches increased, as they were
being formed throughout the conference territory, the church extension and missionary society of the conference was incorporated, and
now does a substantial work, resulting in the acquisition of church
property aggregating more than two million dollars. The Rev. W. A.
Sites, D. D., is president of this organization and the Rev. John F.
Strayer secretary, both of whom are active ministers of the denomination at Bradenville and Youngwood. Prominent among those who
have served as presiding elders and conference superintendents have
been: Dr. L. W. Stahl, Dr. J. S. Fulton, Dr. W. S. Wilson, Rev.
J. B. Ressler, Dr. J. H. Pershing, and Dr. G. W. Sherrick. Out of
this conference have also gone to the larger work of the denomination: Dr. G. A. Funkhouser, as a professor in Bonebrake Theologi55SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
cal Seminary; Dr. H. F. Shupe, as a church newspaper editor; Dr.
W. R. Funk, as publishing agent of the denomination at Dayton,
Ohio; Dr. S. S. Hough, as general secretary of foreign missions; and
D)r. John R. King as a missionary to Africa. The conference has at
the present time upwards of one hundred and twenty-five ministers
and has had through the years more than five hundred and fifty. Its
church buildings are some of the most substantial in this section of the
State.
Southwestern Pennsylvania possesses also a very substantial body
of Christians known as the Church of the Brethren. The first pioneers of this faith were the Eckerlin Brothers, who came to the southeastern part of Greene County in the upper Monongahela, and of
which the record has been given earlier in this narrative. Dr. Martin
G. Brumbaugh, a former Governor of Pennsylvania, and a president
of Juniata College, was a member of this denomination, and very
aptly said, in a history of the German Baptist Brethren, which name
has been changed to the Church of the Brethren, that "history at best
is a beggardly gleaner in a field where death has gathered a bountiful
harvest.... But death has sealed the lips that could have spoken,
and stilled the hand that might have written..... Perhaps no
religious sect is so little understood, and so persistently misrepresented as the German Baptist Brethren.... They have been confused with the Pietists, the Mennonites, the Ephrata Community of
Seventh Day Baptists, the Amish, the Wissahickon Hermits, the Separatists, the New Born, and all sorts of new Anabaptist societies and
sects." Dr. Brumbaugh tells of this fine body of Christians, beginning
with Christopher Sowers and Conrad Beissel, at Germantown. He
emphasizes that "the word Tunker in German, and the word Baptist
in Greek, and the word Dipper in English are exactly of the same
signification. The Germans sound the letter'T' soft, like'D'; hence
these Baptists are called Dunkers."
The first appearance of these people in America was in the fall
of I7I9, when twenty families arrived at Philadelphia from  Germany. Rev. John Naas and a company first settled at Amwell, New
Jersey. There was a second movement in I729. These early congregations were organized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey before
the Revolution: Germantown, I723; Coventry in Chester County,
I724; Conestoga, 1724; Oley, Berks County, 1732; Great Swamp,
Bucks County, I733; Amwell, New Jersey, I733; Cocalico, Lan56OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
caster County I734; White Oak, Lancaster County, I736; Little
Conewago, York County, I738; Big Conewago, I74'; Northkill,
Berks County, 1748; Big Swatara, Lancaster County, I756; Little
Swatara, 1757; Codorus, York County, I758; Bermudian, I758;
Stony Creek, Somerset County, I762.
The first movement of these German Baptist Brethren across the
Allegheny Mountains was into Bruederthal, Brothers Valley, in present Somerset County.  The first group in I762 came under the
leadership of George Adam Martin, who was at the time a Seventh
Day Baptist, and the group at the beginning held that doctrine. The
group first appears as a German Baptist company in I770, with fifteen members; Elder George Adam Martin and wife; Henry Roth,
wife and daughter; George Newmoyer; Philip Oswald, wife and
daughter; Adam Geibel and wife; Phillip Kimmel and wife; and
one Wildebarger and wife. This company does not seem to have
established what might be termed a substantial continuing congregation. The best account of the beginning west of the mountains is
found in Elder H. R. Holsinger's "History of the Tunkers and the
Brethren Church":
"In the spring of 1783, a young Tunker deacon by the name of
John Keagy emigrated from York County, Pennsylvania, to the
backwoods of Somerset County, into the valley lying between the
Allegheny and Negro mountains, and located at a point about thirteen miles south of the ancient village of Berlin. At the time of his
arrival there were living in the vicinity a few scattered members of
the same denomination. One of these was John Burger, who lived on
the farm now known as the Buechley estate. In the fall of the same
year some ministering brethren from the east visited Brother Keagy,
hunted up the other members in the valley, and held a love feast at
the home of John Burger, and organized the little band into a church.
Keagy was promoted to the ministry and another brother was elected
deacon. This was the first communion meeting held by the Tunkers
west of the Allegheny mountains. Peter Livengood, John Olinger,
Michael Buechley, and Christian Hochstetler, all of them members
of the Amish Church, had preceded Keagy. The four families soon
after united with the Tunkers, and Livengood, Buechley and Hochstetler were called to the ministry. From this time onward the church
grew rapidly, extending her borders southward into Maryland, and
57SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
across the neck into West Virginia, and northward to the Conemaugh.
Sometime afterwards a separate church was organized on the south
called Sandy Creek; and later on, Conemaugh was struck off into a
separate congregation. Keagy was ordained bishop in I79o, and in
the fall of I8o6, he emigrated to the vicinity of Dayton, Ohio.
Michael Myers who had emigrated from Lebanon County in his
youth, was ordained to take the place of Elder Keagy, and was, consequently, the second elder living in the Valley. He presided over
an extensive membership for thirty years, and died in the spring of
I836. In the fall of the same year Peter Cober and John Forney
were ordained. John Forney died in I847, and Jacob Myers, son of
Elder Michael Myers, was ordained to the eldership."
Through the years of church growth and denominational set-up,
the churches west of the Allegheny Mountains have been grouped as
the Western Pennsylvania Conference. There are now fifty-six
churches in the conference, with a membership of twelve thousand
three hundred and fifty-four. The larger churches in membership are:
Berlin; Brothers Valley; Center Hill, near Kittanning; Conemaugh;
Connellsville; Fairchance; Greensburg; Indian Creek; Morrellville;
Moxham; Roxbury; Walnut Grove (the last four in Johnstown);
Manor, in Indiana County; Markleysburg; Myersdale; Middle
Creek; Mount Joy; Mt. Pleasant; Nanty-Glo; Pittsburgh; Pleasant
Hall; Plum Creek; Quemahoning; Rockwood; Rummel; Salisbury;
Scalp Level; Shade Creek; Sipesville; Somerset; Uniontown; and
Windber. The present conference officers are: President, Rev. T. F.
IHenry, Johnstown; secretary, C. C. Sollenberger, Uniontown; treasurer, Rev. M. J. Brougher, D. D., Greensburg. The congregations
of the general conference have grown to one thousand and twentyfive, with a total membership of one hundred and sixty-five thousand.
There are also in this section groups of churches of the Evangelical Association, which some in earlier days termed the Albright
Methodists. They generally go under the name of Evangelical
Churches. Jacob Albright, who was born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania,
in I759, died in I8o8. He was, at first, a Lutheran but later came
into connection with the Methodists. The leaders of the Methodist
Episcopal Church did not encourage his work among the Pennsylvania Germans, so he collected a group of these, who ordained him
as a minister and elder, and he began organizing congregations
58OTHER RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS
through his preaching in Bucks, Berks, Northampton, Northumberland and Centre counties. At the first annual conference held in
Lebanon County in November, I807, he was elected a bishop, and
articles of faith and a book of discipline were adopted. Congregations have been built up in western Pennsylvania, which are attached
to the Pittsburgh Conference. Its session in 1938 was held at Ligonier with Bishop J. S. Stamm presiding and Rev. R. C. Miller as
secretary. The conference is divided into two districts: Pittsburgh
and Johnstown.
There are also in this area some substantial churches of the Mennonites, who have a publishing house at Scottdale; and the Eldership
of the Church of God, with several congregations. The latter are
known as Winebrennarians, a name that has been brought down from
the ecclesiastical days of Europe. Besides these are many churches,
Orthodox, Uniate, and others nationally divided, which must be
treated in a later chapter. These are the result of the great foreign
immigration within the last half century, and they represent the religious life of the groups who came, and of the particular Old World
communities whence they came. These have all made their contribution towards the religious life of southwestern Pennsylvania, and
have been the recipients of the beneficent provisions of the Constitution of the United States which guarantees to them freedom of religious worship.
59CHAPTER IV
Transportation
The Indian Trails Our First Highways-The Military Roads--The
Frankstown Road from the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River
to Pittsburgh--The Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Turnpike-The
Glades Road Through Somerset, West Newton and WashingtonThe Northern Turnpike-The National Pike from Cumberland,
Through Uniontown and Washington, to the West--The Western
Division of the Pennsylvania Canal and the Portage RailroadRiver Transportation on the Monongahela, Ohio, and Allegheny
Rivers--The Beaver and Erie, and Other Canals-The Sale of the
Canal System to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
When the Indians established lines of communication between
their prominent villages in these western woods, and the traders
followed them hither, they laid down primary transportation routes,
many of which are followed in a general way down to the present
day. Following in their train have been the pack horse, in tandem,
the covered wagon, the canal boat, the iron horse of steam, the cars
in the street, the chugging automobile and truck, and the great planes
of the air. It seems like a far cry from the pack horse of the trader
to the mail-planes, but it is a thrilling historical story that needs record. We have delineated the Indian trails in a former chapter; let us
study the military roads that were cut hither.
The little army of Colonel George Washington in I754 followed
the Nemacolin Trail from Wills Creek to Gist's Plantation. They
had to grade the rocks down in some places and build a few temporary bridges to get his little army through. Colonel Washington
had been well acquainted with the use of the horse and its saddle bags
on his trip with Christopher Gist to see the French commander in
I753. Real road-cutting began, however, in I755, when the ForbesTRANSPORTATION
army came through, but the artillery of that expedition did not get
farther than Dunbar's camp. The road came into general use some
years afterwards, as the pioneers came through to locate their new
homes; but its general route west of Gist's Plantation was pretty well
abandoned at an early date.  Colonel James Burd constructed, in
I759, a good piece of pioneer road from Gist's Plantation over to
Fort Redstone, otherwise called Fort Burd, on the Monongahela
River, at present Brownsville.
