PITTSBURGH
of
TODAY444                    PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
industries employed 154,252 wage earners and 31,449 salaried workers. The
total wages paid to the first class of employees was $229,891I,400, and the
total salaries paid were $81,557,800oo. The total of both salaries and wages
was $3 11,449,2oo00. The capital invested in manufacturing was $993,o93,ooo.
The foregoing figures cover manufacturing only. If the capital invested
in mining and other forms of industrial production be added it will be seen
that Pittsburgh's industrial capital has reached a probable total of not far
from $I,250,000,o000oo. This is written in I931 but it will be a year or more
before even the preliminary industrial reports of the 1930 Federal Census
are made public. Meanwhile, the following classification of Pittsburgh's
principal industries (manufacturing) as reported by the Pennsylvania State
Department of Internal Affairs for I928 with change from preceding year
exhibits the titanic character of the community's development:
Metal and metal products................ $I,I39,895,600 -O 0.9%
Food and kindred products................  I27,9Io,ioo  --00o.8%
Chemicals and allied products...............  65,619,2oo00   + I6.4%
Paper and printing industry................   39,625,600   +00.9%0
Clay, glass and stone products..............   35,678,700   + 8.9%o
Mine and quarry products..................  26,77Q,200   + 8.3%o
Textiles and textile products..............  I4,312,400   + I I.9%
Lumber and its remanufacture..............  I2,I96,500   -I6.2%
Leather and rubber goods..................   2,719,500   -I4.7%
Tobacco and its products..................    I,I57,800   -26.9%
Miscellaneous.............................   59,420,400   + I3.2%
Total value of products................$I,525,706,ooo000   +00.4%
In an endeavor to ascertain the rate of growth of industries in Allegheny
County since I920, the Statistical Bureau of the Pennsylvania Department of
Internal Affairs has made a most invaluable industrial tabulation. The
Bureau divides the industries of Pennsylvania into ten general classes, and
of these groups or classes the one in Allegheny County which has shown the
greatest growth since I920 is Clay, Glass and Stone Products, with an increase of 39.5% in value of products in I928 as compared with I920. Second
comes the Paper and Printing industry with an increase of I6.3%; followed
by the Textile industry with an increase of II.4%. The other seven classifications show varying decreases.
Comparing I928 with 1927, local industries show increases as follows:
Secondary Metal Products 46.I%; Chemicals I6.4%; Textiles Ii.9%; Clay
and Glass Products 8.9%; Mines and Quarry Products 8.3%; Paper and
Printing Products o.8%.
The year I928 as compared with I920 showed an increase in payroll
(wages and salaries) in all classifications except Primary Metals and Mines
and Quarries, the increases ranging from 24.8% to 104.7%.  In the numberPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
this meeting always has been credited with having done invaluable work
for the success of the movement, Mr. Heinz had been a leader in the
Greater Pittsburgh movement for years and had served on the central
committee.
Another hard civic fight was his fight against evil, organized and
unorganized, when he decided to clean up a dwelling district near the
Heinz plant, and make it fit for laboring people of small earning power
to live in. It was known as a "red light" district, and real estate men,
as well as police and other city officials told him that he was undertaking
an impossible task.
He purchased quietly till, in the course of two years, he possessed
several hundred properties. As the regular real estate men were so sure
that he could not succeed, he established his own real estate department,
opening two offices with staffs of office men and repair men. Trained
investigators, aided at times by detectives hired by him, were sent to get
the facts necessary to drive out objectionable tenants and to make sure
of good ones in their place. "Go back through their records for fifteen
years, if necessary," he told them, "so that we'll be sure of every tenant."
When he got the right tenants, he kept them. He kept them by the
simple device of making repairs before they were requested, and making
improvements, big and little, which no tenant of that class ever would
have dreamed of getting. The word was passed around. The district
became a home district of decent people. Its whole appearance was
changed. And greatly to his delight, he was able to demonstrate to the
doubting Thomases that it worked out practically as well as ethically.
Before his time, the nature of the tenancy had caused fluctuating habitation with a vagrancy of about twenty per cenrt, added to which was the
loss of rents from those who flitted without notice. The net income from
the properties, despite the fact that nothing or next to nothing had been
expended on them for repairs, had been less than one per cent. Mr.
Heinz could point to a record of no vacancies at all, rentals paid regularly, and a net income of five or six per cent, all created by management,
to the benefit of landlord and tenants, both.
He was sixty-five years old when he thus entered a business new to
him and successfully devised a way of his own to conduct it. While
he still was building the district up, he was called upon to become Chairman of the Pittsburgh Flood Commission to seek a definite method for
controlling the rivers whose erratic behavior so often made wide destruction. He accepted enthusiastically. It was a service that brought into
play all those qualities predominant in him-hatred of waste, analytical
study for basic causes, constructiveness.  Hundreds of thousands of
dollars were raised by public subscription to augment the appropriations
524PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
525
from City, County and State. At his own expense he went to Europe
to study flood-control, returning with a mass of invaluable reports and
technical information. A complete survey was made of the watersheds
of the Ohio and the Allegheny with their tributaries.  Great manufacturers and merchants, real estate owners and engineers, all joined as
members of the commission to make it a work as thorough as any ever
done in the United States.
The plan, as finally presented, provided for a radical and definite
elimination of flood-water, but necessarily it was a plan that went far
beyond what the City of Pittsburgh, or even the State of Pennsylvania,
could do alone, because the watersheds lay, in part, in other States. The
magnitude of the project was so enormous that its sponsors knew very
well that many years must pass before even a beginning could be made,
for aside from the financial problem, the legal aspects demanded action
by the Federal Government as well as co6peration from various neighboring States. Mr. Heinz hardly expected to see the work begun in his
lifetime, but he took great pride in the report and the plans, feeling that
ultimately they should lead to a colossal modern work of reclamation and
conservation which will be a monument to American engineering science
and vision.
Another communal activity that gave Mr. Heinz enduring happiness was
the work of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society, which, in its time,
did great service for community improvement. He was particularly interested
in its musical program, for, though he was without musical training, he had
a vivid perception of the cultural influence of music. As the price of admission to the whole Exposition (which lasted two months each year) was only
25 cents, he saw the opportunity for bringing classical music and great artists
to the people. He was not afraid of "going over their heads."
Col. J. M. Schoonmaker, who was Chairman of the Music Committee,
in telling how Mr. Heinz inspired the idea of offering a type of music higher
than the customary bands, told this story:
The first great artist we had was Materna. She had a magnificent
voice, there was a great audience, and she sang most beautifully. But it
was plain to me that her music was away above the heads of the people.
I tried to start the applause, but it did not draw much. There were two
great big fellows near me who didn't applaud, and I heard one say:
"Oh, I'd rather hear     "mentioning a very ordinary singer
of popular songs. I told my story to Mr. Heinz, saying I was afraid
that we had made a big mistake. He smiled and said, "Go ahead. We
will get a music-loving community by and by. We will educate the
people up to good music." We took his advice, and it will be recollectedPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
what good music we had at the expositions, and the many great artists
who appeared. The people enjoyed Damrosch, for instance, for a whole
afternoon or evening for twenty-five cents instead of two dollars and
fifty cents. A musical atmosphere with the refinements that go with it,
grew up in our community; and it was due largely to Mr. Heinz' nerve
and vision.
A child problem that Mr. McCafferty describes as having been very close
to-Mr. Heinz was that of the children in the district around the plant-not
merely in the properties owned by him, but in the whole area. Their pleasures
and opportunities were pitiably small, for their parents were mostly of the
unskilled laboring class. He started a canvass of the number of children,
their ages and other facts, to get the basis for a plan. While he was revolving
various ideas, he had an interesting little psychological experience.  He
dreamed that his son Howard, then at Yale, had come to him with a proposal to undertake this community task.
It was, of course, "wholly logical that to a mind occupied with the problem
there should come such a solution in a dream, for he and his son had long
been intimately united in thoughts and purposes. There was, however, a
coincidence that gave it touch of the unusual. A day or two after the dream,
he received a letter from Yale, in which the son asked permission to start
the club work for boys in the factory neighborhood."
In I9OI Howard Heinz began this work in what he described as "a couple
of rooms, a kitchen, and a bath tub." It was named "The Covode House,"
in memory of Jacob Covode of Sharpsburg, who had been Mr. Heinz's stanch
friend when friendship was sorely needed back in the panic of'76. The
work began with a few boys gathered from the alleys. It grew so fast, its
young founder could hardly keep up with it. His father "pursued his usual
strategy-allowed him to bear all the responsibility, acted as if he did not
see the duties and labors piling up, and yet managed to participate in the club
life and to supply the necessary means without undermining initiative. In
fact, the history of that beginning told in all its smaller details, would make
an illuminating chapter in the science of social experiments. The two rooms
grew to a couple of moderately sized buildings. Several hundred boys were
being looked after, and the staff had grown from the one young college man
to a number of workers. When the idea of a similar club for girls presented
itself as the next stage in development, Henry J. Heinz perceived that the
opportunity had arrived for carrying out a deep, fond intention-that of erecting a memorial to his departed wife that should truly typify what her life
had represented. There could be none more truly and beautifully expressive
of her, whose great heart had gone out to every unfortunate child, than a
building to house fittingly and nobly the work that her son had founded."
526PITTSBURGH--CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
527
Henry J. Heinz's death on May I4, I9I9 was the result of pneumonia that
developed not long after his return from a sojourn in Florida. The esteem
in which he was held throughout the country, in all parts of which he had
distinguished and ardent friends, was most impressively manifested. Apt
expression had been given to it nearly five years before on the occasion of
a dinner tendered by Howard Heinz to his father on the latter's 70th birthday.
Governor Brumbaugh of the State of Pennsylvania addressed to Howard
Heinz at that time this message:
You little know how much your good father is loved. His splendid
enthusiasm, his fine business insight, his manly modesty, his love for
others, and above all, his fine Christian character, make him a great leader
and one of Pennsylvania's truly noble citizens.
John Wanamaker, addressing the honor guest on that occasion as "My
dear long-time friend," wrote:
However the years may count up, neither time nor multiplying duties
faithfully done by you seem to make you older. Keep straight on, dear
man of infinite kindness, of modest generosity and manly friendships
and noble Christian testimony, and great shall be your reward on earth
as well as in heaven.
On October II, I924, the Soth anniversary of H. J. Heinz's birth and the
55th anniversary of the establishment of his business, Pittsburgh witnessed
one of the most impressive ceremonies of the kind ever arranged in this
country. The ceremony was the unveiling and dedication of a beautiful memorial to the founder, erected at the main plant on the North Side, Pittsburgh,
by the employees of the conmpany as a token of love and esteem. Emil
Fuchs, artist and sculptor, executed the statue of Henry J. Heinz along with
the bas-relief panels flanking it. Howard Heinz, president of the company,
conceived the idea of a great dinner on the evening of the dedication, at which
the more than IO,OOO employees and officers of the company should join in
celebrating the unveiling of the memorial, and at the same time commemorate
fifty-five years of uninterrupted cordial relations between the company and
its workers.
The dinner was an international one, tendered by the board of directors
to all the men and women in the organization in 62 cities in the United States,
Canada, England and Scotland, and was so arranged that the participantsnumbering as already noted more than Io,o0-met at exactly the same
time, the 62 banquets being scheduled to synchronize with the hour of 6:30
P.M. in Pittsburgh. The San Francisco diners assembled at 3:30 P.M., the
London members at II:30 P.M. The menu was identical everywhere. The
courses were served practically at the same moment from the Pacific Coast toPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
the British Isles. All the Io,ooo diners heard the addresses, the singing and
the applause as plainly as if they had been at the banquet in Pittsburgh. This
was made possible by a radio service which attained an astonishing perfection
of service. Letters and telegrams from both hemispheres indicated that a
great public had listened in, and the addresses were heard even in Cape Town,
South Africa, as a cable message declared to the banqueters in Pittsburgh.
Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States, spoke from the White
House over special direct telephone connection with the banquet hall in Pittsburgh, where his voice was caught up and broadcast by the great Westinghouse Station KDKA over three or four continents. George Wharton Pepper, United States Senator from Pennsylvania; Charles M. Schwab, President
of the Bethlehem Steel Company, and James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor in
President Coolidge's cabinet, were among the speakers.
In A Golden Day, a souvenir of the memorial and the celebration, the
story of the event says:
One of the oldest employees, honored by them all, unveiled the
statue that they had given as their tribute to H. J. Heinz's memory.
When her hand revealed the sculptor's work, it stood as more than an
embodiment of his face and form. It stood as an embodiment of a
human hope. He had put good will first in every human relation. It
had expanded into the chief force of every part of an enormnous enterprise. He had sought to replace the terms "emnployer" and "employees"
with the terms of fellowship. He had dared to let the heart, and not only
the head, give counsel. Had he succeeded? The answer was given while
he lived. He, who would have adhered to his creed of brotherhood even
if it had failed, had lived to see it triumph in that very field of practical
business where timid men and skeptics had believed that it could find
no place.
528CHAPTER XII
THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRYCHAPTER XII
THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
Coal Mine Operated Near Fort Pitt in I76o-First Mine Fire in I765-The
Penns Purchase from the Six Nations All the Coal Fields in This Part
of Pennsylvania at One Cent Per Acre-First Coal Shipped by
River in I803-Primitive Methods of Early River Coal Trade-Epoch
of Individualism in Industry Modified by Coal Consolidations at Beginning of Present Century-The Brown Family Famous Coal Operators
-Tremendous Unmined Reserves in Matchless Pittsburgh and Freeport
Coal Seams-Mr. Frick and the Coke Industry- Development of ByProduct Coke Ovens Revolutionizes and Rejuvenates Coal IndustryRise of the Koppers Comnpany-Coal Becomes an Important Raw
Material as Well as a Primary Fuel-Remarkable Developments in
Distillation of Coal and Other Forms of Coal By-Products Manufacture
Predicted at Two Great International Coal Conferences Held in Pittsburgh Under Auspices of Carnegie Institute of T'echnology-Creation
of the Coal Research Laboratory in I93o--Fight of Western Pennsylvania and Ohio Coal Operators to Recover Lake Trade Taken from
Them  by Southern Operators Through Low Non-Union Wages and
Preferential Railroad Rates.
As remarked in an earlier chapter, almost the first historical glimpse one
gets of Father Pitt shows him with torch in cap and pick in hand. Coal was
Pittsburgh's pioneer industry. The following is quoted from an article by
B. F. Hoffacker of Pittsburgh, published in the Coal  Coke Trade Journal
in its issue of June 9, I926:                      r....!.... -,.
The earliest mention-ef coal mining'dates back to I760, when a
certain Captain Thomas Hutchins, on-a visit,, to Fort Pitt in-'July of
that year, found a coal mine opened on the hill opposite the fort, which
supplied the garrison with coal. This spot was known as "Coal Hill,"
and the opening was somewhere between the Point bridge and the Smithfield street bridge, on the south side of the Monongahela river. It is
now that part of Pittsburgh known as Mt. Washington.
In I765 a Reverend Charles Beatty visited the mine and reported
a fire that had been burning at least a year. This was probably the
first record made of a mine fire in the country.
In I768 the Penn proprietaries purchased from the chiefs of the
53IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Six Nations all the bituminous coal fields of southwestern Pennsylvania,
except that portion north of the old purchase line near Kittanning, for the
sum of $Io,ooo. This purchase includes all the territory to be discussed
in this and following reports, on Fayette, Westmoreland, Washington
and Greene counties. The actual cost of the Pittsburgh coal bed included
in this purchase was less than one cent per acre.
On January 6, I769, John Penn, lieutenant governor of the province,
acting on instruction from the proprietaries, Thomas and Richard Penn,
gave notice to John Lukens, surveyor general, to survey 5,ooo acres,
including Fort Pitt and the "Cole Mine" opposite the fort.
In I784 the Penns sold the privilege to mine coal for ~30 per lot,
in the hills around Pittsburgh, coal being then in general use by the
inhabitants.
In I795 coal was mined under what is now known as Herron Hill
by a Mr. Mossman, and brought into the town in wagons, for use by
the few manufacturing establishments and householders.
In I803 the first coal was shipped.by river. It was taken down the
Ohio and the Mississippi, and finally to Philadelphia where it was
reported sold at 37Y2c per bushel.
A Mr. F. Cummings, writing on the appearance of Pittsburgh in
I807 says: "Another cause of the unprepossessing appearance of Pittsburgh proceeds from the effect of one of the most useful conveniences
and necessaries of life which it enjoys in a permanent degree; namely,
fuel, consisting of as fine coal as any in the world, in such plenty, so
easily wrought, and so near the town that it is delivered in wagons drawn
by four horses, at the doors of the inhabitants at the rate of five cents
per bushel. A load of forty bushels, which costs only two dollars, will
keep two fires in a home for a month. This great consumption of a coal
abounding in sulphur, and its smoke condensing into a vast amount
of lampblack, gives the outside of the houses a dirty and disagreeable
appearance."
- Cramer's Almanac for I814 reports three manufacturing establishments using "Pittsburgh" coal, and in I8I7 the same authority states
that the number using steam power had increased to eight.
In I825 the consumption of coal at Pittsburgh was reported as 36,ooo
gross tons. Almost a hundred tons a day!
In I825 Walton's Pool No. I and Castle Shannon Mines were
supplying coal to Pittsburgh. The writer was in the old workings of
Walton's Pool No. I mine as late as I920 when coal was still being
mined from this pit.
In I837 there were, according to the city directory, not less than
ten mines working in the Coal Hill section alone. Their annual pro532THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
duction was estimated at over 200,oo000 net tons.  Consumption at
Pittsburgh was at the rate of 275,000 net tons that year. Along the
Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers near McKeesport, considerable
river tonnage was being shipped as far south as New Orleans. This was
the beginning of the enormous river shipments that were to follow.
In October, I841, Locks Nos. I and 2 were opened. They were
single chamber locks, 50 by I90 feet. During the first eight weeks
that they were opened, over 50,ooo tons were locked through. In
November, I844, Locks Nos. 3 and 4 were completed and opened, giving
slack water from Pittsburgh to Brownsville. The succeeding year saw
the introduction of the stern wheel towboat, when the Walter Forward,
owned by Captain Bushnell, towed three flats to Cincinnati, loaded with
6,ooo bushels of coal. It was several years later that the practice of
putting the towboat behind the fleet was begun.
As remarked by George H. Thurston in the Centennial History of Allegheny County, published on the occasion of the celebration of the county's
one hundredth anniversary in I888, it was when the shipment down the Ohio
River commenced that the dawn of the Pittsburgh coal trade really began.
This was made in I8I7 by Thomas Jones. Fourteen years previous to that,
however, a shipment of coal had been made to Philadelphia, by way of the
Ohio River, as noted on a previous page. The ship was ballasted with
coal, which was sold on the ship's arrival at Philadelphia for 37/2 cents per
bushel, or $Io.50o a ton. The price "Pilot Tom Jones," first regular shipper,
obtained for his coal at Maysville, Kentucky, the point to which he first
boated coal, is not of record.
About the same time Louis Sweeny engaged in floating coal down river.
The whole transaction, from the mining to the transportation to its down
river market, was a very crude process in comparison with the methods by
which the great bulks of coal are now handled. The pit fromn which Jones
obtained his coal was near what was known as "O'Hara burning pit," and
pierced the hill opposite the mouth of Penn Avenue, about two-thirds the
height of the hill.
Mr. Jones mined his coal in winter, bringing it down the hill on sleds and
piling it on the river bank, until the early spring, when it was loaded on what
were called "French Creeks," being flat bottoms of heavy timber, about 20
feet wide and 8o long, sided up to the height of six or seven feet. These,
when loaded, were moved by the current of the river at its flood period, and
guided by long sweeps or oars by a crew of five to eight men.
This primitive method of transportation gradually grew in scope as the
number of persons engaging in the business increased. In many respects it
was speculative in its character, as the profitable result depended largely upon
533DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
of employees, the two industries just mentioned are the only two which show
decreases in the same period.
In I920 the average annual pay check in industries in Allegheny County
called for $I,78I, while in I928 the amount was $I,677-a decrease of 5.7%.
The value of products per worker in I920 was $II,874, but in I928 the value
per worker was only $8,215, or a decrease of 30.8%, reflecting the fall in
commodity prices.
One of the regrets most frequently expressed by Pittsburgh business men
in our day is that the city has not a greater diversification. The great basic
industries associated with Pittsburgh, such as iron and steel, glass, coal, copper, brass, and tin plate, have so dominated the popular conception of the
city that its lesser industries are almost forgotten. These lesser industries
are nevertheless of no mean importance and present a very considerable
variety. As an evidence of this one need only cite a directory issued by the
Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in June, I930, listing and classifying the
manufacturing establishments of Allegheny County. The names listed in
this directory fall under no less than I98 distinct industrial classifications, so
that Greater Pittsburgh to-day may be said to possess approximately 200
distinct varieties of industry, and a classification issued by the State Department of Internal Affairs credits it with 300.
Notwithstanding this relatively great diversification in a community commonly referred to as if it depended almost entirely on three or four great
basic industries in which it has led the world, there is a historical warrant
for the common remark that Pittsburgh has not sought diversification to the
extent that might have been expected of a community so incomparably situated for widespread distribution of products and so admirably fitted in all
economic respects for manufacturing activity of almost every conceivable
kind. The historical basis for criticism of Pittsburgh's past inclination to
depend on overshadowing dominance in a few great industries consists in
the fact that the community in its earlier industrial development gave promise
of an amazing industrial diversification which admittedly has not been wholly
fulfilled. As pointed out by a very interesting study on Pittsburgh Industries That Used To Be, made after tireless research by Margaret Elder and
presented in a paper read before the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society
on May 28, I929, "almnost at the very beginning distinctive manufacturing
marked the locality. Artisans, skilled workmen, miners, watchmakers,
chandlers, tanners, boatbuilders, carpenters, foundrymen, smiths, indeed
mechanics of all kinds, as well as shrewd business men, came from the East,
and immigrants from Northern Ireland and England found their way here.
After the Revolutionary War Pittsburgh became the center of transportation
for the West, for the demand for all kinds of implements increased as well
as the demand for food, clothing, glass, iron, wagons, and boats of every
445PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
the success that attended the boatmen in bringing their cumbersome "coal
boats" safely to their destination. The hazards were great and the losses frequent, by the sinking, from various causes, of the frail crafts burdened with
such heavy cargoes. The business of "mining coal," as it was at that time
called, continued to increase, and from a few individuals pursuing it, a number
of firms with ample capital made it their sole business, and the spring and fall
rise of the Ohio became important events in the commerce of Allegheny
County. These seasons were the principal periods in which coal was run,
although small "runs" were made when some sudden freshet in the summer
gave sufficient water.
The departures of these coal floats were the occasions of great activity and
interest, as they frequently required, by their bulk, from 300 to 400 men
to manage them, the boats being lashed in pairs, and as many as 30
to 50 pairs leaving the wharves of Pittsburgh, on a fall or spring rise.
Each pair required from eight to ten men to handle the sweeps. The "coal
boat men" were recognized as a special class of population, a sort of Mike
Finks, quite as reckless, and as much disposed to joviality. The "trips," as
they were called, were looked upon by the crews as a combination of hard
work, adventure and frolic, and when returning, either afoot, as they did
sometimes, or as deck passengers on the steamboats, they were more than
likely to be rather riotously disposed. The novelty and spirit of adventure to
be found in a coal boat frequently induced young men of the better classes of
society to engage as one of the crew, and to-day there are to be found among
the staid, sober, elderly citizens of the county, business men who recall with a
pleasurable recollection their "coal boat trip."
This mode of transporting coal to the lower markets continued until I845,
when Daniel Bushnell, who is still living, began as an experiment the towing
of coal with a small stern wheel steamboat called the Walter Forward. This
boat continued to be used for that purpose until the year before the outbreak
of the Civil War, when she was sunk in the Tradewater River, Ky., having
come into possession of a firm mining coal on that stream.
The Walter Forward's first trip was to Cincinnati with three small barges
loaded with 2,oo000 bushels each of coal. In the same year Judge Thomas H.
Baird began towing coal to Hanging Rock, Ohio, with a side wheel boat called
the Harlem and two "model barges," bringing back pig metal as a return
cargo. In I849 Hugh Smith began to tow coal to the lower markets with the
steamboat Lake Erie. In I849, Daniel Bushnell, the originator of this system
of coal transportation, built the Black Diamond to tow coal to Cincinnati, and
extended the carrying by this method to New Orleans, from which date the
towing of coal superseded entirely the old floating system.
If the reader will bear in mind the increase made in the size of coal barges
during and since the World War he may profitably follow an account of the
534THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
system of coal transportation in vogue on the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers
30 or 40 years ago given in the book entitled Pittsburgh's Progress, Industries and Resources. We quote:
The proposition to tow the unwieldy French creeks was received by
the "coal boatmen" with ridicule. The term "crank" had not then been
coined, but those who talked of towing coal as a feasible thing were at
that day spoken of as such under a more derisive name, and conservative
business men shook their heads wisely and smiled dubiously. As the coal
boats had to be floated to market on flood waters to those acquainted
with the rapid currents of the Ohio in the spring and fall rises and June
freshets it did seem a dangerous business to attempt to tow those huge
unwieldy bulks of coal in flat-bottomed, box-shaped boats through the
crooked channels and sharp bends of the river.
The term towing is a misnomer, as the boats and barges containing
the coal are propelled instead of towed. Although this is an old story to
Pittsburghers and many along the river, yet to others it may not be uninteresting to be told that a tow, as it is called, is made up of one towboat
and from ten to fourteen barges, coal boats or flats, and from one to four
fuel boats filled with slack coal for boiler fuel during the trip. These
boats are all placed in front of the towboat, except one on each side of
the steamer, all securely lashed together, forming a compact mass about
350 feet long and I50 feet wide, and holding from 500,000 to 700,000
bushels, or about an average of 24,000 tons, being the yield of from five
to seven acres of coal land according to the size of the "tow" so called.
Of such "tows" from eight to ten in a day in the coal boating stages of
the Ohio leave the harbor of Pittsburgh for all points below as far as
New Orleans, and there are now from 9go to Ioo00 towboats, varying in
cost from $8,ooo to $30,ooo, employed in thus propelling coal, being the
outgrowth in 40 years from the little Walter Forward with her three flat
boats holding 6,ooo bushels or 240 tons of coal.
As explanatory to those who are not "to the manor born" of the terms
of "barge," "coal boat" and "flat," being the "packages," as the trade
term is, in which the coal is carried, a word or two of description of these
"packages" may be of interest. Coal boats are built I70 feet long by 26
feet wide, of one and one-half-inch planks with about I8 inches rake at
each end. They carry 24,000 bushels and draw seven feet when loaded.
They are only used to convey the coal to its point of destination and go
with the coal in the sale. They cost about $6oo each. A barge is I30
feet long by 25 feet wide, constructed somewhat similar to the hull of
a steamboat, but with stern and prow alike having bottom planking of
three-inch thicknesses and gunwales six inches. The loading capacity of
535barges is about I3,oo000 bushels and they draw six feet water when loaded.
They cost from $I,ooo to $I,Ioo, and last from nine to io years, being
towed back from the point where the coal is sold, going by the technical
term of "empties" on the return trip. Fuel boats are similar to barges,
only smaller, being 95x20 feet, and draw four feet water loaded. They
cost $600 and will last io years in service, and carry 7,oo000 bushels. Flats
are 90Xi6 feet, built same as barges, carry 4,oo00o bushels and draw,
loaded, four and one-half feet water, costing about $400.
A tow of coal made up of these various descriptions of boats to the
number as before stated, of I8 barges, coal boats and flats, with the towboat, and loaded with the average of 6oo,ooo bushels or 24,000 tons coal,
represents a value of about $80,0ooo as it leaves the harbor of Pittsburgh.
As before stated eight or Io0 of such massive islands, as it were, of coal,
equal in surface to one and a quarter acres, and floating the coal product
of from six to seven acres of coal land, depart in the boating stages of
the Ohio from Pittsburgh. The driving, for such it almost seems to be,
in its handling, by the deft pilot who with sinewy arms whirls and rewhirls the wheels that guide the boat and this mass of coal, is a task to
which only those brought up to the trade are competent. Skill, judgment,
nerve, are all called into play as this ponderous bulk, borne along on a
river at flood height, running at a current of eight to IO0 miles an hour,
sweeps onward. Through narrow channels, round sharp bends, between
the stone piers of bridges, where a missturn of the wheel, a failure of
judgment, a miscalculation of distance means disaster and wreck, the
pilot guides the tow, now backing, now flanking, now pushing, now floating, watchful and cool the pilot does his work. There is probably no
such boatsmanship shown anywhere else in the world as is displayed by
the Pittsburgh coal boat pilot. It is a wonderful exhibit of skillful navigation, the thus handling by the nerve grip of one man on a wheel a bulk
of 30,0ooo tons, moving at a speed of from 12 to 15 miles an hour down
such a tortuous stream as the Ohio, and with perhaps not five feet to
spare of channel width or two feet of water depth.' As a description of the general character and method of Pittsburgh's river
coal trade the foregoing excerpts from Pittsburgh's Progress, Industries and
Resources are still true in the main. An important exception which must
be noted, however, is that the size of the barges and tows has been largely
increased in the last 40 years. The wooden barge has given place to the steel
one, and while the river coal industry was rightly deemed of great importance
in those days its volume has been tremendously increased in the last generation. Coal has always been the largest article of commerce on the Monongahela River, at one time constituting 75 per cent of that stream's total traffic.
PITTSBURTGH OF TODAY
536THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY                              537
Even in the last 15 years the production of coal in the Pittsburgh region and
the shipments by both the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers have increased at a
surprising rate-surprising, that is, in view of the very large increase of competition by the coal industry of the South. The following figures on river
tonnage from I9I3 to I929 include annually increasing shipments of steel, but
coal still predominates:
Allegheny River   Monongahela River    Ohio River
I913.................. 2, I59,630   I2,039,I75       4,033,685
I914..................  1,945,313  10,373,969        4,282,106
I915..................  1,899,654 I 1I,815,085     4,814,517
I916.................. 2,373,336  I2,875,673      2,882,562
I917.................. 2,300, I43  I6,009, I33    2,887,717
I918.................. 2,287,916  I6,537,746       4,571,935
I919..................  2,058,069  17,137,50I      4,OI7,089
1920............. 4,948,276    24,264,354       4,733,620
1921................. 3,737,44I  I6,I00oo,824     2,340,578
1922.................. 3,948,I76  I4,407,I29       4,912,387
1923.................. 4,612,640  23,560,024       7,286,00o5
I924..................  4,339,5 11  21,878,815     7,450,916
I925.................. 4,744,843  23,716,12I       7,729,215
I926...................3,761,739  26,374,682      I0,I58,478
I927.................. 3,860,947  25,873,029      10O,264,386
1928................. 4,229,275     28,238,772      I 1,213,04I
I929...................   3,783,558    28,907,614       I I,963,972
The history of the Pittsburgh coal trade falls into two periods.  The first
was the period of individualistic competition, which developed a number of
great coal operators whose names became familiar to the entire country and
who amassed large fortunes in this industry. Along about I900, when the
trust-forming tendency in American industry became pronounced, large combinations of capital secured control of the most valuable coal properties in
Western Pennsylvania and the industry fell very largely into the control of
two groups, one known as the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal  Coke
Company (popularly known as the River Combine) controlling the river coal
mines, and the other known as the Pittsburgh Coal Company controlling
mainly railroad mines. These two groups in a relatively short time came together, the Pittsburgh Coal Company absorbing the Monongahela River Coal
Company. The resultant corporation was until recent years unrivaled anywhere in the country for magnitude of capital resources and operation.
Among the operators who figured most largely in the Western Pennsylvania coal industry prior to the era of big coal corporations were the Browns,
Waltons, and O'Neills. The Browns were particularly powerful operators.
William Hughey Brown, the founder of their great interests, was born in
Westmoreland County in I815, and was educated in the public schools. The
brief biographical sketch of him published in Pittsburgh and Environs says:
"His first employment was on the canal, and he subsequently worked atPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
farming in summer and dug coal in the winter months. His earnings were
carefully saved and finally were invested in a horse and wagon, with which
equipment he began his lifelong career in coal dealings. Prosperity attended
his venture and within a comparatively short time there were in his employ a
number of men and teams bringing the supply of coal to the Pittsburgh furnaces. In I845-6 he began floating coal in flat-boats down the Monongahela
River and a short time afterward he and other Pittsburgh operators purchased
a mine in the second pool of the Monongahela River. His partnership with
Alexander Miller and George Black, owners of the Kensington Iron Works,
was formed in I848, these gentlemen being also interested with him in coal
mines at Nine Mile Run, on the Monongahela, and in coking ovens. Of this
latter branch of their business Mr. Brown had entire charge, and his department was built up into a most profitable enterprise. The greater part of their
trade was with Pittsburgh manufacturers, but the surplus was disposed of at
Cincinnati and Louisville, and a business of vast volume resulted. His personal reputation as a leader in coal operations grew with the business of which
he was the head, and he became known as one of the most able producers and
shippers of the region, a man whose energy brooked no setback, who rarely
fell short of the goal to which he aspired.
"New expansion came in I854-5, with the purchase of the steamer, Walter
Forward, and in the following year he purchased a one-half interest in the
steamer Tempest. The General Larimer was added in I858, and he began the
shipment of coal in boats to New Orleans. Previously, coal had been shipped
to the South in barges, a class of large keel boats, but the expense of such
transportation had made the method unprofitable. Mr. Brown's steamers
operated on a paying basis, and that system was widely adopted in the trade.
The first shipment was I2 boats, carrying 230,oo000 bushels of coal, with the
steamer Gramppus on one side and the General Larimer on the other, the flotilla
in charge of Mr. Brown's son, Captain Samuel S. Brown. All expectations
were exceeded in the success of the experiment, and through this new outlet
for Pittsburgh coal a steadily increasing tonnage poured. Other steamers,
the W. H. B., Bee, Collier, and Shark, were added to the fleet to meet the
demands from the South, and Mr. Brown, through operations of great magnitude, maintained his place of leadership on the rivers.
"During the Civil War, Mr. Brown had important contracts with the government to supply coal at Cairo, Memphis, and Pittsburgh, and at the same
time began supplying St. Louis with coal for the gas works. A large degree
of danger attended coal traffic on the rivers during the Civil War, and while
fulfilling his private and government contracts, Mr. Brown had many narrow
escapes and became involved in delicate complications, from all of which he
emerged with honor.
"After the death of William H. Brown in I875, the firm of W. H. Brown
538THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY                           539
Sons was organized, its members: Captain Samuel S. Brown, James H.
Brown, Charles S. Brown, and W. Harry Brown. At the time of the death
of James H. Brown in I882, Captain Samuel S. and W. Harry Brown purchased the interest of the other brother, Charles S., and when the Monongahela Consolidated Coal and Coke Company was formed in I899, the business
was sold to that corporation.
"During this period, in addition to his connection with the family interests,
W. Harry Brown had become a member of the firm of Brown  Cochran,
and was one of the organizers of the Washington Coal and Coke Company
and the Washington Run Railroad Company. He was vice-president of the
former and president of the latter company until the spring of I919, when he
disposed of his more important interests and retired from active life. The
Washington Coal and Coke Company owned mines and coke ovens, operating
I,ooo ovens with a daily output of 6,ooo tons. Mr. Brown is credited with
the pioneer's part in the use of steel barges for the coal carrying trade, and
devised and perfected a crane for transferring coal from barges to vessels
that is now in general use. He held a captain's license, was skilled in navigation, and had interests in eastern coast-wise coal-carrying vessels. W. Harry
Brown died on April 28, I92I."
The Pittsburgh Coal Company, largest of the great coal corporations in
the Pittsburgh territory of to-day, is the owner and operator of mines in
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and Kentucky, having an annual capacity of
between 30 and 35 million tons. The majority of its mines are located in the
heart of the Pittsburgh District in what are known as the Youghiogheny and
Westmoreland fields. In the Pittsburgh District alone the Company owns
I52,745 acres of unmined coal, all of it of the highest grade for gas, coking
and steam purposes. The Company's mines in the Youghiogheny and Westmoreland field are adjoined by the Company's own railway, called the Montour
Railroad, 5I miles in length, and connections are made directly with Lake
Erie Ports and with railroads running east, west and south. In addition to
the Montour Railroad, the Company controls the Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Railroad, the Pittsburgh, Lisbon  Western Railroad, and the Northwestern Coal Railroad Company. Of the total acreage of unmined coal remaining to the Company on December 3I, I929, account is taken only of
present working veins. The result of the unsatisfactory competitive conditions existing in the years from 1922 on, especially in the Lake cargo trade,
may best be inferred from the fact that the gross earnings of the Company in
1922 were slightly over $63,ooo,ooo, and the net earnings $7,265,682. In
I928 the gross earnings had fallen to $42,568,77I, and the net earnings had
been replaced with a deficit of $493,870. During I929 the Company effected
reductions in its labor costs that resulted in overcoming the deficit and leaving
net earnings of $I5,592.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The Pittsburgh Coal Company has abundant facilities for loading coal
into ocean vessels at New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia, and makes shipments from these ports to South American and other countries. It possesses
extensive docks and loading plants at the leading ports on the Great Lakes.
When the Lakes are open to navigation millions of tons of the Company's gas
and steam coals are shipped to its docks on Lake Superior and Lake Michigan,
and from thence widely distributed through the American and Canadian West
and Northwest. The Company owns and operates a large modern dock at
Buenos Aires, Argentina, whence it serves its South American trade. Of the
Company's authorized capital stock of 80 million dollars, half is common
and half preferred. The capital includes also a bond issue of $I9,5I0,000
6 per cents due I949 and $8,792,ooo bonds of subsidiary corporations.
The officers of the Pittsburgh Coal Company in the spring of I930 were
William G. Warden, Chairman of the Board; J. D. A. Morrow, President;
C. E. Lesher, Executive Vice-President; F. J. LeMoyne, Vice-President and
Treasurer; L. E. Young, Production Vice-President; H. E. Booth, Sales
Vice-President; John L. Glenn, Comptroller; Aaron Westlake, Secretary;
and Don Rose, General Counsel. The Directors were James Carstairs, E. M.
Love, Augustus K. Oliver, William G. Warden, J. B. L. Hornberger, J. D.
Lyon, J. D. A. Morrow, R. B. Mellon, Henry Oliver Rea, William P. Snyder,
Jr., W. P. Witherow, W. A. Reiss, W. M. Knox, G. W. Crawford and
Howard N. Eavenson.
Another coal company of great importance in the Pittsburgh territory,
which ships from its mines to all parts of the United States as well as to
Mexico and South America (where its product is used in copper smelting) is
the Hillman Coal  Coke Co. The mines of this Company are almost all in
Western Pennsylvania, mainly in the Pittsburgh, Connellsville, and Irwin
fields. They are advantageously located on the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore
 Ohio, the Monongahela and the New York Central Railroads. Seven of
the mines are provided with river tipples permitting shipments by way of the
Monongahela, Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. Thus, the company is able to ship
at will by either rail or water. It has a large undeveloped acreage, and its
annual capacity, even as long ago as I920, was seven million tons of coal and
one million five hundred thousand tons of coke. The company's business and
capacity have since then steadily increased. The coal produced at its two
Jerome mines in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, is so low in volatile matter,
averaging only I7 per cent, that it can be burned with much less unconsumed
carbon than most other coals and is widely known to the trade as smokeless
coal. It is in great demand for steam purposes, especially in cities having
anti-smoke ordinances. The Company was formed by a merger of the United
Coal Corporation, the Diamond Coal  Coke Company, the Merchant Coal
Corporation, the Naomi Coal Company, the Jenner-Quemahoning Coal Com540THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
pany and the Pittsburgh  Baltimore Coal Company. Its capital stock consists of $3,ooo,ooo 5 per cent preferred ($517,300 issued), $2o,ooo,ooo 7 per
cent preferred ($2,719,6oo issued), and $Io,ooo,ooo common ($6,I33,000
issued). Officers are T. W. Guthrie, President; A. B. Sheets, Vice-President;
E. Hillman, Vice-President; A. R. Budd, Vice-President; T. Watson, VicePresident and Secretary; R. W. Flenniken, Treasurer.
A third coal mining corporation of major importance is the Pittsburgh
Terminal Coal Company, which was incorporated in Pennsylvania on April
28, I902, and in I924 merged with the Meadow Lands Coal Company. The
mines of the Company are almost all in Western Pennsylvania, mainly in the
Pittsburgh, Connellsville and Irwin fields. It owns I9,3oo00 acres of coal land,
and 1,550 acres of surface coal in Allegheny and Washington Counties. No
less than I5,375 acres are on the line of the Pittsburgh  West Virginia
Railroad, and the remaining 3,925 acres on the West Side Belt Railroad.
The capital stock consists of $4,000ooo,ooo000 of 6 per cent preferred, of which
$3,238,700 is outstanding. Common stock amounts to $I3,200,000, of which
$I2,000,oo000 is outstanding in May, I930. The bonded indebtedness at that
date consisted of $2,267,000 of gold 5 per cents, maturing in I942. The
Company's unmined coal is estimated at I20,000,000 tons. Officers, Samuel
Pursglove, President; J. M. Provost, Vice-President; A. J. Appel, Secretary
and Treasurer. Executive Committee, H. T. Wilson, Chairman, M. F.
LeCroix, J. L. Steinburgher, and G. P. Smith.
By far the largest producer of coke in the Pittsburgh territory is the
United States Steel Corporation. That company controls and operates scores
of subsidiary coal and coke companies with an enormous aggregate production. Coal mined by the Corporation in I918 and I919, which were big years,
amounted to almost 6I million tons. Its coke production, which is almost entirely in the Pittsburgh District, amounted in I9I9 to I5,463,649 tons.
In that year 6o per cent of the Corporation's coke production was in the
modern by-product ovens as distinguished from the old bee-hive ovens, and
since then the proportion of by-product production has steadily increased.
The enormous coke interests of the U. S. Steel Corporation were acquired
mainly with the Carnegie Steel Company when that Company was taken over
to become the backbone of the Corporation, and the Carnegie Company had
secured the best of its coal and coke properties from H. C. Frick when in
I882 it purchased one-half of the stock of the Frick Coke Company. Subsequent purchases made the Carnegie Company the majority owner of the H. C.
Frick Coke Company. In 1897 (to quote Andrew Carnegie's autobiography)
"Our Frick Coke Company now had 42,000 acres of coal land, more than
two-thirds of the true Connellsville vein." At that time the Company's coke
output was I8,ooo tons per day, or approximately 5,000ooo,ooo000 tons a year. Mr.
Carnegie, despite some differences with Mr. Frick as to the management of
54IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
the coke properties, testified that Mr. Frick had a positive genius for the coke
industry, and it is true that while he subsequently was engaged by Mr. Carnegie as executive head of the great Carnegie steel mills, it is as the founder
of the Connellsville coke industry that he made perhaps his most important
contribution to the country's industrial history.
In a discussion of the contribution made by coal to Pittsburgh's industrial
supremacy, J. H. Hillman, Jr., Chairman of the Board of the Hillman Coal
 Coke Co., said to the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I928:
Coal mining even in the early days was not without its difficulties and
dangers, as a mine was reported on fire as early as I765. The Penns
purchased coal lands from the Indians at less than one cent per acre,
which has in recent years sold at prices varying from $I,ooo to $3,000o
per acre. What is perhaps the first bituminous coal lease in Western
Pennsylvania is mentioned as having been made in I784. Pittsburgh was
known as "The Smoky City" as early as I807. As early as I814 manufacturing establishments were springing up near the fuel, and during the
following years the output was increasing rapidly and river transportation was being perfected.
Nature obviously designed the junction of the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio Rivers as the site of a great manufacturing metropolis.
Two seams of coal of rare purity and high quality were deposited over
a vast area and were subsequently but little disturbed by geological
agencies, excepting by the erosion which produced the local river valleys.
While this erosive action caused the disappearance of considerable areas
of coal of the Pittsburgh seam, the mining and transportation advantages
resulting therefrom have offset the loss in acreage. The Pittsburgh seam
as it exists in the Pittsburgh District presents no unusual mining difficulties and is unquestionably the most valuable area of low ash, low sulphur and high volatile gas and coking coal in the world.
In Allegheny County alone the Pittsburgh seam of coal has already
yielded an output of slightly over 500,000,000 tons, and it is estimated
that over 300,000,000 tons of coal of that seam are still available within
the limits of the county. These figures represent but a small portion of
the output and available future tonnage of the Pittsburgh District, as
statistics show that between the years of I909 and I924 the coal output
of the Pittsburgh rate district, bounded on the north by the Freeport
rate district, on the east by the Connellsville rate district, and on the south
and west by the state boundaries, amounted to from about 42,000,000 to
68,ooo,ooo tons annually, with an average of about 55,000ooo,ooo000 tons.
If nature had supplied the Pittsburgh district with the Pittsburgh
seam of coal alone, she could have felt that her duty to the district had
542THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUJSTRY                           543
been fully discharged, but she evidently decided to make Pittsburgh's
supremacy as an industrial center even more secure by providing a second
seam of coal of exceptional thickness and quality-the Freeport seam-at
a depth of about 6oo feet below the Pittsburgh seam. The thick Freeport
seam, for some time erroneously thought to be a combination of the
Upper and Lower Freeport seams, but now recognized to be an abnormal
development of the Upper Freeport seam only, outcrops on both banks
of the Allegheny River in the vicinity of Tarentum but dips beneath the
river a short distance farther south. The unmined thick coal covers a
proven area of about 65,ooo acres, with an estimated tonnage of about
650o,ooo,ooo000 tons. This is mostly in Allegheny County, but includes a
portion of Westmoreland County in the vicinity of New Kensington.
Extending as it does from some distance north of the Allegheny River
to the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers, it is available for both
river and rail shipment. The seam is about 7 to 72 feet thick, including
a band of high ash bone coal of about 8 inch thickness. This coal is of
such low ash and sulphur content as to make it adaptable for the manufacture of by-product coke. In fact, large mines are operated in this
seam by a number of the country's largest independent steel manufacturing companies, principally as a source of coal for their own by-product
ovens.  
Mr. Hillman went on to show what a tremendous effect cheap fuel of the
highest quality, combined with abundant river and rail transportation, had
exerted on Pittsburgh's remarkable industrial development, by pointing out
that in the Pittsburgh coal district within a short distance of the City of
Pittsburgh are found: Domestic coal for use in the grates, stoves or furnaces
of the householder; unsurpassed steam coal for the generation of power; gas
coal, originally used in the manufacture of gas for lighting, but now most
generally used for the manufacture of gas for industrial purposes; and last
but not least, the Connellsville coking coal, from which is made the standard
metallurgical coke of the world.
The advent of the by-product coke oven was referred to by Mr. Hillman
in his Chamber of Commerce address as a great step toward the utilization of
the constituents of coal, resulting, in addition to the production of coke, in the
production of large quantities of gas, tar, ammonia, benzol, and other oils.
The speaker also mentioned the great International Coal Conference held in
Pittsburgh in November, I927, largely through the efforts of Dr. Thomas S.
Baker, President of the Carnegie Institute of Technology. A second conference with virtually every civilized country in the world represented by distinguished fuel technologists was held in the city at Dr. Baker's invitation in
I929. The disclosures made at these coal conferences proved, according to446                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
variety. Many of these earlier industries, perhaps more unique than of great
economic value, gradually became extinct as they were superseded by inventions and machinery. The comb, the spinning wheel, the bellows and tallow
candle makers disappeared quite early. Other industries such as the making
of hand-wrought nails, farming implements and tools lost their identity in
mass production. Others, such as the manufacture of furniture, Windsor
chairs, Venetian blinds, boots and shoes, buttons, flour, hats, pianos, violins,
watches and clocks, have been transferred either to the East or to the West.
Brick, salt and rope making, while they added historical interest and served
among the necessary local industries for a number of years, were never of
great commercial value."
Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, beaver, "castor and
roram" hats were made by Thomas and Samuel Magee; Joseph McClurg
operated a tobacco factory; Joseph White conducted a wagon, chair and
coach factory; James Doran a dyeing establishment; Mr. Wells a boot and
shoe establishment; Zadok Cramer a printing and bookbinding concern (also
edited and published Cramer's Almanac, the most luminous and reliable source of early history available to-day concerning Pittsburgh and
its environs); James Morrison was making carpenters' planes and cabinetwork in I798; William Coghan was manufacturing cigars and tobacco; J. G.
Ramsay was doing a thriving brush-making business, and Matthew McKown
was "struggling to make stocking-weaving a success." In I8oi, George
Cochran was chair-making, and "Hugh Stevenson attempted to weave all
styles of stockings, but was not successful." Dobbins  McElhinny conducted a cabinetmaker's and upholstering establishment; John Davidson and
William Hays operated a tannery prior to I803, and James Caldwell had one
in use I80I-3; William Cecil "made and sold ladies' buckskin saddles, gentlemen's plain burr spring and inlaid saddles and bridles, saddlebags, portmanteaus, valises, traveling canteens, bolsters, light horse caps, fire buckets, etc."
Samuel Haslam, from Bolton, England, was spinning both wool and cotton
in I803, his advertisement warning the public that "he hopes none will come
by way of speculation into his works without leaving twelve cents and a half."
John Sumrall and Joseph McCullough established a boatyard at the "Point"
in I803, having removed here from McKeesport. O'Hara and Coppinger
opened a brewery the same year; Thomas and James Bracken, who had
been operating a pottery, dissolved partnership this year, Thomas Bracken
continuing its operation.
Pittsburgh had its first recorded strike in December, I804, when the
following notice was posted: "This notice is intended to inform the traveling
journeymen shoemakers of Pennsylvania, or of any other state, that the journeymen of this town made a turnout for higher wages. Two or three of
their employers had a meeting, and having a number of apprentices thoughtPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Mr. Hillman, that coal has a great future industrially, scientific development
of its possibilities on a greater scale than ever anticipated until within recent
years being now assured.
In conclusion, said Mr. Hillman, I may say that the success of our
great public utilities, our transportation system and our great industrial
enterprises has been founded upon an abundant and economical supply
of bituminous coal and its by-products. No satisfactory substitute has
yet been found or is likely to be found to replace bituminous coal in
supplying those three essentials of modern social and industrial lifelight, heat and power.
An industry of tremendous importance, not only to the Pittsburgh District
but to the world at large, has been developing by leaps and bounds during the
last two decades. This is the by-product coke industry, which has revolutionized the coke trade of the world and in which Pittsburgh has a dominating
position. F. W. Sperr, Jr., Director of Research of the Koppers Company
of Pittsburgh, the greatest by-product coke oven concern in the world, has
been kind enough to contribute the following sketch of the rise of this farreaching new human activity:
Our modern civilization is founded on iron and coal. Take away
these two materials and you take away the bone and sinew of life as we
live it today. Imagine the vanishing of iron and coal and you must
imagine the vanishing of our skyscrapers, steamships, railroads, automobiles and electric machinery, our everyday tools and utensils, our best
dyes and drugs, and hundreds of other materials that come directly or
indirectly from coal. Furthermore, you must imagine the disappearance
of nearly every facility of heat, power and swift movement that makes a
single year of now equal to a hundred years of yesterday.
Each one of us has at his command thousands of iron slaves to do
the drudgery that was borne by human slaves only a few hundred
years ago. With the annihilation of coal and iron, these servants of
mankind would vanish as completely as Pharaoh's army, leaving the work
of the world to be done by beasts of burden and the arduous toil of men
and women.
This conception of the disappearance of coal and iron with its revolutionary affect upon modern society may seem fanciful and overdrawn.
However, the modern, co6rdinated use of these great materials was practically unknown two hundred years ago. It was the discovery that coke
made from coal could be used to make iron from iron ore that laid the
foundation of the modern iron and steel industry and made possible all
those tremendous developments in the production and utilization of
power and materials that appear commonplace today.
544THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
This discovery was first put on a commercial basis by Abraham
Darby in England some time between I730 and I735-so vague is the
early history of industry that no more definite date can be given. The
story goes that Abraham Darby after six sleepless nights, succeeded
in making the first cast of iron from a coke-fed blast furnace, and thus
started the regular production of iron made in this way.
Previous to this discovery all of the iron made in the world was produced with the use of charcoal, made from wood. Vast forests were
sacrificed to keep pace with the demand. Finally the demand became
too great; some other fuel had to be found. Many attempts were made
to use bituminous coal. They were absolutely unsuccessful. It was
necessary to find a fuel which would not soften and cake and evolve tarry
vapors when heated. Finally the development led to making coke from
coal and using the coke in the blast furnace. Coke is a clean, hard, porous fuel with exactly the right burning properties, and it can stand the
crushing action of the enormous columns of iron ore and limestone in the
blast furnace.
Some idea of what it would mean for the iron industry of the United
States to go back to the use of charcoal can be gained from the fact that
a typical charcoal iron blast furnace producing I6o tons of iron per day
would require each year all of the timber from nearly seven square miles
of land. For continuous operation, with replanting of the forests as they
were cut down, there would have to be held in reserve for this single
small furnace 273 square miles of timber land. If all of the iron now
produced in the United States were made in charcoal furnaces, 4,700
square miles of forest timber would have to be cut down every year to
supply their needs. Also, there would have to be held in reserve at all
times for the use of our iron industry alone, I88,ooo square miles of
forest, or more than the entire area of the New England and Middle
Atlantic States combined.
For many years, all the coke used in the iron industry was made in
bee-hive ovens-dome-shaped affairs about I2 feet in diameter-in which
the gases from the coal and part of the coal itself were burned with
complete wastage of the by-products, leaving about two-thirds of the
coal in the form of coke. Residents of Western Pennsylvania are all too
familiar with the bee-hive coke oven, which still exists in considerable but
greatly diminished numbers.
Technical men all over the world keenly realized the enormous waste
of valuable by-products that went on in the bee-hive oven. For one hundred years there is a record of thousands of attempts to solve the problem
of recovering these by-products. This long period of struggle is the
best proof of the great difficulty of the problem. It was really not until
545PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
shortly after the year 1900oo that by-product coking was put on a successful basis.
I wish to emphasize that the steady development of the by-product
coke oven which has occurred within less than thirty years has been just
as important to the iron industry and to modern civilization as the substitution of coke for charcoal two hundred years ago.  One of the
principal reasons for this is that the supply of coals suitable for making
bee-hive coke was becoming rapidly depleted. The problem of what the
iron industry should do when these supplies would become exhausted
was one of very serious concern.
Fortunately, when by-product coking successfully developed, it was
found that the coke was not merely as good as the old bee-hive coke, but
it was proven actually better. It was also found that an enormously
greater number of coals could be coked. For all practical purposes, the
development of the by-product coke oven has prolonged indefinitely the
life of the modern iron and steel industry because the new reserves of
coking coal that it has opened up and that are actually in sight are far
more than sufficient to take care of the estimated iron ore resources of
the world.
The reader will now have realized that the by-product coke oven was
developed primarily for the iron and steel industry. However, just as
there have been material by-products in the form of gas, tar, ammonia,
benzol, toluol, and hundreds of their derivatives, so there have been economic by-products manifested by the employment of the by-product coke
oven in other connections, the importance of which was little realized
thirty years ago. Of these I can mention only a few:
I. The by-product coke oven is now recognized as the most economical source of manufactured city gas. The modern gas works no longer
employs the D-shaped retorts formerly pictured in the school books, but
consists essentially of by-product coke ovens.
2. The scientific coking of coal made possible by the by-product
oven has produced the highest quality of domestic coke. This strictly
modern coke is one of the most promising remedies for eliminating the
smoke nuisance and making our cities clean.
3. In this great era of highway construction, the tar products from
by-product coke ovens play an indispensable part. Materials produced
from tar are used in many of our most familiar streets and roads. Without the by-product coke oven the building of good roads would be most
seriously handicapped.
4. Although all of us wish that war may never again arise, we must
never lose sight of the necessity for national preparedness. The vital
part played by the by-product coke oven in this connection during the
546THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
Great War must not be forgotten. The by-products of coal-particularly toluol and benzol-furnish the most important high explosives.
All the other products of the modern coke oven, especially fertilizers,
medicines, antiseptics and preservatives, play a vital part in warfare.
5. I have mentioned a few of these economic by-products because of
their tremendous importance and because they are often neglected by
the popular mind. I ought to mention a large number of other great
industries that have been built on the products of the by-product coke
oven-some of the essential parts of your radio, some of the best known
medicines, your perfumes, flavors, photographic chemicals, disinfectants,
wood preservatives, and the hundreds of dyes that color every modern
fabric, all originate in the by-product coke oven.
The United States now leads the world in the manufacture of byproduct coke. It is coking the enormous total of 74 million tons of coal
per year in these ovens. Imagine, if you please, three railroad cars of
coal being transformed into coke and by-products every minute of the
day and every day of the year and you will gain some conception of
what this figure means.
There are 83 by-product coke plants in the United States. These
are located in 70 different towns or cities, scattered throughout 20 states.
These 83 plants are owned by more than 50 separate companies. The
capital invested in these plants is about two billion dollars.
What does this mean to the Pittsburgh District? One-third of all
the by-product coking capacity of the United States is located within a
hundred-mile radius of Pittsburgh. In other words, of those three carloads of coal that I have just mentioned, one carload (nearly 50 tons) is
being transformed into coke every minute in the Pittsburgh district.
The largest by-product coke plant in the world is the Clairton Plant of
the Carnegie Steel Company, located only twelve miles from the heart
of Pittsburgh. This plant cokes nearly II million tons of coal per year
-nearly as much as all of the by-product plants of France combined
and more than half as much as all the by-product plants of Great
Britain.
Most of the by-product coke plants in the Pittsburgh district have
been located in the suburbs or at such distances that they escape the
notice of most of our city residents.
However, there was this year (I929) built on Neville Island, close
to the center of Pittsburgh, a splendid plant in full view of all of us who
travel up and down the Ohio River. This is the plant of the Davison
Coke and Iron Company which has a capacity for coking 2,000 tons of
coal per day.
This plant embodies the most modern equipment for the production
547PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of coke and the efficient recovery of the by-product. As the Pittsburgh
District enjoys the benefits of this large proportion of the by-product
coke industry, this district has also contributed enormously to the development of this industry. Ninety per cent of the modern by-product
coking capacity of the United States and Canada has originated with a
Pittsburgh concern-The Koppers Company. The by-product ovens of
this company are now to be found all over the world.
The coking of coal, with recovery of the by-products, has been made
possible only through the highest type of scientific and engineering research. The future of the industry is very great, but the fullest possibilities can be obtained only through a continuation of this research.
For this purpose there is in Pittsburgh the largest research organization
of its kind in the world. It is not too much to say that Pittsburgh is
the center of the by-product coke industry.
One of the most significant events in the history of the coal industry
was the assembling of two great international coal conferences in Pittsburgh.
At the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Stockham Baker, President of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, 20 nations sent their most distinguished scientists and technologists to these conferences, the first of which assembled
in the Carnegie Institute in I926 and the second in November, I928. A third
one is scheduled to meet in Pittsburgh this fall (I93I), and even a larger
representation of distinguished technologists from all of the civilized nations
of the world than attended the preceding conferences seems assured.
In the early part of the year I930 the establishment of a Coal
Research Laboratory in connection with the Carnegie Institute of Technology
was announced as a direct result of the holding of the international coal conferences. So great was the interest in the international conferences that a
number of great industrial corporations joined the Buhl Foundation of Pittsburgh in gifts totaling $425,00ooo to extend over a five-year period for the establishment and maintenance of the laboratory. The Buhl Foundation of
Pittsburgh is the largest single donor to the project, contributing $50,ooo000
at the outset for the equipment of the laboratory, and $25,ooo a year for
five years for a program of pure research. The balance of the endowment
comes from the United States Steel Corporation, the General Electric Co.,
the New York Edison Co., the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, and two of
the most important industries in Pittsburgh, namely, the Koppers Company
and the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Co.
The plans for the new laboratory became effective on July I, 1930. A
technical committee appointed by Dr. Baker to assist in selecting the staff
and arranging the research program consists of Dr. John Johnston, of the
United States Steel Corporation; F. P. Wilson, Jr., General Electric Co.,
548DR. THOMAS S. BAKER, FOUNDER OF INTERNATIONAL COAL
CONFERENCETHE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
Pittsburgh; F. W. Sperr, Koppers Company, Pittsburgh; M. S. Sloan, New
York Edison Co.; Dr. Robert T. Haslam, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey;
S. M. Kintner, Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh; and
Howard N. Eavenson of Pittsburgh. Mr. Myron C. Taylor, Chairman of the
Finance Committee of the United States Steel Corporation assisted Dr.
Baker in securing the financial support of a majority of the industrial concerns mentioned.
The international coal conferences at Pittsburgh, from which results of
world-wide importance are beginning to be felt, have as their outstanding
value the fact that they are demonstrating the possibility of treating coal not
merely as a fuel but both as a fuel and as a raw material for manufactures
of an entirel) new character, presenting the aspect almost of an industrial
revolution.
Dr. Thomas Stockham Baker, founder of the International Coal Conferences, in his address of welcome to the second conference, declared:
Coal has been spoken of as the mother of industry and ours is an
industrial civilization. Therefore, as we study the source of industrial
life. we study, in a sense, the basis of our culture. We know that the
great industrial settlements will remain where power is cheap, but if we
learn to distribute this cheap power over wide areas, we may find that
the rural districts will be industrialized and the population of the cities
decentralized.  The study, therefore, of the methods of producing
energy and distributing it widely may result in changing the aspect of
urban life. For, where workers cannot receive remunerative wages the
population decreases; and, as power is the source of industrial life, it is
also the controlling factor in the earnings of workers. It is possible
therefore, that we may see a further extension of the tendency towards
the decentralization of population and the weakening of the urban centers. This prophecy would be justified if we considered only the question of the effects of the distribution of power over long distances.
But the new fuel technology may draw to the coal fields new industries which were not thought of a generation ago and thereby create a
counter influence. More power may be generated at the mouth of the
mine. The processing of coal will produce great quantities of gas, which
formerly was wasted, but which in the future may be piped to distant
cities, so that some day the gas that is burned in New York may come
from the coke ovens of Pennsylvania. The processing of coal will also
produce great quantities of tar which will be distilled probably near the
mines and the various stages of refining will create new enterprises out
of what are now only laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the gases
from the coke ovens will be treated in various ways to produce commodi549550                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ties which can be used for fertilizing purposes. The  chemical industries
are likely to draw more and more closely towards the coal fields. We
can hardly conceive of conditions arising, under which localities where
coal is situated, will not grow in importance. The newer chemistry will
bring about new industrial developments many of which will take place
in the regions where the basic material is to be found. Whatever may
happen to other parts of our country we can prophesy with complete
confidence, that those regions where soft coal is to be found will enjoy
an ever increasing activity and probably an expanding prosperity.
We who live in Pittsburgh therefore, are encouraged to hope for an
even greater future than has been the past of our community and largely
because of the new science of treating coal. As the importance of our
chief raw material is increased the importance of our community will
grow, as the value of coal is enhanced the property of our city is extended. Its population must necessarily expand because the day is at
hand when we shall see many new industries based upon coal, developing
in our midst.
The Pittsburgh coal district will increase in importance as a source
of power because of the proximity of the rivers. The idea of a power
plant at the mouth of the mine is at present impossible of realization
unless there is at hand a large supply of water. This condition we are
able to meet because of our three great streams so that more and more
electricity will be generated here to be used at distant points. To be
sure, the exporting of electricity over high tension lines will have the
effect of distributing manufacturing over a larger area. On the other
hand, it will give to our coal a greater value. It is a form of the working
up of the raw material which is greatly to be desired and it may be said
in passing that the generation of electricity may become only one of the
products of carbonization. The power house itself may find that it will
be surrounded by other plants that utilize the gas and tar which are secured in the processing of fuel. We can easily think of the central
station becoming the nucleus of a considerable number of industrial
enterprises. Only the coke will be employed under the boilers so that
while the electricity from the great power house may push industries
that depend upon electricity off into what are now regarded as rural
districts, the working up of the by-products may create an opposite
tendency.
A wide variety of chemical establishments will be located here because there will be at hand the tar of the by-product coke and the low
temperature retorts to be utilized. The district will be the center of
various forms of the manufacturing of fertilizers. Not only shall we
have more of the ammonium sulphate of the present by-product cokeTHE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
551
ovens to dispose of, but the hydrogen or at least some of it gained in the
coking of coal will be combined with atmospheric nitrogen to produce
other forms of fertilizer. When the time comes to supplement the
nation's store of mineral petroleum, Pittsburgh will liquefy her coal to
keep the Diesel engines and other internal combustion engines going.
These are some of the industries which will be developed here directly
as a result of our wealth of fuel. There are others which will be forced
to the region where there are cheap power, cheap gas, cheap coke. If a
satisfactory low temperature process for the treating of bituminous coal
is established, we can think of Pittsburgh as supplying some of the
needs of fuel for domestic purposes which are now met by anthracite.
We can imagine a better and happier economic and social situation
for the people who live in the present mining fields when they find themselves in the midst of a group who gain their livelihood from a variety of
enterprises. It is conceivable that some of the labor questions connected
with the mining industry will be helped by a condition that offers the
population an opportunity to change from one form of labor to another.
This might be regarded as a sort of sociological by-product of the new
methods of dealing with coal.
The world's most eminent fuel technologists have shown at these
International Conferences what they have accomplished in liquefying
coal in transmuting it into substitutes for wood alcohol, petroleum, gasoline, benzine, paraffin, etc. The speaker who was listened to with the
greatest attention on this subject is Dr. Carl Krauch, only a few years
ago a laboratory assistant in the chemical department of the University
of Heidelberg and now a director of the great German dye trust. He
is the chief of the department which has to do with the development of
Dr. Friedrich Bergius' process of liquefying coal and the production of
this new synthetic petroleum.
For more than a decade and a half Bergius has been carrying on
the experiments which he hoped would free his country from the necessity of importing petroleum products. None of the large European
countries except Russia have within their borders oil fields, and it required no great amount of eloquence to show the immense economic
importance to Germany of utilizing a substance of which she had great
quantities, namely, coal, in place of a substance which she did not possess,
namely, petroleum.
Bergius raised many millions of marks to carry on his experiments,
but in spite of his skill as a financier and his admirable technical staff,
the amount of the new kind of motor spirits which he turned out was
merely that which his small experimental plant near Mannheim
produced.DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
proper to advise the other master shoemakers to raise the boarding from one
dollar and a half to two dollars and twenty-five cents per week. We think
it our duty to give this notice to all journeymen shoemakers that they may be
guarded against imposition. The following are the prices which we turn out
for, viz.: Fine shoes, 8o cents; coarse shoes 75 cents; women's slippers 75
cents; bootees, $2; long boots, $2.50; coffacs, $2.50. N. B. We would not
advise-any journeymen to come here unless they want a seat of cobbling."
What came of this pioneer strike does not appear in the chronicles.
In October, I806, Pittsburgh's people, more than 2,000, lived in about
400oo houses. Active manufacturing was going on in the production of glass,
nails, hats and tobacco. About 40 retail stores and establishments catered to
these inhabitants.
Peter Eltonhead established the first cotton factory in I804, business men
in general liberally subscribing to the enterprise. Eltonhead was a practical
cotton manufacturer, from Manchester, England. Later, snuff and tobacco
manufacturing plants were established by George Sutton and Peter Maguire
 Co. William Price erected a factory for making delft ware. Scott 
Armitage built a cotton mill; this firm and Mr. Kerwin were making dimities, checks, cambrics, etc., horses furnishing the power. Great herds of hogs
were driven on foot over the mountains in these years to eastern markets.
An order came from the capital of Kentucky, Frankfort, for a large order of
chains for the construction of its new bridge over the Kentucky River.
Among the numerous articles made "for export in I807 were jars, green
bottles, window glass, white flint glass of all kinds, decanters, tumblers, cut
glass, beer and porter bottled and barreled, saddles, bridles, boots and shoes,
tin and copper ware, stills, weavers' reeds, metal buttons, snuff, cigars, twisted
tobacco, chairs, cabinetwork, carpenters' planes, etc. In that year, one of
its best early years in manufacturing and building, were the following: Kerwin's cotton mill; O'Hara's South Side green glass factory; McClurg's Pittsburgh air furnace; Bakewell  Co.'s white glass works; two breweries; four
nail factories, one of which made Ioo00 tons of cut and hammered
nails annually; seven copper smith, tin plate workers and japanners; Wickersham's wire weaving and riddle factory; one brass foundry; six saddlers
and harness-makers; two gunsmiths and two tobacconists; one bell-maker;
three tallow chandlers; one brush maker; one trunkmaker; five coopers;
thirteen weavers; ten blue dyers; one comb maker; seven cabinet makers;
one turner; six bakers, eight butchers; two barbers; six hatters; four physicians; two potteries of earthenware production; three straw bonnet makers;
four plane makers; six milliners; twelve mantua makers; one stocking
weaver, two bookbinders; four house and sign painters; two portrait painters;
one mattress maker; three wheelwrights; five watch and clock makers and
silversmiths; five bricklayers and five plasterers; three stone cutters; eight
AA7552                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
About four years ago (in I926), the German dye trust entered into
an engagement with Bergius to make use of his patents, and now the new
synthetic motor fuel is sold on the streets of Germany. It is claimed
that not only the technical difficulties of liquefying coal have been overcome, but also that the new product is a commercial success. It is Dr.
Krauch who is largely responsible for this result. He has modified the
original technique, and presumably has simplified it.
There are two schools of thought in Germany with regard to the
coal liquefaction question. There are those who believe that Bergius
has found the best solution, while others are of the opinion that Franz
Fischer has discovered the method which will in the end prove most
satisfactory. Fischer is an eminent chemist who directs a magnificently
equipped laboratory maintained by a group of coal mine owners of the
Ruhr. His process is directly opposite to that which is used by the dye
trust.
As to the merits of the two processes it must be said that Fischer's
although of great scientific interest, is still in the experimental stage,
while that of his rival, admittedly in a modified form, is being worked on
a rather large scale
But the securing of petroleum from coal has not been studied only in
Germany. It is a sort of alchemy which has formed the starting point
in coal research in all countries where petroleum is not found. In fact,
much of the work which has been done in this field by men like Fischer
would have been impossible without the fundamental studies of catalysts,
which were made by the great French chemist Sabatier. It is therefore
natural that France should have given close attention to this subject.
At the conference in Pittsburgh in I926 General Patart presented
a statement of his system of making methanol from coal, and in I928
the Frenchmen Audibert and Kling were present to present the results
of their studies. The latter is the director of the municipal laboratory of
the City of Paris and is said to have developed a method that rivals that
of Bergius. Audibert is the best known French fuel technologist.
Among the famous technologists who came to Pittsburgh to attend the
Second International Coal Conference in I928, in addition to the ones already mentioned, were Lord Melchett, R. Lessing, Col. W. A. Bristow,
Charles Turner, Edgar C. Evans, Professor J. Ivan Graham, and Dr. C. H.