The second military road cut through to the west was that of
General John Forbes, through Bedford, Ligonier, Three Redoubts,
and Murraysville, and it was more substantial, for parts of it are
traversed at the present time. At a point two miles west of Three
Redoubts, however, Colonel Henry Bouquet constructed a new spur
off the Forbes Road, down the Brush Creek and Turtle Creek valleys, towards Pittsburgh, which caused it to be more used than the
main road, after the construction of this spur in I759. So, that in
I759, there were here laid down two roads much used for the next
twenty-five years, before the agitation for the "great roads," preceding the turnpikes. Transportation of merchandise on these primary
military roads can best be illustrated by a letter written by Colonel
Henry Bouquet to General Stanwix from Bedford on September 28,
I759:
"Mr. (Adam) Hoops has orders to provide a sufficient quantity
of large Pennsylvania beeves and Virginia hogs, to fall at Pittsburgh
and other Posts in the following proportion: Pittsburgh, for I,300
men; Ligonier, 250 men; Stony Creek, 25 men; Bedford, Ioo men;
Cumberland, Ioo men; Red Stone Creek, 50 men; total, I,825. I
have supposed at Pittsburgh I,ooo men and 300 Indians, or other
accidental comers and goers, and those posts are to be supplied with
meat and flour to the first of July, I760..... We have 60o  pack
horses still going on, which they tell me will be able to make five trips
more to Ligonier, and a general one from Ligonier to Pittsburgh..... Including the 350 barrels I mentioned in my last to be sent
last week, with what was sent this, and what will go the next, will
amount to near eleven hundred barrels of flour, sent to Ligonier, and
which I will get to Pittsburgh in two trips. I keep the pack horses
constantly employed between this and Ligonier, knowing by experience that the winter falls earlier between the two mountains and the'SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
grass dies sooner by a fortnight or three weeks than on the west of
Laurel Hill, which will render that communication sooner impracticable for pack horses, which will then be employed from Ligonier to
Pittsburgh."
The Quaker merchant, James Kenney, has these significant entries
in his diary during his three years of business life at Fort Pitt:
"August 4, I761: Levy's negro ran away with the Indians last
night. A young man, called William Ramsey, has made two little
boats, being square at the stern, and joined together at the stern by
a swivel, makes the two in form of one battoe, but will turn around
shorter than a boat of ye same length, or raise with more safety in
falls, and in case of striking rocks; he has also made an engine that
goes with wheels inclosed in a box, and treading on treadles at ye
bottom with his feet, sets ye wheels a going which works sculler or
short paddles fixed over ye gunnels turning them round, ye under
ones always laying hold on ye water will make ye battoe go, as if two
men rowed, and he can steer at ye same time by lines like plow lines.
"August 4, I762. Jacob Stroude and three wagons more came
here; he brought sundry goods.
"August 25, I762. It's said they are twenty battoes to be built
here sufficient to carry 32 barrels of beef each."
These two military roads-Braddock's with the Burd extension
to Fort Redstone, and the Forbes Road, with its new route through the
Turtle Creek Valley-were the first two main arteries for transportation by which the early settlers received their supplies from the
east and sent their products to the eastern markets. Then came the
primitive highways leading about into the settlements to connect with
these old military ones. As the courts were set up at Bedford in
I77I, and at Hannastown in I773, the pioneers petitioned these tribunals for the laying out of these connecting roads. Their general
condition is well described in the application of citizens to the latter
court, reciting "that, whereas, the Great Road leading from the town
of Bedford to Fort Pitt is hardly passable for the swamps and logs
across the Road, and as the said road is not laid out by an order
of Court, the Supervisors will not take upon themselves to mend the
said roads." The county supervisors did not do much work, aside
from laying these roads out, and the intervening period of the Revolutionary War naturally slowed up the work.
62TRANSPORTATION
On March 4, I789, State road building began with the appointment of Alexander McLean, of Fayette County; James Guthrie, of
Westmoreland County; and John Skinner, of Franklin County, to
survey a road from Bedford to Pittsburgh. Their report was
approved on September 28, I79o, and the road improved and used
until the building of the turnpikes. It is referred to in the historical
records sometimes as the "Great Road," or the "Pennsylvania Road,"
and even as the "State Road." It varied in many places from the
old Forbes military road, and passed through the new town of
Greensburg, crossing the Laurel Hill a little south of Laughlintown
and Ligonier. Remains of it are found on the John M. Deeds farm,
south of Ligonier.
South of this the well-known Glades Road passed through the
town of Somerset from Bedford to Simrall's Ferry, at the later Robbstown and West Newton. Over this passed the Northwest Caravan
of settlers in I788, on their way from Ipswich, Massachusetts, to
build their boats at Simrall's Ferry; but the Bedford County records
show that this road must have been in existence as early as I775 as it
is mentioned as a boundary line of Quemahoning Township then
erected by the decree of the court. During the period of the sessions
of the old Yohogania court at Heathtown, many roads were petitioned for and laid out, to provide communications to Fort Pitt, Fort
Redstone, and connecting with the old Burd-Braddock Road to the
eastward.
The first real attempt to establish a commercial highway was
begun over the northern route in the general direction of the Conemaugh River. To the north of this river was laid down the Frankstown Road, predecessor of the Northern Turnpike. Then came the
Portage Railroad and the western division of the Pennsylvania
Canal, and finally the Pennsylvania Railroad. Authority was given
by the Act of March 29, I786, to survey a road from Frankstown to
the mouth of the Loyalhanna. Colonel Charles Campbell, of Campbell's Mills, Westmoreland County, later Indiana; James Harris, eminent surveyor, of Cumberland County; and Solomon Adams, of the
then Bedford County, who lived up-stream at present Johnstown,
reported their survey, which they had been directed to make, from the
Frankstown branch of the Juniata to the Conemaugh at the mouth of
Blacklick, and thence down the south side of the Conemaugh to the
mouth of the Loyalhanna. Robert Galbraith was the successful bid63CHAPTER I
Political  Establishmrents
Pioneeer Individuality, and Stability of the Courts-Federalist and
Republican Issues Assert Themselves-The Political Years of the
Administrations of Governor Thomas Mifflin and Governor Thomas
McKean-The United States Senators Indicative of Political Conditions-The Elections, from Albert Gallatin to Joseph F. Guffey,
Inclusive-Westmoreland County Politics-Pittsburgh Newspaper
Beginnings and Political Support-Anti-Federal Conditions in Washington County-The Working Majorities in Washington, Beaver,
Butler, Armstrong, Indiana and Allegheny Counties.
Aside from the natural individuality and aggressiveness of such
outstanding pioneers as Arthur St. Clair, George Wilson, John Corbley, Dorsey Pentecost, Dr. John McMillan, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, David Reddick, Thomas Scott, Edward Cook, James Marshall,
John Smilie, General John Neville, Albert Gallatin and men of that
calibre, the stability of this southwestern Pennsylvania area was
largely a legal and judicial one. The courts at Hannastown, Augusta
Town, Phillipston, Heathtown, Blackstown and Bedford were the
clearing houses for the adjustment of the difficulties which beset the
body politic, such as it was, in these early days. Communities were
building and commerce was being established. The settlement of
land titles and the adjustment of the rights of squatters resulted in
actions of ejectment, breaking and entering, and other kindred controversies. There was a reflection of the fundamental doctrines of
Hamilton and Jefferson in this section, as they were developed during
the Washington administrations, and it can be said that these began
to assert themselves in the issues of the Whiskey Insurrection.
Judges Alexander Addison, Jesse Moore and Samuel Roberts did
much to stabilize the courts and command respect for them, despite
S. P.-III--1
I ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
der on the construction of this road, and on January 4, I790, reported
that he had opened the road from Frankstown to the mouth of Blacklick. Later William Findley made a report on the new Galbraith
Road, indicating that about ten miles of it were improperly laid out,
that the great bend of the road down the Conemaugh River passed
over a number of hills so steep and marshy, and over rough white
pine bottoms such as to make it impossible to construct a good road,
and that he was convinced that by continuing upon the dividing ridge,
which separates the waters of Conemaugh from those of Clearfield
and Cheat, a good road, shorter in distance, and easier to maintain,
may be laid out. If this improvement were made and the road made
wider it would be much the best road over the Allegheny, Laurel Hill
and Chestnut Ridge yet opened. After this report of William Findley the State laid out a road from Munster through Ebensburg to
Beula, and thence back to connect with the Galbraith Road on the
Laurel Hill, which it had left at Munster. Henry Barnes, father of
the historian of Beula, J. F. Barnes, told his son of his having kept
a tavern and ferry at the mouth of Blacklick, and that it was no
unusual thing for one hundred teams to stop with them on the same
night; the horses were usually tied to the wagons and fed at the
boxes, while the teamsters and emigrants slept in the covered wagons.
It was shortly after this that the town of Newport was laid out at this
head of navigation on the Conemaugh, but like Beula, it is but a
memory, due to the founding of the town of Blairsville and the change
in the terminus of the Frankstown Road.
There was a lot of travel along this Frankstown Road, which
resulted in the organization of numerous turnpike companies of different names, one of the first being the Harrisburg, Lewistown, Huntingdon and Pittsburgh Turnpike Company. It developed that the
road could be kept up better by shorter operating companies. There
was the New Alexandria and Pittsburgh Turnpike Company and the
New Alexandria and Conemaugh Turnpike Company of I816 and
I82i, respectively. The new highway was made about a mile or
more south of the ancient town of Beula, which caused it to disintegrate, especially since Ebensburg had been chosen as the county seat,
and the whole system came to be known as the Northern Turnpike.
Until the construction of the canal some years later, it did a thriving
business.