Lander, of Great Britain; Walter Kleinow, Rudolph Pawlikowski, Dr. I. P.
Goossens, Dr. F. Zur Nedden, Dr. P. Rosin, Rudolph Battig, Dr. Fritz Hofmann, Josef Plassman, Dr. Alfred Pott, and Dr. Karl Bune, of Germany;
Paul Dumanois, Paul Weiss, A. Leaute, C. Simon, and Georges Claude, of
France; F. A. Pallmaerts, and A. France, of Belgium; Professor P. E.THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
Rasschou, of Denmark; Dr. Bartel Granigg, of Austria; Dr. George L.
Stadnikoff, of Russia; and a large number of the foremost American scientists in this field.
The World War with its phenomenal demand for coal at unprecedentedly
high prices brought about an overproduction in all parts of the country. Socalled wagon mines and shafts long abandoned were opened up, while the
leading competitive producers extended and mechanized their plants to a
degree that entailed an over-production from whose depressing effects there
had not been even in the peak industrial year of I929, more than a partial
recovery. Moreover, Pittsburgh District operators have for years been adversely affected by relatively higher freight rates than the Southern operators,
who enjoyed the additional advantage of lower-paid labor.
Production of coal in the Pittsburgh district was larger, probably exceeding the output of any other year since I923. This is the opinion of
railroads and coal company officials.  Unfortunately there are no exact
statistics, either official or otherwise, that disclose the actual production of
coal in the Pittsburgh District or in Western Pennsylvania. Production of
bituminous coal in the United States as a whole as reported by the Government was 525,000,000 tons, an increase of nearly 25,000ooo,ooo000 tons or about
five per cent over 1928. The increase in the Pittsburgh District as shown by
car loadings was 13.5 per cent. Car loadings in I929 were 82 per cent of those
in I9I3. C. E. Lesher, Vice-President of the Pittsburgh Coal Co., in reviewing the Pittsburgh coal industry at the close of I929, wrote:
Three important factors are working to widen the markets and increase the distribution of coal produced in Western Pennsylvania.
Through wage adjustments made in the last five years the costs of production have been brought more nearly in line with those in the large
competitive fields of the South.
To a smaller extent inequalities and what are here believed to be
unjust discriminations in freight rates against coal produced in Pennsylvania, have been approaching a remedy and some little gain has been
had in this direction to aid in the marketing of coal from this field.
A third factor has been the development by an increasing number
of companies of coal treating processes, the purpose of which is to improve the quality by removal of impurities and to prepare coal by scientific sizing to meet special demands, in such a way that a large proportion
of the coal produced in the Pittsburgh district is put in the premium class.
During the year I929 the Western Pennsylvania Coal Traffic Bureau
has been actively working to correct the freight rate handicaps under
which the coal producers in this district labor. To all important consuming markets the Western Pennsylvania coal producers have to pay
553554                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
freight rates on a level much higher, relatively, than those paid by competing fields. Furthermore, attempts are constantly being made by other
producing fields to secure readjustments in freight rates which, if successful, would result in further handicapping the Western Pennsylvania
producers. Eight such cases were filed and heard before the Interstate
Commerce Commission during I929. Two of these cases have been decided by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the decisions were
favorable to this district. To this extent the coal freight rate situation
is helped by preventing it from becoming worse.
Recent history in the Lake Cargo Rate situation shows how discriminatory freight rates restrict the markets for Pittsburgh coal. In
I929 the lake freight rate from Pittsburgh was $I.46 per ton as compared with $I.8I from the principal competitive southern fields-a difference of thirty-five cents in favor of this field as compared with the differential of twenty-five cents which formerly prevailed, and as compared
with forty-five cents indicated by the Interstate Commerce Commission
as proper. In I923 Western Pennsylvania supplied 32 per cent of the
lake cargo shipments, as shown in the following table:
Western Penna.  Per Cent WestTotal Lake Cargo     Lake Cargo   ern Pennsylvania
Tons              Tons            of total
I923.............  29,828,784         9,528,966        32%
1926..............  28, I59,076       3,930,727         I14%
1927............... 32,851,68i        3,597,150         I I %
1928..............  33,402, I 21      6,622,966        20%
I929..............  37,933,249        7,874,443        21%
In the years I924 and I925, following radical changes in the competitive situation as between Southern and Northern fields, Western
Pennsylvania almost dropped out of the picture, as far as lake cargo coal
was concerned. In I926 it had fallen to I4 per cent of the total and in
I927 to I i per cent. Indicative of the comeback was an increase to 20
per cent of the total in I928 and to 2I per cent in I929.
The following table compiled from  the official coal reports of the
United States Bureau of Mines shows for the four important producing
counties in Western Pennsylvania in the years I923, 1926, I927 and
I928 salient figures with reference to the production of coal. In it I923 is
taken as the most recent peak and incidentally prosperous year for the
coal trade not only in Pennsylvania, but in the United States as a whole,
and the years I926 to I928 (the official reports for I929 not being available) will show the improvement that has taken place notably in Allegheny and Washington counties, from the severe depression in the
coal business that afflicted Pennsylvania for several years, beginning in
I924.THE PITTSBURGH COAL INDUSTRY
ProducALLEGHENY COUNTY         tion
1923............. 20,224,000
1926............. 13,640,000ooo
I927............. IO,348,ooo
1928............. 13,394,000
WASHINGTON COUNTY
1923.............  24,499,000
1926............. I17,881,000ooo
1927.............  I2,029,000
1928.............  I4,776,000
FAYETrTE COUNTY
1923.............  32,166,000
1926.............  32,756,000
I1927............ 30,082,000
1928.............  29,564,000
WESTMORELAND COUNTY
1923.............  25,409,000
I1926............. 22,091,000
1927............. 19,825,000
I1928............  I6,729,000
Average
value
per
ton
$2.70
2. I8
2.I3
i.85
2.51
2.II
2.04
I.8I
2.78
2.18
2.12
I.99
2.66
2.08:z.o8
2.0I
1.84
Total
men
20,627
I5,484
14,359
I3,855
23,775
19,152
17,857
15,489
31,333
27,030
26,o76
22,434
24,390
I9,423
I8,o44
I4,982
Average
days
worked
233
210
I84
255
Average
tons
per
day
4.21
4.20
3.92
4.09
230     4.70
207     4.5 I
I71     3.94
244     3.91
248     4.I3
248     4.88
247     4.68
251     5.25
235     4.I5
242     4.70
326     4.86
21O     5.3I
555
Average
tons per
year
980
880
720
I040
IO3O
935
675
955
Io025
I200
II50
1320
1040
II30
1100
1120
Practically all of the coal produced in these four counties is from the
Pittsburgh bed which in Allegheny and Washington Counties averages
around a foot, and in Fayette and Westmoreland the average is more
than six feet. This, of course, affects the average tonnage per man per
day. It is shown that the average tons per man per year in Allegheny
County, for instance, is greater in I928 than in I923, which is another
way of saying that the average mine worker is given steadier occupation
and thereby insured more uniform and better annual earnings, although
the wage rates in I928 were below those in I923.
Of even greater significance, however, to the coal producer is the
steady and material decrease in the average price realized from the sale
of coal. This drop, from $2.70 per ton in Allegheny County in I923 to
$I.85 in I928, from $2.5I in Washington County in I923 to $1.8I in
I928, in Fayette County from $2.78 to $I.99 and in Westnoreland from
$2.66 to $I.84 shows the steady downward trend in coal prices. It is
probable that the final official figures for I929 will show a still further
decrease in the realization, coupled however with an increase in tonnage,
particularly from Allegheny and Washington Counties, and likewise an
increase in the tons of coal mined by each worker. It is probable also
that the official figures for I929 will record little, if any, increase in the
number of men employed, which, however, is not due to shortage of labor
but to increased efficiency, not only in the management of production but
in the workers' efficiency.CHAPTER XIII
WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTERCHAPTER XIII
PITTSBURGH WORLD'S GREATEST IRON
AND STEEL CENTER
George Anshutz's Iron Furnace in I792 the First Built in Pittsburgh-Mistaken Outcroppings of Ore at Shadyside Station-Charcoal Iron Dominates Early Industry-William Porter Builds First Iron Foundry in
I803 Joseph McClurg Followzs in I8o5-Fayette County Precedes
Pittsburgh in Smelting of Iron-Christopher Cowan Builds First Rolling
Mill in Allegheny County in I8II-Shoenberger Enterprises Founded in
I824-Sligo  Iron  Works in I825-Jones   Laughlin Corporation
Founded in I852-Rise of the Byers, Oliver, Painter, Graff  Bennett,
Spang  Chalfant Industries-Andrew Carnegie and His Associates
Appear on the Scene  The Entry of Lake Superior Ores and the Introduction of the Bessemer Process Are Epochal Events in the Evolution
of the Steel Trade in Pittsburgh-Professor Aston's NAew Process for
Making Wrought Iron Without Hand Puddling Promises Another Revolution in This Basic Industry- Byers Company's Big New Plant for
Mechanically Wrought Iron Finished at Aimtbridge in I93 0-Completed
Canalization of Ohio River Witnesses Preparations by Pittsburgh Steel
Industries for Large Waterwztay Shipmnents of Finished Products to
Southern and Southwzestern Markets-Careful Survey Shows That Regional Evolution of Iron and Steel Manufacture Has Not Impaired
Pittsburgh's Dominance in Iron and Steel Industry.
The second of the modern world's great basic industries to appear in
Pittsburgh was the iron industry. George Anshutz, a native of Strasburg,
Alsace, emigrated to the United States in I789, when he was 36 years old,
and soon afterward settled down in the suburbs of Pittsburgh. In I792 he
built a blast furnace about three miles beyond the boundaries of the Borough
of Pittsburgh, at a spot which is now the very heart of the city within a few
hundred feet of the Shadyside Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He built
his furnace there because there were indications of the presence of iron ore
in the neighborhood. After the furnace construction had been finished, careful examination of the red shale abounding in the vicinity revealed that iron
ore was not present except in immaterial quantities. Mr. Anshutz and his
associates were accordingly obliged to bring their iron ore fromn  Roaring
Creek on the Kiskiminetas River by boating it down that stream to the Alle559PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
gheny River and thence by the Allegheny to Pittsburgh. This was a distance
of 25 miles, and although such a distance seems laughably insignificant in
these days when great iron and steel industries transport their ores a thousand
miles without any sense of hardship, the Anshutz furnace in a couple of years
was abandoned. During its brief operation the enterprise is said to have been
given over to the casting of stoves and grates.
Mr. Anshtuz's ill-fated furnace was the sole undertaking in iron manufactuIre in Pittsburgh prior to the year I8oo. Mr. J. Frederic Byers, son of
A. M. Byers, founder of the old iron pipe firm of A. M. Byers Company, is
at present Vice-President of the A. M. Byers Company. In an address on
Pittsburgh and the Iron Industry delivered in the Chamber of Commerce
series of addresses on "Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit," Mr. Byers
pointed out that Pittsburgh was considerably later than some other Western
Pennsylvania points in getting its iron industry definitely established. The
first really successful undertaking in the United States was at Lynn, Mass., in
I643, at which time a small furnace was built producing eight tons of iron
per week from neighboring bog ore. This furnace was later augmented by a
forge to refine the iron. Western Pennsylvania entered the lists in I790 with
a blast furnace and forge on Jacobs' Creek in Fayette County. This was the
first furnace west of the Allegheny Mountains. Several other furnaces and
forges were built in the Uniontown-Connellsville District prior to I8oo. At
that time a few scattered iron enterprises were noted in Kentucky and Tennessee; but Pittsburgh marked the western outpost of the trade and entered
the field as the purveyor to the growing needs in the development of the
western domain.
Pittsburgh had been incorporated only a few years as a borough
when the nineteenth century dawned. Its population did not greatly exceed
I,000. The steam engine was just coming into fairly extended application
for pumping and other stationary power uses, but there were probably not
more than four or five in the United States. For boat propulsion the application was only in the stages of preliminary experimentation. For railway
locomotion it was still only a chrysalis of an idea. Communication between
Pittsburgh and the East was by boat and wagon, and water transportation
was an important factor in its trade with the West also. Iron production in
America was as yet entirely with charcoal for fuel. The recently developed,
but revolutionary, puddling process, ranking in importance as second only to
Bessemer's later development, had no place in our colonial iron history. Coke
had come into general use as a blast furnace fuel in England but was unemployed in America. Production statistics were not a matter of record in this
early era, but the output of a blast furnace was from 20 to 30 tons weekly,
and of a forge two tons weekly. Much production was in forges or bloomeries direct from the ore to the malleable product. Water was the universal
S6oWORLD'S GREATEST IRON -AND STEEL CENTER    56I
source of power. At this period iron was the dominant material of use. The
generic term, as pointed out by Mr. Byers and by Prof. James Aston (his
co-author in the preparation of the address on "Iron" in the Pittsburgh and
the Pittsburgh Spirit series) covered the pig iron from the blast furnace
which was used in the manufacture of pots, stoves and other cast forms, to
the malleable bloom which was hammered or rolled to desired shapes. Steel
was a relatively minor commodity, so made and treated that it became hard
and was adapted for use in knives, weapons and tools. Wrought iron, the
malleable product, was the leystone of the industrial arch.
The first iron foundry in Pittsburgh was established by William Porter,
who in I803 and perhaps in I802 was a manufacturer of hoes, axes, plows,
iron chains, and cut and hammered nails. Porter's foundry or factory was
mentioned in Cramer's Almanac in I804. The second iron foundry in Pittsburgh was established in I8o5 by Joseph McClurg. McClurg's factory was
on the site now occupied by the Park Building at the corner of Fifth Avenue
and Smithfield Street. McClurg manufactured cannon and shot used by Commodore Perry in his famous victory over the British fleet on Lake Erie during
the War of 1812. Cannon and balls from McClurg's foundry were also used
by General Andrew Jackson in the battle of New Orleans during the same
conflict. Cramer's Almanac in its issue of I807 mentions three nail factories
as operating in the city. One belonged to William Porter, named above, and
the other two to men named Sturgeon and Stewart. The three factories are
credited with a total output of 40 tons a year, which in I8Io had increased to
200 tons. These nail factories brought their iron from the East over the
Allegheny Mountains on pack horses. The pack horses carried bars of iron
on their backs, crooked over and around their bodies. Barrels or kegs were
hung on either side. The nails were made partly by machine and partly by
hand. Greater success in nail manufacturing was achieved years before this
by Jacob Bowman, ancestor of General Jacob Bowman Sweitzer, a distinguished Pittsburgh commander in the Civil War, at Brownsville, Fayette
County. Bowman, who made wrought nails by hand and cut nails by machine,
had an extensive output as early as I795. As is well known, Fayette County
preceded Pittsburgh in the smelting of iron and the casting of iron hollowware and other cruder forms.
In I8Io one of the current chronicles of Pittsburgh declared: "The manufacture of iron has increased in this place beyond all calculations. Cut and
wrought nails of all sizes are made in vast quantities, about, we think, 200
tons per year. Fire shovels, tongs, drawing knives, hatchets, two-feet squares,
augers, chisels, adzes, clawhammers, door hinges, chains, hackles, locks, door
handles, plow irons, flat irons, etc., tons of these, together with a number of
other articles in the iron way."
The most complete chronological list of iron and steel manufactures in448                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
boat, barge and ship builders, one each of pump makers, looking glass makers,
and lock makers; seven tanyards, two rope walks, one spinning wheel maker,
I7 blacksmiths, 32 carpenters and joiners; one machinist and whitesmith; one
cutler and tool maker; 21 boot and shoe makers and cordwainers; five Windsor chair makers, I3 tailors; one breeches maker and skin dresser; I2 schoolmasters and four schoolmistresses; 33 taverns; 51 mercantile stores; four
printing offices; six brickyards; two bookstores; four lumber yards; mnachinery and cotton-goods maker; one clay-pipe factory; one copper-plate printing
press."
Oliver and Owen Evans came from Philadelphia in I809 and erected a
stone grist mill on the bank of the Monongahela River; at first the mill had
two runs of stones, each with a capacity of eight bushels an hour. It was
asserted of this mill that "the construction and mechanism will do honor to
human invention"; McClurg  Co. made some of the machinery. The same
year John Gorman  Co. erected an extensive brewery near Suke's Run, on
the river bank; James Arthur's new carding and spinning establishment had
an immense vogue from the start; Benjamin Ramage began stocking weaving in I8Io; stocking weaving enterprises in many instances had been theretofore unfortunate. George Robinson erected a white flint glass factory on
Water Street between Grant and Smithfield Streets; William Eichbaum
established the only glass cutting factory in the United States, and also made
very fine chandeliers; Reuben Neale made metal buttons in I8o8; before I8Io
several attempts were made to establish small plants but these were either
abortive or ephemeral.
Among the new establishments in I8Io were a steam gristmill; three wool
and cotton carding and spinning mills; two distilleries; three breweries; two
air furnaces; two potteries; three glass works; three red-lead factories; I7
smitheries; six tanneries; four cooperies; six naileries; six copper, brass and
tin factories; three printing establishments; three boat and shipyards. In
I812 the Harmony Society established its warehouse for the reception and
distribution of its various products in charge of Isaac Bean, its Pittsburgh
agent. In I8I5 steamboat building became an important branch of the great
area of Pittsburgh's productions and still continues, although in more limited
meaning.
Meantime, Pittsburgh was beginning to encounter hard competition from
both domestic and foreign sources, and the reaction from the war of I812
was also felt throughout the West and South. Geography favored each of
these youthful contenders for products and each was fairly independent of
eastern competition. It was very easy, however, for the markets of Europe
to send their products to points along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in competition with those of both the East and West of North America. Many
European artisans and laborers had come in before I8II, and after the peacePITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Allegheny County that is now available appears to be the one compiled by
George H. Thurston in I888 for the Allegheny County centennial. Mr.
Thurston with painstaking research covered the whole field of development
up to that time, and his listing for the period he covered is followed in this
present history.
The first rolling mill in Allegheny County was built in I8I I-I2 by Christopher Cowan, a Scotch-Irishman. He had been a clerk for Wm. Porter, and
when the latter died seems to have succeeded to his establishment. This rolling mill, which had no puddling furnaces, was on the site of the Fourth Ward
schoolhouse, at the corner of Penn Avenue and Cecil Alley. Of this mill
Cramer's Navigator, for I814, says:
Mr. Cowan has erected a most powerful steam engine to reduce iron
to various purposes. It is calculated for a seventy horse-power, which
puts into complete operation a rolling mill, a slitting-mill and a tilthammer, all under the same roof. This establishment furnishes sheetiron, nail and spike rods, shovels, tongs, spades, scythes, sickles, hoes,
axes, frying-pans, cutting-knives, vises, scale-beams, chisels, augers, etc.
In the account of the first rolling mill the following incident, as showing
the contrasts between the methods of business intercourse then and to-day, is
recorded. Mr. Cowan, who had established a branch house at Nashville,
under the charge of General Carrol, found it necessary to communicate with
him as expeditiously as possible. Reuben Miller, the father of Reuben Miller,
Jr. (who became president of the Crucible Steel Company of America) was
a clerk with Mr. Cowan and was selected to visit Nashville. Starting on
horseback, as the most expeditious method, he rode on one horse the 700
miles in 13 days, making what was considered a quick journey. He
used to tell that frequently he rode 50 miles without seeing a house. One
day, in the dusk of the evening, after such a day of solitariness, he came to a
small cabin. The inhabitants were willing to shelter him but were out of provisions. That day Mr. Miller had fortunately killed a pheasant with a lucky
blow of his heavy riding whip, so producing his bird, and his host some corn,
which they broke up finely between some stones, and making of it some corn
dodgers they roasted the pheasant and fared quite sumptuously. The contrast between the commercial traveler of to-day in palace and dining-room
cars, rushing along at a speed of as many miles an hour as Mr. Miller rode,
with rapid riding, in one day, is illustrative of the progress of the century.
Mr. Miller's journey was also a collecting tour, and he brought his collections
back in "sharp shins," what seems to have been an elder brother of "shin
plasters" born of the same financial necessities, and while more reliable as
to intrinsic value, must have been the source of much worriment to a collector
for a large firm. They frequently required two or three mules to bring home
562WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
their collections. In early times collections were largely made in this peculiar
currency. "Sharp shins" were silver coins cut into equal parts. A thin slip
was cut out of the middle of a dollar, for instance, which slip was retained by
the cutter for his trouble. Each remaining piece was cut into four parts of
equal size called "levees," or eleven-penny bits, making eight levees to the
dollar. Smaller pieces were cut into "bits" or "fi-penny bits," which were
usually a quarter of a dollar cut into four pieces.
Mr. Cowan does not appear to have long operated the mill, as according to
Cramer's Almanac, in 1814, it had been transferred to Messrs. Stackpole 
Whiting. In I8i8, it was owned by Ruggles, Stackpole  Whiting, which
firm failed in I8I9. This failure was, no doubt, occasioned by the depression
following the War of I812-I4, by which the prosperity of the county was
greatly affected. So great was the general depression that whereas, in I8I5,
the manufacturing interest of Pittsburgh had a value of $2,617,833 and employed 1,960 persons, it had, in I819, fallen to a value of only $832,00ooo employing 672 persons. The effects of this depression are further noted in the
general history of the county. Some time after the failure of Ruggles, Stackpole  Whiting, their mill passed into the hands of Richard Bowen, and, in
I836, it was operated by the firm of Smith, Royer  Co. They failed in the
panic of I837-8, and the works were finally dismantled. At the time Mr.
Cowan built the mill the iron manufacturing establishments in Pittsburgh
seem to have been very largely increased considering the size and population
of the town, which, in I813, had but 5,749 inhabitants with 958 houses. In
I8I3 there were two "air furnaces, Joseph McClurg's, as before mentioned,
and Anthony Beelen's," and one carried on by Mr. Price. This latter person
was an eccentric Englishman of peculiar religious views, and many other
singular characteristics.
Anthony Beelen, to whom the second air furnace or foundry is credited,
was a Frenchman, justly claiming the title of Count de Beelen, of admirable
business habits and enterprising characteristics. He was one of the firm of
Denny  Beelen, who, in I8oo, were the factors of the Ohio Glass Company,
the proprietors of the second glass house mentioned in the chapter on the
glass trade of Pittsburgh.
He was also, as appears from the directory of the manufactures of Pittsburgh in I813, a proprietor of a white lead works. There was also in Pittsburgh in I813, an edged tool and cutlery factory, carried on by Brown,
Barker  Butler; a steam works for making shovels, spades, and scythes, by
Foster  Murray; a lock factory, Mr. Patterson's; a factory for files and door
handles, etc., Updegraff's; two steam engine works, one carried on by Stackhouse and Rodgers, the other by a Mr. Tustin; and a steel factory by Tuper
 McKowan. The second rolling mill established in the city was the "Union,"
which was situated on the Monongahela near where is now South Tenth
563PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Street bridge. It was built in I8i8 by Wm. Robinson, Jr., John K. McNickle,
Daniel Beltzhoover, and Henry Baldwin, afterwards United States Judge.
It made the iron for the first Allegheny River bridge, and the making of it
was the first order the firm filled. It is said that the first angle iron rolled in
the United States was rolled at this mill. The mill was dismantled and abandoned in I829.
The establishment of the first two rolling mills in Pittsburgh has already
been noted. The next was popularly called Grant's Hill Mill, from its location. This mill was built in I82I, by Win. B. Hays and David Adams,
under the firm style of Hayes  Adams. As the water for the use of the mill
had to be hauled from the Monongahela River, it is difficult to understand
why a rolling mill should have been located there. It does not seem to have
been a success, nor are there any accounts of its business or the causes of its
abandonment.
In 1824 Dr. Peter Shoenberger, who died in i854 or i856, built what is
known as the "Juniata Iron Mill," on the site where it now stands, at the
corner of Fifteenth Street and the Allegheny River, he having been for some
years previously engaged in the furnace and blooming business in Huntingdon
County, Pa. He subsequently associated with him one of his two sons, and the
style of the firm became P. Shoenberger  Son. About I836 his two sons,
George K. and John H., succeeded to the business, and the firm style was
changed to G.  J. H. Shoenberger, and about I857 Wm. H. Shoenberger,
son of George K., of Cincinnati, was admitted as a partner, when the style of
the firm was changed to G.  J. H. Shoenberger  Co.
In I863 the style of the firm became Shoenberger  Co. (Win. H. Shoenberger, Thos. S. Blair, Wm. Crawford, Jr., John S. Slagle, Edwin Mills and
David Crawford). In I864 David Crawford sold his interest in the firm to
his partners.
On February I, I865, a firm composed of Win. H. Shoenberger, Thos. S.
Blair, John S. Slagle, Edwin Mills, Win. Crawford, Jr., Geo. K. Shoenberger
and John H. Shoenberger was formed under the style of Wm. H. Shoenberger  Co., to erect and work a blast-furnace.
In I868, John S. Slagle and Edwin Mills retired from the firm of Shoenberger  Co. and a new firm formed under the same style composed of Wm.
H. Shoenberger, Thos. S. Blair, Win. Crawford, Jr., Chas. L. Fitzhugh,
John Z. Speer, Geo. K. and John H. Shoenberger. The style of the blast
furnace firm was at the same time changed to Shoenberger, Blair  Co., the
partners therein being the same as those in the rolling mill, Wm. Crawford,
Jr., subsequently disposing of his interest in the firm to his partners.
In I873 a new firm under the same style of Shoenberger  Co., was
formed by Wm. H. Shoenberger, Thos. S. Blair, Chas. L. Fitzhugh, John
564WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER    565
Z. Speer, Peter Shoenberger, son of Geo. K. of Cincinnati, Gotlieb A. Steiner,
Geo. K. and John H. Shoenberger. The firm of Shoenberger, Blair  Co.,
continuing with the same parttiers as were in the rolling mill.
On March 22, I877, Wm. H. Shoenberger sold his interest in the firm
to Peter Shoenberger, the balance of the partners remaining as in I873.
In I878 a new firm was organized consisting of Peter Shoenberger. Thos.
S. Blair, John Z. Speer, Chas. L. Fitzhugh, Gotlieb A. Steiner, Geo. K. and
John H. Shoenberger, the business style of Shoenberger  Co. being continued. The firm carrying on the blast furnace being comprised of the same
persons as those in the firm operating the rolling mill.
In I883, Thos. Blair sold out his interest to his partners, and in June
I883 the style of the blast furnace firm was changed to Shoenberger, Speer 
Co. The style of the rolling mill remaining as heretofore, and the balance
of the partners remaining unchanged until January, I888, when Peter Shoenberger died.
In I825 the Sligo Iron Works were built by Robert T. Stewart and John
Lyon, and carried on under the firm name of Stewart  Lyon. In I828
Anthony Shorb and James and Joseph Barnett purchased the interest of
Messrs. Lyon and Stewart, and the mills were carried on under the firm
style of Barnetts  Shorb. In 1830 John Lyon purchased the interest of the
Messrs. Barnett, and the firm name was changed to Lyon, Shorb  Co.,
under which style the business of the Sligo Mill was prosecuted until I872-4,
when the works were sold to Phillips, Nimick  Co., under which firm
style they are now operated. Anthony Shorb died in I856, and John Lyon
in I868.
In I828 John McNickle built the Dowlas Rolling Mill where the Kensington Rolling Mill now stands, the name of the mill having been changed
to the latter title, by which name it was known in I836, the style of the firm
being Leonard Semple  Co. The mill afterward passed into the hands of
-Freeman  Miller (-  Freeman and Alex. Miller) about I845. By them
it was rebuilt, having been burned down in the great fire of that year. Subsequently the works passed into the control of Alex. Miller, who was succeeded by Miller, Lloyd  Black (Alexander Miller, Henry Lloyd and George
Black). At some period within the foregoing dates the mill is said to have
been worked by a firm styled Church  Carothers. The firm of Miller, Lloyd
 Black was succeeded by that of Lloyd  Black, Alexander Miller retiring.
George Black dying in I872, the firm became Henry Lloyd, Son  Co.,
(Henry Lloyd, John W. Lloyd, Wm. F. Lloyd and Henry Balken.) Henry
Lloyd dying Feb. I2th, I879, a partnership was formed of Henry Lloyd, Jr.,
John W. Lloyd, Wm. F. Lloyd and Henry Balken, and organized under the
former firm style, as it still continues.In I828 the Etna Rolling Mill was virtually built by Henry S. Spang, the
scythe and sickle factory which was on its site having been purchased by
him from H. K. Belknap, who in I826 succeeded Belknap, Bean  Butler,
by whom they were built in I820. The works were put in operation by H.
S. Spang  Son (H. S. Spang, Chas. F. Spang). Subsequently the firm
became Spang  Co. (Chas. F. Spang and James McAuley). This firm continued until I856, when the present firm of Spang, Chalfant  Co. was
formed, composed of C. H. Spang, John W. Chalfant, C. B. Herron and
George A. Chalfant.
In I828 Zebulon Packard built an ironworks where is now the corner
of Thirteenth and Etna Streets for the purpose of making shovels and nails.
He was succeeded by Jesse, William and James Lippincott, and the works
were styled the Lippincott Nail and Shovel Factory. The Lippincotts were
succeeded by Kings, Higby  Anderson (John and --  King, Wm. Anderson, a son of Colonel James Anderson, and Enoch Higby). The mill had no
puddling furnace, but rolled Juniata blooms, making therefrom nails and
shovels. The firm becoming financially embarrassed, Col. James Anderson
bought the mill about I839-40, and built some puddling furnaces and put
up some more rolls. In April, I845, the mill was sold to Graff, Lindsay 
Co. (Henry Graff, John Lindsay, Wm. Larimer, Jr., Christopher Zug),
when the name of the mill was changed to the "Sable" Iron Works. This
firm was succeeded by Zug  Lindsay, the partners being the same as the
preceding firm, with the exception of Henry Graff, who withdrew. In I857
the mill was purchased by Zug  Painter (C. Zug, Jacob Painter), under
which style of firm the mill was carried on until I864, when Zug  Painter
having also previously purchased the "Pittsburgh" Rolling Mill, the firm
divided, and Christopher Zug and Chas. H. Zug, under the firm style of
Zug  Co., took charge of the "Sable" Mill, Jacob Painter  Sons, under
that firm style, retaining the "'Pittsburgh" Mill. The firm of Zug  Co. continued until I876, when Christopher Zug, Chas. H. Zug, James Hemphill,
Wm. McIntosh, Wm. Clark and T. C. Clarkson, under the firm style of Zug
 Co., Limited, succeeded to the ownership. In July, I887, Christopher Zug,
Chas. H. Zug, Anthony Keating and T. C. Clarkson purchased the interest
of the balance of the partners, the firm style remaining as Zug  Co., Limited,
as it is at this date.
In I829 the Wayne Iron Works were built at the corner of Tenth Street
and Duquesne way, by F. H. Oliphant. From him they passed into the possession of M. S. Mason, popularly called Manuscript Mason from his initials.
Mr. Mason was a partner of the wholesale dry goods house of Mason 
McDonough, at that time on Wood Street, near Fifth Avenue. From Mr.
Mason, of whose associates, if he had any, in the iron business no informaPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
566WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  567
tion could be obtained, the works passed to the firm of Miltenberger 
Brown (George Miltenberger, James Brown). They were succeeded by
Bailey, Brown  Co. (W. B. Brown, Samuel Bailey, Francis Bailey), and
Poindexter  Co. (R. W. Poindexter and A. Culbertson); subsequently
Francis G. Bailey retired and Wm. R. Brown became a partner; and that
firm by Brown  Co. (John H. Brown, his sons, and Joseph S. Brown),
under which style the firm is still continued by John H. Brown, J. Stewart
Brown and Henry Graham Brown-Joseph S. Brown having retired.
In I836 Frederick Lorenz, Jacob Forsythe and James Cuddy formed a
co-partnership under the style of Lorenz, Forsythe  Cuddy, and built the'Pittsburgh Rolling Mill," on the south side of the Monongahela River,
in what is now the Thirty-fifth Ward of Pittsburgh. This firm was succeeded by Lorenz  Cuddy, Jacob Forsythe withdrawing and Henry Sterling
purchasing into the firm. Subsequently the firm style became Lorenz, Sterling  Co. Sometime about I86I, or previous, the mill property was bought
by Zug  Painter (Christopher Zug and Jacob Painter). At the separation
of this firm, as before mentioned in the chronology of the Sable Rolling Mill,
the firm of Zug  Painter changed to J. Painter  Sons, they retaining the
Pittsburgh Rolling Mills. Jacob Painter having died in I888, the firm became J. Painter  Sons, Limited.
In I836 Samuel H. Hartman, John Hartman and Henry Beeler, under
the firm name of Hartman, Beeler  Hartman, built the "Birmingham
Rolling Mill," in what was then the Borough of Birmingham, on the south
side of the Monongahela River. At a period subsequent, Samuel H. Hartman, Abraham H. Hoge and  -  Whitmore formed a firm under the style of
Hoge, Whitmore  Co., and succeeded the previous firm. In I84I the works
were carried on by Woods, Edwards  McKnight; from this firm the mill
passed into the proprietorship of McKnight  Bro. (Wm. McKnight, Joseph
McKnight). The firm afterwards became McKnight  Co.; Joseph McKnight having died, and Wm. McKnight retiring from active business. The
firm ultimately succumbed under financial difficulties.
About I830 a rolling mill was built at what is now the intersection of
Robinson and Darragh Streets, Allegheny, by Col. James Anderson, Wm.
Stewart and Sylvanus Lothrop, under the firm and style of Anderson,
Lothrop  Co. This mill was subsequently sold to the firm of Bissell, Morrison  Stephens (John Bissell, Wm. Morrison, E. W. Stephens); subsequently, Wm. Morrison retiring or selling his interest to Wm. M. Semple, the
firm became Bissell, Semple  Stephens. Subsequently, about I835, Messrs.
Semple and Stephens retiring, Mr. Stephens going to Wheeling, John Bissell
associated with him his son, and the firm became John Bissell  Co. The
mill was finally abandoned about I846-8.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
In 1842 Elms  Chess (Philander Elms and David Chess), built or
rather began working a small tack factory, in one room of a planing mill
on Sixteenth Street, with two tack machines run by horse-power. From
this grew what has been known for nealy twoscore years as the Anchor
Nail and Tack Works.  Like all the other rolling mills of Allegheny
County several changes of firms have occurred in the carrying on of these
works. The original firm of Elms  Chess, was succeeded by that of
Campbell  Chess.
In I854 the firm was changed to Chess, Wilson  Co., (David Chess,
Robert Wilson and others), having absorbed another tack manufacturing
firm styled Billings, Wilson  Co.
In I86o, the firm became Chess, Smythe  Co. (Richard Smythe, Jacob
W. Cook, Robert J. Anderson, David Chess), and they were succeeded in
I88o by Chess, Cook  Co., Robert J. Anderson withdrawing and subsequently engaged in the manufacture of steel, Jacob WV. Cook and Richard
Smythe having died a new firm consisting of Henry Chess, Walter Chess,
Harry B. Chess, Thos. McK. Cook and G. R. Lauman was formed in 1883,
under the old style of Chess, Cook  Co., which still continues in the proprietorship of the Anchor Nail and Tack Works.
These works were twice almost entirely destroyed by fire, once in 1864
and again in I866.
In I844, Wm. H. Everson and associates built the Pennsylvania Forge,
at the place where the present rolling mill of that name stands. In or about
I852-4 the forge passed into the ownership of Wm. H. Everson, Barclay
Preston, Thos. K. Hodkinson and Christopher L. Graff, under the firm style
of Everson, Preston  Co. At a subsequent date the firm became Everson,
Macrum  Co. Mr. Hodkinson having retired and gone to Philadelphia
to reside, the firm was dissolved in I873-4. Mr. Preston, having withdrawn
from the iron business, was subsequently elected president of the People's
National Bank, and died May, I887, while holding that office. At a later
period the mill passed into the proprietorship of Everson, Hammond 
Orr, and subsequently into the firm of Hammond, Orr  Co., Limited; while
in this firm's proprietorship it was seriously injured by fire, and the firm
went into liquidation.