64TRANSPORTATION
As the Legislature was being continually solicited for funds and
turnpike subscriptions the Act of April 2, 8i i, designated Nathan
Beach, of Philadelphia, Robert Harris and John Schoch, of Harrisburg, and William McCandless and Adamson Tannehill, of Pittsburgh, as commissioners "to view the different routes for which laws
have been passed making turnpike roads from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, commonly called the northern and southern routes." The State
proposed to appropriate $350,000, the sum of $I5o,ooo being subscribed by the people. The Northern Turnpike served its useful purpose, however, for many years, both in connection with the canal and
of its own accord. Contiguous to Northern Turnpike, was incorporated
and organized February 7, i8 i 8, the Armstrong, Indiana and Cambria
Turnpike Company, "to commence near the town of Ebensburg, in
Cambria County, thence through the Borough of Indiana, in Indiana
County, to intersect the Allegheny River at the town of Kittanning, in
Armstrong County."
Other important thoroughfares were laid down, to be built by different companies, in this formative period of intensive transportation,
among them being the Pittsburgh and Steubenville Turnpike Company, by the Act of March 3, i8i8, to make a road "by the way of
Monteur's meeting house in Allegheny County, Bricelands' Cross
Roads, in Washington County, and thence to the State line in a direction towards Steubenville;" the Anderson's Creek and Clearfield Turnpike Company, and the Pittsburgh and Meadville Turnpike Company,
by the same act, through Butler and Mercer to Meadville. There
were others from Butler to Franklin, and from Butler to the Allegheny River opposite Kittanning. By the Act of March 29, I82I, the
Washington and Pittsburgh Turnpike Company was incorporated to
give adequate transportation facilities to the southward.
Turning to the southward we find the important turnpike from
Philadelphia to Pittsburgh gradually in the making. The old State road
had a fairly good line of coaches on it running through Bedford, Somerset and Greensburg. These had become important and growing
towns, and many travelers came through, who have left diaries to tell
us the details of their travels, but which cannot be quoted here. One,
in particular, however, gives this picture of conditions at Greensburg:
"Old America seems to be breaking up and moving westward. We
are seldom out of sight of family groups. It is said that within the last
S. P.-III-5
65'SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
year I2,000 wagons, each drawn by four or six horses, and carrying
great loads of merchandise, passed over the road. Add to these the
numerous stages, filled to their utmost with passengers, and the innumerable number of travelers on horse back, on foot and in light wagons,
and you have before you an idea of the bustle and business along its
route." The agitation for a substantial turnpike through a more direct
route from Bedford to Pittsburgh had its beginnings in the Legislature
through the Act of March 3I, I807, by which the Governor was
authorized to incorporate six companies to build and operate the roads
in the respective counties. This decision was changed slightly in later
years by the incorporation of the Bedford and Stoystown Turnpike
Company, the Stoystown and Greensburg Turnpike Company, and
the Greensburg and Pittsburgh Turnpike Company. These connected
roads were built, beginning with I 815, and began to operate in I8 I8,
and carried a great traffic through to Pittsburgh, even after the canal
began to operate ten or fifteen years later.
In spite of this large traffic, the revenues were not sufficient to
keep the roads up, as is indicated by the Act of February I8, 1836, by
which the following amounts were appropriated to the several turnpike companies to improve the conditions of their roadways: Somerset and Bedford, $20,000; Somerset and Mt. Pleasant, $20,000;
Robbstown and Mt. Pleasant, $8,ooo; Washington and Williamsport
(Monongahela), $8,ooo; Mt. Pleasant and Pittsburgh, $5,000; Washington and Pittsburgh, $I5,ooo; Bedford and Stoystown, $Io,ooo;
Stoystown and Greensburg, $I2,oo00o; Greensburg and Pittsburgh,
$12,000. The canals and portage railroad were State-controlled
and in full operation in I836, and these appropriations to the turnpikes indicated a keen interest in the success of these apparently competing means of transportation.
With the establishing of the more direct turnpike route from Bedford, through Ligonier and Greensburg, to Pittsburgh, the Glades
Road from Bedford, through Somerset and Mt. Pleasant to West
Newton and Washington, began a very useful existence. The eastern
portion of it was organized on February 3, 1818, under the name of the
Somerset and Bedford Turnpike Company, for a distance of thirtythree miles, with Jacob Stoner, William C. Dorsey, James M. Russell, David Mann, Jacob Bonnet, Samuel Riddle, Robert Philson, Jacob
Schneider, and Henry Ankney as commissioners, and with the following additional stockholders: Henry Black, Tobias Mussey, Henry
66Imhoff, Joseph Spiker, Valentine Wertz, John Metsgar, and Casper
Statler. It was advertised as the shortest route to Pittsburgh, and
having a fine line of stages conducted by A. J. Reeside and Samuel R.
Slaymaker. Great quantities of produce passed over it from the west
to the eastern markets, and just as much merchandise came from the
east to supply the western needs. There were plenty of inns every
few miles, but the large amount of traffic wore this road out in time,
and it was partly rehabilitated by the organization of the Wellersburg and West Newton Plank Road Company about, I850. The substantial citizens along the road who became interested in it were:
Joseph Markle, John Lausold, James W. Jones, Henry Baker, David
Lavan, Andrew J. Ogle, Isaac J. Ogle, Isaac Ankney, John Brubaker, Daniel Lepley, George Klingaman, James Gardner, John C.
Plumer, Rudolph Boose, John R. Branham, Thomas Benford, Soloman Baker, Michael A. Sanner, Henry Little, William Colvin, C. P.
Markle, William Hitchman, Dr. John Cover and Samuel Philson.
These plank roads in several counties were built because of the timber
being plentiful, and it was a quick way to get a smooth road. The
plank wore out in time, and through the failure of the companies to
keep up the road by renewing it, the roads fell back to township management.
"GREAT CROSSING" BRIDGE AT SOMERSETSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Here and there were "clay pikes," so called, because little work
was done on them, and they afforded diagonally cross routes to and
from eastern markets. One of these in particular extended through
Upper Turkeyfoot, Middle Creek, Milford and Brothers Valley
townships, in Comerset, and over through Kecksburg, and New Stanton, in Westmoreland County, connecting with the Greensburg and
Pittsburgh Turnpike east of Irwin, and it was the favorite of drovers
in bringing their herds through, because of the softer roadway on the
feet of the stock. Sometimes great flocks of turkeys were driven
through, and at nightfall they would roost in a nearby woods until
the break of day, and then the journey would be renewed. One of the
last portions of these old pikes to be abandoned was the portion of
the Robbstown and Mt. Pleasant Turnpike, it being first a part of the
old Glade Road and then a connecting link of the old Wellersburg
and West Newton Plank Road Company.  Incorporated in I818,
and being taken over by the decree of the court as a township road on
December 20, I 897, it had a continuous existence for a period of about
eighty years. In the earlier years Henry Null was its president, and
at the time of dissolution, Henry H. Null, Sr., then eighty-three years
of age, was its president, on account of which it came to be known as
the "Null Pike." The younger Mr. Null had been a teamster on the
old plank road as far as Wellersburg and Cumberland, and married
Eleanor Dom of Berlin. Of historical interest are the rates of toll
of the date of December I5, I870, as shown by the following notice
posted along the road:
RATES OF TOLL
OF THE
ROBBSTOiWN AND MOUNT PLEASANT TURNPIKE ROAD COMPANY
For each Horse or Mule, rode or lead, I cent per mile, or fraction of a
mile.
Sulky or Chaise, 2 wheels, for each Horse or Mule, I'2 cents per mile,
or fraction of a mile.
Carriage or Buggy, 4 wheels, each Horse or Mule, I'2 cents per mile,
or fraction of a mile.
Wagon, for each Horse or Mule, I i2 cents per mile, or fraction of a
mile.
Sled or Sleigh, for each Horse or Mule, I 2 cents per mile, or fraction
of a mile.
For each Yoke of Oxen, I 2 cents per mile, or fraction of a mile.
68TRANSPORTATION
For each Score of Cattle, 4 cents per mile, or fraction of a mile.
For each Score of Hogs, 3 cents per mile, or fraction of a mile.
For each Score of Sheep, 2 cents per mile, or fraction of a mile.
For each Loaded Team going over this Road and not returning over
the same Road, double the above rates.
PENALTIES
FOR VIOLATING THE LAWS REGULATING TURNPIKE ROAD COMPANIES
First-Any person misrepresenting the distance traveled, or refusing
to pay Toll, a fine of Five Dollars.
Second-Any person taking a Horse or a Mule out of a wagon, for
the purpose of passing through any bars, or gates, to avoid paying toll, a fine not exceeding Ten Dollars.
Third-For leaving a Wagon standing on the artificial part of the
Road over night, a fine of Five Dollars.
Fourth-For any person putting on any fences, or letting water upon
the artificial part of the road, or any other obstructions, subject
to a fine of Five Dollars.
Fifth-Any person driving their'Wagons or Vehicles in Water Tables,
unless in case of necessity, or who shall tie fast a wheel, unless
the road is covered with ice, or dragging Logs over the road,
when the road is bare, for each offence, shall forfeit and pay a
fine of Five Dollars.
By order of the Board of Managers,
H. H. NULL, President.
JOHN B. TARR, Secretary.
December I5, I870.
The southern highway, better known as the National Road, became
perhaps better known because of its national character. The trail
which Chief Nemacolin laid down, and Washington and Braddock
followed more or less in their military operations, was destined to
carry a great western traffic beyond the Ohio River. General Washington was keenly interested in these western lands in the Ohio Valley,
and in I784, after his war duties were ended, he made a trip of
inspection hither. President Thomas Jefferson concerned himself
about the establishing of a great road here, and it had a forceful advocate in the person of United States Senator Henry Clay. The beginning of legislation in Congress began in I802, when the State of Ohio
was admitted to the Union on April thirtieth, and the erecting act contained a provision that the one twentieth part of the net proceeds of all
the sales of land in the new State should be set apart for the construction of roads from the Atlantic, across the Alleghenies to and across
69SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Ohio. Congress was looking well to the building up of the Northwest
country over which Major-General Arthur St. Clair had presided as
Governor from the time of the adoption of the Ordinance of I787
until the erection of the new State in I802. The first Act of Congress
which became a law on March 29, i8o6, was "to regulate the laying
out and making a road from Cumberland, in the State of Maryland,
to the State of Ohio." In a special message to Congress on February
I8, I8o8, in which he approved a report made by the commissioners,
Colonel Eli Williams, Thomas Moore and Joseph Kerr, President
Jefferson said: "I have approved of the route therein proposed for
the said road as far as Brownsville, with a single deviation, since
located, which carries it through Uniontown. From thence, the course
to the Ohio and the point within the legal limits at which it shall
strike that river is still to be decided."