In I845, what is known as the "Clinton Mills," was built by Arnold
Plummer and Wm. Ebbs, and operated under the firm style of A. Plummer
 Co. To this firm and mill Cuddy, Jones  Co. became successors. (James
Cuddy, Morris Jones, Wm. Ebbs). In I853, James I. Bennett, Robert K.
Marshall, Wm. B. English, Edward Rahm, and W. P. Jones, formed a copartnership under the style of Bennett, Marshall  Co., and purchased the
"Clinton Mills." In I854 the firm of Graff, Bennett  Co., successors to the
568WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  569
previous firm, John Graff purchasing an interest, and Edward Rahm and
W. P. Jones retiring.
In I845, the Vesuvius Rolling Mill was built by Robert Dalzell, James
Lewis and others near Etna borough, and operated under the firm style of
Lewis, Dalzell  Co. Owing to financial difficulties the works passed into
the ownership of John Moorhead, and subsequently the works were put in
operation under the style of Moorhead Bros.  Co.
In I846, Wm. Coleman, James Hailman and Samuel H. Hartman built
the Duquesne Spring Steel Works, and operated the same under the firm
style of Coleman, Hailman  Co. These works were subsequently remodeled
into a rolling mill, under the management of the firm of Hailman, Rahm 
Co., at which time the mill was on Sixteenth Street. The firm finally dissolved, some of the partners having died, and the machinery was sold, some
of it being taken to Erie, Pa., to form part of a rolling mill in that city.
In or about I849-50, a number of rolling mill workmen who had lost
their positions in other mills through participation in the labor strikes and
riots of I849, built a small rolling mill at Millvale, which was called the
Mechanic Iron Works. This mill subsequently passed into the possession of
Stewart, Lloyd  Co.' (Thos. Stewart, Alfred Lloyd), and from them to
Lorenz; Stewart' Co. (Frederick Lorenz, Robert Stewart, James Grey),
when it became known as the "Lorenz Rolling Mill." The firm was financially
unfortunate and the mill was purchased, in I86I, by Graff, Bennett  Co., by
whom it was enlarged from time to time, and in I886-7, almost entirely rebuilt.
In I85I W. Dewees Wood erected the "McKeesport Rolling Mill," at McKeesport, for the purpose of manufacturing a special kind of planished or
Russia sheet iron, under a patent granted to James Wood, the grandfather
of W. Dewees Wood, and under an improvement made by J. Wood Brothers,
in 1844. The imitation of Russia sheet iron made by this establishment, although equal in appearance to the imported Russia article, would not resist
the action of the atmosphere as well.
This difficulty was partially overcome in I86I through improvements by
W. D. Wood. Other improvements were patented by him in i865,'67,'73,'74,'76 and'78; but the required result was not fully attained until 1883.
The growth of this important branch of Pittsburgh's manufactures is the
result of 40 years' experimenting and study upon the part of the inventor;
and this city is the only point in the country where an article of planished
sheet iron is produced fully equal, if not superior, in all respects to the best
Russian iron, and which is so endorsed by all the master mechanics of the
railroads, locomotive builders and stove dealers throughout the country.
Like other mills, the McKeesport mill was successfully operated by various firms: Wood, Moorhead  Co. (W. Dewees Wood, M. K. Moorhead,PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Geo. F. McCleane), then Wood  Lukens, who was succeeded in I871 by
W. D. Wood  Co., and that firm in I884 by W. D. Wood  Co., Limited
(W. D. Wood, and his sons Richard G., Allan W. and Thos. D. Wood).
In I852 the American Iron Works, was established under the firm style of
Jones, Lauth  Co. (B. F. Jones, Bernard Lauth); in I853 they purchased
the Monongahela Iron Works, at Brownsville, which they ran for about a
year and then dismantled, transferring the machinery to the American Iron
Works, at Pittsburgh. In I854 James Laughlin purchased an interest in the
works, Mr. Lauth retiring, and the firm name was changed to Jones 
Laughlin. In I883 the firm became Jones  Laughlin, Limited, B. F.
Jones, chairman; Geo. M. Laughlin, secretary-treasurer; Thos. M. Jones,
general manager, Mr. James Laughlin dying December I8, I882.  [Fuller
particulars in regard to the great mills of the Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation will be found in a later portion of this chapter.]
In I856 there were in Allegheny County 20 firms engaged in the rolling mill business, having 25 mills and 262 puddling furnaces, I65 heating
furnaces, 448 nail machines, producing 699,762 kegs of nails in that year,
io,ooo boxes of tacks, 77,ooo tons of rolled iron, and other articles to the
value of over $II,ooo,ooo. They employed 4,632 hands, to whom they paid
wages yearly to the amount of $2,366,ooo, and the capital invested in grounds,
buildings and machinery was something over $4,ooo,ooo.
The comparative increase from i8io to I856 the following statistics show:
In I8io there were sold in Pittsburgh 4,900 tons of bar and steel iron-but
none made, it being brought from points to the eastward across the mountains.
In I829 there were, according to the Pittsburgh Gazette, eight rolling mills,
using 6,ooo tons of blooms, I,500 tons of pig metal, and employing 300 hands.
In I83I, according to Peck  Tanner's Guides of that year, there were but
six rolling mills, the value of whose products was about $274,ooo. This is
probably an erroneous estimate.
In I836, according to Lyfords Western Directory, there were nine mills,
using 28,000 tons of pig metal and blooms, employing i,ooo hands, and producing manufactured iron to the value of $4,I60,000ooo. In I85o, according to
Fahnestock's Directory, there were in Pittsburgh I 3 rolling mills, with
a capital of five millions of dollars, employing 2,500 hands, consuming 6o,ooo
tons of pig iron, and producing bar iron and nails to the value of $4,ooo,ooo.
In I864, according to Chas. A. McKnight, there were i9 rolling mills in
Pittsburgh, with I76 puddling ovens, I2I heating ftirnaces, with 253 nail
machines, consuming 98,850 tons of metal, and employing 2,720 hands. The
statistics of I856 are as before stated. These figures show an increase in
seven years, from I829 to I836, of a small per cent in number of mills, but
about 300 per cent in amount of metal used.
From 1836 to I856, a period of 20 years, there is an increase of over
57oWORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
Ioo per cent in the number of mills, and about 300 per cent in amount of
metal used; and a similar increase in the number of hands employed, and
not quite 200 per cent in the values of products. This latter item is hardly
a fair criterion of the progress, as fluctuations in prices might reduce the
percentages of total values even on increase percentages of production.
The entire exhibit is, however, evidence of the rapid progress Allegheny
County was making in this great staple of her manufactures.
From I856 to 1883, another period of 27 years, the number of the iron
mills of Allegheny County increased another Ioo per cent.
In I857 the Glendon Mills were built by Porter, Rolfe  Swett, near
Sixth Street, South Side. Through various changes in the firm from the
death of the original partners, and an interest in the firm being purchased
by Joseph Dilworth, the firm became Dilworth, Porter  Co., and afterwards Dilworth, Porter  Co., Limited, under which title the works are now
carried on. In I859 the Soho..Iron Works were built by Moorhead  Co.,
under which style they are still operated.
In I86I-2 the Lower Union Mills were built by Kloman  Phipps, which
firm was organized September Ist, i86I, and afterwards sold to the "Union
Iron Mills," incorporated May ist, I865, who were succeeded by Carnegie,
Kloman  Co., which firm was organized January Ist, I87I. From this firm
the works passed into the.ownership of Wilson, Leggate :Co., organized
January Ist, I873, and from that firm to Wilson, Walker  Co., organized
January Ist, I875, which firm became Wilson, Walker  Co., Limited, January ist, I882, and by that firm the Lower Union Mills were sold to Carnegie,
Phipps  Co., Limited, January Ist, i886.
The "Upper Union Mills" were built in I864 by the Cyclops Iron Co., organized July Ist, I864, by whom they were sold to the Union Iron Mills;
incorporated May Ist, I865, by whom they were sold to Carnegie, Kloman
 Co., organized January Ist, I87I, and by them to Carnegie Bros.  Co.,
organized April Ist, I875, and by them to Carnegie Bros.  Co., Limited, organized April Ist, I88I, and by them to Carnegie Phipps  Co., Limited,
organized January Ist, I886.
In I871 the Lucy Furnaces were built by Kloman  Carnegie Bros., organized December 31, 1870, by whom they were sold to the Lucy Furnace
Co., organized April Ist, I875, and by that company to Carnegie Bros. 
Co., Limited, organized April Ist, I88I, and by that firm to the Lucy Furnace
Co., Limited, organized June ist, I88i, and by it to Carnegie, Phipps  Co.,
Limited, organized January Ist, i886. The subsequent development of the
great Carnegie plants is treated later in this chapter.
In I873 the Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Blast Furnaces were
founded by Carnegie, McCandless  Co., which firm was organized January
I3th, I873, who sold their partially constructed plant to "The Edgar Thom57IDEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
of I8I5 these began to arrive in much larger numbers. All were valuable
to plans for increasing production in whatever lines, and all readily
found paying employment. They had come to stay, and eventually to become
manufacturing employers themselves. They represented the best class of
English, Scottish and Irish artisans, with small admixtures of French, Swiss
and Germans. These workmen speedily suggested schemes for new plants
in which might be made goods theretofore not made in America, at least in
the western regions. These plans were avidly seized and digested and almost
invariably adopted. Pittsburgh was the principal beneficiary of the suggestions, and annually new factories were erected and the manufacturing area
of city and community largely expanded and extended.
In December, I817, Mr. Lowrie in the Pennsylvania State Senate reported
a measure "on the importance of protecting domestic manufactures."  He
explained that "our manufactories will require the continued attention of
Congress. The capital employed in them is considerable, and the knowledge
acquired in the machinery and fabric of all the most useful manufactures is
of great value. Their preservation, which depends upon due encouragement,
is connected with the highest interests of the nation."
December 2I, I817, the citizens of Pittsburgh held a mass meeting "for
the purpose of inquiring into the state of the manufactures" and report upon
the same. The important item in this report was:
Within a few years past Pittsburgh has grown from an inconsiderable town to a city of ten thousand inhabitants (an overestimate).
Two-thirds of the population are supported by manufactures. The
enterprise and skill of our artificers have created a circulating capital
of a very great amount. * * * The great public injury and private
distress which have attended the late depression of manufactures seem
not confined to Pittsburgh. The tariff of duties established at the last
session of Congress and the history of the present year, will demonstrate the utter futility of their expectations of encouragement. * * * In
the discharge of this duty they have found that the manufacture of
cottons, woolens, flint glass and the finer articles of iron has lately
suffered the most alarming depression. Some branches which had been
several years in operation have been destroyed or have partially suspended, and others of a more recent growth annihilated before they
were completely in operation.
This cry came from the Pittsburgh Gazette, then 32 years old, and long
the most intimate expression of Pittsburgh's very heart. Long lists of "suspended animations" and failures fill the papers of the day, all charged to
the indifference of the government to the rights of domestic manufacturers.
One month after that meeting an inventory of the manufacturing resources
A.APITTSBURGH OF TODAY
son Steel Co.," Limited, which was organized October ioth, I874, under
which firm style the works were operated until they were sold to Carnegie
Bros.  Co., Limited, an association organized on April ISt, I88I. In connection with this immense plant, as adjunct to its operations was the Larimer
Coke Works, built by Carnegie  Co., a general partnership organized April
ISt, I87I, which cokery was sold to Carnegie Bros.  Co., Limited, April
ist, I88I. The Youghiogheny Coke Works built in I888 by Carnegie Bros.
 Co., Limited; and also the Scotia Ore Mine of Carnegie Bros.  Co.,
Limited, established I88I. In I88o the Homestead Steel works were built by
the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Co., Limited, which was organized October
22nd, I879, and sold to Carnegie, Phipps  Co., Limited, January ISt, I886.
The Carnegie Natural Gas Co., which, under the adoption of gas fuel, became a consequent adjunct to the foregoing works, was incorporated March
ioth, I886, own and operate wells in Murraysville and Grapeville gas fields,
conveying the gas from thence in I0, I2, and I6-inch pipes toward
Pittsbuirgh, supplying en route the Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Blast
Furnaces, at Braddock, and the Homestead Steel Works, at Munhall. Of
these "Carnegie plants," Carnegie, Phipps  Co., Limited, owned and operated
in I888 the Lucy Furnaces, the Upper Union Mills (steel and iron), the
Lower Union Mills (steel and iron), the Homestead Steel Works, Carnegie
Bros.  Co., Limited, the Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Blast Furnaces,
the Larimer Coke Works, the Youghiogheny Coke Works, and the Scotia
Ore Mines. In addition there was controlled by the Carnegie capital, the
Hartman Steel Works, built in I882-3 by the Beaver Wire Co., and sold
March Ist, I883, to the Hartman Steel Co., Limited, consisting of two wire
mills, a steel rolling mill, a rod mill, and wire nail factories. The American
Manganese Co., Limited, which operate the Crimora ore mines in Augusta
County, Va., and the Old Dominion ore mines adjoining, opened in I883
by J. B. White  Co., and sold in I885, to the American Manganese Co.,
Limited, which was organized February 2nd, 1885. Also the controlling
factors in the ownership and management of the Keystone Bridge Co.
Returning to the regular chronological sequence it appears that, in I862,
Lindsay  McCutcheon began operating the Star Rolling Mill. In I862,
Reese, Graff  Dull built the Fort Pitt Iron  Steel Works, at the foot of
Thirty-third Street. The firm subsequently became Reese, Graff  Wood,
and after some other changes the works passed into the occupancy of Graff,
Bennett  Co., and were by them sold to the Carbon Iron Co. In I863, the
firm of Byers, McCullough  Co., built an iron mill for the making of iron
pipe chiefly, which firm, a few years afterwards, became A. M. Byers  Co.;
under which style the firm still continues. In I863, the Ormsby Iron Works
were built by Wharton Bros.  Co., near South Thirty-second Street; not
being successful the buildings were bought after some years by the Repub572WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
lic Iron Works Co., Limited, were improved and enlarged and are by that
company now operated.
In I864, Lewis, Oliver  Phillips, (W. J. Lewis, Henry W. Oliver, Jr.,
Jas. Oliver, David B. Oliver), built the Monongahela Iron Mill, and in I866,
the Allegheny. The firm subsequently changed to Oliver Bros.  Phillips,
under which title the mills are now operated, W. J. Lewis retiring. In I864,
the Pittsburgh Forge  Iron Co. put up a large ironworks in Allegheny
City, by which company they are still run. In I864 the Pittsburgh Bolt
Works were built by the Pittsburgh Bolt Co., but becoming financially embarrassed about I877, the works passed into the hands of assignees.
In I865 the Keystone Iron Mill was built by Glass, Neely  Co., but that
firm becoming financially embarrassed the works passed into the hands of
assignees and were purchased by the Elba Iron Bolt Co. This firm also,becoming embarrassed after an interval, a new company was formed with fresh
capital, and under the same title the works are still operated. In I869, Lewis
Clark  Co. built the Solar Iron Works at Thirty-fifth and Railroad Streets,
which firm subsequently became Wm. Clark  Co., Mr. Lewis retiring, when
the firm became Wm. Clark's Sons  Co., Limited, under which style the
works are now operated. In I873 the U. S. Iron  Tin Plate Co. built works
at a point near Port Perry, Allegheny County. The works were burned in
I883, and were rebuilt and now operated by the same company.
In I876, Kirkpatrick  Co. built the Leechburg Iron Works. In I877,
Long  Co., the Vulcan Iron Works. In I88I the Spang Steel  Iron Co.,
Limited, was organized, C. B. Herron, chairman; John C. Porter, secretary
and treasurer; and Geo. A. Chalfant, manager. In I883 the Chartiers Iron
 Steel Co., Limited, started their works, and the Cannonsburg Iron Co.,
theirs. In I886 there were at Pittsburgh 35 firms carrying on the rolling
mill business, so to be designated for want of a more distinct title, as iron
business is a generic term for the whole range of this metal's varied
manufactures.
The foregoing chronology, for which we are indebted to Thurston, has
undeniable interest, particularly as many of the names that have been mentioned have descended and are potent in the industry to-day, in spite of the
tremendous consolidation or so-called trustification which came as an inevitable phase of our industrial evolution around I9o00. At the end of I875
the number of rolling mills in Allegheny County was 31 out of a total of I37
for the state and 331 for the country. Almost without exception, as Mr.
J. Frederic Byers noted in his address on Pittsburgh and the Iron Industry
in the Chamber of Commerce series on Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit,
the Pittsburgh works were producing blooms from puddling furnaces-a total
of about 700-with an aggregate annual capacity of about 400,000ooo tons. The
largest of these were the Allegheny and Monongahela Iron Works, of Lewis,
573PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Oliver  Phillips, 6o furnaces; American Iron Works, Jones  Laughlin
75 furnaces; and the Pittsburgh Iron Works, Jacob Painter  Sons, 52
furnaces. The city had bred a generation of ironmasters who probably as
a group or class has never been surpassed anywhere in the world. The names
of Oliver, Jones, Laughlin, Byers, Painter, Zug, Nimick, Phillips, Dilworth,
Woods, Lloyd, Porter, McCutcheon, Walker, Dalzell, Lewis, Brown, Chalfant, Graff, Bennett, Spang, Shoenberger, Wharton, Kloman and Carnegie,
Schwab, Frick, and Phipps-fame and fortune were won by them all.
In the year I875 the two Isabella Furnaces at Etna, and the Lucy Furnace
of the Carnegie interests were astonishing the world in tonnage produced,
and clearly foreshadowing the dominance which Pittsburgh was soon to
assert. The average annual rated capacity of the 7I3 blast furnaces of the
United States was in that year only 7,600 tons, and yet the ii in Allegheny
County were producing at the average rate of 22,000 tons, more than double
the average of the most favored other producing region in the United States.
Two events of epoch-making significance in establishing Pittsburgh's
dominant position are noted by Mr. Byers as marking the beginning of
what may be called the modern period of the industry. The first was the
entry of ore from the recently discovered reserves of the Lake Superior
field. As hitherto noted, Pittsburgh furnaces were long dependent on ore
from the Juniata Valley and later from Missouri. The use of ore from the
Lake Superior district began about the time of cargo shipments from the
district to lower lake ports in I856 and was parallel with the development
of the several old ranges from that year to I885; culminating with the opening
up of the Great Mesabi range in I892. Mr. Byers notes with amusement that
Andrew Carnegie advised A. M. Byers against investment in mining ventures in the district in association with Messrs. Oliver and Kimberly because
of the hazards of the undertaking. What would be the position of the Carnegie Steel Company and of Pittsburgh without the Lake Superior ore
supply?
The second event of significance was the inauguration of Bessemer steel
making in the Pittsburgh district at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works at
Braddock. The first blow was made under the supervision of Capt. "Bill"
Jones on August 22, 1875.
Edgar Thomson meant the inaugural of a new era in Pittsburgh's dominant industry. "It marked the inception of our contribution to the'Age of
Steel'; a contribution which grew with accelerating rapidity, and brought us
to the pinnacle of achievement in the industry." It was of such momentous
importance because in the rising tide of steel production steel gradually
became the commodity to fill the country's need for rails, for beams, for
plates, for bars; and wrought iron was forced to the secondary position as
a specialty product. The transition did not come overnight; as indicated by
574WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
the fact that such a great concern as Jones and Laughlin did not enter the
ranks of steel producers until late in I886. This company and the Carnegie
organization also, were operating puddling plants in I89o; many works had
increased the number of puddling furnaces and the output of wrought iron
over that noted in I875. The 700 furnaces of I875 had been increased to
over I,I00 in I890.
The heyday of wrought iron production appears to have been reached
about I887, with an output for the country of somewhat over 2,ooo000,000ooo tons
for the year. At this date also, most of the primitive forges and bloomeries
had become idle. It was inevitable that the vast production and lowered costs
obtainable by the Bessemer and open hearth processes, should cause steel
to become the dominant material for our bridges, for structures, for railroads, and for general engineering uses. Mr. Byers, whose family has been
prominent in iron manufacture for 75 years, points out that the predictions
that steel's triumphant rise meant the passing of wrought iron have not, however, been fulfilled since wrought iron possessed some qualities which are not
present in steel. In spite of the laborious effort in production, following in
general, the methods which prevailed in the heyday of the industry, and with
necessarily high costs, the activity among those firms which have remained
in this specialty field has remained unabated. More than ever before, attention is being given to methods which will preserve the recognized quality
characteristics of wrought iron, and yet afford a magnitude of production
and lowered cost in keeping with steel processes.
The confidence of Mr. Byers and his associates that iron, the market
for which has so long been narrowed by the lower price of steel, is about to
stage a great comeback rests upon no mere sentimental consideration. Dr.
James Aston, Chief Metallurgist for the A. M. Byers Company, in I927
perfected a process whereby iron can be wrought mechanically instead of
in the hand-puddled furnaces necessary up to this time. Dr. Aston, who is
a professor of metallurgy in the Carnegie Institute of Technology as well
as Chief Metallurgist of the A. M. Byers Co., patented his process and transferred it to the company which gave it a thorough practical trial in actual
production in a small mill at Warren, Ohio, near the A. M. Byers Company's
big Girard plant. For more than a'year the company produced iron of a
high grade at Warren by the Aston process on a commercial basis. Experts
from Great Britain, Germany, and all over the United States, came to Warren
and saw the company producing as much genuine wrought iron in 20 minutes
by the new mechanical process as formerly could be produced by two expert
puddlers in I2 hours. In October, I930, the company completed and dedicated at Ambridge, 15 miles from Pittsburgh, on a site of more than
Ioo acres, a great $I0,ooo,ooo plant for large-scale production of wrought
iron by the revolutionary new process. It is expected that this plant will
575PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
prove to be only the initial unit of an enormous plant which will within
a few years be erected at this location.
This unit comprises thenewest and most modern of equipment for converting pig metal into wrought iron by the Byers new process. Ultimately, it
is planned that additional units will allow for the erection of coke ovens,
blast furnaces, additional pipe mills and for the manufacture of other wrought
iron products in addition to pipe.
Formerly a yearly plant capacity of 9go,ooo tons was possible. The completion of the first unit gives to the Pittsburgh district a yearly capacity
of 200,000 tons. Professor Aston declares:
With this increased output will come to Pittsburgh a greater market
for her raw products-coal and iron. A community will be developed
to house the man-power which will increase as the business revives old
fields and develops new ones. Traffic on both water and rail will benefit
and last, but not least, increasingly greater investments will bring prosperity in every class of Pittsburgh business catering to the individual
need.
In addition to the money spent in erecting and equipping this new
plant, located near Ambridge, Pennsylvania, there will be a modernizing
and enlargement of the Byers pipe mills at the South Side, Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh Steel Industry in I930.-Speaking at the dedication of the
enlarged and remodeled quarters of the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce
in September, I929, Charles M. Schwab stated that he believed Pittsburgh's
prominence in the world's iron and steel industry would endure for at least
another century. Mr. Schwab's predictions about that particular industry
have an uncanny way of coming true, and if the year just past may be
taken as a criterion, he is likely to be right again. For I929 passed into
the history of the steel industry, and consequently of Pittsburgh as a year of
record production of steel ingots and pig iron, a year in which earnings of
leading companies reached their highest peace-time proportions and a period
in which demand for steel was more diversified and, with the exception of
the last quarter more constant than ever before. Asked by the writer of
this history on January I, I930, to review conditions in Pittsburgh, T. H.
Gerken, Resident Editor at Pittsburgh of the Iron Age, wrote:
For the first time since the war steel mills in this and nearby districts
were taxed to the limits of their capacity to supply the country's needs,
and as a result the industry in Pittsburgh and the country as a whole
plans in 1930 an increase in steel making capacity of 4,690,0ooo tons.
If carried out as planned this will exceed the increase of I916, the
largest ever made. The past year saw an increase of slightly more than
I,000,000 tons.
576WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
It is particularly significant that Pittsburgh supplied only a negligible
percentage of this added steel ingot capacity last year and only a small
proportion of the projected increases in 1930 will be contributed by the
world's steel capital. For although' Pittsburgh district steel plants are
now completing and preparing to make the largest expansions and
additions undertaken since the war period, the millions now being spent
are being used for the higher development of finishing capacity, thus
greatly enhancing the value of the steel products which are to be moved
from this center in the years to come. No small amount is being spent
for furthering plant economies, and most important of all, perhaps, is
the free expenditure of enormous sums for the erection of new plants
to manufacture iron and steel products under new and revolutionary
processes which are certain to play an important part in the steel industry of tomorrow.
The Pittsburgh steel industry, while the oldest in the country in point
of years, is proving its continued youth by leading the way in the ultimate refinements and applications of the art of steel making.
The country's steel ingot production in I929 reached the recordbreaking total of 54,6oo00,ooo tons, a gain of 8.5 per cent over the previous
peak year, while pig iron producton at 42,700,oo000 tons was 5.8 per cent
above the previous record. Production of rolled steel products, according to the annual estimate of the Iron Age was 40,333,000 tons, an
increase of 8.5 per cent over I928, the previous record year.
As the Pittsburgh steel producing district contains about 25 per cent
of the country's steel finishing capacity, it may be roughly assumed that
approximately Io0,000ooo,000ooo tons of rolled steel products was manufactured in this district last year.
This undoubtedly exceeded any peacetime period and was likely a
record for all time. In addition to this the Wheeling district, including
mills at Weirton, Wheeling and Follansbee, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Mingo Junction and Martin's Ferry, Ohio, and which is an integral
part of the greater Pittsburgh industrial area, produced another 2,500,00ooo
tons, while Valley mills embracing part of Western Pennsylvania and
eastern Ohio produced another 6,ooo,ooo tons.
Thus the great industrial region of which Pittsburgh is the center
and logical point of control accounted for more than 45 per cent of the
country's total rolled steel output and about 20 per cent of the entire
world's production.
In the Pittsburgh district itself, as Mr. Gerken noted, the most important
developments in the steel industry during 1929 were along the line of plant
577expansions, corporate consolidation, and the further retrenchment of wellestablished companies by the purchase of raw material reserves.
Outstanding among the large building programs undertaken in 1929 and
scheduled for completion early in 193o was that of the National Tube Co., at
McKeesport, where a new seamless tube mill was being erected at a cost of
$20,000,000.
At Ambridge, the A. M. Byers Co. was, in May, I930, completing a
$I0,000,oo000 plant (already described) for the manufacture of mechanically
puddled iron.
During the year I929 the Davison Coke  Iron Co., organized by George
S. Davison, placed in operation its new pig iron, by-product and cement
plant on Neville Island, which was erected at a cost of $I2,000,000.
At Johnstown the Bethlehem Steel Company is completing a $I2,000,000
expansion and improvement program and early in I930 will inaugurate
further improvements to cost $io,ooo,ooo. The Jones  Laughlin Steel
Corporation, as I930 opened, was adding 8i ovens to its by-product coke
plant at Aliquippa (I5 miles north of Pittsburgh) in addition to the usual
improvement work being carried on at all three of its Pittsburgh district
plants.
Late in the year I929 the American Steel and Wire Co. announced that
it would spend between $5,000ooo,ooo and $6,ooo,ooo for enlargements and improvements at its Donora steel and wire mills.
Of recent origin also are the plans of the Weirton Steel Co. (a Pittsburgh
company), for the erection of a new mill at Weirton, West Virginia, for the
rolling of heavy steel products, the enlargement of its smaller open-hearth
furnaces, the rebuilding of one of its blast furnaces and the projection
of other improvements at a cost of $7,ooo,ooo. The company is also making
a large addition to its by-product coking capacity.
During the year I929 the Tarentum Steel Corporation was organized to
build a mill at Tarentum for the manufacture of full-finished sheet steel
products, to be brought to completion in I930.
The American Sheet and Tin Plate Company is also carrying out, in
1930, improvement and expansion programs at a number of its Pittsburgh
district plants. Among the additions to strip steel rolling capacity completed
during the year were a mill for the rolling of wide strip at the Steubenville,
Ohio, works for the Wheeling Steel Corporation, a I4-inch hot mill at the
Sharon, Pennsylvania, plant of the Sharon Steel Hoop Co., and a I2-inch
hot mill at the Leechburg plant of the West Leechburg Steel Company.
Of more than usual interest also are the prospective plans for the Rustless
Iron Corporation of America for the erection of a plant in the Pittsburgh
district for the manufacture of rustless iron under the Wild patents. Three
Pittsburgh companies are already rolling this material into finished steel
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
578WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
579
products, while a number of others are engaged in the manufacture of stainless steel products, all of which represent interesting new developments in
special steel manufacture.
Long the center of the alloy and tool steel development in this country
the Pittsburgh district is constantly engaged in fortifying its position along
these lines and is constantly keeping pace with the country's more specialized and diversified steel requirements.
From the standpoint of mergers and consolidations I929 was one of the
most important periods in the history of the metal trades and the Pittsburgh
district naturally took a prominent place.
Early in the year the Witherow Steel Corporation absorbed Dilworth,
Porter  Co., and in the fall the Witherow organization was merged with
the Donner Steel Co., of Buffalo. In December, the combined companies
became a part of the Republic Steel Corporation which promises to be the
country's third largest steel producer.
Another Pittsburgh district company which figured in the formation of the
Republic corporation was the Union Drawn Steel Co. of Beaver Falls, which
was absorbed by the Republic Iron  Steel Co., and thus went into the
larger merger with its parent company.
Another large consolidation affecting the Pittsburgh district was that of
the Weirton Steel Co., the Great Lakes Steel Corporation of Detroit, and the
blast furnace and ore mining subsidiaries of the M. A. Hanna Co. of Cleveland as the National Steel Corporation, which becomes the country's sixth
largest steel producer.
The Allegheny Steel Co., and the West Penn Steel Co., both of Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, were merged during the year while the Wheeling Steel
Corporation purchased the Tyler Tube and Pipe Co. of Washington, Pennsylvania. In the pig-iron industry the Davison Coke and Iron Co., became the
largest merchant pig iron interest in the district by acquiring under long-term
lease the Cherry Valley furnace of the M. A. Hanna Co. at Leetonia, Ohio,
and the Claire Furnace of the Reliance Coke and Furnace Co. at Sharpsville, Pennsylvania.
Among the makers of steel mnill equipment and machinery the outstanding
development was the acquisition by the Blaw Knox Co. of the Union Steel
Casting Co., the Lewis Foundry and Machine Co., the Pittsburgh Rolls
Corporation and the National Alloy Steel Co. In the bolt and nut industry
a merger brought together the Pittsburgh Screw and Bolt Corporation, the
Graham Bolt and Nut Co. and the Colona Manufacturing Co., all Pittsburgh district concerns.
In the foundry industry the Pittsburgh Steel Foundry Corporation absorbed the Sharon Foundry Co., of Sharon, while the Pittsburgh Forging Co.450                 PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of Pittsburgh disclosed the fact that the city had I44 establishments employing I,I I2 men and boys who produced manufactures to the value of
$I,855,464 annually.
The justness of the comnplaints may be appreciated when it is understood
that the people were at that time taxed 20 cents per bushel on salt; 50 per
cent on coffee; 30 to 40 per cent on tea; Ioo00 per cent on pepper, and I5 per
cent on indigo. Following repeals were made: six cents per gallon on
whisky; five per cent on coaches and pleasure carriages; two per cent on
auctions of foreign goods; one-ninth of one per cent on bank stock, which
equaled one and one-half per cent on dividends; four cents per pound on
loaf sugar; one-half of one per cent on licenses to retailers of spirits and
foreign merchandise.
The population of the city in I87o was 86,o76, an increase over I86o
of 36,859. According to the subjoined enumeration, which was published in
I87o, the principal manufactories of the Pittsburgh District, with a population approximating 2I5,oo000 at that time, were:
Iron mills...................... 32             Machine shops..................27
Steel mills.....................  9            Cotton  factories................    5
Copper mills....................  2             White lead factories............  8
Brass foundries................. II    Potteries.......................  9
Glass mold factories.............  2            Tanneries...................... 26
Cork factory....................  I   Chair and cabinet factories...... I9
Breweries.......................52              Flouring mills..................  5
Malleable iron foundries.........  4            Sawmills.......................II
Chandlers.......................  9             Wagon and car factories........ I2
Plow  factories.................  4             Planing mills................... I7
Woolen mnills...................  3             Locomotive works...............  2
Refineries...................... 5I             Glass factories..................68
Tobacco factories............... I0             Distilleries......................  8
Saw  factories...................  2            Shovel and ax factories.........  2
Foundries...................... 48              Safe  factories..................  2
Brickyards..................... I3              Gas meter factory..............  I
Spring factories.................   7           Tinning  shops..................4
Spice mills.....................  2             Coffin factory...................  I
File factory.....................  I   Glass staining works............  3
The aggregate capital invested in the seven leading industries of the
district, including capital invested in mining and transporting coal and coke,
and the annual value of products were:.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of Coraopolis took over the Riverside Forge and Machine Co. of Jackson,
Michigan.
In the field of raw materials control important developments during the
year were the purchases of coal lands belonging to the Hecla Coal and Coke
Co. by the Weirton Steel Co., and also this company's assuring itself of
adequate ore supplies by the inclusion of the Hanna ore' reserves in the
National Steel Corporation.
The Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co. also fortified itself with ore resources
by the purchase of part of the ore holdings of the Shenango Furnace Co.
During the year rumors have persisted that other large steel producing companies in this district were negotiating for extensive coking coal lands in the
Connellsville region and the year 1930, is expected to see the consummation
of a number of these negotiations. While placing the steel industry in a
much stronger position by the control of its raw materials, such acquisitions
will undoubtedly be of considerable benefit to the coal and coke industries,
No review of the steel industry in I929 can fail to mention the completion of the Ohio River canalization project which was celebrated in
October, I929, with ceremonies of national moment. The completed project
assures a nine-foot stage all the year round on the river from Pittsburgh
to Cairo, Illinois, and will undoubtedly give considerable impetus to the
movement of steel from the Pittsburgh district by water.
The river opening also attracted attention to the possibilities of improvement of other Ohio River tributaries in Western Pennsylvania and the immediate future is likely to see the building of additional locks and dams on
such streams as the Monongahela, the Youghiogheny, the Conemaugh, the
Allegheny and Beaver, the Shenango and the Mahoning.
Movement of iron and steel products on the Allegheny, Monongahela and
Ohio Rivers within the jurisdiction of the Pittsburgh office of the United
States Corps of Engineers totaled 2,279,904 tons in the first ii months of
I929, as compared with 2,262,I26 in the same period of the preceding year.
The Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation, the Carnegie Steel Company, and
the Pittsburgh Steel Company are all shipping considerable quantities of finished steel by river in I930.
A very short glance at some of the great iron and steel concerns operating
in the Pittsburgh district in I930-3I will now be in order. Many of the facts
following are taken from the current edition of the Iron and Steel Works
Directory of the American Iron and Steel Institute.
Carnegie Steel Company.-Carnegie Building, Pittsburgh. Incorporated
February 24, I889, now a subsidiary of the'United States Steel Corporation.
Lamont Hughes, President; L. H. Burnett, Vice-President; Ambrose N.