In the meantime, Pennsylvania had its good intentions of giving
Somerset, Fayette, Greene and Washington counties a good road
service, when the Act of March 5, I804, was enacted, incorporating
the Union and Cumberland Turnpike Company for "making an artificial road from the western side of Laurel Hill, near Uniontown, to
the State line in a direction towards Cumberland," and giving full
power to erect toll gates for collecting toll, and to build the road within
six years. This legislation was superseded by the Congressional procedure. There were some differences as to routes through Washington County, but these were all adjusted, and the building of the
road was begun at the eastern end and completed to the crossing of
the Youghiogheny River in the fall of I8I7. The western sections
were soon completed, and the first mail stage left Cumberland, Maryland, for Wheeling, Virginia, on August I, I818. Some additional
improvements were made, and the road was finally considered adequate to all kinds of travel in I820, and from that date on it carried
a great amount of it. Taverns were located every mile or two, and
some of them recorded the leaving of as high as twenty-five stage
coaches on a morning. One tavern keeper, John Mitchell, near Somerfield, according to his diary, fed two thousand and three hundred
head of cattle during the month of June, i 843, and some nights as high
as three hundred head. Great droves of four hundred and five hundred hogs stopped with him on certain nights, and in one single drove
there were one thousand three hundred and twenty-three head by
actual count.
70TRANSPORTATION
The highway came back, however, into the road system of Pennsylvania in due time. The road men of that day thought the National
Road would last at least twenty-five years, and some even ventured
fifty; but the immense traffic which it carried wore out the roadbed in
about five years, necessitating the appropriation of large sums for
repairs. After the roadbed was fairly well repaired again, the government decided that it could not be kept in good condition, except by
the collection of tolls, and being powerless to collect them, it was
decided to turn the road over to the different states through which
each section passed. Pennsylvania passed the Act of April 4, 183I, to
provide for the erection of toll gates, and the other states did likewise.
Before turning the roads over for the collection of the toll, the United
States government repaired the road from end to end, and the toll
gates were erected under State supervision in I835. The collection of
tolls caused the drovers of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs to seek the
side clay pikes and other roads, except where necessity required them
to use the old National Pike through the mountain. Iron toll gates
were first erected and then wooden ones, and mile posts of iron were
set up, many of them still standing and well preserved. Heavily built
wagons, with nine inch tires, and drawn by six and eight horses, and
carrying loads of not over five tons, were charged a lesser toll than
those with the narrow wheels which cut the roads. This caused many
of the transportation lines to adopt broad-wheeled wagons. It is
recorded that at some places along the road forty and fifty great Conestoga wagons would stop over night at one point. As with trucks on
our modern highways, many of them had two men with each team, who
carried their own bedding, but secured their meals at the different inns
along the way.
In I835 there was an "Adams Express" established, and other
express lines, the first one being known as the "Oyster Line," which
did quite a lot of business until the coming of the railroads, using a
relay system of horses. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was completed to Cumberland in I844, and the Pittsburgh and Connellsville
Railroad was incorporated April 3, I837. The connecting link across
the mountains was not completed until some years later, and the final
completion of the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pennsylvania railroads,
beginning with I852; The Monongahela Navigation Company finished its slack-water improvements to Brownsville in I844. In I85o
over eighteen thousand passengers were carried on the Monongahela
7ISOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Navigation Company's river boats, who transferred from the river
to the stagecoach at Brownsville. The completion of the Baltimore
and Ohio to Wheeling in I852 took away from  the stagecoaches
the bulk of the business, and from that time on the turnpikes ceased to
flourish, and thus disintegrated. Some have preserved the records,
after the manner of Thomas B. Searight, of Uniontown, and they are
interesting indeed.
The story of navigation in southwestern Pennsylvania is one of
thrilling interest, too. It began with the canoes of the Indians, as they
plied the trading in furs and pelts up and down the three rivers. The
scouts of the Ohio Company of Virginia, the French soldiers, and the
later Colonial officers and traders used the rivers much. And even
the shallow Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas were used as waterways
from the mouth of the Blacklick, as high water permitted. Perhaps
the first attempt to stabilize transportation by water was the Act of
March 29, I82I, appropriating $I5,o0oo to remove obstructions and
improve navigation in the Ohio River from the city of Pittsburgh to
the town of Wheeling. All of the large streams west of the mountains
were made public highways by the State, in anticipation of their use
by the general public for navigation purposes. By the Act of April
I5, I782, the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers were thus
declared: "That the said rivers, so far up as they or either of them
have been or can be made navigable for rafts, boats, and canoes, and
within the bounds and limits of this State, shall be, and they are hereby
declared to be public highways." The movement to improve the
Monongahela River by locks and dams, began in the Legislature as
early as I8I4. This was brought about by the large number of western emigrants who boarded all kinds of flat boats and other river
craft, at Brownsville, to float down the rivers to their new homes.
The early Act of March 24, I817, authorized the Governor to incorporate the Monongahela Navigation Company, and it was to complete,
within seven years, the slack-water navigation of the first section from
Pittsburgh to the mouth of Dunlap's Creek, and within twenty-five
years, the section from Dunlap's Creek to the Cheat River. This
business adventure never reached fruition; but in the things which it
was charged to do, there is much of a historical picture. In its improvement of the river, it was to erect at Bogg's ripple a dam of the height
of three feet six inches; at Braddock's lower ripple, a dam of the
height of three feet six inches; at Braddock's upper ripple, a dam of
72the height of three feet six inches; at Peter's Creek ripple, a dam of the
height of four feet two inches; at Baldwin's ripple, a dam of the
height of four feet three inches; at Frye's ripple, a dam of the height
of three feet ten inches; at Forsyth's ripple, a dam of the height of
three feet eight inches; at Brownsville ripple, a dam of the height of
four feet six inches; at Smith's ripple, a dam  of the height of four
feet eight and a half inches; at Heaton's ripple, a dam of the height
of four feet five inches; at Muddy Creek ripple, a dam of the height
of four feet five inches; at Gilmore's ripple, a dam of the height of
three feet ten inches; at Little Whitely ripple, a dam of the height of
four feet four inches; at Geneva ripple, a dam of the height of three
feet six inches; at Dunkard ripple, a dam of the height of three feet
six inches; and at Cheat River ripple, a dam of the height of three
feet three inches. The company was authorized to make locks, and
use the water power created by the dams for the propulsion of machin-.ery. Those who had already built dams in the river for mills were
iuthorized to collect tolls for the use of their dams.
Further attempts to advance this improvement were made in I822,:823, and I828, the last time through a survey of E. F. Gay, and suggesting the improvement by the State. Another survey was made in
1833 by Dr. William Howard, United States engineer, suggesting eight
OLD CANAL DAYSSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
the fact that Judge Addison was afterwards the subject of a political
situation which brought on his impeachment. Alexander Hamilton
was the exponent of Federalism and Thomas Jefferson of Democracy
-both of them in the cabinet of Washington. The administrations
of Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson saw these two governmental theories crystallize into the two first political parties in the
Nation. President Jefferson's adherents were first called "Republicans," then "Democratic Republicans," and finally "Democrats" in
the days of Andrew Jackson. Until the later formation of the Whig
party, these two political groups were pitted against each other at
the elections beginning with ISoo.
Pennsylvania politics can well be said to have started after the
adoption of the State Constitution of I790. This Constitution was
never voted on by the people. They just elected sixty delegates, who
met November 24, I789, in Philadelphia, and proceeded to draft it
and put it in force. They adjourned, sine die, September 2, I790,
and the Constitution became the law of the State. Then Governor
Thomas Mifflin, in office from I790 to I799, and Governor Thomas
McKean, from I799 to i8o8, were the controlling factors in Pennsylvania politics. The first political line-up of these western counties,
just four of them, was on this wise: Westmoreland County's re:presentatives in the Lower House at Philadelphia were Benjamin
Lodge, Michael Rugh, George  Smith, Democratic-Republican;
Fayette County had Albert Gallatin, John Cunningham, DemocraticRepublican; Washington County had Craig Ritchie, Benjamin White,
Democratic-Republican, and James Brice, William Wallace, Federalist; Allegheny County had two Federalist representatives in Presley Neville and Dunning McNair. In the State Senate were John
Moore and William Todd, Democratic-Republicans, for the Westmoreland-Fayette District; and Thomas Stokely and Absalom Baird,
Federalists, for the Allegheny-Washington District. On January 9,
I795, all of these western men were unseated, and at a later election
all, except John Moore, were reelected.
During the administration of Governor Thomas Mifflin these
initial political contests became quite heated, resulting at one time in
the filing of impeachment proceedings against Justices Edward Shippen, Jasper Yeates and Thomas Smith. They were acquitted on
January 26, I805, and this naturally made of the election of i8o5
a bitter one.  Southwestern Pennsylvania remained Democratic2SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
locks and dams of greater height. After Congress neglected to take
up the suggested work, a public meeting was held at Waynesburg on
November I8, I835, to urge the State to do it. Then the real work
of improvement had its beginning with the incorporation of a new
Monongahela Navigation Company, by the Act of March 3I, I836,
with a capital of $300,000. The stock was fully subscribed, and the
company organized on February Io, 1837, with the following officers:
president, James Clarke; treasurer, John D. Davis; secretary, Jesse
H. Duncan; managers, Thomas Bakewell, James L. Bowman, John
H. Ewing, John Freeman, Cephas Gregg, George Hogg, John Lyon,
John Tassey, William Wade, and Samuel Walker. The three engineers who made the survey in I 83 8' were W. Milnor Roberts, and his
assistants, Nathan McDowell and Robert W. Clarke. The apparent ease with which the Indians and the pioneers used the waters
of the Monongahela for transportation, is evidenced by this survey, showing the distance from Pittsburgh to Brownsville to
be fifty-five and one-half miles, with an ascent of about
thirty-four feet; and from Brownsville to the Virginia State
line a little over thirty-five miles, with an ascent of forty-one feet. By
the Act of June 24, I839, the company was authorized to construct
eight-foot dams, estimated to be ten in number, but by making some of
them ten feet or higher, seven dams were considered sufficient. Work
was started on the lower four of them, but the failure of the United
States Bank in I842 caused financial troubles for the company, and a
washout in Dam No. I, in I844, caused the promoters and its friends
to consider the dams a nuisance to navigation, and to be inclined to
abandon the enterprise to the mercies of the flood and the indignant
public.
The State of Pennsylvania directed the sale of its stock in I843,
and a group of enterprising men, including James K. Moorhead,
Morgan Robertson, George Schnable, Charles Avery, Thomas M.
Howe, John Graham, Thomas Bakewell, J. B. Moorehead and John
Freeman, put the enterprise on its feet, and completed the dams and
repaired the disastrous break in Dam No. I, so that it was possible
to open navigation from Pittsburgh to Brownsville on November I3,
I844. Preceding the opening of this lock-navigation, the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad had been completed to Cumberland in the same
year, and by using the National Pike from Cumberland to Brownsville,
great numbers of people rode the train, the stagecoach and the steam74TRANSPORTATION
boat to Pittsburgh. The building of the Pennsylvania Railroad to
Pittsburgh in 1852, diverted much of the traffic to its lines. The
number of through passengers carried between Brownsville and Pittsburgh between I845 and I852 were 283,030, and to these should be
added an additional 462,000 way passengers during the same period.
The building of the dams above Brownsville was considerably
delayed, because the company was concerned with paying off its obligations due to the construction of those below, which it was in large
part able to do. Slack-water navigation was completed to Greensboro
and Geneva by November, I856. These first dams were constructed
of logs built perpendicularly to the water level in the bed of the river,
and then sloped to the comb. Cross timbers parallel with the line of
the river were bolted to the longitudinal timbers, thus forming a net
work, with the interstices filled with stones. At each end of the dams
were high log cribs, filled with stones, and the tops were sheathed with
oak plank. The original locks were one hundred and ninety feet long
in the chambers, and fifty feet wide, two hundred and fifty-two feet in
their entire length, and built of heavy dressed stone, well cemented.
As an example of the amount of traffic that passed through one of
them, the report of January I2, I882, for Lock No. I, at Pittsburgh,
showed the passage during twenty-four hours of forty-two coal boats,
forty-six barges, ten flats, and two fuel boats, the combined loads
being I,66 I,ooo bushels of coal, aggregating 63, I 18 tons. The opening of the railroads up the Monongahela Valley caused the passenger
traffic to drop off about two-thirds in the year I88I, and as railroad
facilities were extended, such traffic has been reduced to a minimum,
and the final withdrawal of passenger traffic within recent years.
With the advent of steam navigation in the eastern part of the
State and on Atlantic waters, the same kind of power was used on the
Monongahela, beginning with I814 before the locks and dams were
constructed. The slow current in the Monongahela permitted this,
and even before that year one of the progressive boat builders at
Elizabeth advertised that he could furnish Kentucky boats, and other
boats of different construction and size, and further said: "To prevent
detention of travelers, so frequent on the river for want of boats, the
proprietor has erected a boat-yard on the premises, where timber is
plenty, and four of the best boat builders from Philadelphia are constantly employed." This was none other than Stephen Bayard, first
citizen of Elizabeth in that day, and the year was I788. The differ75SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
ent boats which he offered to build were flat-boats, Kentucky boats,
New Orleans boats, and keel boats. Kentucky boats were roofed
two-thirds of the way, while New Orleans boats were entirely roofed.
Each of these were decidedly serviceable to families transporting
their stock and goods down the rivers. Keel boats were used both for
passengers and freight as early as I786. There were no bridges, of
any account, to obstruct river traffic in these early days. The first
bridge, at Smithfield Street, Pittsburgh, was not built over the Monongahela until I 8 I 8, and at the time of the Civil War there were but four
of them: Smithfield Street, Tenth Street, Monongahela City and
Brownsville. But there were scores of ferries to transport the traffic
across, beginning with such pioneers as: John Ormsby's and Jacob
Bausman's at Pittsburgh; David McKee's at McKeesport; Stephen
Bayard's at Elizabeth; Anderson and Heath's at the Yohogania Court
House above West Elizabeth; Parkinson and Devore's at Monongahela; Castner's at Donora; Speer's at Belle Vernon, and Michael
Cresap's at Brownsville.
The first steamboat on the Monongahela in I8I4 was the "Enterprise," built at Bridgeport, opposite Brownsville, by Daniel French,
with Henry M. Shreve as the commander. It made the trip to New
Orleans and return, but the many steamboats that followed for the
next thirty years, had to navigate during high water to make a successful trip, before the building of the dams and locks. The first boat
running between Pittsburgh and Brownsville in I844 was the sidewheeler, "Louis McLane," called for the first president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The companion boat, making the alternate
trips, was the "Consul." After three or four years there followed the
"Atlantic" and the "Baltic," then the "Hercules," a stern-wheeler, followed by the "Luzerne" and the "Jefferson." Later boats had very
interesting names: "Redstone," "Telegraph," "Geneva," "Dunbar,"
"Franklin," "Gallatin," "Fayette," "Elisha Bennett," "Chieftain,"
"Elector," "Germania," "John Snowdon," and "James G. Blaine."
The Pittsburgh, Brownsville and Geneva Packet Company was incorporated February 2I, I868, and acquired many of these earlier boats.
The Youghiogheny River never came into its own as a navigable
stream for steamboats. Much political oratory had been given out
through the years about "damming the Yough"; but it has never been
"locked" and "dammed" down to the present time. The State first
appropriated $5,ooo for this purpose which was expended in prelimi76PLA1N OF}'"ORT
D)U  QUES N EY
ETected byI]eThencIhMT54,
vrta4p g7ZW ~p OOi/A
G O'V MORRI S.
d ,y,s*714,
PAJrRukp 113SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
nary work by William L. Miller, Samuel Rankin and Alexander Plummer. The Connellsville and West Newton Navigation Company was
incorporated by the Act of April 30, I84I, to complete a lock navigation from the town of West Newton, in the county of Westmoreland,
to the west end of Main or Spring Street, in the borough of Connellsville, but this navigation never materialized. Back of this proposition
were: Thomas R. Davidson, George J. Ashman, John McBurney, William R. Turner, John Smilie, Robert Bleakley, Daniel Kaine, Noble
C. McCormick, James Francis, John C. Plummer, J. B. Oliver, Joseph
Budd, John Frick, Bela B. Smith, Elias Porter, Daniel Hoge, John
Boyd, and William L. Miller. Following this action the Youghiogheny Navigation Company was incorporated by the Act of April i8,
1843, to construct a lock navigation from the mouth of the river to
West Newton, and this movement was sponsored by: James Bell,
Alexander Plummer, Adam Coon, Moses Robbins, Joseph Markle,
John Klingensmith, Joseph Guffey, Henry Null, John D. Davis and
James May.
This last named company made an effort to produce a navigable
highway, by having two dams built, under the direction of their engineer, James E. Day. After the completion of these dams, they had a
celebration on November 7, I85o, at West Newton, to formally open
the enterprise, but the dams were so high and so defectively constructed floods partially destroyed them, and the great ice flood of
January, I865, took them out. Later surveys were made in I874 and
i 875, with the idea of extending the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal from
Cumberland to Pittsburgh, and a prominent engineer, General Bernard, evolved a plan of placing three hundred twenty-four locks over
the mountains from Cumberland, Maryland, to Pittsburgh, and down
the Castleman, Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers, at a cost of
over fourteen million dollars. This enormous cost was too staggering
and the enterprise was dropped by the government. Great pictures
of the rising values of lands and industries along the route were in the
minds of the projectors; but the coming of the railroads across the
mountains put an end to water navigation, east and west.
In the annals of Pennsylvania transportation, the most fortuitous
enterprise, from a historical standpoint, ever attempted and carried
out, was the building and operation of the canals, and their connecting
portage railroad across the Allegheny mountains. The State of New
York had built the Erie Canal, completing one section from Albany
78TRANSPORTATION
to Rochester in I823, and about November 4, I825, Governor Clinton
dedicated this northern waterway by pouring a cask of lake water into
the sea, and thus performing "the marriage of the waters." Pennsylvania decided to meet this commercial challenge and unite the
waters of the Juniata with those of the Ohio, and thereby save to the
port of Philadelphia its proper share of the foreign trade. The feasibility of a complete system of waterways was considered from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh by the waters of the Juniata and Conemaugh
rivers, and by the west branch of the Susquehanna and Sinnamahonong
to the Allegheny, and also by the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers,
Mahanoy Creek, Moshannon, Clearfield and Blacklick creeks. After
some preliminary enactments, the Legislature in i 827 and I828
authorized a board of canal commissioners to locate by the most eligible route, a railroad across the Allegheny mountain, with a view of
connecting the Juniata and Conemaugh sections of the Pennsylvania
Canal. The various divisions decided upon for this water-rail route,
westward from Philadelphia, were the Columbia Railroad, eighty-one
miles long; the eastern division of the canal, running from Columbia to
Duncan's Island, at the mouth of the Juniata; the Juniata section, one
hundred thirty-one miles long, between Duncan's Island and Hollidaysburg; the Allegheny-Portage Railroad, thirty-six miles long, extending
across the mountains from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown; and the western division, one hundred four miles long, extending down the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny rivers to Pittsburgh. The Erie
Canal had started out so successfully, that it was considered necessary to protect the trade across Pennsylvania. The investigating committee appointed to look up the feasibility of the project, reported that
the route would be shorter than that of New York State's, and added:
"When, besides this advantage, we consider the superior productiveness of the country through which the Pennsylvania Canal will flow;
the fertile valleys of the Susquehanna, in their present cultivation,
sending annually to market products to the amount of nearly four
million dollars; the extent to which the manufacture of salt may be
carried; the immense masses of coal; the beds of iron ore, the most
precious of metals, as it would be converted into artificial forms; the
new mineral wealth that would be discovered by means of the geological and mineralogical survey now contemplated; and when we further
consider the numerous branch canals and auxiliary railroads which
would be constructed, it will be perceived that the tonnage of the
79SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania route will be of vast magnitude, and greater than that
which ever pass upon any other route between the eastern and western
waters."