Diehl, Vice-President; J. S. Oursler, Vice-President; W. C. McCausland,
Treasurer; C. L. Wood, General Sales Manager; Charles R. Miller, Jr., Pur58oWORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER    581
chasing Agent.  Operates the Bellaire Iron Works, Bellaire, Ohio; the
Carrie Furnaces at Rankin, near Pittsburgh; the Clairton Steel Works and
Furnaces at Clairton, near Pittsburgh; the Clairton By-Product Coke Works;
the Duquesne Steel Works and Furnaces at Duquesne; the Edgar Thomson
Steel Works and Furnaces at Braddock; the Homestead Steel Works at
Homestead and Munhall; the Isabella Furnaces at Etna; the Lucy Furnaces
at Fifty-first Street and Allegheny Valley Railroad; the Schoen Steel Wheel
Works; the Ohio Steel Works and Furnaces at Youngstown, Ohio; and
other plants. The total annual capacity of its 47 blast furnaces is 8,792,700
tons of pig iron and ferro-alloys; and its I3 great steel works and rolling
mills produce nearly Io,000ooo,ooo tons of steel ingots, 8,237,00ooo0 tons of semifinished rolled products, 6,i8i,ooo tons of finished hot rolled products (including rails), 1,542,400 tons of merchant bars, and large quantities of other
steel products as well as 7,ooo,ooo net tons of coke at the Clairton by-product
plant alone.
Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation.-Third Avenue and Ross Street,
Pittsburgh. A Pennsylvania corporation with capital stock of $I20,000,000,
half of which is common and half seven per cent preferred, besides bonds to
the amount of $II,328,ooO. George M. Laughlin, Jr., Chairman of the
Board; George G. Crawford, President; Willis L. King, Vice-President;
W. C. Moreland, Vice-President; S. E. Hackett, Vice-President; B. F.
Jones III, Vice-President and Secretary; W. J. Creighton, Vice-President;
A. B. Shepherd, Vice-President; J. C. Watson, Treasurer; W. H. Dupka,
Comptroller; J. A. Doyle, Auditor; F. E. Fieger, General Manager; C. S.
Bradley, General Sales Manager; F. W. Ochsenhirt, Purchasing Agent,
The older plants of the company are Second Avenue, Pittsburgh, Carson
Street, South Side, Pittsburgh, but enormous new plants have been erected
in recent years I8 miles from the city at Aliquippa. The corporation owns
iron ore mines on the Mesabi, Marquette, Gogebic and Menominee Ranges,
with an annual capacity of 4,500,000 tons; coal properties in Washington and
Green Counties with an annual capacity of 5,000ooo,ooo000 tons, and limestone
quarries at Millville and Martinsburg, West Virginia, with an annual capacity
of 625,ooo tons. The company's coke plants have an annual capacity of
3,572,500 tons. Its pig-iron capacity is 3,00ooo,ooo tons; steel ingots 3,420,000
tons; finished hot-rolled products, 2,727,000ooo tons.
American Sheet and Tin Plate Company.-Frick Building, Pittsburgh.
Subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation. E. W. Pargny, President;
C. W. Bennett, Vice-President; W. A. Irvin, Vice-President; J. I. Andrews,
Vice-President and General Sales Manager; H. B. Wheeler, Secretary and
Treasurer; Roland J. Hadly, Auditor, and M. S. Dennis, Purchasing Agent.
Operates works at Bridgeport, Ohio; Dover, Ohio; Gary, Indiana; Leechburg, Pennsylvania; Farrell, Pennsylvania; Scottdale, Pennsylvania; McPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Keesport, Pennsylvania; Vandergrift, Pennsylvania; Monessen, Pennsylvania; New Castle, Pennsylvania; New Kensington, Pennsylvania; Martins
Ferry, Ohio; Chester, West Virginia, and Ellwood, Indiana. Has a total
annual capacity of 336,oo000 tons of ingots; 272,000 tons of sheet bars; 360,oo000
tons of hot-rolled strip steel; I8o,ooo tons of sheared plates; 991,000 tons of
black sheets; 521,000 tons of galvanized sheets, and 21,770,000ooo base boxes
of tin plates.
National Tube Company.-Frick Building, Pittsburgh. Subsidiary of
United States Steel Corporation. F. W. Waterman, President; P. C. Patterson, Vice-President; John H. Nicholson, Vice-President; B. C. Moise,
Vice-President, Secretary and Auditor; H. J. Hirshman, Treasurer; J. J.
Kennedy, General Sales Manager; G. G. Coe, Purchasing Agent. Its largest
works are the National Works at McKeesport (I5 miles south of Pittsburgh) anl the Lorain Works at Lorain, Ohio, but it also has works at
Pittsburgh, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, and Gary, Indiana. Its total annual
capacity is: pig iron, 1,967,000 tons; steel ingots, 2,204,000 tons; slabs,
blooms and billets, i,9o9,ooo tons; finished hot-rolled products, 2,267,700
tons; black pipe, 1,422,IO0 tons; galvanized pipe, I60,000 tons; seamless
tubes, 700,000 tons.
Pittsburgh Steel Company.-700 Union Trust Building, Pittsburgh.
A Pennsylvania corporation, with authorized capital stock issue of $39,500,ooo common stock, of which $25,350,000ooo has been issued and $Io0,500,000
seven per cent preferred stock of which all has been issued. Homer D. Williams, President; Emil Winter, First Vice-President; Henry J. Miller, VicePresident and Secretary; Charles E. Beeson Vice-President (raw materials);
William C. Sutherland, Vice-President (manufacturing); Ray Maxwell, Assistant Secretary; William L. Rowe, Assistant Treasurer; George W. Jones,
General Sales Manager; Robert McMillan, Purchasing Agent at Pittsburgh;
and D. P. King, General Superintendent at Monessen. Mr. Beeson, VicePresident, on May 27th, became Treasurer, vice W. C. Reitz, deceased. The
company owns and operates plants at Monessen and Glassport, Pennsylvania,
and controls the following subsidiary companies: Pittsburgh Steel Products
Company; Pittsburgh Perfect Fence Company; Pittsburgh Steel Sales Company; Pittsburgh Steel Ore Company; National Steel Fabric Company;
Standard Land and Improvement Company; Monessen Coal and Coke Company; Monessen Southwestern Railway Company; and the Daly Gas Company. At the Monessen Works it produces 480,000 tons of basic pig iron,
720,000 tons of steel ingots, 6oo00,0ooo tons of blooms, billets and slabs, 300,000
tons of wire rods, and 2,800,000 kegs of wire nails.
A. M. Byers Company.-Clark Building, Pittsburgh. A Pennsylvania
corporation with 325,000 shares of common stock, no par value, and $6,6i i,IoO of seven per cent preferred stock. Has plants at Sixth and Bingham
582WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
Streets, South Side, Pittsburgh, and Girard, Ohio. Its $Io,ooo,ooo000 plant
at Ambridge, near Pittsburgh, completed in I930, for making wrought iron
without hand puddling, has been described elsewhere. E. M. Byers, Chairman; A. H. Beal, President; J. Frederic Byers, Vice-President; Leslie M.
Johnston, Vice-President; E. L. Ives, Vice-President; Frank G. Love, Secretary and Treasurer; C. G. Jensen, Comptroller; T. L. Lewis, General Sales
Manager; J. E. Stauffer, Purchasing Agent.
Davison Coke and Iron Company.-Oliver Building, Pittsburgh. A
Pennsylvania corporation with Ioo,ooo shares of common stock of no par
value, and $6,500oo,ooo of six per cent preferred stock, with bonds to the amount
of $4,ooo,ooo. George S. Davison, President; Allen S. Davison, VicePresident and Treasurer; Albert P. Meyer, Vice-President and Secretary;
A. M. Kennedy, General Works Manager; and George D. Buckwell, General Sales Manager. The company was incorporated August 28, I928, and
in September bought the Sharpsville Furnace Co., Sharpsville, Pa.; the
Neville Furnace at Neville Island, Pittsburgh, from the American Steel and
Wire Co.; and also the Cherry Valley Furnace of the Hanna Furnace Co. at
Leetonia, Ohio. It has a capacity of 694,ooo tons of pig iron; 746,oo000 tons
of by-product coke; and I,250,ooo barrels of Portland cement. It has 70
by-product coke ovens at the Neville Island plant, and there it manufactures
its cement.
Crucible Steel Company of America.-Oliver Building, Pittsburgh.
Capital stock of $75,000ooo,ooo000 common of which $55,ooo,ooo is issued, and
$25,000,000 seven per cent preferred. Its principal works are the Park
Works, Pittsburgh; Anderson DuPuy Spring Works, Pittsburgh (McKees
Rocks); Crescent Works, Fifty-first Street, Pittsburgh; Labelle Works,
Ridge Avenue, Pittsburgh; and the Sanderson Works, Syracuse, N. Y.
Annual capacity includes 312,750 tons of steel ingots; and 240,000 tons of
hot rolled products. H. S. Wilkinson is Chairman of the Board; F. B.
Hufnagle, President; J. M. McComb, Vice-President; A. T. Galbraith,
Vice-President and General Sales Manager; John A. Matthews, VicePresident; George E. Shaw, Secretary and Treasurer.
Allegheny Steel Company.-Oliver Building, Pittsburgh. A Pennsylvania corporation with 629,504 shares of common stock, no par value,
and $3,342,600 of seven per cent preferred stock. Harry E. Sheldon is
President; Charles C. Henderson, Vice-President and Treasurer; James 0.
Carr, Vice-President, F. H. Stephens, Secretary and Comptroller; W. L.
Dankmyer, Auditor; W. F. Detweiler, General Manager; P. F. Voight, Jr.,
General Sales Manager; L. W. Hicks and R. D. Campbell are Vice-Presidents
at the Pittsburgh offices. The company absorbed the West Penn Steel
Company at Brackenridge, near Pittsburgh, in May, I929. It also owns the
Delaware Seamless Tube Company. Its annual capacity includes 338,oo000
583PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
tons of ingots, 300,000 tons of blooms and billets, 220,000 tons of sheet and
tin plate bars, and 268,500 tons of finished hot-rolled products.
Spang, Chalfant  Company, Inc.-Clark Building, Pittsburgh. This
company was incorporated in Pennsylvania on July 3, 1899, but is the direct
successor of Spang, Chalfant  Company, a concern organized in I828. It
owns and operates the Spang plant at Etna, a suburb of Pittsburgh, and the
Standard Seamless Plant at Ambridge, another Pittsburgh suburb. The two
plants have a total capacity of 65o,ooo tons. The capital stock consists of
$I5,000ooo,oo000 preferred ($I3,572,700 outstanding), and one million shares
of no par common stock, of which 750,ooo shares are outstanding.
In June I930 the Spang, Chalfant Company and the National Supply
Company, leading maker of oil industry equipment, consolidated. As the
Spang, Chalfant Company ranks as the second largest independent maker of
steel pipe in the United States and the National Supply Company is one.of
the largest distributors with over one hundred agencies in the oil fields, the
merger makes a very strong combination. At the time of the announcement
of the consolidation, it was stated that the consolidated company would enlarge both the Ambridge and the Etna plants of the Spang Company. The
capital of the National Supply Company prior to the merger was $42,000ooo,o0o.
Officers of the Spang, Chalfant Company are, Gordon Fisher, President;
C. F. Cruciger, Vice-President and Treasurer; W. J. Hampton, Vice-President; C. R. Barton, Vice-President; and C. F. Beachler, Secretary. The
President of the National Supply Company is J. M. Wilson of Pittsburgh.
American Steel and Wire Company. Frick Building, Pittsburgh. Subsidiary of United States Steel Corporation. The principal Pittsburgh district
plants of this corporation are the Donora Steel Works, the Donora Wire
Works, the Donora Zinc Works, at Donora, Pennsylvania, and the Rankin
wire and nail plant at Rankin, Pennsylvania. The Farrell Works at Farrell,
Pennsylvania, are also contiguous to the Pittsburgh district. The Donora
Steel Works and its furnaces have an annual output of 380,00ooo tons of basic
pig iron, 627,00ooo tons of steel ingots, and 523,000 tons of blooms, billets and
slabs. The Donora Wire Works have a capacity of 613,000 tons of wire, and
1,360,000ooo kegs of wire nails. The Rankin plant has a capacity of II5,000 tons
of wire rods, 220,000 tons of wire, 43,00ooo tons of wire fencing, and 1,200,000
kegs of wire nails. The Farrell works have a capacity of 340,00ooo tons of
wire, and I,040,000 kegs of wire nails. E. A. Niven is the company's sales
manager in Pittsburgh.
American Bridge Company. Frick Building, Pittsburgh.-Sudsidiary of United States Steel Corporation. This company manufactures and
erects railroad and highway bridges, steel buildings, oil storage tanks, electric
furnaces, etc., and manufactures a large tonnage of steel ingots, blooms, billets,
etc.. Its largest plants are at Ambridge, I5 miles from Pittsburgh, and at
584---.wjE
11.111, 1 II  111.
STE.WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  585
Pencoyd, Pennsylvania. Its total annual capacity is 240,000o tons basic openhearth steel ingots, 209,000 tons open-hearth steel castings, 222,000 tons finished
hot-rolled products, and fabricated structural work and forgings, 69o,ooo tons.
The officers are: Joshua A. Hatfield, President; Frank B. Thompson, VicePresident and Auditor; L. A. Paddock, Vice-President; Richmond F. Ball,
Secretary; F. E. Wiley, Treasurer; W. G. A. Millar, Purchasing Agent.
Lockhart Iron and Steel Company.-P. O. Box I243, Pittsburgh.
Mills at McKees Rocks, four miles from Pittsburgh. Capital stock $3,ooo000,000.
Annual product 35,00ooo tons of muck bar, and 70,ooo tons of rolled products.
J. M. Lockhart, Chairman of the Board; T. J. Gillespie, President and General Manager; J. H. Lockhart, Vice-President; J. M. Gillespie, Vice-President
and General Sales Manager.
Blaw-Knox Company.-P. O. Box 915, Pittsburgh. Plant at Blawnox, eight miles from Pittsburgh. Capital stock 1,500,000 shares of common,
of which i,309,436 shares are issued. Albert C. Lehman, President; Irvin F.
Lehman, F. M. Bowinan, Frank Cordes, Vice-Presidents; Wayne Rawley,
Vice-President and General Superintendent; Chester H. Lehman, Secretary
and General Sales Manager; Benjamin L. Hirshfield, Treasurer. The company manufactures steel forms for concrete, steel transmission towers, poles
and radio towers, forge and hammer welding, etc. Besides the plant at Blawnox it has one at Baltimore, Md., and owns the A. W. French Co. of Chicago,
Ill., as well as the Lewis Foundry  Machine Co., the Pittsburgh Rolls Corporation, the National Alloy Steel Company and the Union Steel Casting
Company.
The question how the regional developments of the last twenty-five years
in the iron and steel industry have affected Pittsburgh is a very interesting
one. The impression is widespread throughout the country that the rise of
important steel industries in Bethlehem, at Sparrows Point, Md., at Gary,
Ind., at Lorain, Ohio, and at Birmingham, Ala., has seriously impaired Pittsburgh's position in this basic industry. The impression is not sustained by
careful research, and readers not only in Pittsburgh but elsewhere cannot fail
to be edified by the discussion of the subject which follows, prepared by two
thoroughly competent economists as a part of this chapter.
PROGRESS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA*
BY F. D. TYSON t AND L. C. FISHACH $
The rapid development of the iron and steel industry in the United States
is a modern wonder of the world. Within the short period of 50 years, the
*Kindly written by Dr. Tyson and Mr. Fishach especially for this history of
Pittsburgh.        t Professor of Economics, University of Pittsburgh.: Analyst, Pittsburghl Railways Company.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
industry in this country has expanded tenfold, and the greater part of this
expansion has been due to the enterprise of a single generation. As late as
I88o, annual production of pig iron * was less than 4,000ooo,ooo000 tons, but by the
close of the century output had reached nearly I4,000,000 tons, and the
United States had won leadership in the industry. Pennsylvania then contributed almost as much as all other states combined, and Allegheny County
accounted for approximately one-half of the state tonnage.
So the story of iron and steel is in a unique sense that of the rise of the
Pittsburgh district as the leading producing center. The span of time was
brief from the building of the first modern blast furnace at the Edgar Thomson Plant in I88o to the accomplishment of large-scale operations at the close
of the century. Economists who have reviewed this marvelous development
point out as contributing factors in this advance,-river location near the
Connellsville Coke Field; the great transportation feat in ore-carrying from
the Upper Lakes; modern equipment of plant; and effective integration of
industrial processes under dynamic business leadership.
Recent Rise of the Industry in the United States
Progress in the manufacture of iron and steel in the new century, since
stabilization with the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in
I90I, is equally impressive. Production figures for this period are available
in detail since I9o00 in the reports of the American Iron and Steel Institute.
With the rapid economic growth of the country, a remarkable expansion of
all national markets occurred, accompanied by a similar trend in the iron and
steel industry. Pig iron output, for instance, reached unprecedented totals,--
a new peak of nearly 3I,000,000ooo tons in I913, another of 39,00ooo,ooo tons during the war years, and more than 40,000,000 tons in I923.
The story of steel is even more striking. The output of steel ingots and
castings rose from about Io,ooo,ooo tons at the opening of the century to
double that figure in I905, and to over 3I,ooo000,000ooo million tons in I9I3. Recent high totals, moreover, reached 45,000,000 in I923, over 48,ooo,ooo in
I926, and 50.4 millions in I928. Steel-making, therefore, has multiplied fully
fivefold in the brief period since I9o00, while iron production was increasing
threefold.t  Rolling mill output likewise increased threefold-from  I2.4
million tons in I9OI to nearly 20,000,000 in I907; to 25,000,000 in I9I3 and
35.5 million in I926. These figures disclose the magnitude of the expansion
in the basic industry of the country.
* Iron output until recently has always been a fair index of the whole industry.
t Latterly, the preponderance of demand for open hearth steel has called for a
greater use of scrap, and thus has separated the curves of production of iron and steel.
Bessemer steel dropped from 66 per cent of the total production of steel ingots and
castings in I900oo to some I5 per cent in 1925, according to the figures of the American
Iron  Steel Institute.
586WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
Regional Expansion of the Industry
This overwhelming flow of iron and steel was obtained, inevitably, by a
wide diffusion of the industry, and greater production in many areas throughout the country. The locality distribution of manufacturing is an interesting
economic phenomenon; many of the great industries of the country are identified with certain cities or districts, which, as places of origin, still retain a
relative leadership gained when the industry first came to maturity. Thus,
New England is known for its textiles and shoes, Philadelphia for textiles
and machinery, and, among the newer industries, Detroit for its automobiles
and Akron for its rubber products. Similarly, the manufacture of iron and
steel on a large scale was first begun in Pittsburgh, as has been pointed out,
and this city early won the leadership in the industry, a distinction now held,
in many respects, by Allegheny County.
A development such as that which occurred in iron and steel was a natural
evolution incident to growth of population and the extension of the market
with the rise of new centers of consumption. It was to be expected in the
case of such basic commodities, for as the market for a product becomes
more remote, other manufacturing districts are called on to contribute to the
supply as transportation facilities are extended. The share of the original
locality in total production accordingly becomes relatively smaller.
What took place in the iron and steel industry was really a regional distribution on a large scale. Newer centers of production expanded rapidly
during the period of growing demand. The capacity of plants was increased
in the Illinois-Indiana district, the Northern Ohio or Lake district around
Cleveland, and Western New York at Buffalo; and in older centers, such as
the Mahoning and Shenango Valleys, Southern Ohio, the Birmingham (Alabama) district, and Lehigh Valley.
This situation has led to some uncertainty concerning the effect of the
trend upon the Pittsburgh district. The rapid growth of the industry throughout the country has prompted the belief in some quarters that dispersion has
proceeded at the expense of plants in Western Pennsylvania, and particularly
of those in Allegheny County. It is the purpose to review here, in a brief
statistical analysis, this phase of the subject.
Pittsburgh the Center of a Growzing Iron and Steel District
The Pittsburgh district has been affected by the remarkable expansion of
the industry, in that this activity is not now confined to the territory of early
operations, as was the case a quarter of a century ago; but this should not
be interpreted as a retrograde movement, for no trend in the direction of
shrinking production is in evidence in Western Pennsylvania. Although this
section now contributes a smaller percentage to the output throughout the
587DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
Amount of
Manufactures                          Capital Invested
Iron..............................  $5o,ooo,ooo000
Petroleum........................        9,200,000
Glass.............................    9,000,000
Steel.............................    5,000,000
Ale and beer......................        2,000,000
White lead........................    1,375,000
Coal and coke......................   22,369,000
Total.........................   $98,944,ooo
Diversified industries, exclusive of boatbuilding,
sessors' books:
Amount of
Manufactures                          Capital Invested
Tanneries......................... $ 1,962,oo000
Tobacco   factories.................                               65o,ooo
Cotton and woolen factories........                                1,55o,00ooo
Chair and cabinet factories.........
Brass  foundries...................
Planing  mills......................
Glass  staining  factories.............
Potteries.........................
Brickyards........................
Tinning  shops.....................
Carriage  shops....................
Distilleries.......................
Wagon   factories..................
Brush  factories....................
Marble  yards......................
Bellows  factories..................
560,oo000
390,000
580,000
90,000
I86,000o
180,000
163,00ooo
294,000
302,000
160,000
33,000
148,000
40,000
Total......................... $ 7,288,00ooo
Boatbuilding (estimate)............     500,000
Miscellaneous manufactories on which
no definite returns were received
(estimated).....................   2,750,000
Value of
Products
$29,000,000
8,000ooo,ooo000
7,000,000
5,460,000
4,800,000
2,000,000
122,000,000
$68,260,oo000
listed in Tax AsValue of
Products
$ 2,300,000
2,000,000
1,688,ooo
580,0ooo0
492,000
735,000
I56,oo000
142,000
336,oo0o
362,000
278,oo000
2,984,000
286,oo000
62,000
326,oo000
70,000
$I2,797,00ooo
1,000,000
7,000,000
Grand total-amount of capital invested..........     $I0o6,732,000
Grand total-amount of products.................           $ 82,057,00o0
45IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY'
country than at the beginning of the century, for the reason that the industry
is no longer centralized, stable production under the regional distribution of
the industry is still the rule in Allegheny County, and expansion has taken
place within Western Pennsylvania.
With the recent growth of the country, the new industry has spread from
original confines, and blast furnaces and rolling mills now dot the landscape
in many other sections of the United States. No one location can retain its
exclusive preeminence as a seat of any industry, and it is not surprising'that
the contribution from the county and state to the total output of iron and
steel from all plants in the country, has declined relatively as the industry
established new outposts. The principal areas toward which the trend is
noted are the Chicago District and Northern Ohio.
This shifting of industry is not only true of iron and steel but of many
other Pennsylvania products, as determined recently by Dr. L. P. Fox of the
Pennsylvania State Chamber of Commerce. In commenting upon the situation, Dr. G. W. Barnwell of the University of Pennsylvania pointed out that
this does not mean an industry is dying out in an old location, but merely that
it is growing faster in new than in old centers.*
Migration of population and the movement of the center of industrial
activity westward or northwestward need not have an unfavorable effect upon
manufacturing activities in Allegheny County. The County is still well situated in respect to those trends, which, moreover, are not only slow-moving
but in all probability will be less pronounced in the future than in the past.
Pittsburgh is near the center of population east of the Mississippi, the great
consuming area of the country, and the territory from which the bulk of
manufactures emanates.
The fortunes of Western Pennsylvania are contingent upon progress in
the local iron and steel industry, for its output even in Greater Pittsburgh
alone (the area within 30 miles of the city) exceeds $I, ooo,ooo,ooo in annual
value, and represents more than the combined value of all other commodities
manufactured in that district. Allegheny County fostered this development
and still remains the industrial nucleus of a large territory. But neither the
county nor the state dominates the iron and steel industry as once was the
case, although it will be shown that Western Pennsylvania produces nearly 30
per cent of the national output of pig iron and steel.  
The Economic Background of the Industry in Western Pennsylvania
A review of the progress of an industry in any locality would be incomplete without some reference to the general geographic and economic background, which is an important factor in determining conditions that influence
*Pennsylvania Progress (March, 1928), published by Pennsylvania State Chamber
of Commerce.
588WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  589
possible future trends of the industry. In this respect the Pittsburgh District
still enjoys economic advantages in the manufacture of iron-and steel, that
scarcely have a counterpart in other sections of the country.
Foremost among those advantages is the wide distribution of plants, not
only throughout Allegheny County but over a much larger territory encompassing half a dozen counties. Although Pittsburgh is the nucleus of the
area, the industry is not centralized in the city and, for this reason is free to
expand in scores of communities favored with rail and water transportation
facilities, and with ample electric power obtainable on very favorable terms.
Located strategically over the most important bituminous coal deposit of the
country-the Pittsburgh Seam-and traversed by three river systems and
many trunk line railroads, Western Pennsylvania has attained a merited preeminence in the iron and steel industry.
Industrial communities in close proximity to each other along the river valleys, and scattered throughout Allegheny County, provide a hinterland of
manufacturing activity not reflected in census reports covering Pittsburgh
alone, the population of which (about 675,000) is less than half that of Allegheny County, now estimated at 1,400,000. The city is indeed not representative of even the contiguous territory, for although 23 political units have
been annexed since i900oo, only one admitted up to I928-the City of, Allegheny-is at all industrial. Adjacent to the City of Pittsburgh, or to residential sections adjoining it, more than a score of manufacturing communities
are located, many of which are known throughout the country as important
industrial centers. The iron and steel industry predominates in all of these
communities.
A similar concentration of blast furnaces and rolling mills is to be found
in many sections throughout the territory within a radius of 30 miles from
the central city, and also along the river valleys for a much greater distance.
As a matter of fact, the area of marked uniformity extends as far as Johnstown to the East, and even beyond the Ohio State Line to the West, forming
an ideal setting for a major enterprise. A more favorable environment for
this activity could hardly be found, so far as coal resources, river and rail
transportation, and commercial facilities are concerned; and it is difficult, if
not impossible, to visualize any migration of industry sufficiently sweeping to
disturb the assured economic status of Western Pennsylvania in the manufacture of iron and steel.
The Progress of the Pittsburgh- District as a Whole Is Striking
Ample justification for this view is apparent when the character of the
territory and the identity of interest in this part of the state are considered,
for conditions in adjacent counties differ so slightly that any study of industry
in a single county would be misleading. If a radius of about 45 miles fromPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
590
"downtown" Pittsburgh is taken to outline the Pittsburgh iron and steel district, lying entirely within the confines of the State of Pennsylvania, all of
Allegheny County would be included, together with all or parts of nine
adjacent counties, in each of which the population has increased in every
decade of the census since I850, with but two trifling exceptions in a decade
prior to I9o00. The progress of this section industrially is also noted from
the fact that in the decade from  I9IO0 to I920 three counties adjacent to
Allegheny County, and two counties contiguous to the district, were included
in a group of eight counties of the state recording the greatest relative increase in urban population. The advantages of this part of the state from
the manufacturer's standpoint are therefore not confined to Allegheny County,
for great industries have swept outward beyond the original boundaries; and
the business of producing iron and steel now dominates the territory to
Cambria County on the East, and Mercer County on the West-areas that
are, however, distant not more than 40 miles from the borders of Metropolitan
Pittsburgh.
Western Pennsylvania is therefore one unit economically, in which industries are outgrowing an original, constricted setting; and because of the division of the area into three parts by the rivers, distances from the city to
outlying communities are greater than would be the case if there were no
valleys to form the main arteries of transport. From the point of view of the
economist, therefore, Western Pennsylvania is a uniform single community
in which a major industry is conducted in all of its phases. Pittsburgh typifies
a larger geographical and industrial area than the name implies.
Industry Is Shifting Within Western Pennsylvania
The iron and steel industry in Western Pennsylvania has been subject to
a shifting process, as factors such as cheaper land, larger sites, and improvement in housing facilities are involved. The satellite cities, however, are
bound to the larger economic nucleus by financial ties and other considerations. The central offices of the companies are, in nearly all cases, in downtown Pittsburgh.
Although the area of Allegheny County is ample for all business expansion, much of it is rural; and as its boundaries cross the river valleys, its
configuration could not encompass the reaches of the local industry in expansion and reconstruction programs during the present century. As an illustration of the trend, the great plant of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation
at Aliquippa may be cited. Begun in I9IO0 in Beaver County, almost at the
Allegheny County Line, this plant is now one of the largest blast furnace and
rolling mill units in the district, yet it is in fact simply an expansion of the
Pittsburgh Works of the corporation.
It is apparent, therefore, that neither Allegheny County nor "GreaterWORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  591
Pittsburgh" represents a geographical division of sufficient extent to reflect
a major trend affecting the iron and steel industry considered as a whole; any
effort to measure shifts of national scope must ignore, at least within a state,
the county, township, and borough lines in a territory economically uniform.
For this reason, the production of iron and steel in the Shenango and Johnstown districts is included in the figures summarized in this review. Western
Pennsylvania is the major area to be considered.
Pennsylvania Produces One-Third of the National Tonnage of Pig Iron
In I9o00 Pennsylvania accounted for 46.2 per cent of the total pig iron
tonnage obtained from all furnaces in the country, and 34.5 per cent in I926;
it more than doubled its output during the period. The industry in Ohio,
now second among the states in production of pig iron, grew at twice this
rate; but that state is far from being a serious competitor for first place
among the states, the position always held by Pennsylvania. While rapid
gains in percentage of the total production are being made by states where
the output has been until recently relatively small, no striking advances since
the war have been made by the leading states. The Illinois-Indiana District
is now the third ranking area in production.
The industry in Allegheny County has been less affected by the dispersion
to other parts of the country than the state at large, which is no doubt due
to a migration of the industry westward from the seaboard cities. This has
been graphically shown in studies prepared by Messrs. Vanderblue and Crum
of Harvard University, in their volume on the Iron Industry.*
In comparing average conditions of monthly production for the intervals
of I902-I907 and I912-I924 (each of which comprises roughly two complete
cycles of activity), the authors point out t that the percentage which the output of the Pittsburgh district $ bore to that of the United States declined from
about 25 per cent in the earlier interval to 22 per cent in the latter, although
coincident with an appreciable increase in tonnage from the local furnaces in
the 24-year period under review; allusion is made to the fact that the rate of
increase was less than for the iron industry of the country as a whole, the
percentage increase being 47 in the latter case as compared with 31 for the
district. They comment, however, upon the similarity of the curves of cyclical
indexes (adjusted relatives obtained from actual monthly data by correction
for trends and seasonal variation) for the total production in the United
States and for Pittsburgh, and state* H. B. Vanderblue and W. L. Crum-The Iron Industry int Prosperity and Depression.
tIbid., Chap. VII, pp. 63-65.
t Iron Age Classification of I926 comprising 56 furnaces (45 in Allegheny County;
2 at Midland; 2 at Donora; 2 at Monessen; 5 at Aliquippa).PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
This is doubtless due to the large importance of the Pittsburgh District in the total production. * * * Under these circumstances any curve
for total pig iron production must be heavily weighted by the production
of the Pittsburgh District.*
Allegheny County Produces More Pig Iron Than Before the War
Number of blast furnaces now has less significance in respect to total
capacity than formerly, but it should be noted that Allegheny County has
more units now than in I90I, although the number in the country has declined.t The total capacity of the latter has been greatly increased, due to
the construction of larger furnaces than was the case a few years ago. The
average capacity of Western Pennsylvania furnaces is well above the average
for the country, and those in Allegheny County are no exception to the rule.
The trend continues strongly in that direction, with modernization under way
at several plants.
The post-war period has witnessed no conspicuous change or tendency in
the local industry toward restricted operations. The total output from blast
furnaces in the county for six years immediately preceding the war (190o8I913) was 1,250,000 tons less than in the six-year period from 1-922 to 1927,
inclusive; and a new peak for the local industry, exceeded in but one year
during the war, was established in I923, when the output reached 6,6o5,54I
tons. During the second six-year interval, moreover, the tonnage capacity
of furnaces abandoned in the county was 7.4 per cent of total abandonments
in the country, while in the same period the county produced I5.72 per cent
of the national pig iron output. There is no evidence in this record of retrograde movement.
On account of dispersion of the industry, the County's share of the pig
iron industry at large declined from 22.6I per cent in I900 to I4.I2 per cent
in I927, and, in respect to the state output, from 48.99 per cent to 43.63 per
cent. But in that interval, the actual production from County furnaces increased from 3,000ooo,ooo000 tons in I9o00 to 6,ooo,ooo tons in I926.
Recent trends in the local industry are indicative of progress, for the fiveyear average output from I923 to I927 was equaled in I925 and exceeded in
I926. The average output during the war years, however, has not been
attained, and the utilization of new facilities installed during the war has
* Ibid., p. 69.
t The Iron Age, Jan. 3, I929, records 336 furnaces on the potentially active list, with
50 of the present total considered obsolete. (As many as 466 were listed in 1912.) In
I928, 38 million tons of pig iron, or practically the entire output, were produced with
I69 to I98 furnaces in blast, the average daily tonnage rate varying between 515 and 560
tons. The small furnaces are definitely outclassed. There were 23 abandonments during
the year, only two of which were in Western Pennsylvania. Allegheny County has 43
furnaces of high average capacity.
592WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  593
probably been less intense in Allegheny County than in the country at large.
The manufacture of pig iron in Allegheny County, however, is no longer
a barometer reflecting degree of activity in the entire local industry. As blast
furnaces in the County are operated primarily to serve steel works, and particularly for the manufacture of open hearth steel, pig iron tonnage is only
70 per cent of ingot tonnage; whereas, in the Shenango District it is I05 per
cent, and in the Johnstown District and other Western Pennsylvania centers
the ratio is only 6I per cent.* The Iron Trade Review has recently pointed
out that the ratio in the country at large is 8I.5 per cent, from which it is
evident that in Allegheny County blast furnaces are regarded merely as auxiliaries to the steel works, producing only as required by that demand. Rolling
mill schedules are a better index to the entire local industry.
Western Pennsylvania Retains Its Early Preeminence in the
Manufacture of Pig Iron
Early concentration of the industry in Allegheny County gave rise to
expansion in adjoining counties, and the rate of progress in the Pittsburgh
District must be determined, as has been pointed out, by consideration of a
much larger area than Allegheny County. The Shenango and Johnstown
districts have advanced so rapidly that the whole district with those areas
included now produces approximately 26 per cent of the national output of
pig iron, a share not materially less under the circumstances than that of 30
per cent, prevailing a quarter of a century ago. An established enterprise
does not grow so fast, relatively, as a new one, and Allegheny County produced more pig iron in Ig9oo than either of these new sub-districts manufactures at the present time. The output from Allegheny County since the war
has fluctuated between a minimum of 4,857,585 tons in 1922 and a maximum
of 6,605,54I tons in I923, variations paralleling closely total production in the
United States. The tonnage from furnaces in the Shenango District, including Beaver County, consistently increased during that time, except in I927,
when a slight decline occurred.
The rapid growth of the iron centers in Western Pennsylvania in close
proximity to the place of origin of the industry is evidence of the advantages
which this immediate territory offers for further expansion in this activity.
From 1900 to I926 production within this area extending not more than 65
miles from Pittsburgh increased I68 per cent, compared with I87 per cent in
the country at large,- ample assurance that dispersion of the industry has not
arrested the development in this section.
Post-war peak production of pig iron in the entire country occurred in
I923, but the blast furnaces in Western Pennsylvania established a high
*For the year I927. In I926 the ratios were 72.46 per cent, 102.73 per cent, and
69.53 per cent, respectively.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
record in I926, an achievement equaled only by the Lake Counties of Ohio,
and in the Indiana-Michigan district. The local industry, therefore, moves
parallel with the trend in those newer, large-unit, production centers.
Pennsylvania's Ingot Production Increases
The production of steel ingots and castings in the United States has increased five-fold since I9oo, and of pig iron three-fold, the difference being
due to the growing preponderance of open hearth steel tonnage in which a
large proportion of scrap is used. In Pennsylvania the ratios are three-fold
and two-fold respectively. The year I926 established in the state a post-war
peak, which exceeded past output except during the war years. The state is
apparently in no danger of losing its position of leadership in the industry,
and its share of the national industry was actually greater in I926 than in the
preceding year; the level of production in the new Indiana-Illinois area remained constant during the two years.
Any decline in the share of the state in the output from steel works
throughout the country will not be due to deficiency in capacity, for the state
ranks high in that respect. Production in the state runs especially to open
hearth steel, while in Ohio the output of Bessemer steel is actually higher than
in Pennsylvania. The practice in Pennsylvania, however, parallels that of
the industry at large and of plants in Indiana. The total capacity of open
hearth furnaces in Pennsylvania is almost twice that of plants in Ohio, its
nearest competitor.
Allegheny County's Steel Works on the Upgrade
The relative share of Allegheny County in the nation's production from
steel works is somewhat greater than that of output from blast furnaces, and
ranges in the post-war years from I6 per cent to I8 per cent, a decline from
an average of 25 per cent just before the war. But this decrease in percentage has been accompanied by a greater output, and is not indicative of
any retrograde movement in the local industry, except in the case of Bessemer
steel. This trend is in line with the newer production shift in the whole industry, for that decline, as already pointed out, parallels the national trend,
as open hearth steel assumes a position of greater importance from year to
year. Open hearth capacity in Allegheny County, moreover, has not been
affected by the recent dispersion of the industry, for ingot tonnage from local
plants in I926 almost equaled the peak in I916, when steel works were operated at the maximum.
Recent shifts in the industry away from this district are not revealed in
the performance of local works, for the County's share in the total industry
declined more rapidly before the war than since that time. Although steel
works in the County have not produced a tonnage in any year equal to that of
594WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER  595
the war period, the total output from them reached a new post-war peak in
I926; improvements and extensions of local plants and equipment have placed
them in better position for more intensive operations than ever before.
Number of plants merely indicates distribution, and the actual number in
Allegheny County has decreased from 68 in 1922, to 52 in I926, and 54 in
I927; production in 1922, however, was only 6,853,354 tons, whereas in I926
it was 8,281,999 tons. The capacity of local works is sufficient to meet a
much greater demand than has prevailed, for the average output from I923
to I927, inclusive-7,763,725 tons-was greatly exceeded in I926, when production was not much below the five-year average from I916 to I920, namely,
8,586,772 tons, although the latter period was one of intensive operations.
The County furnishes 46 per cent of the output of ingots in the state,
which has been the approximate ratio for many years. The decline in the
manufacture of Bessemer steel accounts for much of the shrinkage in the
ratio to national output, but Allegheny County still produces more ingot
steel than any state except Ohio, and there is no evidence that the position
of leadership is menaced.
Production of Ingots in Western Pennisylvania Increases Uniformly
Western Pennsylvania steel works produce 28 per cent of the National
ingot tonnage, a slight excess, relatively, over the 26 per cent share in the
pig iron industry. In the latter branch of the industry this section has contributed approximately at the same rate since I9o00, but the share in ingot
production is not so great as formerly. Production, however, is now on a
par with the ratios of pig iron and rolled steel. The decline in the percentage of ingots would have been greater except for the remarkable progress in
the Shenango District since the war. There a new peak of 2,894,570 tons
was established in I926. Production from Allegheny County and the remainder of Western Pennsylvana now ranges from 12,000,000 to I4,000,000 tons
of steel annually, or 3,000ooo,ooo000 tons in excess of the pig iron tonnage. These
totals are about 80 per cent of the state production, a ratio which has obtained since i900, in contrast to the share of the state pig iron output, which
has increased from 65 per cent to 8o per cent in the same period of time.
The district produced, from I923 to I927, more than 2,000,000ooo tons of
ingots yearly in excess of the pre-war average, a performance indicative of
sound progress.
Pennsylvania Leads in the Rolling Mill Industry of the Country
Pennsylvania holds the same dominating position among the states in
respect to the output from rolling mills, that it enjoys in the manufacture of
pig iron and ingots, producing somewhat less than twice the tonnage from
mills in Ohio. Pennsylvania, as a state, is a favorable territory for an evenPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
greater industry, for the mills of the state established a post-war peak in
rolled products in I926, as did likewise Indiana and Illinois; thus, the industry
in Pennsylvania moved with the National trend. The decline in I927, however, was more severe in this state than elsewhere, except in Ohio, where
conditions were about the same.
The diffusion of the industry, or its distribution to the states which
produce steel in a smaller way, accounts for most of the post-war decline in
Pennsylvania's share, which decreased from 56.38 per cent in I9OI and 5I
per cent in I9o6 and I907, to 40.7I per cent in I922 and 38.40 per cent in
I926; actual tonnage rolled in the state increased more than 6,ooo,ooo tons
in the 25 year interval. While the state produced 34.5 per cent of the
nation's pig iron in I926, it accounted for 38.4 per cent of the rolled products,
and production during the post-war years has been greater than during the
period preceding the war.
Greater Tonnage from Fewer Mills in Allegheny County
The number of mills in Allegheny County has changed but little since
I9o00, yet the capacity has been greatly increased by extensive improvements.
In I900 the County contained 6I mills; and in I927 the number had decreased
to 54, which was two more than in the year I926. In this case number has
no significance, for an output of 5,771,214 tons was obtained in I926, when
52 mills were operated; and only 5,0oI2,843 tons in I924, from 62 mills.
Allegheny County now produces 15.42 per cent of the rolled iron and steel
of the country, approximately one-half of the ratio in I900; but during the
period, the County increased its actual output 62 per cent. Recently production in Allegheny County has not equaled that of the war years, although
the National industry established a peak in I926. But the output from the
County since I923 exceeded that of the five-year period immediately preceding the outbreak of the war in Europe, and the trend was upward in I925
and I926.
Western Pennsylvania Produces More Than One-Quarter of the
Steel Rolled in the United States
Western Pennsylvania now produces nearly 20 per cent of all steel rolled
in the United States, and, moreover, the tonnage exceeds that of the pre-war
period, largely because of the progress made in the Shenango District where
annual output is now I,ooo,ooo tons greater than before the war, or almost
double the former production. The Shenango District established a new peak
in I926, but in no other part of Western Pennsylvania had production overtaken the rate of the war period. It should be noted, however, that the Shenango District, in this review, extends to the Allegheny County Line and
596WORLD'S GREATEST IRON AND STEEL CENTER
includes the new works of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation at Aliquippa.
When progress in the steel industry of Western Pennsylvania is compared with that of the United States Steel Corporation, the uniformity in the
advance in each case is striking. From  I902 to I929, the corporation increased its output of pig iron 91 per cent, and of rolled steel 85 per cent;
whereas, the same percentages in Western Pennsylvania are 8I per cent and
86 per cent respectively.
Industrial Expansion in Allegheny County Noteworthy
A manufacturing section grows by expansion of its productive industries
due to proximity of raw materials, markets, and adequate electric power
resources, together with the presence of skilled workers and of experienced
management. Ample housing and recreation facilities, moreover, attract a
superior force of workers. Industrial progress is assured in a community
which possesses those advantages, when development in the scientific and
technical features of industry is fostered by management.
Modern installations and co6rdination of operations have so increased
efficiency in local plants that iron and steel will no doubt be manufactured in
Metropolitan Pittsburgh on even a greater scale than in the past. In carrying out this program, the U. S. Steel Corporation has expended $Ioo,ooo,ooo,
principally at Homestead, where the plant is said to be the most modern
steel plant in the world, at Munhall, at Duquesne, at McKeesport, and at
Clairton; and the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, the Pittsburgh Steel
Company, and others, have also completed large projects. The A. M. Byers
Company has built a large plant at Ambridge for the manufacture of
wrought iron by the Aston process.
Neville Island now has a new significance in the iron and steel industry,
for the Davison Coke and Iron Company has just completed the construction of coke ovens and a cement plant to be operated in conjunction with
the blast furnace on the island. The furnace at Sharpsville will also be
operated by the new company, together with two others at more distant
points; and this will represent a large interest in merchant pig iron in the
Pittsburgh-Youngstown District,-a branch of the industry which Pittsburgh
has heretofore neglected.
To meet the rapidly increasing demand for electric power in the District,
the Duquesne Light Company has constructed the James H. Reed Power
Plant on Brunot Island, at an initial expenditure of $Io,ooo,ooo. This plant
will ultimately be larger than the recently completed power plant at Colfax.
The Iron Age, in a recent editorial upon the subject of Pittsburgh's supremacy in iron and steel, stated:
597PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
As a proof of the growth in diversification of industry since the foregoing
classification of Pittsburgh industries in I870 was compiled, there may be
cited a Classification of the Manufacturing Establishments of Allegheny
County, compiled by the Industry Division of the Pittsburgh Chamber of
Commerce in I930. This compilation showed the existence of I98 distinct
types of manufacturing industry operating in Allegheny County as the
year I930 opened.
At the close of the year I929 a classification of the principal industries
of the City of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, compiled from the latest
reports of the State Department of Labor, and showing the status of industry
in I928, showed the following valuations of annual output in the leading
groups:
00
I4i                t                              C)
0                     -%                         Q.
Chemicals and allied products......
Clay, glass and stone products....
Food and kindred products........
Leather and rubber goods........
Lumber and its re-manufacture....
Paper and printing industries.....
Textiles and textile products.....
Metals and metal products
Primary......................
Secondary....................
I 14
III
534
294
I4'
302
214
35
446
Total......................... 48I
Mines and Quarries.............
Tob
Mis
129
acco and its products.........              43;cellaneous products...........           i6o
Grand  total................. 2,523
4,76I
8,251I
I6,794
643
2,469
7,220
2,849
42,879
76, I27
II9,006
I3,077
772
9,859
I85,70I
tn
cu
1-4  U)
C'd  ej
1 4
Cld  ho
U  C
Cd
-4-  -rj
0 r.
F-'  m
$ 8,356,oo00o
I I1,797,300
25,271,200
93.5,800
4,316,300
I3,455,800
3,640,400
78,501,700
I31,732,500
210,234,200
17,697,000
542,200
15,203,000
$3 I I,449,200.4-4    (1n
o   4 -  j
Q)
-o  
$  65,619,200
35,678,700
127,910,100
2,719,500
I2,I96,500
39,625,600
I4,312,400
669,672,800
470,222,800
I,I39,895,600
26,770,200
1,557,800
59,420,400
$I,525,7o6,000
The following statistics supplied by the State Department of Labor for
Pittsburgh (with Allegheny County), the counties immediately tributary to
Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia, covering the year 1927 are interesting as showing that Allegheny County, with a much smaller number of industrial establishments than Philadelphia, has a considerably larger capital invested:
452598                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
It is a simple matter for the Steel Corporation executives to pursue
a policy of keeping its Pittsburgh district plants up to the point of maximum efficiency, and it is easy to show from the records that Pittsburgh
is in a secure position.
The Pittsburgh district retains all of the advantages for the manufacture
of iron and steel which early gave its plants a leadership. The magnitude of
the expansion programs already largely completed by local companies, and of
civic improvements now under way, not only reflects the stability of industry
in this section but affords assurance of continued progress.CHAPTER XIV
GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIESCHAPTER XIV
THE GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES
Economic Advantage, Not Chance, Makes Pittsburgh America's Chief Glass
Manufacturing Center-Unsurpassed Fuel, Sand and Limestone, Three
Main Factors in Glassmaking, All Found in Pittsburgh District-First
Pittsburgh Glass Factory Built by General O'Hara and Major Craig in
I797-Gallatin's Factory at New Geneva-Peter William  Eichbaum's
Contribution to the Early Establishmlent of Pittsburgh's Glass Supremacy-Chronological List of Glass Factories-John Lubbers of Pittsburgh Invents First Real Improvement in Window Glass Manufacture
for Five Hundred Years-Rise of the Important Plate Glass IndustryMachine Process in Flint and Window Glassmaking-Telescopic and
Lighthouse Lenses of Surpassing Quality Produced Here-Electrical
Industry in Pittsburgh Established by George Westinghouse  Company
Bearing His Name Annually Sells Nearly $225,ooo000,000ooo Worth of its
Products in All Parts of the World-Mr. Westinghouse's Genius
Responsible for Development of the Alterniating Current Which is Now
the Basis of the Light and Power Industry of the World-Westinghouse Lights the World's Fair and Harnesses Niagara-Westinghouse
Electric Company in Its Famous Pittsburgh Station KDKA Possesses
Pioneer Radio Broadcasting Station of the World-Significance of
KDKA's Short Wave Length-Pittsburgh the Center of the Aluminum
Industry of the United States-Charles M. Hall's Invention of the Commercial Process of Aluminum Manufacture-His Early Experiences in
Pittsburgh and the Organization of the Aluminum Company of America
by His Associates Including William Thaw and Andrew W. and Richard
B. Mellon-Aluminum Onice Sold by Jewelers Now the Material of
Which Automobiles, Railroad Cars, Kitchenware, and Factory Paints
Are Made.
Not chance, but economic advantage, has made Pittsburgh America's
principal seat of glass manufacture. As declared by William  L. Monro,
President of the American Window Glass Company, in the address on the
glass industry in the Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit series of addresses at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, "the main factors in determining the location of a glass factory, from the standpoint of natural resources, are its proximity to a source of fuel, sand and limestone. Of these
6oiPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
three the fuel is the most important, as it is usually the largest item in the
cost of production except the labor. It may be used in the form of wood,
coal, gas and oil; and glass is now also made with electricity to supply the
necessary heat. Some idea of the amount of fuel required in the operation
of a glass factory may be gained from the fact that a modern hand-blowing
window glass factory consumes about i8o pounds of coal in producing a
box of window glass weighing 58 pounds."
Sand, as noted by Mr. Monro, is the next most important factor in the
production of glass, constituting about 60 per cent of the total composition
used in the process. Glass sand of high grade, well adapted to the manufacture of glass of fine quality, is found in many parts of the United States,
but to be of any marked commercial value these deposits must be located near
the source of fuel supply as the transportation of the sand over a long distance would make the manufacturing costs practically prohibitive. The limestone used in glass manufacture constitutes about 20 per cent of the total
composition of product. Like glass sand, limestone is widely distributed
in America, but it is the deposits convenient to sources of fuel supply that
have economic value. Pittsburgh with its coal (and later natural gas) was
bound to take an outstanding position in the glass industry for the reason
that it possessed the other raw materials also. Large deposits of sand and
limestone, adaptable to glass making, lay almost alongside the fuel. "The
natural resources of Pittsburgh and its vicinity offered unusual advantage for
the location of glass factories," declared Mr. MonrQ, "as was subsequently
demonstrated by the inability of glass factories located in other parts of the
country to compete with the factories here."
Notwithstanding that Pittsburgh was destined to lead the country in the
manufacture of glass, the very earliest factories were located elsewhere. A
bottle factory was built at Jamestown, Virginia, in I607, and a second factory was built there in I620 to make glass beads for trading with the Indians.
Somewhere around I639 a bottle factory was built in Salem, Mass. There is
a reference in the correspondence of William Penn to a Pennsylvania glass
factory operating in I683 but this is all that is known about it. New York,
New Jersey, Connecticut and New Hampshire had all ventured into the glass
industry before Albert Gallatin, former Secretary of the United States Treasury built the first glass factory west of the Allegheny Mountains at what is
now the site of New Geneva in I794. Gallatin and his associates built a
second factory in I807. This was at Springhill, in Greene County.
General James O'Hara and Major Isaac Craig built the first glass factory
in Pittsburgh on the south side of the Monongahela River nearly opposite the
Point in I797. It was equipped with an eight-pot furnace for the production
of both window glass and bottles, and wood, which was then in more than
bountiful supply in this region, was used as fuel. Mr. Monro thinks that
602GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 603
while our earlier factories commonly depended on wood fuel their operators
were expectant of the eventual use of coal, which was already being mined
here in considerable quantity. That more than ordinary courage was required to embark in the business in these pioneer days is obvious. General
O'Hara is quoted as saying that the production of the first bottle carried out
by himself and his partners cost them $30,000. The hazards of the business
were compensated by the prices at which the glass could be sold. Mr. Gallatin and his partners (a Mr. Nicholson and two Germans by the name of
Kramer) are said to have obtained from $I4 to $20 per box for a considerable period, although Mr. Gallatin declared that they have offered to sell
their product for $4.50 per box. Mr. Gallatin's remonstrances to his partners
against the high prices their firm charged were based on the conviction that
exorbitant charges would invite competition. In this he was not mistaken, for
before the firm ceased manufacturing the market had declined to $8.00 per
box. The New Geneva Works, founded by Gallatin, were operated as late
as I836 or I837.
The Pittsburgh Works of O'Hara and Craig were built of frame, and the
eight-pot furnace held not over 5oo00 pounds of material to the pot.
Peter William Eichbaum is a name of no little importance in the early
history of the Pittsburgh glass industry. Eichbaum was a descendant of a
family of that name at Allemand, Westphalia, Germany, who had been glass
cutters for many generations. Peter William Eichbaum left Germany for
France during the reign of the French King Louis XVI, and is said to have
cut some of the glass used in the palace of Versailles. After the Fall of the
Bastile, Eichbaum left France and after a brief sojourn in Holland came to
the United States in I792. He was brought from Philadelphia by General
O'Hara and Major Craig to aid them in their factory, where things were
not going as well as they should, and in I798 the works were leased to Eichbaum and some other workmen who operated them under the firm name of
Eichbaum, Wendt  Company. The employees made a better showing with
the works than the masters had done, for they appear to have operated them
with considerable success for a number of years. In I8Io Eichbaum was
attracting widespread attention by the quality of his work. An account of
the industries of Pittsburgh published in that year contains the following as
to cut glass: "This business has recently been established by an ingenious
German, Eichbaum, formerly glass cutter to Louis XVI, late King of France.
We have seen a six light chandelier with prisms of his cutting which does
credit to the workmen and reflects honor on our country, for we have reason
to believe that it is the first cut in the United States. It is suspended in the
Ohio Lodge No. II3 in the house of Mr. Kerr, innkeeper."
Peter William Eichbaum was the grandfather of Joseph Eichbaum, who
75 years later was one of the most prominent citizens of Pittsburgh. GenPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
eral O'Hara and Major Craig subsequently resumed control of their factory,
and in I807 the output of the works had a value of $i8,ooo.
The manufacture of flint glass in Pittsburgh was first carried on in an
experimental way in the O'Hara factory, but it was not until I807 that flint
glass began to be made here on a commercial scale. George Robinson and
Edward Ensel founded this enterprise under the firm name of Robinson 
Ensel, but they disagreed with each other and a year later they were bought
out by the firm of Bakewell  Page. A historian of the industry says of
Bakewell  Page: "This firm continued the manufacture of flint glass for
many years, producing beautiful ware after overcoming many difficulties
arising from inferiority of material, bad construction of furnaces, want of
skill on the part of workmen, and the firm's refusal to allow the introduction
of apprentices."  It appears that the factory was not genuinely successful
as a'commercial enterprise until Mr. Bakewell rebuilt the furnaces on a better
plan and imported competent workmen from Europe to instruct the other
employees. This factory eventually became the first successful flint glass
factory in the United States. The firm subsequently became known as Bakewell, Pears  Company. The factory was at the foot of Ross Street on the
north bank of the Monongahela River. The furnace completed in I8o8 held
six 20-inch pots. In I8IO a Io-pot furnace was built, and in I814 another
furnace of the same capacity. Burned down in the great fire of I845, the
works were immediately rebuilt.
Some of the more important glass factories operated in Pittsburgh, in
chronological order, may be listed as follows:
Daniel Beltzhoover, George Sutton, John McMichel, Edward Ensel, Sr.,
Edward Ensel, Jr., Frederick Wendt, Charles Ihmsen and Peter Hain, operating as Beltzhoover, Wendt  Co., built a window glass factory on what is
now Muriel Street, between S. I3th and S. I5th Streets, in I812. It was the
second successful factory established in Allegheny County. Besides window
glass it made bottles. After many changes in partnership, its control was
finally secured by Charles Ihmsen, who associated with him members of his
family. In I836 Christian Ihmsen, son of Charles Ihmsen, bought out the
surviving partners, the firm becoming known as the Ihmsen Glass Co., Limited. Members of the Ihmsen family, which was associated with the window
glass industry longer than any other one family, retained their interest until
it was sold to the American Window Glass Company in I899.
Hay  McCully built the Union Flint Glass Works in I829. William
McCully of this firm became an important figure in the industry. This plant
became the property of Wallace, Lyon  Co. in I849. James P. Wallace of
this firm was a real innovator. He zealously studied methods of improving
the quality of output and is by all authorities given the main credit for pro604GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMIINUM  INDUSTRIES  605
ducing a flint glass which made the crystal tableware of Pittsburgh a beautiful and desirable commodity.
I83o-Curling  Price, Fort Pitt Glass Works-flint glass.
I834-Samuel McKee, James Salisbury, Sligo Window Glass Works.
I84I-Alexander and David H. Chambers-Birmingham  Green Glass
Works.
i849-Cunningham  Co., window and green glass.
I85o-Bryce, McKee  Co., S. 2ISt Street, tableware.
I85I-Lorenz  Whiteman (Frederick Lorenz and Thomas Whiteman).
I85i-Adams, Macklin  Co., Ross  Second Streets, flint glass.
I853-McKee Bros. (F. and J. McKee), S. i8th Street, tableware.
I855-Thomas A. Evans' Mastodon Glass Factory (flint vials).
I859-Johnson, King  Co., S. I8th Street, tableware.
i859-Wolfe, Plunket  Co., window glass.
I86o-Hale, Atterbury  Co., S. First Street, tableware.
I863--Excelsior Flint Glass Co., lamp chimneys.
I863-W. H. Hamilton  Co., Penn Avenue, flint vial works.
i866--Beck, Phillips  Co., S. Ig9th Street, window glass.
i866-John Agnew  Son, flint vial factory.
i866-Tibby Bros., Sharpsburg, flint vial works.
i868-Doyle  Co., S. ioth Street, tableware.
i879-C. L. Flaccus Co., flint glass vials and bottles.
i879-Bryce, Higby  Co., tableware factory.
I879-J. T.  A. Hamilton, 26th  A. V. R. R., flint vial factory.
i88o--O'Leary Bros.  Co., window glass.
i88I--Thomas Evans  Co., S. I8th Street, glass chimney factory.
In I865 there were in Pittsburgh 55 glass factories, owned by 22 companies. The 55 factories contained 528 pots. Of these factories 17 made
window glass, I9 tableware, Ii green glass, four vials, and three chimneys.
The Civil War period was a period of great expansion in the industry. In
the two years I863 and I864, Pittsburgh glass manufacturers paid the Federal
Government 74 per cent of all the revenue from glass in Pennsylvania and
nearly 30 per cent of all from the entire United States. In I876 the city
contained no less than 73 factories. In I886 still further expansion on a
large scale was in evidence. The city now contained'the largest window
glass, the largest chimney glass, and the largest tableware works in the world.
No less than 29 window glass factories were in operation here in that year
with a productive capacity of 9goo,ooo boxes a year. There were 36 tableware factories, i i glass chimney factories turning out over 30,000,o000oo chimneys a year besides lantern globes and reflectors, i i green glass factories,
and Io factories devoted to the manufacture of vials, bottles and druggists'PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ware. The total embraced 42 independent concerns operating 93 factories.
It was not only in quantity of production and increase of hands employed
that the glass industry of Pittsburgh had made remarkable progress in these
decades. The science and art of the industry had also received important
contributions from Pittsburgh manufacturers. For example, in the'fifties,
shortly after the establishment of the factory of Adams, Macklin  Co., Mr.
Adams undertook a series of experiments to demonstrate the practicability of
the use of lime as a substitute for lead in making tableware, his conviction
being that an important reduction in production cost could be effected. The
experiments continued for several years and were ultimately successful.
Lime glass for a few years did not enjoy the same prestige and ready market
of the old lead or flint glass, but Mr. Adams eventually succeeded in manufacturing a product comparing with the older material in beauty and possessing marked economic advantages. The new lime process before long
made Allegheny County the controlling center of tableware production.
Another example of the inventive enterprise of Pittsburgh industry was
thatof the Phoenix Glass Co., to which is credited the introduction of the
unsurpassed colored tableware that no other center of glass production was
able to rival. Two generations after this a Pittsburgh window glass worker
named John Lubbers originated a most epochal improvement in productive
method effected anywhere in the glass industry of the world for 500 years.
To another resident of the Pittsburgh district, H. C. Fry, belongs the credit
of being the first to put into successful operation the making of cut glass
from pressed blanks. Still another Pittsburgher, Philip Arbogast, in I882
contributed to the progress of the bottle making industry by pressing a blank
including a finished neck of a bottle. From this accomplishment there resulted the perfection of a bottle blowing machine. For a succinct statement
of the more recent technical development of the glass industry, we resort
again to an acknowledged authority, Mr. Monro, already quoted:
In those early factories window glass, bottles and even flint glass
were sometimes made on the same furnace. Frequently if the glass was
not considered good enough for window glass it was worked up into
bottles.
No great improvements were made in any of the glass making processes in this country for many years, although the size of the furnaces,
and the number and size of the pots used in the furnaces were increased,
and wood firing gave way to direct coal firing.
The discovery of natural gas and its application to glass making
worked a great change in the glass industry in this district. At first
the manufacturers were very loath to adopt the new fuel; and it was
not until after the genius and prophetic vision of George Westing6o6GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM  INDUSTRIES  607
house, had organized and put into operation the Philadelphia Company in I884, that they began to change from coal to natural gas. The
new fuel proved to be ideal for glass making. It was clean, easily applied, and very high in thermal units. It eliminated many of the difficulties of glass making, and made possible a great increase in the production and quality of the glass. If Pittsburgh's supremacy as the
glass making center had ever been seriously challenged, the advantage
of being the first to use natural gas as fuel rendered its position unassailable.
About this time window glass manufacturers began to adopt the
Siemens regenerative continuous tank system. This proved a great
success, and made possible the production of better glass with a much
smaller consumption of fuel.
The first real improvement in the method of making window glass
for nearly 500 years was successfully worked out by John Lubbers, a
resident of this city. He was a window glass flattener by trade, and in
I894 he conceived a method of blowing window glass cylinders mechanically. He interested in his ideas his employer, James A. Chambers, the most prominent and progressive window glass manufacturer
of his day, who agreed to furnish the money to carry on the experiments. Experimenting in glass making is probably the most difficult
and expensive undertaking in which one can engage.
After some years and with the results still in doubt, the expense
became too heavy for Chambers to bear alone; and he was obliged to
appeal to some of his friends to help in the enterprise. T. H. Given
and M. K. McMullin, the former well-known bankers, and others of
this city furnished the additional money required to enable Lubbers
to bring the experiments to a successful conclusion. When completed,
the right to use the invention was sold to the American Window Glass
Company, whose factories use the machines so successfully worked out
by Lubbers.
With the Lubbers process it is possible to make much larger cylinders than can be made by hand. Some idea of the magnitude of this
invention may be gained from the fact that, at the time it was perfected, the largest cylinders that could be made by a hand blower were
not over twenty inches in diameter and ninety inches long, while the
machines regularly make cylinders thirty inches in diameter, and 58
inches long, and have the capacity to make much larger ones. One
hand blower can make about twenty boxes of single strength, each
containing fifty square feet, in an eight-hour turn. With the machines
one blower operating four machines can make 360 boxes in the same
time.DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
Pennsylvania...........
P:ittsburgh.............
Allegheny County......
Armstrong County......
Beaver County.........
Butler County..........
Fayette County.........
Washington County.....
Westmoreland County...
Seven Counties.........
Philadelphia............
q.a
n.4
 s
=:.C.,.a
s {3
o- -"R
4.a
43.4 c
E -
20,442
1,620
2,577
I65
273
172
302
328
534
4,351
5,035
=         bD o  n
CSd
7....    o.6
7.9         45.1
I2.6        76.5....  8I.o
10.... I3.5.... 49.0
10.... 9.3.... 97.0.... 92.9
21.3         83.I
24.6         57.5
No less than 300 classifications of manufacturing industry were shown in
Allegheny County by a report of the State Department of Internal Affairs,
with leading groups showing the following output values:
Artificial stone.............
Benzols....................
Bakery  products...........
Canned and preserved goods.
Carbonated and soft drinks..
Caskets and undertakers' supplies....................
Cement....................
Coal-Bituminous..........
Coffee and spices, roasting...
Coke-Beehive.............
Coke-By-product.........
Cork  products............
Confectionery..............
Electrotyping, engraving and
die-sinking...............
Fertilizers.................
Furniture..................
Gasoline...................
Glass bottles and  jars......
Glass-plate...............
Grease and tallow.........
Chemicals.................
Ice, manufactured..........
Ice cream.................
Laundry and dry cleaning....
Macaroni..................
$ 2,070,900
4,410,300
36,477,900
I15,662,000
2,686,8oo
2,805,400
5,9 11,200
29,152,000
2,428,300
2,210,100
28,559,300
3,793, I00
9,532,900
2,349,900
4,804,400
2,268,500
9,255,600
4,414,I00
11,200,300
2,370,000
6,262, I00
3,761,000
6,o010,300
5,683,000
3,249,200
Men's clothing..........   $    3,646,600
Metals-Primary, 28  classifications.............        932,358,900
Metals-Secondary, 68
classifications..........       I,295,911,100
Newspapers and periodicals...................            28,624,200
Lubricating oils and
greases...............             8,003,400
Fuel oils................              2, I84,700
Kerosene  oil............             2,838,300
Oil-well supplies........             5,608,300
Paint and varnish........             9,670,300
Paper boxes.............              2,666,300
Pickles.................             4,927,600
Planing mill products....             5,877,Ioo
Sand  and  gravel........            3,378,I00
Ship and boat building....            2,940,000
Slaughtering and meat
packing...............            35,335,900
Sulphuric, nitric and mixed
acids.................             2,o82,800
Tar.....................               2,793,400
Terra cotta and fire-clay
products..............             2,i64,800
Woolen and worsted yarns                2,257,800
453
3.
s-Cl
c uz
- s:,
4_
~0a
c..
$5,455,916,6oo00
398,40I,300
1,124,836,6oo00
40,240,300
20I,508,8oo
51 I,345,00ooo
82,476,8oo00
185,022,300
187, I47,400
1,872,577,200
1,OI2,266,8oo00
CS
U)
0
CL)
3-C
C.)
713.  20.6
34.3PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
In recent years another process of making window glass has been
worked out, viz.: by the drawn sheet method. In this method the glass
is drawn in a continuous sheet or ribbon vertically from  a tank, and
then horizontally after passing over a bending roll, or it is drawn vertically between successive pairs of rolls.
The credit for being the first to conceive the idea of drawing window glass in sheet form belongs to William Clark, of this city, who
patented the process in I857. While he was not successful in his efforts, and some of his disclosures were impracticable, yet his ideas and
methods formed the basis for the successful working out of the sheet
drawing process some fifty years later.
The plate glass industry was one of the last to get started in this
country. Although the first rolled plate glass was made in I688 at
Saint Gobain, in France, it was not until about I88I, after years of unsuccessful efforts that plate glass was successfully produced in this
country. In I872 Capt. E. A. Ford started a small plate glass factory
at Louisville, Kentucky, but it was not'until he built the plate glass
factory at Creighton, Pa., in this district, in I88I, that the business
became profitable. This factory was afterwards acquired and is still
operated by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company.
The methods of making plate glass have undergone very little
change. For centuries it has been melted in pots, and then poured on
a casting table, where it was rolled. After being annealed it was
ground and polished on both sides. Until I9o00 the annealing was done
in special kilns built for the purpose; a tedious, slow, difficult, and expensive process. About that time mechanically operated rod-lehrs were
substituted for the annealing kilns, and a great saving in time, labor,
fuel, and breakage was effected thereby. The first successful application of these lehrs to the annealing of plate glass was made',by the
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company.              /
To that remarkable genius of the twentieth century, Henry Ford,
of Detroit, must be given the credit for having developed a new method
of making plate glass. About I92I, at the Ford Motor Company's
Detroit plant, was placed in successful operation a factory for making
small plates, using a continuous tank, with continuous rolling, annealing, grinding, and polishing. Subsequently, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass
Company built several units of an improved design of this new method,
which are in successful operation.
In the making of bottles, the old hand blowers have given place to
automatic, or semi-automatic machines. In I882 Philip Arbogast, who
resided at the time on the South Side, in this city, pressed a blank includ6og~JOHN A. BRASHEAR, PITTSBURGH'S FAMED TELESCOPE LENS MAKERGLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 609
ing a finished neck of a bottle. This was the pioneer accomplishment
that resulted in the perfection of the bottle blowing machines.
These machines have effected great economies in labor, and greatly
improved the quality of the ware produced. In this branch of glass
making, practically all the old pot furnaces have been replaced by the
regenerative tank system of melting.
The manufacture of flint glass kept pace with the basic improvements in other lines of glass making. Their furnaces were enlarged
and improved, and the so-called "deep-eye" furnaces replaced the old
construction. Some of the manufacturers have also adopted the tank
method.  In addition they worked out a large number of mechanical
improvements for the making of the countless variety of products embraced within this branch of glass making. The list of these is too long
to be enumerated in this paper. It suffices to say that many of them
are the most ingenious creations that the human mind can conceive for
producing automatically and mechanically various kinds of ware. In
the making of objects of special design, however, the skill of the workman is still a most important factor, though it is aided by all the mechanical devices possible.
After the natural gas wells of the Pittsburgh District began to ebb, many
of the Pittsburgh glass factories were removed by their Pittsburgh owners
to the newer gas belts in Indiana and elsewhere. At the same time, the
tendency toward combination in industry began to change conditions in glass
manufacture, and one of the first of the so-called "trusts" organized in the
United States was the United States Glass Company of Pittsburgh.  This
company, organized in I89I, acquired I7 different flint glass factories, the
majority of them in the Pittsburgh District. Later on the same tendency to
merger and concentration of management resulted in the taking over of
most of the window glass factories. Many economies in operation have thus
been effected, along with increased effectiveness of operation, enabling Mr.
Monro to say, "to-day there is produced or sold here annually, from  factories owned by Pittsburgh corporations, glass and glasswate to the aggregate value of $5o,ooo,ooo.  With such a volume of business, Pittsburgh
fairly earns its supremacy in the glass industry of the world."
It is interesting to note that in addition to every other variety of glass,
fine art glass not excepted, Pittsburgh for many years possessed in Dr. John
A. Brashear the most skillful and famous maker of fine telescopic lenses in
the world.* Pittsburgh was somewhat late in entering the field of plate glass
*Although Dr. Brashear has been dead for many years, the telescopic lens factory
which he established on the North Side is still a highly successful enterprise with an
international demand for its output.manufacture, but in I918 it had so energetically developed its resources in this
direction as to report a total production of 6o,ooo,ooo square feet in a year,
and the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. is now one of the largest producers of
plate glass in the world.
A Chamber of Commerce bulletin of I930 epitomized Pittsburgh's glass
industry as follows:
One-sixth of the Nation's glass industry is located within thirty
miles of Pittsburgh. Here is produced more glass than in any similar
area in the United States.
The production of glass ranks third among Greater Pittsburgh's
manufacturing industries, next after iron and steel and electrical equipment.
The glass industry in Greater Pittsburgh gives employment to I2,500
glass workers and has an annual payroll of $I7,o000o,000.