The construction of the eastern division of the canal was begun at
Harrisburg on July 4, I 826. The water was let into the level at Huntingdon on November 2, i 830, and the work between Huntingdon and
Hollidaysburg was commenced June I, I83 I. After the completion of
this section the first packet boat, "John Blair," left Huntingdon on
Tuesday, November 28, I832, for Hollidaysburg, carrying groups of
citizens and their ladies. The journey ended on Wednesday with a
public meeting and ball, in honor of the completion of I73 miles of
new canal from Columbia to Hollidaysburg. There was just as
much activity west of the mountains, for the construction of the western division was started about the same time in I826. The portion
extending up the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh to the mouth of
the Kiskiminetas River did not need many locks. The unloading
basin was at a point between the present Pennsylvania Railroad station in Pittsburgh and the new postoffice building. A few aqueducts
were necessary; three in particular being at the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and across the Allegheny
River to the Pittsburgh side from the town of Allegheny, to reach the
basin. Additional money was appropriated to build the section from
Johnstown to the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, in which there was to be
constructed sixty-four miles of canal and forty-two locks. It followed
the north side of the Conemaugh from Johnstown to Lockport, and
then the south side to the tunnel west of Livermore, from which it
emerged to cross through the aqueduct to the north side again, which
it kept to the mouth of the Kiskiminetas. There were smaller aqueducts at the mouths of Blacklegs Creek and other streams.
There were thirteen of these forty-two locks between present
Bolivar and Blairsville through the rather swift-running Packsaddle
gorge; "McAbee's", one mile west of Bolivar; "Marron's," or
"O'Conner's," one-fourth mile further west; "Walkinshaw's," onefourth mile west; "Sim's," one-fourth mile west; "Henderson's," one
and a fourth mile west; Guard Lock Dam, No. 3; "Nixon's," at the
tail of Ridge Dam No. 4; "Donnelly's," at the head of the dam;
"Doty's," near present Torrance station; "Lowry's," three-fourths
mile west; "Gray's" at Cokeville; "Wolf's" Nos. I and 2, one-half
mile west; and the lock at the Bairdstown Guard Lock, No. 5. The
8oTRANSPORTATION
only tunnel on the western division of the canal was about eight miles
west of Blairsville, piercing a neck of land in present Westmoreland
County. There was a dam at the eastern side of this neck which threw
the water into the tunnel and through the aqueduct. A picture of this
old western tunnel orifice and the aqueduct, long since removed, is
herewith shown, and which the writer has seen in his lifetime, as he
rode the later West Penn Railroad trains down the Conemaugh, and
through a railroad tunnel just upstream. The beauties of travel on
this old waterway, slow as it was, is best described by Charles Dlickens,
as he traveled west to Pittsburgh over it in I 842:
"The washing accommodations were primitive. There was a tin
ladle chained to the deck, with which every gentleman who thought it
necessary to cleanse himself, fished the dirty water out of the canal
and poured it into a tin basin secured in like manner. There was also
a jack towel hanging up before a little looking glass in the bar; in the
immediate vicinity of the bread and cheese and biscuits were a public
comb and hair brush. And yet, despite these oddities, even they had,
for at least some, a humor of their own, there was much in the mode of
traveling which I heartily enjoyed at the time and look back upon with
great pleasure. Even the running up bare-necked at five o'clock in
the morning from the tainted cabin to the dirty deck, scooping up
icy water, plunging one's head into it and drawing it out all fresh and
glowing with the cold, was a good thing. The fast brisk walk upon
the towing path between that time and breakfast, when every vein
and artery seemed to tingle with health, the exquisite beauty of the
opening day, when light came gleaming off from everything; the lazy
motion of the boat when one lay idly on the deck, looking through,
rather than at, the deep blue sky; the gliding on at night so noiselessly,
past frowning hills, sullen with dark trees, and sometimes angry in
one red burning spot high up where unseen men lay crouching around
a fire; the shining out of the bright stars, undisturbed by noise of
wheels or stream, or any other sound than the liquid rippling of the
water, as the boat went on, all of these were pure delights."
Until the time of the building and completion of the portage railroad, goods were carried over the Northern Turnpike from Hollidaysburg west to Blairsville, and thence transported by canal to Pittsburgh.
The section of the canal from Blairsville to Johnstown was completed
S. P.-III-6
8iSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
in time to use the portage railroad. Between the years I828 and
I834, Blairsville became quite a thriving town, as the Conestoga
wagons rolled into town and deposited their goods on the canal boats,
for transportation west.  The first bridge across the Conemaugh
between Blairsville and Bairdstown, on the canal, was built in I822.
One of the foremost engineers on the canal was Wilson Knott, who
came from a wide experience on the New Jersey canal construction.
He returned east for a time after the canal days, and then returned to
Blairsville, where he served a term as postmaster. The village of
Bairdstown was called for James Baird, an early settler, on whose land
the village was laid out, when the Northern Turnpike came through.
With the passage of the Act of March 2 I, 183 I, the State directed
the canal commissioners to start construction of the Portage Railroad over and across the Allegheny mountains. The canal commissioners appointed Sylvester Welsh as chief engineer, and Samuel
M. Jones as superintendent, and headquarters were established in the
old Tudor House in Ebensburg, on the old Northern Turnpike. This
hotel is now succeeded by the Metropolitan Hotel. Mr. Welsh had
been the chief engineer in the construction of the western division of
the canal from Pittsburgh to Blairsville, and this piece of engineering
was one of his crowning works. There were ten inclined planes and
eleven levels in the thirty-six miles between Hollidaysburg and Johnstown, five of them on the eastern slope of the mountain, overcoming
an elevation of 1204.62 feet, and five on the western side of 804 feet
elevation to ascend. The longest level was that extending from, the
head of Plane No. I, to the foot of Plane No. 2, in which was the
Conemaugh viaduct and the Staple Bend tunnel, the western orifice of
which is here shown. Edge rails, chairs, and stone ties were used on
the first track, some of the chairs and rails being imported from England, but most of them being manufactured at Frankstown and Blairsville, and 3,Ioo00 tons of iron at a cost of seventy dollars per ton, being
used.
The inclined planes have two tracks, so that one car went down
as the other came up. At the end of each plane were sheds to protect
the engines and machinery. The ropes used on the drums varied from
six and one-fourth to seven inches in diameter, and were made at first
of Italian or Russian hemp. Later a Roebling wire rope was substituted, in I843. The long cables were thus secured by splicing sections of rope together. At each of the plane sheds a small village
82TRANSPORTATION
grew up to house the employees; likewise at each end of the canal.
Piers and slips were placed in each basin so that loading and unloading
might be facilitated. The best report of the completion and successful operation of the Portage Railroad is given in Poulson's "Advertiser" of February 20, I834:
An engineer on the Portage Railroad writes from Hollidaysburg:
"I cannot refrain from dropping you a few lines before the closing of
the mail to inform you of the complete success with which this afternoon attended the first trial of one of the inclined planes on the Portage Railroad. The rope, sheaves, machinery, engines, etc., were all
complete and put in motion in the presence of about one hundred
gentlemen, who had assembled to witness the operation of passing a
car over an inclined plane. The calr, loaded with passengers, was
twice taken up at a velocity which was varied at pleasure from four
to twelve miles an hour. The work generally along the railroad is
progressing rapidly and great confidence is expressed that the Portage
Railroad will be fully prepared before the fifteenth of March next
for the transportation of all the merchandise and produce which can
be sent through the eastern and western canals."
The Portage Railroad was actually put in operation on March 18,
1834, with one track, and the second track was added in I835. The
average number of passengers carried in a car was eleven. Leech's
Line advertised in May, I835, that "the cars on the railroad are all
new and in good order. The packet boats have their cabins lengthened and fitted up entirely new with every convenience. The line will
go into operation as soon as the canal is navigable. From the superior
style in which the cabins on board the packet boats have been furnished, the proprietors flatter themselves that they will receive a continuance of the patronage heretofore so liberally bestowed.
"The Western Transportation Company's (Leech's) Passenger
Line leaves Philadelphia daily at 8 o'clock A. M., via Pennsylvania
Canals and Railroads for Pittsburgh via Columbia and Harrisburg,
through in four days. The fare to Harrisburg, Iii miles, $3.oo;
Newport, I38 miles, $3.50; Mexico, I55 miles, $3.8I; Lewistown,
171 miles, $4.06; Huntingdon, 216 miles, $4.87; Alexandria, 226
miles, $5.oo; Williamsburg, 238 miles, $5.25; Hollidaysburg, 254
miles, $5.50; Johnstown, 290 miles, $6.50; Pittsburgh, 394 miles,
$7.o00o.
83POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Republican in its party allegiance and had supported Governor
Thomas McKean, as against United States Senator James Ross, a
Federalist. Governor McKean was a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, a President of the Continental Congress, and a Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. In the election of
I8o8, Simon Snyder, Democratic-Republican, was elected Governor
and served until 1817, thus assuring for Pennsylvania a political alignment with Presidents Jefferson and Madison.
Due to their several political attachments, the records of the
United States Senators from west of the Alleghenies are an interesting study. They have been the political mentors for the several
movements here, and have reflected national politics through their
participation through the years. Albert Gallatin, of Fayette County,
was the first to be elected. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland, January 29, I76I; emigrated to America in I780, and entered the military
service for a short time; then acquired lands in Springhill Township,
Fayette County, in I787; and located and lived at Friendship Hill for
forty years. He was a delegate, along with John Smilie, to Pennsylvania's Constitutional Convention of I790o and served in the Pennsylvania Legislature I79 -93, when he was elected to the United
States Senate. He took his seat in that body on December 2, I793,
but was unseated by a strict party vote of fourteen to twelve on February twenty-eight, due to his not having been a citizen of the United
States for a sufficient number of years as required by the Constitution. After his activities in the Whiskey Insurrection he was in the
Pennsylvania Assembly for another term, and in Congress for three
successive terms, the first during Washington's administration, and the
last two during the Adams administration. He was not only a pioneer
in national politics, but a pioneer in the glass industry in the town of
New Geneva, which he founded. He became Secretary of the Treasury in the Jefferson and Madison cabinets, from I8oI to I814, and
was later Minister to France and to Great Britain. His fine home at
Friendship Hill was the seat of the renowned reception to General
LaFayette in I825 during his return visit to the United States. On
Senator Gallatin's return from the Court of St. James, he located in
New York to engage in literary pursuits, and died there August I2,
I849. He was a Democrrt through the years of his political life.