Greater Pittsburgh's glass works annually produce 750,000ooo barrels
of table and decorative wares, enough to fill a freight train sixty-six
miles long.
Greater Pittsburgh's glass works produce I75,000,000 square feet of
window glass or over six square miles.
Greater Pittsburgh's glass works produce over 27,000,000 square
feet of plate glass or enough to roof the Lincoln Highway from Pittsburgh to the suburbs of Philadelphia.
Greater Pittsburgh's glass works produce over 260,000,oo000 bottles
and jars a year, or over two for each inhabitant of the United States.
Greater Pittsburgh's contribution to the national glass output comprises one-fifth of the plate glass, one-fifth of the window glass, onesixth of the table and decorative ware and one-eighth of the country's
bottles and jars.
Excepting Pennsylvania of which it is a part and West Virginia,
Greater Pittsburgh's glass production exceeds in value that of any other
state and is greater than the combined glass output of forty-one of the
states in the Union.
The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, which was a consolidation of several
independent plants, was incorporated in I895. Its principal business is the
manufacture of plate glass, which it sells all over the world. The capacity of
the company is about 50,000,oo00o feet of plate glass and 1,200,oo000 boxes of
window glass annually. Capital is $65,000ooo,ooo000; total assets December 3I,
i929, $IOI,680,872.
The company owns and operates plate glass factories at Creighton,
Tarentum, Ford City and Charleroi in Pennsylvania; Kokomo, Indiana and
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
6IoGLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 6Ii
Crystal City, Missouri; and window glass factories at Mount Vernon, Ohio,
and Clarksburg, West Virginia.
In I92i the company acquired the Columbia Chemical Company and the
Patton Paint Company. Acquisition of the chemical company was accomplished in order to assure to the glass company a supply of soda ash.
The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company has about 8,ooo employees on the
pay roll. The officers are as follows: W. L. Clause, Chairman of the Board;
H. S. Wherrett, President; C. M. Brown, R. L. Clause, H. B. Higgins, Ludington Patton, H. A. Galt, Vice-Presidents; Edward Pitcairn, Treasurer;
C. S. Lamb, Secretary.
The American Window Glass Machine Company controls the American
Window Glass Company, having acquired this control by the exchange of one
share each of the Machine Company stock for the common stock of the Window Glass Company. The latter leases on a royalty basis the patent rights
owned by the Machine Company. The original company was incorporated
under the laws of Pennsylvania in August, I899, and was formed by the
acquisition of 20 companies which at that time produced 85 per cent of the
window glass manufactured in the United States.
The American Window Glass Machine Company was incorporated under
the laws of New Jersey in I903. It owns practically all of the stock of the
American Window Glass Company, which is the largest manufacturer of
window glass in the United States. The company owns the exclusive rights
in the United States to patents on machines for the manufacture of window
glass, which rights are leased on a royalty basis to the Amnerican Window
Glass Company. With the use of these machines window glass can be made
more cheaply than by any other process.
The American Window Glass Company blew glass by hand until I903,
when machines were adopted and installed for the mechanical drawing of
window glass cylinders. This improvement reduced the number of 4I handblowing plants to six machine-blowing plants. These are located at New
Kensington, Jeannette, Belle Vernon, Monongahela City and Kane, Pennsylvania, and Hartford City, Indiana.  TI'he company inaugurated the "continuous tank" melting furnace in the window glass industry and now operates
the largest glass making furnaces in the world. Its products include single
strength and double strength window glass, picture glass, photographic dry
plates, X-ray plates, 26 oz. glass, 29 oz. glass, 34 oz. and 3/I6 crystal sheet.
During the World War the company supplied all the glass for the army cantonments, and produced and shipped as high as 2,000,000 circles a week for
use as lenses in gas masks. Its products are well known in all parts of the
world. Capital stock outstanding $Io0,986,600 of 7per cent preferred, and
I30,000 shares of common stock of no par value. President and General6I2                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Manager William L. Monro; Vice-President, A. E. Braun; Secretary and
Treasurer, W. M. Bonesteel.
The United States Glass Company is a Pennsylvania corporation, organized in I891 by taking over what at that time were among the largest and
most prominent concerns in their particular branch of manufacture. The
line produced is the largest of any concern in what is known as the pressed
blown table glassware business, and includes the making of any article in
glass which can be produced with the same or similar equipment.
Its products include all kinds of articles for home and business purposes,
such as sugar and cream sets, berry dishes, salt bottles, goblets, tumblers,
water pitchers, oil bottles, vases, etc., both in crystal as well as etched, cut and
decorated; also special ware such as blanks for cutting, door and furniture
knobs, automobile lenses, confectioners' and druggists' show jars, tobacco
jars, glass lamps, soda fountain supplies, battery jars, electric instrument
covers, jelly tumblers, pressed lighting glass such as shades, bowls for semiindirect illumination, etc. It is estimated that including the plain crystal lines,
the various lines of etchings, cuttings and decorations, as well as shapes and
designs, the company manufactures over 2o,000 different articles.
The company operates nine producing plants, five in Pittsburgh, two in
Glassport, Pa., one in Tiffin, Ohio, and one in Gas City, Ind.; also two
general decorating shops and one special shop. It employs approximately
3,00ooo people. Each plant has all the necessary equipment for producing its
particular line of ware, as well as the facilities for cutting, polishing, etching
and decorating, where this work is done.
The principal offices of the company are in Pittsburgh, where large sales
display rooms are maintained containing one sample of each piece of ware
manufactured by the company. Branch sales display rooms are maintained
at New York, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, Philadelphia,
San Francisco, London, England; Sydney, Australia; Mexico City, Mexico,
and Havana, Cuba. Capital stock $3,000ooo,ooo000. President, Edwin E. Slick;
Secretary-Treasurer, W. R. Nickel; Directors, C. F. Niemann, H. N. Trimble,
C. E. Willock, E. E. Slick, J. B. Orr, E. P. Yost, C. D. Marshall.
The Macbeth-Evans Glass Company is the largest manufacturer of illuminating and industrial glass in America. This company was incorporated in
I899, being formed by merging the George A. Macbeth Company and the'Thomas Evans Company, the new company afterwards absorbing the American Lamp Chimney Company and a little later the Hogan-Evans Company.
The widespread use of petroleum from the oil fields of Western Pennsylvania
created a great demand for lamp chimneys and made the production of those
chimneys a great industry in itself. In I869 the firm of Thomas Evans 
Co. was established, and became the greatest manufacturer of chimneys in
the world. They operated the Crescent Glass Works at S. I8th and JosephineGLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 613
Streets. Three years later the George A. Macbeth Company was established,
and the chief product of this firm was lead glass chimneys. These two concerns were merged and the new company took over the patents on the Owens
Glass Blowing Machine, which made it possible to increase many fold the
production of lamp chimneys and other articles. The most important feature
in connection with the consolidation of these companies, aside from the purchase of the glass blowing machine, was the bringing together of George A.
Macbeth and Thomas Evans, one the antithesis of the other in many respects,
but both well grounded in the intricate processes of glassmaking; one a man
of great imagination and the other more conservative, but admirably fitted
by reason of keen business instinct to direct the financial affairs of the company. One of its factories, located at Charleroi, a short distance from Pittsburgh, is one of the largest in the world, employing several thousand persons.
The company also operates factories at Elwood, Ind., Toledo, Ohio, Bethavan,
Ind., as well as a factory in Pittsburgh.
It was at the Charleroi plant that many of the extraordinary things that
have been done in glass in recent years were accomplished. Perhaps the most
important of these things was the manufacture, for the first time in America,
of the great lighthouse lenses used by the United States and other governments in the lighthouses that protect the coasts and waterways. Some idea
of the development of the glass industry can be formed from the fact that in
this plant there are made seven different kinds of clear glass. Glass is made
which can be subjected to very violent treatment, such as throwing it around
without breaking. This glass is used in steam gauges of large locomotives
and other places where a glass is required of sufficient toughness to resist
great expansive forces. Special heat resisting glass, used where it is subject
to high temperatures, as in miners' safety lamps, is also made here. Other
products include all kinds of illuminating and industrial glassware, lantern
globes, street lighting globes, lighting fixture glassware, ship lights, railway
signal glass, chemical glassware and automobile lenses. It is, however, impossible to enumerate the multitude of different articles made by this company,
as a recent estimate placed the number at over 6,ooo.* Capital stock $2,00ooo,ooo.  President, George D. Macbeth; Vice-President, Paul W. Jenkins;
Treasurer, C. A. Young; Directors, George D. Macbeth, Paul W. Jenkins,
John E. Winner, Lloyd W. Smith, Harry Darlington, Jr., Sidney Mason, and
J. E. Capen.
THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY
The history of the electrical manufacturing industry in Pittsburgh is
inseparably associated with the name of Westinghouse. At East Pitts* Quoted from a study of the Glass Industry in Pittsburgh, by the First National
Bank.  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
burgh the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company maintains
not only its main office but its principal plant, and from there ships its
products not only into every European country as well as all over North and
South America, but as far as China, Japan, Dutch East Indies, New Zealand,
South Africa, the Straits Settlements, and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Founded by George Westinghouse and bearing his name, this company,
one of the largest electric manufacturing concerns on the globe, began operations in I886 in a small plant in Pittsburgh which employed 200 hands.
To-day, besides the enormous plant at East Pittsburgh and two subsidiary
plants in Pitsburgh known as the Homewood and Nuttall Plants, the Company has factories in 2I other cities of the United States, occupying approximately I4,000,000 square feet of floor space, and with an average of more
than 50,000ooo employees. There are more than 300,000 items listed in the
catalogs of the company's products, and the annual total pay roll is in excess
of $88,ooo,ooo.
Among the plants located elsewhere than in Pittsburgh are those at
Sharon, Pa., Trafford, Pa., South Philadelphia, Pa., East Springfield, Mass.,
Newark, N. J., Mansfield, Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio, South Bend, Ind., St. Louis,
Mo., Derry, Pa., Emeryville, Cal., Attica, N. Y., and Chicopee Falls, Mass.
Among the subsidiaries of the Company are the Westinghouse Lamp
Company, with manufacturing plants at Bloomfield, N. J., Bellefield, N. J.,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Indianapolis, Ind., Milwaukee, Wis., and Trenton, N. J.
The Bryant Electric Co., another subsidiary, has offices and plants at Bridgeport, Conn. The Westinghouse Electric Elevator'Company,, still another
subsidiary, has its plant in Chicago, Ill., and the Westinghouse Electric International Company has offices in New York and London, with branches in
Australia, Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Mexico.
A. W. Robertson of Pittsburgh is Chairman of the Board, and E.' M.
Herr is Vice-Chairman. F. A. Merrick of Pittsburgh is President of the
company, and the Executive Committee is made up of James D. Callery,
Jerome J. Hanauer, Joseph W. Marsh, F. A. Merrick, Harrison Nesbit, A.
W. Robertson, H. H. Westinghouse, and Albert H. Wiggin. The Vice-Presidents are: James C. Bennett, Walter Cary, H. P. Davis, T. P. Gaylord, H. T.
Herr, E. D. Kilburn, L. A. Osborne, W. S. Rugg, H. D. Shute, Harold
Smith, Charles A. Terry, and J. S. Tritle. The Board of Directors consists
of James D. Callery, Paul D. Cravath, H. P. Davis, Jerome J. Hanauer, E.
M. Herr, Joseph W. Marsh, W. L. Mellon, F. A. Merrick, Harrison Nesbit,
L. A. Osborne, A. W. Robertson, H. B. Rust, Samuel M. Vauclain (Philadelphia), George M. Verity (Middletown, Ohio), H. H. Westinghouse, and
Albert H. Wiggin (New York).
The growth of the comnpany from the little factory of I886, and the magnitude of its manufacture and sale of electric generators and motors, turbines,
614GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 615
radio apparatus and other electric mechanisms almost without number, are
best illustrated by the income account for the five years ending December
3I, I929, as presented in the annual report to stockholders by. Mr. Robertson,
Chairman of the Board, as follows:
December 3I                     March 3I
Gross EarningsSales billed....
Cost of sales.....
Net manufacturing
profit.........
Other income....
Gross income from
all sources....
Interest   charges,
etc.............'KlT:..
I929      I928 --   I928      I927       I1926     I925
$         $         $         $          $         $
216,364,588 I89,o5o;3o2 I75,456,815 i85,543,o87 I66,oo6,8oo I57,88o,292
I94,37I,987 I70,867,970 I61,347,356 169,764,086 I51,7II,939 I44,242,065
~~................,
21,992,6oi I8, I82,332  I4, Io9,459  I15,779,ooI  I4,294,86i I3,638,227
5,323,743  4,I46,99I   3,031,704   2,585,614   2,295,363   4,203, I79
27,31  6,344 22,329,323  I7, I4I,I63  I8,364,615  I6,590,224  I7,841,406
253,733  1,51 I4,383   1,501,991I  2,226, I74   2,468,223   2,51 I7,042
~,.... __
rN et income availabl  e  for dividends and other
purposes....... 27,o62,6II 20,814,940 I5,639, I72 16, 138,44I 14, I22,00I 15,324,364
The assets of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Co. on December 3I, I929, reached the vast sum of $253,928,336.8I. Included in this
was a surplus of $82,824,188.OI.   The capital stock of the company consisted on that date of $I29,317,050 of common stock, and $3,998,700
of 7 per cent cumulative preferred stock. The funded debt consisted of
$30,000,oo0o in 5 per cent gold bonds due September I, I946.
Westinghouse apparatus embraces motors as small as I/Ioo of I horsepower, and as large as I5,oo000 horse-power. Generators range from I/I0
of one horse-power to Ioo,ooo horse-power in capacity. The transformers
manufactured by the company are as small as /4 of one ampere, and as large
as 25,000o kilovolt-amperes. "The Virginian," a typical electric locomotive
manufactured by the Westinghouse Company, has 7,I25 horse-power, is I52
feet long, weighs 645 tons, and operates from an I I,oo0-volt-single-phase
trolley.
When Mr. Westinghouse ventured into the electrical manufacturing industry on the top floor of the Garrison Alley factory of the Union Switch
and Signal Company of Pittsburgh in I886 he was an air brake man, but he
had the confidence of genius and intuition as regards the possibilities and the454                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The peculiar advantages of Pittsburgh and its metropolitan area as a
center of retail trade are set forth in great detail in a survey made in January
and February, I930, by a leading Pittsburgh newspaper in accordance with
the recommendations of the Bureau of Advertising of the American Newspaper Publishers Association.
Another reflection of Pittsburgh's exceptional buying power is found in
the fact that 40 per cent of the total business done in the Fourth Federal
Reserve District (in which Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Toledo are
the chief cities) is done in Pittsburgh, and that over two per cent of the
nation's business is done in Pittsburgh on the basis of debits to individual
bank accounts.
The major Pittsburgh retail area is as follows: Penn Avenue, io blocks;
Fifth Avenue, I 5 blocks; Stanwix Street, two blocks; Wood Street, six
blocks; Liberty Avenue, io blocks; Fourth Avenue, three blocks; Market
Street, six blocks; Smithfield Street, seven blocks; Ohio Street (North Side),
I2 blocks, and Federal Street (North Side), nine blocks.
In addition to this downtown retail area, there are numerous community
center retail areas with stores offering good service in groceries, meats, bakery
products, automobile supplies, drugs, confectionery and tobacco. The most
prominent of these shopping centers are: East Liberty, Wilkinsburg, Swissvale, Braddock, South Side, Mt. Oliver, Mt. Lebanon, Beechview, Carnegie,
McKees Rocks, Beaver Avenue, Bellevue, Squirrel Hill, Brentwood, Dormont, Oakland, Knoxville, Homestead, Crafton, Carrick, Overbrook, Homewood, Millvale, Etna and Ingram.
The prominent department stores of Pittsburgh are: Boggs  Buhl,
Frank  Seder, Gimbel Bros., Joseph Horne Co., Kaufmann's, LewinNeiman Co., McCreery  Co., Rosenbaum's, and Sears-Roebuck  Co.
Prominent Women's wear shops are: Bedell's, Grabowsky's, Kaufmann
Looby  Co., Meyer Jonasson  Co., and Oppenheim Collins Co.
Grocery chains operating in Pittsburgh include: Atlantic  Pacific Tea
Co., P. H. Butler Co., Keystone Stores and Krogers.
Drug chains include: Dow, Liggett, Mayflower May's, and Walgreen.
RETAIL OUTLETS FOR NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRODUCTS
January, I930
Pittsburgh
Metropolitan   Trading
Pittsburgh    Pittsburgh      Area
Automobile and Truck Dealers...........    I23    347            571
Automobile Accessory and Tire Dealers,
including Garages......................  46I   952          1,366
Building Material Dealers...............   80     I83            271
Cigar Stores, exclusive of chain.........    98   I46            I95
Cigar Stores, chain.....................  28        3I            3IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
direction of commercial development in the electric field superior to that
of the greatest electrical inventors of that day. It was through his almost
uncanny apprehension of the practical and commercial aspects of every technical discovery that he was destined to lead perhaps the most revolutionary
of all developments in the electric field-namely, the development and commercial application of the alternating current. In the biographical sketch of
Mr. Westinghouse in another portion of this book his triumphant commercial development of the incandescent lamp has already been described. As
has been said, "the Westinghouse lamp nearly quadrupled the capacity of all
existing lighting systems and gave a tremendous impulse to the expansion of
the lighting field." From electric lighting Mr. Westinghouse's energy drove
him into the study and development of electric power transmission, and here
again he turned the alternating current to tremendous use. To quote again
Mr. Herr:
Closely following the development of electric lighting came electric
power, but it was from the relatively small motor used locally. No such
thing as power transmission in the modern sense was then possible or
even dreamed of. The continuous current dynamo could be readily reversed and used as a motor, but the same fundamental limitations which
restricted the radius of continuous current electric light distribution restricted the territory which could be served from a central power station.
There was no satisfactory alternating current motor, a fact of which
Mr. Westinghouse's competitors were not slow to take commercial advantage. Much effort was devoted to the design of a motor which would
run on alternating current, but without success. When the skies looked
darkest an accidental occurrence in the laboratory of the Westinghouse
Company at Garrison Alley furnished a clue to a then unknown principle,
which looked as though it might lend itself to the construction of an
alternating current motor. While experiments were in progress the Tesla
alternating current motor was brought to the attention of Mr. Westinghouse. Prompt investigation indicated that this invention was along the
line of the developments then being carried on at Pittsburgh. With
characteristic energy, Mr. Westinghouse lost no time in acquiring the now
famous Tesla patents, which became the basis of the alternating current
induction motor.
It is difficult to estimate the effect which this development has had
on the fortunes of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company and the part it has played in the industrial development of Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh had again made a significant contribution to progressAnother milestone had been erected along the road to success. Thou6I6.'GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 617
sands upon thousands of horsepower of these alternating current motors
have gone into Pittsburgh's mills and factories and have done their part
in putting- this city in the leading position in industry which it now
occupies.
A beginning in alternating current power transmission was made
in I89o at Telluride, Colorado, where there was a small water power
on one side of a range and a mine several miles away on the other side.
As the transportation facilities were limited, fuel was very expensive.
This was the first undertaking of the kind and its success demonstrated
the possibilities which up to that time had only been dreamed of.
This installation was followed by an extensive demonstration at the
World's Fair of the possibilities of a complete distribution system by
alternating current.  But it was not until I893 that the real epochmaking enterprise was undertaken, when the Westinghouse engineers
designed, built, and installed the first alternating current generators at
Niagara Falls, this installation taking three years to complete. The
daring of this step, the resourcefulness, the ingenuity and the skill required to make it a success is a romance which rivals the poet's vision
and merits the pen of a gifted writer. The generators were the largest
ever built up to that time 5,ooo horsepower each. They were equipped
with vertical shafts driven direct by turbines located I40 feet down
in the rock. They employed a new frequency of alternations, since
adopted as a standard all over the country, and they were part of a
system which for the first time transmitted a large amount of power
over a long distance-twenty-six miles, to Buffalo.
It may fairly be said that this pioneer installation, which was successful, gave the first great impetus to the power development of this
country, which easily surpasses that of the rest of the world and Is
the insurance of our country's present and future prosperity.
The entry of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company into
the electric traction and electric locomotive fields was one of the most important steps in the history of the company and meant much to Pittsburgh
industry. Mr. Westinghouse was quick to recognize the possibilities in this
direction, and in I9OI began the production of a single-phase alternating
current variable-speed motor suitable for interurban railway service. It was
not until I907 that the first steam railroad adopted this motor. It was then
installed by the New York, New Haven  Hartford Railroad on its New
York and New Haven Division. Through the acquisition of the Westinghouse Machine Company (a Pittsburgh corporation controlled by the Westinghouse family and organized to build reciprocating steam- engines), the
Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company obtained facilities formanufacturing steam turbines. The Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company many years ago entered into an alliance, of great advantage to
both companies, with the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, leading builder of steam locomotives. For the output of this combination Westinghouse builds the electrical equipment and Baldwin the mechanical.
Pittsburgh KDKA World's Pioneer Broadcasting Station.-As all radio
authorities know, KDKA of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing
Company was the first established radio broadcasting station in the world.
It began in I920, in those days when the greatest minds of American electrical engineering-and thousands of young American boys-were adventuring into new trails in the fathomless realm of radio. The engineers had
given their inspired accomplishments to the Government. The boys had
done things with pieces of wire and had their own receiving sets for the
signals they could pick up from the air. The Westinghouse Company had
equipped the garage of Frank Conrad, one of its engineers, with apparatus
for experimentation.
KDKA of Pittsburgh celebrated its tenth anniversary on November 2,
I930. On radio's birthday, November 2, I920, an infinitely small group,
when compared with present-day audiences, gathered around receiving sets
to hear the world's pioneer broadcasting station send out returns of the
Harding-Cox presidential election.
It was, perhaps, prophetic that the first broadcast was of the type which
today attracts the largest number of listeners. But perhaps the most interesting thing in the beginning of KDKA was the fact that the station was
started as a project of permanence embodying the same type of public service
so characteristic of it today.
The man who conceived the idea of using the radio telephone for mass
communication instead of for exclusive point-to-point transmission of messages is H. P. Davis, Vice-President of the Westinghouse Company. His
far-sightedness has gained for him the frequently applied title of "Father
of Radio Broadcasting."
During the World War the British Government asked the Westinghouse
Company to undertake special work in radio. The basis for the work had
been established before, Reginald Fessenden, probably the first man to attempt radio telephone transmission, having transmitted a program Christmas
Eve, I906. Later Lee DeForrest did the same in the development of his
apparatus.
By the time the American Government decided it needed radio apparatus
for military purposes two experimental stations had been equipped and
operated. One was at the East Pittsburgh Westinghouse works and the
other at the home of Frank Conrad in Pittsburgh, a distance of about five
miles. The call letters of the stations were 2WM and 2WE.
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
6i8GLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 619
Mr. Conrad was serving as assistant to Mr. Davis in his governmental
activities and carried on experiments which resulted in important advances
in the art of radio telephony. With the end of the war the Westinghouse
Company found itself with a large investmnent and a vast organization on
its hands.
It was in dealing with this problem that the decision to institute broadcasting was conceived. Mr. Davis was faced with the necessity of finding
some means for making his radio organization pay dividends. A primary step
was the acquisition of control of the International Radio Telegraph Company, owner of many important fundamental radio patents.
The experiments of Mr. Conrad, which were diligently continued through
operation of the station in his home, resulted ipn greatly improved transmission. He was operating under the call letters 8XX.
While pondering upon the problem of how to turn peacetime radio into
a profitable enterprise Mr. Davis struck upon the solution in a novel way.
A Pittsburgh newspaper carried an advertisement of a local department store
saying that it had for sale a few radio receivers which could be used to listen
to the programs sent out by Mr. Conrad.
Here was a way of popularizing radio! Only recently, in recounting
his thoughts at the time, Mr. Davis said:
I became convinced that we had in our hands, in this idea, the instrument that would prove to be the greatest and most direct mass communicational and mass educational means that had ever appeared. The
natural fascination of its mystery, coupled with its ability to annihilate
distance, would attract, interest and open many avenues to bring ease
and happiness into human lives. It was obviously a form of service of
universal application that could be rendered without favor and without price.
Conferences were held at which plans were made for active broadcasting.
Those who attended were Mr. Conrad, Assistant Chief Engineer; J. C. McQuiston, General Advertising Manager; S. M. Kintner, Manager of the
Research Department; O. S. Schairer,'Manager of the Patent Department;
L. W. Chubb, Manager of the Radio Engineering Department, and M. C.
Rypinski, of the Sales Department.
On the evening of the first broadcast a wire connected the radio station
with a Pittsburgh newspaper. One man at the station copied returns as they
were telephoned from the paper. Another announced them to the waiting
audience. At home, prepared to help if necessary, was Mr. Conrad waiting
at the side of his own transmitter.
In and around Pittsburgh the returns were received by an audience thatPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
is infinitely small compared to present-day audiences. Radio broadcasting had
made its formal bow and it was a successs.
From then on radio broadcasting was the rage. Station followed station
in rapid order. Mr. Davis had rightly judged the possibilities of the radio
telephone, its field was not limited to communication.
The first official radio broadcast was from KDKA, East Pittsburgh,
November 2, I920, featuring the returns of President Harding's election.
Within three years-could a similar thing have been true of any other
country?-practically every city, town, village and hamlet in the United States
possessed radio receiving apparatus and heard broadcast programs. On January I5, I927, operating in the United States and non-contiguous territories,
there were 69I radio broadcasting stations reported by the Federal Bureau
of Navigation. Four years later the number had been reduced, and in the
summer of I930 the licensed stations operating in territory under jurisdiction of the Federal Radio Commission was 608. In operation in foreign
countries, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce reports a total
of 340 radio broadcasting stations: In Europe, I64; in North America outside the United States, 85; in South America, 38; in Asia, I6; in Oceania, 28;
and in Africa, 9.
It is only against this background that we get the right perspective of
the unobtrusive looking little building (from the outside) I4 miles from
the center of Pittsburgh from which KDKA sends its messages into space.
Within, in action, see the oscillators and transmitters, marvelously powerful,
marvelously sensitive, controlling, in so far as they may, the freakish force
of radio, as wild, as tame, as universal, as challenging as its kinsman
electricity.
From this station on February 26, I927, three different wave lengths, 309,
64 and I4, carried through the ether the sound of human voices in heartening messages to lonely people in the Arctic, to the furthest northern outpost
of human habitation, within io degrees of the Pole. Listeners-in heard the
greeting offered to all the listeners not only in the Arctic zone, but in Africa
and Asia and all our world, by the program director of KDKA, Mr.
G. Dare Fleck.
After nine months of continuous operation of KDKA the Westinghouse
Company opened WBZ at Springfield, Massachusetts, in September, I92I.
It was followed on October I2, I92I, by WJZ at Newark, New Jersey, and
on November ii, I929, by KYW at Chicago. The Westinghouse stations
were pioneers in their respective regions. The members of their audiences
likewise now number millions where they were formerly counted in the thousands. The attention devoted to broadcasting by the Westinghouse Company
is assurance that the stations have ahead of them a future as bright as their
brilliant past.
62oGLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 621
The significance of the short wave length used by Westinghouse KDKA
for world-wide transmission was explained as follows in July, I927, by
C. W. Horn, at that time Superintendent of Radio Operations for the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company:
I have been asked to describe in simple language what we engineers
mean by short wave lengths or high frequency transmission. It is best,
perhaps, to compare it or give an analogy.' In this case, let us refer to
light. Ordinary light covers what we know as a spectrum. Blue light
has the shortest wave length and, correspondingly, the highest frequency.
Let us refer to the visible range of light as the range of wave lengths
in general use in radio. In the case of light we have ultra-frequencies,
such as ultra-violet, which are of extremely short wave length and high
frequency. In radio we have a very similar proposition. The short
waves used by KDKA for world-wide transmission are the ultra-frequency waves.  On one transmitter now operating at KDKA we have
a frequency of 20,000,000ooo cycles per second.
Without doubt KDKA's broadcast transmitters, as well as these short
wave transmitters, have put Pittsburgh on the world map. In all countries where radio is at all popular KDKA and Pittsburgh are well known.
My correspondence with foreign countries is very heavy. During a
recent trip to the West Indies I spoke with natives who did not understand English, but they understood "KDKA" and "Pittsburgh."
These high frequencies that are used in radio are also applied to
other purposes. In the manufacture of vacuum tubes we are able to
heat the elements inside of a high vacuum. No other way is known, as
a vacuum is a nonconductor of heat and the application of external heat
would not accomplish the purpose. It is, therefore, possible to heat the
metal in a vacuum to incandescence or even melt it while the glass container itself would be relatively cool. Therefore, high frequencies are
used frequently for melting precious metals.
Another use for high frequency currents is in what is known as carrier current telephony control circuits. Without in any way disturbing
a power line it is possible to induce a radio wave to follow that
power line to a distant point and there be picked up either as speech
or control current as the case may be. If control current, it can be
utilized for controlling relays and machinery. There are many uses for
high frequency currents, too many to be listed here, and the number is
steadily increasing. It is a new line of activity in the electrical science.
In the fall of 1930 the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company
still further emphasized the world-wide reach of its famous pioneer stationPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
KDKA by building the most powerful transmitting plant in the world at
Saxonburg, about 20 miles from Pittsburgh.
Station KQV, Pittsburgh, operated by the Doubleday-Hill Electric Company, announces nightly in its "signing off" signal, that it is the second pioneer
broadcasting station in the world. This station began operating on a regular schedule in the fall of 1921.
Other well-known Pittsburgh stations operating in I93I were WCAE,
conducted by Gimbel Brothers Department Store, and WJAS, operated by
the S. H. Pickering Company.
THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
The world-famous Aluminum  Company of America, which has an
unchallenged position of dominance in the aluminum industry of the
United States because it is the only company in the United States producing pig aluminum, is a Pittsburgh company. As its president, Arthur V.
Davis, declared in an address at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, in
the early days when there were only six partners in the business, they were
all Pittsburgh men connected with the steel companies and other Pittsburgh
industries. Later on, when it became necessary to increase the capitalization
of the enterprise for purposes of expansion, Messrs. Andrew W. and Richard
B. Mellon, William Thaw, and one or two other dominant Pittsburgh
capitalists joined the enterprise, which has continued from that day to be
financed as well as directed entirely by Pittsburghers, the Mellon interest
being dominant.
The first aluminum made by the company in I889 sold at $8 a pound,
and the output was about 30 pounds a day. To quote Mr. Davis: "An idea
of the value of aluminum and of the small amount of our production may
be gained from the statement that every night we used to lock up in the safe
our total output for that day. I hope it is the cause of congratulation to
Pittsburghers that notwithstanding our manufactories are scattered over the
country and over Europe, that our fabricating plants are to be found in nearly
every country and our selling organization circles the globe, all of these activities, no matter where located, eventually reach back to Pittsburgh."
The process by which aluminum is reduced from bauxite (aluminum
ore) and prepared for commercial use involves the electrolysis of alumina
oxide in a fused bath of aluminum sodium fluoride or cryolite. This process
was devised in i886 by Charles M. Hall of Oberlin, Ohio, shortly after his
graduation from Oberlin College. Working in a woodshed back of his
father's residence in Oberlin he produced a small piece of aluminum the
size of a pea. Small as it was, it satisfied young Mr. Hall that he had made an
epochal discovery, and when he was refused financial support by Oberlin
622..............................................................................................................................................
P, I CGLASS, ELECTRICAL AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES 623
bankers he came to Pittsburgh and interviewed Captain Alfred E. Hunt of the
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories.
Mr. Hunt gave the inventor an attentive audience, as a result of which
the Pittsburgh Reduction Company was organized with a capital of $2o,ooo
for the purpose of developing Hall's process. Patents were secured in I889,
and a small reduction works was built at New Kensington, I8 miles from
Pittsburgh.
Mr. H. V. Churchill of the research department of the Aluminum Company, in an address in the Pittsburgh and thte Pittsburgh Series at the
Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce (I927), pointed out that aluminum is the
most abundant of all the metals in the earth's crust, every clayba'nk containing many tons of it. As far back as I825 Oerstedt had proved this fact and
had extracted from the complements of clay a tiny button of this light
metal, then isolated for the first time by any human being. Twenty-five
years later, DeVille, a French chemist, succeeded in making enough aluminum to fashion a tiny watch charm for the King of Siam, and at a royal
banquet in Paris where most of the tableware was of silver and gold, a few
aluminum spoons and forks made by the famous Parisian jeweler, Christofle,
were used by the more honored guests and were tremendously admired by
the rest of the company because of their peculiar blue sheen and their
marvelous lightness. The forks and spoons of aluminum at this banquet
probably cost $5o or $Ioo each. "Those aristocrats of that not so distant
day," said Mr. Churchill, "might have been shocked to think that in less than
75 years aluminum forks and spoons would be considered fit only for kitchen
or camp use. The discovery by Mr. Hall and his Pittsburgh associates of
a method by which the metal could be extracted from clay at a commercial
profit sounded the death knell of aluminum jewelry, but it made aluminum
a commercially profitable metal, the industrial rival of iron and steel, and a
universal servant of mankind.
"From one pea weight in I886 the production grew to a total of more than
225,000,000 pounds in the United States alone 40 years later. Naturally
this tremendously increased output cheapened the price. An average price of
$4.50 a pound for I890 has fallen to the neighborhood of 25 cents a pound
to-day.
"Aluminum," said Mr. Churchill, "now cooks the world's dinners, builds
the world's airships, carries the world's power, paints the world's factories,
washes the world's clothes, shields the world's radio receivers, diaphragms the world's Victrolas, roofs the world's buildings, and even
makes the small metal tubes from which the world squeezes its tooth
paste. About half the American production goes to the automobile industry for panels, roofs, bodies, frames, crankcases, pistons, etc., and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon has an all aluminum automobileDEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES    455
RETAIL OUTLETS FOR NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRODUCTS (Cont'd)
Pittsburgh
Metropolitan  Trading
- Pittsburgh   Pittsburgh     Area
Confectionery  Stores....................   I,378
Drug  Stores, exclusive of chain.........              321
Drug  Stores, chain.....................               46
Dry  Goods and  Notions Stores..........                44
Electrical Appliance Dealers.............               32
Florists..................................    89
Five-cent to $I.o0o Stores................    30
Furniture and  House Furnishings Stores..    86
Gasoline and Oil Filling Stations, exclusive
of chain...............................    72
Gasoline and Oil Filling  Stations, chain..   221
General Stores...............................