The next United States Senator, James Ross, was born in York
County, November I2, I762, and came to Jefferson College as a Latin
3SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
On the levels between the planes the cars were moved by horses at
first, but afterwards wood-burning steam locomotives were used. The
first locomotive was the "Boston," made in Boston, Massachusetts, in
I834, and weighed eight and one-half tons, and at a cost of $6,896.75.
Its two driving wheels were four feet in diameter, with wooden fellows and spokes, and with cylinders eight inches in diameter, with a
sixteen-inch stroke. Other engines, the "Allegheny" and "Delaware,"
were made in New Castle, Delaware, and later ones, in Pittsburgh.
To facilitate the movement of freight over the mountain without
unloading, section boats were used, the sections being loaded on trucks
and transported over the planes. At Hollidaysburg and Johnstown
the three sections were joined together and returned to the water.
Even before the coming of the Pennsylvania Railroad to replace
the canal system across the central part of Pennsylvania, the operation of the western division of canals was important. River transportation down the Ohio from Pittsburgh was an easy matter, so the
canal commissioners worked out extensions to the northwest. Stephen
Girard, of Philadelphia, contributed three hundred thousand dollars
in 1832 for internal improvements in Pennsylvania, the greater part of
which went into the construction of the Beaver and Lake Erie Canal.
Ground was broken for the Beaver Division on July 28, I83I, at
New Brighton, and it was completed to New Castle in I834. Ohio
then began a system of canals, with an eastern division from Akron
across to Youngstown, and down the Mahoning River to connect with
a similar extension which Pennsylvania projected westward from its
Beaver Division to New Castle. The Beaver Division was so successful in operation that it was decided to extend it on northward, through
Greenville, Hartstown, and Pymatuning Swamp, toward Erie, with
Conneaut Lake as a feeder, and with an extension to Meadville and
Franklin, down French Creek. The largest part of this work was
performed in 1840 and 184I, but it was not finally completed through
to Erie until the Erie Canal Company finished it in I844. It was
fully opened up for service when the ice broke up in the spring of
i845. The company prided itself in that a traveler could leave New
Castle at seven o'clock P. M. and arrived at Pittsburgh the next
morning at eight A. M. The Reed line of packets advertised that traveling at five miles per hour was better than the stages and more comfortable. Until the completion of the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad
through in I864, this canal enjoyed a non-competitive trade for about
-84TRANSPORTATION
twenty years. After the Pennsylvania Railroad leased the Erie and
Pittsburgh line in I870, and the Erie Canal Company went bankrupt
in I 871 and sold the canal to the Pennsylvania Railroad, the line from
Beaver to Erie ceased to function and its canal beds and locks are
fast disappearing.
Captain Edward J. Braden, of Bradenville, was one of the last
commanders of a canal boat on this division, and he thus describes it as
he knew it in I870. He first engaged with the company for the summer season of I870 at the terminus at New Brighton, and his run was
through Wampum, New Castle, Sharon, Greenville, Hartstown, Lockport and Girard to Erie. It took three days and three nights to make
the run of one hundred and thirty-six miles one way, or six days by
daylight. Captain Braden first drove horses, later became first mate,
and then was in command of a boat. The summit at Hartstown had
an elevation of eight hundred feet above the Beaver River, and was
nine hundred feet above Lake Erie. In the entire distance of one
hundred and thirty-six miles there were one hundred and thirty-seven
locks. Within three miles of the summit there were twenty-one locks,
and near Lockport there were twenty-seven locks within a distance of
nine miles. There was one nine-mile level, two five-mile slackwater
levels, and three three-mile slackwater levels. The cargoes which
Captain Braden hauled consisted of coal, pig-iron, and such local
freight as might be picked up along the way.
It seems that the section of the western division between Leechburg and Johnstown was put into full operation in I834, the same
year that the Portage Railroad was completed. There was much trouble with the high dam which was constructed at Leechburg in the
Kiskiminetas River, and which produced a seven mile level between
Apollo and Leechburg. The floods of 1831 and 1832 did much damage to the locks and dams there, and thus prevented a full operation of
transportation, and necessitated repairs at great cost to the State.
The first through boats passed Leechburg in I 834, and had such names
as: Pioneer, Pennsylvania, Dewitt Clinton, and General Lacock.
The main line of the Pennsylvania Canal had an uninterrupted
period of operation until its sale to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company about August I, I857, about twenty-three years. There was
much difference of opinion as to its success, but the coming of swifter
railroad transportation spelled its doom eventually. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company paid the State of Pennsylvania $7,500,000
85SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
for a system that cost the State $I8,615,666. Hon. Alexander K.
McClure, who was a member of the Legislature that authorized the
sale, made this characteristic comment: "I felt great pride in being
able, as a member of the house, to propose and pass unanimously an
act of five lines abolishing the canal board that had been a fountain
of debauchery and profligacy for many years." As in the case of many
other governmental enterprises politics entered largely into the selection of the canal boards. Still another characteristic comment came
from Dr. James Macfarlane, father of Judge James R. Macfarlane,
of the Allegheny County courts, that "the building of the canals should
have been suspended, for all the money spent after the date of I830,
the advent of George Stephenson's steam accomplishments, was
wasted."
Even before the outright sale to the Pennsylvania Railroad, the
canal commissioners abandoned the part of the western division
between Johnstown and Lockport. It is recorded that the first train
of passenger cars was operated through to Lockport on August 25,
I85I. The time occupied by the canal packets, along the levels and
through the locks to Lockport was five hours, a distance of twentyfive miles, while the new train made it in three-quarters of an hour.
On February I8, I854, Editor George Nelson Smith, of Johnstown,
penned the following:
There is now a continuous track without an inclined plane from
Pittsburgh to Philadelphia. We pen this sentence with a feeling of
triumph mingled with regret. Good bye, Old Portage! For many
a long year you have served the people faithfully, the most dangerous
and yet the safest road for passengers in the Union. Twenty-five
years ago, you were a great achievement; you were one of the wonders
of the world, whose sight was an era in the loges of sight-seeing travelers. Now you are slow, there are none to do, you reverence; none
except the writer hereof, whose obituary judgment is that you were a
most safe, tedious, serviceable, abused, dangerous, rickety, expensive,
underrated good old road. The first passenger train passed through
the new tunnel (at Gallitzin) Wednesday morning, February I5,
I854. Then sic transit gloria, Portage Road."
86CHAPTER V
From Railroads to Airplanes
The Pennsylvania Railroad Succeeds the Pennsylvania Canal SystemThe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Extends to Pittsburgh and Westward-Their Subsidiary Lines-The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, Now Absorbed by the New York Central Lines-Other Railroads-Early Street Car Lines-The Pittsburgh Railways Company
and Its Predecessors-The West Penn Railways Company-Other
Street Car and Interurban Lines-The Genesis of the Greyhound
Bus Lines and Other Systems-The Building of Great Highways
-Early Airplane Adventures-The Allegheny County AirportMunicipal and Other Airports Within the Area-Mergers and
Abandonment of Transportation Lines.
It was quite natural, historically, that the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company should succeed to the transportation territory and business
of the Pennsylvania Canal. The two natural gateways to the business
of western Pennsylvania were by the general lines of the old Braddock and Forbes roads. The Potomac Canal system to Cumberland,
Maryland, was the natural forerunner of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad system to seek the western trade. When the engineers failed of
making a connection to Pittsburgh via the Youghiogheny River route
by water, the Baltimore and Ohio then sought a franchise to extend its
lines west of the Alleghenies. In I829, Baltimore business men
appeared before the Pennsylvania Legislature for a route up the Susquehanna River and to Carlisle. The Baltimore and Ohio first secured
a franchise to build a line to Pittsburgh in I845. There was a great
battle over the rights of the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and
Ohio, with the result that the Pennsylvania organized on March 31,
1847, with Samuel V. Merrick as its first president, and began its operations immediately to build its line to Pittsburgh. The Baltimore and
MSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Ohio was soon to secure its full rights also to cross the mountains to
the southward, and their difficulties and their surmountings are a
story in itself. We shall deal specifically with the extensions of the
Pennsylvania Railroad system into southwestern Pennsylvania first.
After numerous surveys the present line of the Pennsylvania Railroad westward was decided upon, and pending the completion of the
Pittsburgh Division, arrangements were made to connect it with the
State-owned Portage Railroad, by the construction of a branch six
miles long from Altoona to Hollidaysburg "Y." The first section of
the new railroad was completed September I, I849, as far as Lewistown, during the presidency of William C. Patterson. On September
I7, I85o, it was completed to the Portage Railroad near Hollidaysburg, and operations over the mountains to Johnstown began in the
spring of i 85 I. While the connections with the Portage Railroad were
being made the grading of the line between Johnstown and Pittsburgh
was proceeding, one section west from Johnstown and another east
from Pittsburgh. It was not so difficult to follow the contour of the
land over the Wilkinsburg knuckle and into the Turtle Creek valley,
and thence up Brush Creek as far as Radebaugh; nor from Johnstown
down the Conemaugh, up McGee's Run valley, over the Scalp Level
knuckle, and down Saxman's Run to Latrobe.
The difficult part to construct was between Latrobe and Radebaugh, from the Grapeville ridge to the Loyalhanna Creek. Three
tunnels were cut through the hills: Carney, Greensburg and Radebaugh. There were deep fills at Greensburg, and a stone bridge at
Latrobe, one of the finest pieces of masonry along with. that just west
of Johnstown station, on the line. The work was done largely by
Irish workmen, with picks, shovels, horses and dump carts. This was
long before the days of great steam derricks. Among the contractors
were: Michael Malone, Richard McGran, Jr., Charles McCausland
and David Williams. The last named also had contracted on the
Pennsylvania Canal, and knew well the best methods of construction
over the streams and rolling hills of western Pennsylvania. It took
three years to complete this section between Radebaugh and Latrobe,
before there was a complete connection through. The trains began
to run regularly between Radebaugh and Pittsburgh on July i 5, i 852,
and, from Johnstown to Latrobe, about the same time. Much of the
freight was transfe;red at first at Lockport and sent down the canal,
and when the line was completed to Latrobe and later as far as Beatty,
88FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
both freight and passengers were transferred over to Radebaugh by
stage and Conestoga wagon. The great dumps at Greensburg were
tested out by the first train on November 29, 1852. Railroad dumps
had to settle in those early days, and the single track road from Johnstown to Pittsburgh, including the branch three miles long over to
Blairsville from Blairsville Intersection (now Torrance), was formally
opened to trade on December Io, i8r.
The old station house at Blairsville, where Joseph Zimmers was
the agent, is still standing and used as a dwelling in the residential section of the town. This made Blairsville one of the busiest towns
in Pennsylvania for the few years that it enjoyed these terminal facilities. Railroad operations, due to the high cost of building the road,
were kept at the minimum. Mr. Zimmers had as his first assistant Robert D. Walkinshaw, who had been a lock-tender up in the Packsaddle
before the railroad came through. While Mr. Zimmers was busy with
the transfer of freight and canal shippings, Mr. Walkinshaw would
sell the tickets to the East, and then board the train and serve as conductor to punch the tickets over the three mile run to Blairsville Intersection. When this branch line was extended to Indiana and opened
for use on June 9, i856, Robert D. Walkinshaw was the conductor of
the first train that ran from Blairsville Intersection to Indiana.
The entry of the Pennsylvania Railroad into Pittsburgh stimulated railroad building west of that city. The State of Ohio passed an
act on February II, I848, incorporating the Ohio and Pennsylvania
Railroad Company to extend from Mansfield, through Wooster, Massilon and Canton to the eastern line of the State. The State of Pennsylvania approved and incorporated the same law into its statutes on
April i i, i848, and appointed the following well known Southwestern
Pennsylvanians as incorporators: Neville B. Craig, James Woods,
William M. Lyon, William Robinson, Jr., Harmer D enny, Thomas
Bakewell, Joshua Howe, A. W. Loomis, and David Shields of Allegheny County; James Patterson, Daniel Agnew, Joseph Pollock, William Henry, Ovid Peiny, Francis Reno, and Dr. D. Leisure, of Beaver
County; John B. Myers, John A. Wright, John H. Diehl, James
McGee, James Taquair, Joseph M. Thomas, Lewis Cooper, and
Solomon W. Roberts, of Philadelphia. On April 8, I85o, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company was authorized to extend its
tracks up the Ohio River to the mouth of the Beaver to connect with
the Ohio and Pennsylvania.
89SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Other incorporations looking to the construction of lines leading
into Pittsburgh in aid of its transportation problems, were the Pittsburgh and Erie, extending through Beaver, Lawrence, Crawford and
Erie counties on April 21, I846; the Pittsburgh and Wheeling on
April 9, I849; the Pittsburgh and Steubenville on March 24, I849.
Still another was projected up the Chartiers Valley to Washington.
But of rather great interest, the old Hempfield Railroad Company was
organized and incorporated May I5, I850, to construct a railroad
from Greensburg to Wheeling, and the incorporators, all Westmoreland County men, were: Samuel L. Carpenter, prominent surveyor;
Henry Welty, Hugh Y. Brady, Henry D. Foster, Esq., J. M. Burrell,
Esq., John C. Plumer, David Fullwood, Joseph H. Kuhns, Esq., John
Morrison, Dr. A. T. King, William Jack, and H. C. Marchand, Esq.
Work was actually started on this line by the grading of cuts and fills
across Westmoreland and Washington counties, and the start of bridge
piers in the Monongahela River. The work of grading was begun in
I853, and the line completed and used until the Baltimore and Ohio
acquired it as a part of their Pittsburgh-Wheeling line in I885. Had
the Hempfield Railroad been built clear through over the entire seventy-eight miles to Greensburg, it would have diverted traffic to
Wheeling and on westward, instead of to Pittsburgh. It stands historically as an example of the battle of rival cities for trade ninety
years ago, and for the next decade.
By the Act of February 28, I852, the Pennsylvania R;ailroad was
authorized to build a lateral railroad from a point between Latrobe
and Greensburg, through Connellsville and Uniontown, and if completed to Uniontown, then on over to Geneva and Waynesburg. This
line was not built, but in later years, in I876, the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad was built from Greensburg to Fairchance, as it is now
operated, and which proved during the peak of the coal and coke
industry, to be one of the best paying roads in the State. It is now
leased by the Pennsylvania.
By a merger of the Ohio and Indiana Railroad and the Fort
Wayne and Chicago Railroad, into the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and
Chicago, incorporated April 4, I856, a continuous line of track was
afforded for four hundred and sixty-eight miles between Pittsburgh
and Chicago. Then the Pittsburgh and Steubenville Railroad and the
Steubenville and Indiana Railroad were merged to form the Pittsburgh, Columbus, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, familiarly called
90the "Panhandle," because of its extending across the then Panhandle
of Virginia. The Chartiers Valley Railroad was absorbed by this
line also, giving a Pennsylvania Railroad connection into Washington,
and adding to the service rendered by the Hempfield Railroad to
Wheeling.
Three narrow gauge railroads of great historical interest have
been constructed within this area. The earliest was the Washington
and Waynesburg, constructed in I874, and the only railroad into
Greene County for many years.  Its little engines and cars were
decidedly picturesque, as they wound around and over the hills and
down the smaller valleys of southern Washington and northern Greene
counties. There were two small horseshoe curves on it and numerous
other curves, which caused a facetious traveler to write thus about it:
"It wriggles in and it wriggles out,
And leaves the matter still in doubt,
Whether the snake that made the track
Was going out or coming back."
About two decades ago, after it had been operated for a time
under lease by the Pennsylvania Railroad, it ceased operations, except
for a trip or two a day by a gasoline car hauling milk. The accompanying picture was taken at the Washington station of the PennsylENGINES OF PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD AND WAYNESBURG  WASHINGTON
RAILROAD, DURING THE BUSY LIFE OF THE LATTER ROADSOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
vania Railroad Company some years ago, when the Waynesburg and
Washington was in operation, and shows clearly the relative size of
the latter road's engines, as compared with the present monster
engines of the Pennsylvania.
The second narrow gauge railroad in southwestern Pennsylvania
was constructed as the Ligonier Valley from Latrobe to Ligonier, a
distance of ten miles. It passed along the north side of the Loyalhanna Creek, through the gap of the Chestnut Ridge. Its first president was S. H. Baker, and its first superintendent was Richard B. Mellon. It was graded in I872, but due to financial conditions was not
completed until I878. Later it was changed to standard gauge, due
to the opening up of coal operations in the Ligonier Valley. During
the sixty years of its operation, it has been owned by the family of the
late Thomas Mellon, who financed it in the beginning. On it, at the
eastern foot of the Chestnut Ridge, is the beautiful Idlewild Park, the
mecca of thousands through the years.
The third interesting narrow gauge railroad was the Pittsburgh,
New Castle and Lake Erie, extending from Etna, on the Allegheny
River in Allegheny County to Zelienople, in Butler County. It was
built in I878, and the first train was run on January I, I879, to haul
passengers, with David Hunter as engineer. When the road got into
financial difficulties later on, the bondholders foreclosed and the sheriff
sold the road to the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad Company, which
extended it to Allegheny and New Castle, with a branch from Callery
to Butler. Joseph Ramsay, the superintendent, who later became
president of the Wabash railroad system, would not deliver possession
of the general offices, and one Sunday morning, General Negley, with
a number of huskies, came to Harmony, just adjoining Zelienople, with
an engine and flat cars, loaded the records and furniture on the cars,
and left for Pittsburgh. The road was soon changed to standard
gauge, and some years ago was sold to the Baltimore and Ohio and
became a part of its system.
There were other efforts to extend the railroad system to supersede the canals. The Northwestern Railroad Company was incorporated by the Act of February 9, i 853, to build a railroad from some
point on the Allegheny Portage Railroad, at or west of Johnstown, by
way of Butler, to the Pennsylvania and Ohio State line, or some point
on the western boundary line of Lawrence County. The Casalo Iron
Company, of New Castle, was given the right to subscribe to the capi92FROM RAILROADS TO AIRPLANES
tal stock of this new road in 1854, not to exceed $Ioo,ooo. The erection of the bridge at Freeport was not to obstruct navigation in the
Allegheny River. After this railroad was partially completed, it was
also sold on a foreclosure by the bondholders, and the new West Penn
Railroad Company was incorporated by the Act of March 22, I860,
to take over its assets on the foreclosure, and finish the road. By the
Act of 1867 it was also authorized to complete the road to New Castle,
with branches to Pittsburgh. Later the main line ran from Blairsville
to Pittsburgh, with a branch only to Butler.
The extension of the Baltimore and Ohio from Cumberland to the
Ohio River first was envisioned by branches: one through Fairmont,
to the mouth of Fish Creek, forty miles below Wheeling, or to
Parkersburg at the mouth of the Little Kanawha, and thence by
Marietta to Coshocton, Ohio. The first line, however, was completed
to Wheeling on Christmas eve in I852, by the route of the upper
Youghiogheny in Maryland, the Cheat River and Kingwood, down
Tygart Valley Creek, and across by Fishing Creek to Moundsville
and up the river to Wheeling. Much opposition to its crossing Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh arose on the part of Gen. Henry Beeson of
Uniontown, and others. They argued that it would take buisness
away from the National Road. The Pennsylvania Railroad opposed
it vigorously, but the work was started by the building of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad up the Monongahela and the
Youghiogheny rivers, and opening it in I855. Then extensions eastwardly were completed to Falls City, (later Ohiopyle) in February,
I871, and finally through to Pittsburgh, by the extension of the Baltimore and Ohio westward from Cumberland. The first train was run
over the line on April io, I871, thus giving the Baltimore and Ohio
a Pittsburgh connection to its system.
Many branches were added by the incorporation of smaller railroad lines to connect with the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio.
There were the Somerset and Mineral Point Railroad, the Johnstown
and Somerset Railroad, the Buffalo Valley Railroad to Berlin, the Salsburg and Baltimore Railroad, and the North Fork Railroad up Laurel
Hill Creek. These all became parts of the system, many of them
serving later as roads in the development of coal lands. The Fayette
County Railroad Company was incorporated by the Act of May i,
1857, for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Uniontown to
Connellsville. It had a capitalization of $750,000 and Judge Nathan93