Grocery  Stores, exclusive of chain.......   I,728
Grocery  Stores, chain....................             480
Hardware Stores........................                I4I
Heating and Plumbing Supplies..........                 257
Jewelry  Stores.........................               136
Meat Markets, exclusive.................               639
Men's Clothing and Furnishing Stores....   250
Office Equipment Dealers................                 38
Radio and Musical Supply Stores..........               212
Restaurants............................  956
Shoe Stores, exclusive of chain.........              I50
Shoe Stores, chain......................                I8
Women's Clothing and Furnishings.......                 I72
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RETAIL SALES IN
Pittsburgh
Art Goods and  Antiques..............                  $  1,724,928
Automobiles  and  Trucks...............  27,032,856
Auto  Parts and  Accessories...........                   9,729,672
Bakery  Products.....................                    7,539,822
Books,  Magazines.....................   4,602,054
Building  Materials, exclusive  of Lumber    7,458,966
Cameras and  Photo  Supplies..........                      404,280
Children's and Infants' Wear.........   2,378,514
Cigars, Cigarettes and  Tobacco........                   7,068,i62
Confectionery........................                    9,844,2I8
Confectionery.~~~~~9,844,218
China and Glassware..........1.........    I,947,282
Drugs...............................    I,868,394
Drugs.~~~~~~~~~Io,868,394
Dry  Goods and  Notions...............                    6,79,96
Electrical Appliances and  Supplies.....    4,50,608
Flowers, Plants and  Seeds.............                   2,257,230
Footwear.............................    I2,88,938
2,473             3,o75
59I               768
53                54
280               419
76               II9
1I58              224
84                I4I
I96               323
253
378
245
3,787
857
288
491
229
959
510
4I
291
1,279
243
2I
263
424
909
367
5,460
I,098
414
628
355
I,53
8I7
48
427
1,649
368
22
422
PITTSBURGH MARKET
30-Mile
Metropolitan    Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh    Trading Area
$ 3,499,520    $ 4,608,o000oo
54,844,o40    72,2I6,oo000
19,739,480    25,992,000
15,296,730    20,I42,000
9,336,6Io0    I2,294,000
15,132,690    i9,926,oo000
820,2oo00    I,o8O,ooo
4,825,5IO     6,354,000
I4,339,830    I8,882,oo000
I9,971,870    26,298,ooo
3,950,630     5,202,000
22,049,7I0    29,034,000
34,o65,640    44,856,oo000
8,420,720    II,O88,ooo
4,579,450     6,030,000oo
25,986,670    34,218,ooo6  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
which seems to provide a substantial reason for assertions that the all aluminum automobile is a future certainty. Passenger coaches consisting wholly
of aluminum above the sills are already in use by the Pennsylvania Railroad,
and the Washington monument is capped with it."
Aluminum is invaluable because of its light weight, ductility, malleability
and ease of alloying. Dr. M. W. Von Bernewitz, in a study of Pittsburgh
industries prepared for the Pittsburgh Section of the American Institute of
Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, quotes a prediction that the consumption of aluminum will equal that of copper by I94o. It is now a strong competitor of copper for high tension electrical transmission lines.
The Aluminum Company of America has its principal fabricating plant at
New Kensington, a suburb of Pittsburgh, and operates the plant through
one-of its subsidiaries, the United States Aluminum Company. Here are
produced I5,000ooo,ooo pounds of finished aluminum sheet per annum. In the
neighboring Pittsburgh suburb of Arnold the company has another rolling
mnill with an annual capacity of I2,000ooo,ooo000 pounds of sheet. This product
is fabricated into cooking utensils, parts for motor cars, foil, rods, tubing,
and powder for paint. At New Kensington and Arnold are also the plants
of the Aluminum Cooking Utensil Co. and the Aluminum Seal Co. The
major part of the aluminum alloy casting industry is found in Cleveland and
Detroit. The Aluminum Company of America operates these plants through
its subsidiary, Aluminum Manufactures, Inc.
The officers of the Aluminum Company of America are: Chairman of the
Board, Arthur V. Davis; President, Roy A. Hunt; Vice-Presidents, R. E.
Withers, E. S. Fickes, W. P. King, W. C. Neilson, G. R. Gibbons; Treasurer,
R. E. Withers; Secretary, G. R. Gibbons; Directors, Arthur V. Davis, R. B.
Mellon, George H. Clapp, Roy A. Hunt, R. E. Withers, G. R. Gibbons,
Richard K. Mellon, E. S. Fickes, G. G. Allen, Alvah K. Lawrie.
624CHAPTER XV
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIESCHAPTER XV
THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
IN PITTSBURGH
America's First Oil Refinery Built Here in I854 Petroleum Reported in
United States in I627-Its Widespread Distribution-Opening of Vast
Fields in Northwest Pennsylvania Causes Great Excitement In the'Sixties-Pittsburgh Becomes Chief Refining and Distribution Center and
Its Old Exchange the Headquarters of Wild Speculation-Development
of Pipe Lines Transfers Refining Industry in Large Measure to Other
Sections But Recent Developments Revive Pennsylvania Production and
Stimulate Pittsburgh's Refining Industry-Natural Gas Discovered Here
in I82o-No Effort to Develop It Commercially Until I870o When Spang
 Chalfant Used it in Steel Making-Natural Gas Used By the Glass
Factories in I883-Famnous Fields Near Pittsburgh-Compression Stations Make it Possible to Transport Gas in Large Quantities from Distant Fields-Pittsburgh Served by'zTwenty Natural Gas CornpaniesPittsburgh District Still Has Very Large Production With Huge Quantities Procurable From Fields in Other States.
Although Pennsylvania has in recent years so far lost its one-time primacy
in the production of petroleum as to be surpassed by half a dozen other
states, it was here that the petroleum industry of the United States arose and
for a generation or more Pittsburgh was the headquarters of that industry.
To-day the chief petroleum producing states in America are Texas, Oklahoma,
California, Arkansas, Kansas and Louisiana in the order named. As against
the 256,ooo,ooo barrels produced in Texas and the 249,000,000 produced in
Oklahoma in the year I928 the Pennsylvania production had fallen to a little
less than II,OOO,OOO barrels. Pennsylvania petroleum remains, however, of
the highest quality in the country and commands a price much higher than
that paid for petroleum of any other section of the country.
Pennsylvania production has fallen to eighth or ninth place, but Pennsylvania capital and Pennsylvania management retains its old prestige in the
industry, many of the most important operations in the Oklahoma, Texas,
Arkansas and Louisiana fields being directed from  Pittsburgh and owned
by Pittsburgh companies.
The first oil refinery in America was built at the corner of Grant Street
and Seventh Avenue in Pittsburgh by Samuel Kier in I854. The "Brad627PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ford Era" of July 4, I88I (Bradford being in the heart of the great Pennsylvania oil field) said of Kier's enterprise:
It was there that the first carbon oil was refined for illuminating
purposes. The still did not have a capacity exceeding five barrels. It
occupied a one story building in size about I2 feet by 24. In the year
I876 or I877 the still that was employed in this immense refinery was
displayed at the Pittsburgh Exposition, and was labeled the first still
ever used to refine petroleum. In its day it supplied the world for that
kind of illumination.
Dr. M. WV. Von Bernewitz, in his survey of Pittsburgh industry for the
Pittsburgh branch of the American Society of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineers, points out that Edwin Drake in I859 "broke the market" by drilling a well that would produce the demoralizing amount of 25 barrels a day.
It was just five years before this that Kier built his little 5-barrel-a-day refinery which satisfied the world demand for oil illumination. It was not to
be long, nevertheless, until Pennsylvania seethed with one of the wildest
mining excitements in the country's history. For the first 20 years after
the discovery of Drake's well, the oil industry of Pennsylvania was virtually
that of the United States, for during the period named this single state produced more than 95 per cent of America's petroleum, and more than 85 per
cent of the production of the whole world. To quote Dr. Von Bernewitz:
Northern Pennsylvania, which then comprised the American oil
fields, was an oil spouting whirlpool where men struggled to win fortunes which were colossal for that day and served as the foundations
for some of the even more colossal fortunes of today. There, a technique of well-drilling and oil-producing was evolved which persists unchanged in many respects to this day. There, men learned to shape and
use drilling tools, to build derricks, to case wells to shut out the caving
rocks, and to "shoot" the wells to increase production. There the tankcar was invented, and pipelines for carrying oil were successfully developed, overcoming ridicule on the one hand, and destructive attacks
by the oil teamsters who saw their trade disappearing, on the other.
In all this, Pittsburgh shared, for although the fields in the immediate
vicinity of the city were not discovered until about I885, this was a
natural distributing point; and furthermore, many of the new fields lay
on tributaries of the Allegheny, and the early outlet for their oil was by
barge down the river to refineries that were in the city. Naturally,
Pittsburgh became a refining center. At one timne, before the rise of the
Standard Oil Co. transferred the center of refining activities, there were
57 refineries actively operating here, and one of the most ambitious of
628GULF REFINING BUILDINGPETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
the early pipeline projects linked Pittsburgh with the oilfields of the
north. Great refineries are still controlled by Pittsburgh capital, with
headquarters in this city, but only a few thousand barrels daily are refined in the city and environs.
Since this distinguished technologist, Dr. Von Bernewitz, wrote the foregoing in I928, the reestablishment of the refining industry here has been
definitely foreshadowed by the action of a great Pittsburgh owned company,
the Gulf Oil Corporation, which in the summer of I930 decided to pipe oil
from its extensive holdings in the southern and southwestern fields to Pittsburgh and here refine it for the purpose of distribution to the markets of the
great states of teeming industrial population that stretch from Pittsburgh for
hundreds of miles on every side. A tract of I50 acres on Neville Island in
the Ohio River a few miles north of Pittsburgh is the site of this large refinery.
Information as to the huge financial resources of the Gulf Oil Corporation and its subsidiary the Gulf Refining Company will be found in a later
paragraph of this chapter. It has incorporated a subsidiary, known as the
Gulf Pipe Line Company of Pennsylvania, to build and maintain the pipe line
from Tulsa to Pittsburgh, by which oil for the huge Neville Island refinery
is being supplied. Modern methods of piping seem to create a boundless field
for such modifications of the petroleum refining industry, amounting almost
to a revolution. The piping of the crude oil to refineries in big consuming
areas such as the wholly unequaled one extending for 500 miles on all sides of
Pittsburgh is an even more striking development than the simultaneous preparations of the refining companies to pipe the gasoline from the present refining localities to the principal markets. The Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey and the Sun Oil Company both began in I930 to transport gasoline
by pipe line to Western Pennsylvania, there to distribute it by river. The
Standard piping is from the refineries at Bayway, New Jersey, to Midland,
a short distance on the Ohio River below Pittsburgh.
It is therefore evident from the latest trends in the petroleum industry
that not only the economics of distribution but the economics of refining
favor at least a partial recovery of Pittsburgh's former importance in the
industry. Furthermore, Dr. Von Bernewitz calls attention to a development
which portends a rather remarkable revival of Pennsylvania production-all
the more potent in its effect because the quality of Pennsylvania oil is so
immeasurably superior to that of any other state. To quote again Dr. Von
Bernewitz:
The small daily yield per well might make it seem that Pennsylvania
is about through as an oil producer; but this is not so. Production is;
now increasing-the output of 7,824,000ooo:barrels in I925 was an increase
629:PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of 350,ooo barrels over that in I924-and it is confidently believed that
the State will yield in the future hundreds of millions of barrels of oilperhaps as much as the 788,ooo,ooo barrels already produced. This
belief is based in part on theory but also in part on experience. As long
ago as I88o, through sheer accident, it was observed that when water
was admitted to an oil sand after the sand was "exhausted" so far as
the possibility of producing much oil from it by ordinary methods was
concerned, additional recovery was, in some instances, possible. This
observed fact has been actively put to work in the Bradford field, one
of the largest of Pennsylvania's oilfields. However, this additional oil
from a single field is not the most important result. The fact that more
oil could be recovered in this way from some fields, while in others no
advantage is apparently gained, led to serious consideration of the
reasons for the erratic behavior. A scientific attack, largely conducted by
the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau of Mines, has left
no doubt not only in Pennsylvania but in oilfields everywhere that the
ordinary methods of pumping leave much more than half of the oil
underground, tightly held by forces of adhesion, cohesion, and capillarity. It is not yet possible to say that all this oil, or even most of it,
can be recovered, but laboratory experiments have conclusively proved
that conditions can be set up on a small scale, so that, if they can be
duplicated on a large scale, they are competent to break the bonds that
hold the oil in the oil sand and thus permit its recovery. Oil operators
in Pennsylvania are now trying methods proposed by the U. S. Geological
Survey which, if they prove successful should mean almost as much to
the oil industry as did the discovery of oil in the first well on Oil Creek,
67 years ago. In fact, they may mean more, for 67 years ago oil was
a curiosity, to be peddled as a medicine, a poor lubricant, or a smokeand odor-producing illuminant, while today it is indispensable if only
for its use as a lubricant. It now seems that the second era in the history
of oil production-the era of improved recovery-is getting well under
way, and this second era, like the first, had its beginnings in Pennsylvania.
In an address on Pittsburgh and the Petroleum  Industry (Pittsburgh
Chamber of Commerce series on Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit,
I928), Mr. George S. Davison, now chairman of the board of the Davison
Coke and Iron Company, but at that time President of the Gulf Refining
Company, gave a most interesting sketch of the history of oil discovery and
development. As he pointed out, the occurrence of petroleum in the United
States was recorded as long ago as I627, and during the following 200 years
history mentions discoveries of it at points all the way from the Genesee
Valley, New York, to the Cumberland Valley, Kentucky, in some cases as
63oPETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
an exudation from the soil and in others as an occurrence in wells drilled
for salt. Some of the wells drilled for salt at Tarentum  in this county
as early as I8IO encountered petroleum. In the year I845, Louis Peterson, Sr., of Tarentum brought to the Hope Cotton Factory in Pittsburgh
a bottle of what is now known as petroleum, which had come up with the
salt water from his well at Tarentum, giving him considerable trouble. Morrison Foster, then of Pittsburgh, and David Anderson, Manager of the spinning department of the mill, experimented with the oil and found that by
a certain process it could be combined with sperm oil in such a way as to
form a better lubricator for the finest cotton spindles than the best sperm
oil which had previously been used for that purpose. For IO years after this
successful experiment, the Hope Cotton Factory used oil obtained from Mr.
Peterson's well for lubricating purposes.
In I847, Thomas and Samuel M. Kier secured similar quantities of oil
from salt wells they were operating near Tarentum. Samuel Kier, who was
a Pittsburgher, was destined to play an important r6ole in the petroleum industry. He submitted samples of the oil to a Professor Booth in Philadelphia,
who advised distillation as a means of developing its illuminating qualities.
Mr. Davison notes that either while awaiting the advice of Professor Booth
or procrastinating in following it, Kier began bottling the oil in half-pint
bottles and selling it as a medicine at a store in Liberty Street, Pittsburgh,
where he proclaimed it a natural remedy with wonderful curative powers.
Eventually Mr. Kier followed the advice of Professor Booth in regard to the
development of petroleum as an illuminant, and at the corner of Grant Street
and Seventh Avenue, Pittsburgh, set up a cast-iron still of one-barrel capacity
for experimental purposes, following it in I854 with a five-barrel wroughtiron still at the same place. "Here," states Mr. Davison, "occurred the first
successful effort to refine petroleum, and this was the first refinery. Mr.
Kier was joined in the refining operations by John C. Kirkpatrick. Their
refinery on notice from City Council was removed from downtown to the
bank of the Allegheny River at Ewalt Street, now known as Forty-third
Street. This refinery was successfully operated for many years. Eventually
Kier evolved a burner for oil, and called his product'carbon oil.'"
Mr. Davison gives to George H. Bissell of Pittsburgh the credit for conceiving the idea of drilling as a method of exploiting the subterraneous sources
of petroleum. After two years of discussion, Col. E. L. Drake undertook
to carry out Bissell's idea, and employed "Billy" Smith, a driller and blacksmith working for Mr. Kier, to assist him. Smith, with the aid of two of
his sons, completed the first well on August 28, I859. "While history," continues Mr. Davison, "gave Drake the credit of creating the petroleum industry
because he directed the drilling of the well which demonstrated that petroleum
could be secured in commercial quantities,'Billy' Smith of Allegheny County
631ESTIMATED ANNUAL RETAIL SALES IN PITTSBURGH MARKET (Cont'd)
30-Mile
Metropolitan    Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh    Pittsburgh     Trading Area
Fruits and Nuts.......................  3,032,100   6,I51,500      8,I00,000
Fur Goods...........................    3,220,764     6,534,260      8,604,oo000
Furniture............................  I5,369,378    3I,I81,270    41,058,000
Gasoline and Oils......................  I3,657,926  27,709,090     36,486,oo000
Groceries and Delicatessen............. 4o,I85,432   81,527,880    107,352,000
Hardware......................... i     8,368,596     I6,978,1I40   22,356,ooo
House Furnishings...,................  I4,668,626    29,759,590     39,I86,oo000
Household Supplies...................   I,954,020     3,964,300      5,220,000
Jewelry and Silverware................  7,088,376     I4,380,840    I8,936,ooo0
Lumber and Planing Mill Supplies.....  7,856,508     15,939,220    20,988,000
Meat and Poultry................... 18,320,622       37,168,730     48,942,o000o
Men*s and Boys' Clothing.............    I6,1I98,I52  32,862,680    43,272,000
Men's and Boys' Hats and Caps........   1,509,3I2      3,o62,080     4,032,000
Men's Furnishings...................   9,o42,396      I8,345,I40    24,I56,oo000
Milk and other Dairy Products.......    9,992,454     20,272,6I0    26,694,o000oo
Millinery...........................   4,352,748     8,830,820     11,628,000
Musical Instruments and Supplies, exe
clusive of Radios...................  3,705,900     7,518,500     9,90o0,000
Office Equipment.....................   4,602,054     9,336,6Io0    12,294,000
Optical Goods..................           512,088      I,038,92o     1,368,000
Paint, Varnish and Glass............... 2,055,090     4,1I69,350     5,490,00o0
Paper and Paper Goods..............    316,636         642,490        846,oo000
Piece Goods, Cotton..................  2,742,366      5,563,690     7,326,ooo
Piece Goods, Rayon.................    673,8o0       1,367,ooo      i,8oo,ooo
Piece Goods, Silk......................  3,348,786    6,793,990      8,946,oo00o
Piece Goods, Wool...................     754,656       1,50I,040     2,oi6,oo000
Plumbing and Heating Supplies........   3,625,044     7,354,460      9,684,000
Radio Sets and Supplies..............   2,1I49,422    4,360,730      5,742,00ooo
Rubber Goods, exclusive of Tires and
Tubes............................    343,638         697, I70       918,000
Sporting Goods........1....,219,578   2,474,270   3,258,00o0
Stoves and Ranges..........             I,495,836     3,o34,740      3,996,oo000
Toilet Preparations...................  3,099,480      6,288,200     8,280,oo000
Toys, Games.........................    1,367,814     2,775,0o0io    3,654,000
Trunks and Leather Goods...........     2,102,256     4,265,040      5,616,oo000
Typewriters and Supplies.............   I,057,866     2,I46,I90      2,826,000
Vegetables............................  3,086,004    6.260,860     8,244,000
Women's Hosiery..................  3,604,830    7,313,450       9,630,000
Women's Outerwear...................  I9,870,362     40,312,830     53,082,000
Women's Underwear...................  4,763,766       9,664,690     12,726,000
That Pittsburgh leads the country and the world in industry and trade
proportionate to population is not the boast of any overenthusiastic and not
overly scrupulous Pittsburgher, but is the statement made by a disinterested
authority, The Editor and Publisher of New York, in connection with its
annual study of the markets of the world. In that paper's summary of its
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
456. 1. -
v v    0..., -- a... I_ I.... -.         PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
was the man who actually did the work. So it might be said that the latter
created the industry, the necessity for which was established by Kier and
Peterson."
The peak of Pennsylvania's oil production, 33,ooo,ooo barrels, was reached
in the year I89I, and in that Pennsylvania banner year of I891 it was the
County of Allegheny that was the greatest producer. Within 20 miles of
Pittsburgh City Hall, several pools were brought in, the famous McDonald
Field capping the climax by making Pittsburgh, for the time being, the
headquarters of the oil industry of America. Since those days the wonderful, Seminole Field in Oklahoma has produced 3oo00,000o barrels in a day, but
the McDonald Field was the best up to its time with a peak production of
I0O,OOO barrels a day. In comparing the market value of Pennsylvania oil
with the oil of any other state, it must again be remembered that it is very
much higher. For example, in I928, the 740,oo0o,ooo barrels of petroleum
produced in the three chief states of California, Texas and Oklahoma, was
worth $837,6o00,ooo at the wells, or less than $I.I5 a barrel, while the value
of the 9,876,ooo barrels produced in Pennsylvania was $32,900,000, or about
$3.34 a barrel. In January, I929, Pennsylvania petroleum was quoted by
the Joseph Seep Purchasing Agency at as high as $4.io a barrel, Then the
increased production (due to new processes which are bringing into the
market large quantities of Pennsylvania oil hitherto considered irrecoverable)
brought about a marked decline of prices, as to which the Wall Street Journal,
in noticing an advance of 25 cents a barrel, on August 23, I930, said:
This marks the first advance which has been made in Pennsylvania
grade crude oil since January 4 last year. At that time the maximum
quotation was $4.I0 a barrel. With the continued overproduction in the
Bradford' Field due to the increased recoveries of oil by the method: of
water-flooding wells there was a series of price reductions that brought
the oil down to a low point of $2.I5 a barrel. This was the lowest
quotation in more than a decade.  Recently, however, curtailment
measures have been put into effect in the Pennsylvania and New York
fields. The situation is being steadily corrected and the present advance
in price probably marks the turning point.
When the great fields in Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, were opened, the
oil produced was floated down the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh, where refining had already been in progress for some time. As the logical market
for Pennsylvania production, Pittsburgh speedily became the country's chief
oil refining center. No less than 80 steamboats at one time plied the Allegheny River in the oil trade. The first cargo of crude oil boated to Pittsburgh
came from oil owned by Charles Lockhart and William Frew of Pittsburgh,
and- their associates. This was in March, I86o, and by the end of March,
632'GULF REFINING COMPANY'S NEVILLE ISLAND REFINERY, BUILT IN 1930PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
I863, it appears from the records of the Oil City Derrick that as many
as 400 flats, barges and bulk-boats were engaged in trading oil to Pittsburgh
from the Oil Creek fields. Pipe lines were first used in the oil regions to
replace teams and were seldom more than a few miles in length. Pipe lines
of larger diameter and much greater length were before long being constructed
and soon began to displace the oil tank cars used for transportation of the
output by the railroads. In I874 Dr. David Hostetter, of Pittsburgh, built
pipe lines from the Butler County fields to Pittsburgh which delivered 3,000
barrels a day to the Pittsburgh refineries. In I86o Pittsburgh had seven oil
refineries and no less than 58 in I867.
By permission, we again quote Mr. Davison:
We recall the names of some of these refineries, such as the Iron
city, Radiant, Riverside, Star, Liberty, Peerless, Citizens, Crystal,
Brilliant, Cosmos, Vesta, Bear Creek and Central. And there are familiar
names of individuals and firms, pioneers of their day, all of whom
passed to the Great Beyond without realizing that the day would come
(and is actually here) when benzine, the great hazard of their operations,
would, as gasoline, become the basis of perhaps the greatest revolution
in commerce and industry the world has ever seen. There were, for
instance, Andrew Miller, Dave Reighard, Wormser, Meyers  Company,
Elkins, Flack  Company, John C. Kirkpatrick, Ralston and Waring,
J. A. McKee  Sons, Ben Campbell, McKelvy  Company, W. G.
Warden, Holdship  Irwin, Andrew Lyons  Sons, Livingston Brothers,
Lockhart, Frew  Company, Braun  Company, H. S. A. Stewart,
Brooks, Ballantine  Company, not to mention many others. The low
flash of the crude oil and the careless handling of naphtha products resulted in many fires in the refineries, and it seemed none were immune
from such losses. I have, within the past few days, had my attention
called to the fact that the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, whose
tracks served all the refineries on the east side of the Allegheny River,
had a flat car, fitted with a chemical contrivance that was hurried to
every blaze among the refineries. This was used to subdue the flames,
as the city fire department could do nothing more than attempt to save
the buildings in the vicinity of the burning oil.
One of the outstanding incidents of the local refining business
occurred on June 28, I870, and succeeding days. On the first date the
oil in tanks of every plant from the present Fifty-seventh Street to
beyond the Sharpsburgh Bridge was afire, and for several days a pall
of black smoke hung over that great collection of refineries. The burning oil flowed to and destroyed the Sharpsburgh Bridge. Dr. Henry
633PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Foster, a brother of Stephen C. Foster, was caught and burned to
death, as the fire enveloped his office.
When the era of extensive pipe lines arrived and it became possible for crude oil from the oil regions of Pennsylvania to be delivered
through them to the seaboard refineries at a transportation charge
equal to or less than the charge on the crude to Pittsburgh, the local
refining business settled down to merely the proportions needed for local
consumption, and continued at that capacity until the advent of the motor
car, since which time the demand for gasoline has increased refinery activities here. The amount of crude per day charged in the refineries of
Pittsburgh at this time is about Io,ooo barrels, which is undoubtedly as
great as in the times when Pittsburgh was the leader in refining.
The drilling of wells and the storage and pipeage of oil have created
a great demand for pumps, boilers, tanks, pipe and tools that must
be fabricated out of wrought and cast iron and steel. The proximity
of Pittsburgh to the first oil fields proved to be of great advantage
to the oil industry in that its necessities could be easily supplied, and an
advantage to Pittsburgh in that it was able to add greatly to the output
of its mills and factories. The trade of our Pittsburgh iron and steel
manufacturers has not only been maintained with the oil industry since
its beginning, but has been increased. The late John Eaton, of this city,
was said to be the father of the oil-well supply trade. He was connected with it from I86I until his death. From the day of the Drake
well, petroleum has been produced in large quantities in many states of
the Union, Mexico, South America, and the Far East.  During the
seventy years of the development of the industry, Pittsburgh has followed the flag of the American driller wherever it has been carried. For
the eight years ending with I930 the Pittsburgh and Youngstown mills
have furnished upon an average of ninety per cent of the tubular goods
used in the industry. If to this be added the machinery, tools, tanks
and other equipment furnished by local concerns, it will be found that
Pittsburgh's sales to the industry total over $Ioo,ooo,ooo annually. That
amount in I926 was equal to ten cents a barrel upon the world's production of crude oil in that year.
While Drake's well was being drilled in I859, this community manifested a deep interest in its progress. What was more natural than that
Pittsburgh enterprise should make a rush for this Eldorado, which
Drake's success proclaimed?
Among those who became prominent in the producing business in
those days, and who were Pittsburghers either before or after their
initiation into oil were J. J. Vandergrift, P. M. Shannon, Thos. B.
Simpson, Richard Jennings, E. H. Jennings, W. J. Young, John H.
634PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES   635
Galey, John McKeown, Jas. S. McKelvy, Wesley I. Guffey, David
Kirk, John Pitcairn, S. D. Robison, Theo. Barnsdall, Col. J. M. Guffey, and John B. Barbour and the Fisher Brothers, John J., Frederick,
and Henry.
In the early days of the oil excitement the curb market for oil on
Duquesne Way, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, Pittsburgh, drew such
crowds as to make it impossible for the street to be used for any other
purposes. This led to the abandonment of the curb market and the establishment of the Pittsburgh Oil Exchange, which was certainly the first exchange
of that sort in America. In I878, the Exchange occupied a portion of the
Germania Bank Building, corner of Wood and Diamond Streets. In i883
the Pittsburgh Oil Exchange moved to Old City Hall in the Diamond Market. It was succeeded in the next year by the more elaborate organization,
the Pittsburgh Petroleum Exchange, occupying a building erected wholly for
it in Fourth Avenue. Long after the piping of oil led to the removal of
many of the refineries from Pittsburgh to points chosen for the greatest
economic proximity to the consuming markets, the Pittsburgh Petroleum
Exchange continued to be the chief center in trading and speculating in
pipe line certificates. These certificates were issued by the pipe line companies in I,ooo-barrel denominations, designating the place where the oil
was stored, and as the certificates were transferable they became almost the
sole method for the sale and purchase of petroleum. Their value, naturally,
fluctuated with the market, and dealing in certificates on the Exchange became
an alluring game. They were accepted as collateral for loans by the banks
on margins as stock certificates now are, and the Pittsburgh Exchange witnessed many exciting days with a hugh volume of trading.
The Oil Well Supply Company of Pittsburgh has for many years been,
and still is,* by long odds the largest manufacturer of oil-well machinery,
piping and all other oil-field supplies in the United States. Furthermore, as
before remarked, Pittsburgh capital has pioneered in the development of the
oil industry in practically all of the states now regarded as the premiers in
American production. It was the Pittsburgh firm of Guffey  Gailey which
brought in the famous Lucas gusher at Spindle Top, rated at 80,ooo barrels
a day, thus starting Texas on a producing career that has maintained it ever
since among the first three states of the country in point of volume of production. California, Oklahoma, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and West Virginia
fields are all indebted largely to Pittsburgh enterprise for their development.
Two American companies operating in Mexico are financed by Pittsburgh
capital. One of these companies ranks second among all American com* In September, I930, the Oil Well Supply Company was acquired by the U. S. Steel
Corporation and reorganized as the Pittsburgh United Corporation.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
panies operating in that country. Pittsburghers were the first to develop
production in Colombia, South America, and Pittsburgh interests are among
the largest producers in the principal fields of Venezuela. In this connection,
it is not inappropriate to note that Charles Lockhart of Pittsburgh earned
the distinction in I86o of being the person who first interested foreign trade
in American oil.
Another interesting fact in relation to the r6le played by Pittsburgh in
the American petroleum industry is that the firm of Fisher Brothers, now the
Fisher Oil Company, of Pittsburgh, is the oldest concern in the American
petroleum business.
Natural Gas Industry in Pittsburgh.-When George Washington was
camping at a spring in the Alleghany Mountains on his first trip to Fort
Duquesne, the present site of Pittsburgh, a burning ember from his campfire
dropped into the water and the spring immediately burst into flames, apprising Washington that there was natural gas in the vicinity. As related by the
Honorable James H. Reed, now deceased, at one time head of the consolidated
public utilities of Pittsburgh, in an address on the natural gas industry * the
first recorded gas well in Pittsburgh was sunk in I820, but the owners were
after salt water, not gas, and the gas becoming ignited accidentally burned
down the works. The well was then plugged as a means of abating the
nuisance. In I86o natural gas was first used in East Liverpool, Ohio, for,
street lighting and as fuel. Judge Reed says that its first commercial use.
appears to have been in I870 at Olean, New York, and Tidioute, Pennsylvania. Its first use in iron making was in the Leechburg Works of Mercer,
Rodgers and Burchfield, about 30 miles from Pittsburgh in I873. In I874.
Spang, Chalfant  Co. used natural gas in their Pittsburgh steel mills, piping
it from wells in Butler County.
In pressed-glass manufacturing, Judge Reed awarded the credit for pioneering in natural gas to the Rochester Tumbler Works at Rochester, Pennsylvania, 25 miles from  Pittsburgh, and in plate-glass manufacture the
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company used natural gas at its Creighton. plant in
I883. Large quantities of gas.were being produced in the Murrysville field,
near Pittsburgh, and there was great rivalry among the competing producers
in piping the gas to the Pittsburgh market. It is generally agreed that the
first gas utility to reach Pittsburgh was in I883 when the Penn Fuel Gas Co..
had a line from the Murrysville field to Sixteenth Street. In the early days
gas. was brought into the city by its own pressure, which was sometimes terrific, blowing the drilling tools out of wells and carrying away the derricks.
At this stage the waste of gas, not only by consumers but by producing c6mpanies themselves, was beyond calculation. Apparently nobody had the
*Chamber of Commerce series on Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit, December, I927.
636PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
faintest realization that the supplies of this natural fuel were capable of
serious reduction, let alone exhaustion. In less than a generation from the
introduction of natural gas to the markets it became necessary to build compressing stations for the purpose of supporting the waning pressure, and
today nearly all the gas used in the principal domestic and industrial markets
is pumped in under compression from more or less distant fields. Fortunately,
however, these fields have developed astonishingly large productions.
The discovery of the Murrysville and Grapeville fields in Westmoreland
County in the'eighties, produced no little excitement in Pittsburgh as well
as general interest throughout the country, as there was by this time a lively
appreciation of the vast commercial and industrial potentialities of this new
natural fuel. Judge Reed, in the following, refers to an interesting legal
problem which the gas discoveries created at this time:
There was then no statute in Pennsylvania under which natural gas
companies could be incorporated, so efforts were made to obtain charters
under the Manufactured Gas Act, which included a monopoly feature;
and a great deal of litigation resulted between different bodies of promoters, resulting in a decision by the Supreme Court that natural gas
could not be furnished under manufactured gas charters. This resulted
in the passage in I885, of the Natural Gas Act by the Pennsylvania
Legislature declaring the furnishing of natural gas to be a public use
and providing for the incorporation of companies for that purpose without any exclusive rights.  The corporations operating under color of
exclusive charters were given arq opportunity to surrender their'charters
and obtain new charters under the Natural Gas Act. In this way the
industry was regulated and eventually the many smaller ones until today
the city of Pittsburgh is served by the Equitable Gas Company, the
Peoples Natural Gas Company, and the Manufacturers Light and Heat
Company. These three companies now sell about 50,000,000,000 cubic
feet of gas annually in Pennsylvania, a considerable part of which is
used in industry. At the time of the formation of these companies, and
of the Philadelphia Company's chartered organization of its natural gas
business, now prosecuted by the Equitable Gas Company, gas was so
plentiful and the means of controlling it so primitive that large stand
pipes were erected to blow off the surplus gas. No doubt some of the
older members of the Chamber will recall a battery of stand pipes that
stood on the hill over the Union Station which were lighted on Saturday
and remained lighted until Monday morning, carrying off the surplus
gas which resulted from the shutting down of the mills over Sunday.
George Westinghouse, more than any other citizen of Pittsburgh,
developed natural gas as a commercial product and impressed its possibilities
637PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
upon the people not merely of Pittsburgh but of the whole country. In I884
he drilled a well on the grounds of his handsome mansion "Solitude," between
Murtland and Lang Avenue, Pittsburgh. His faith in gas led him to organize
the Philadelphia Company, the largest gas utility in Pittsburgh, which in the
course of years absorbed many competing companies. With Mr. Westinghouse on the first board of directors of the Philadelphia Company were
associated Robert Pitcairn, John Dalzell, John Caldwell, C. H. Jackson, H. H.
Westinghouse, Dr. Hostetter, and A. M. Byers. John R. McGinley was
Secretary and T. A. Gillespie, General Superintendent. All were wellknown Pittsburghers. All had the faith and the courage in experimentation
which have so often been shown by our manufacturers and business men as
to have become a tradition. They are the traits which helped most to make
Pittsburgh what it is.
Besides Mr. Westinghouse and his associates, important operations for the
production and sale of natural gas were initiated in Pittsburgh in the'eighties
by Dr. David Hostetter, who, as the owner of the Pittsburgh Gas Company,
saw the advantages of natural gas as a fuel; H. Sellers McKee and his
associates in glass manufacturing; J. N. Pew, whose company, the Peoples
Gas Company, predecessor of Peoples Natural Gas Company is one of the
most important companies supplying Pittsburgh; and James A. Chambers,
whose company, the Chartiers Gas Company, was subsequently acquired by
the Philadelphia Company.
Naturally the highest rate paid for natural gas is that paid by domestic
consumers as distinguished from manufacturers, and as noted by Dr. Von
Bernewitz, in his study of the natural gas industry, this fact has led the
leading natural gas companies in the Pittsburgh district to attempt to bring
about an economic situation whereby the price charged to domestic consumers
shall be sufficient to permit the maintenance of the natural gas plants with
only a minimum of industrial business. In order to keep the consumer, both
domestic and industrial, plentifully supplied with natural gas in the Pittsburgh
district, many thousand miles of pipe lines have been laid, some as large as
36 inches in diameter, and the largest pump stations in the world have been
installed to push this gas from far-distant fields to the market. Large quantities of gas are now being transported to the Pittsburgh district from southern West Virginia and Kentucky, a distance of 220 miles, through 20-inch
pipe lines. En route the gas passes through six large compressing stations.
Meanwhile, many deep wells have been drilled with the hope of increasing
the supply of natural gas from nearby fields. At McCance, Pennsylvania,
45 miles from Pittsburgh, one well has been drilled to a depth of 7,756 feet,
which is five times as deep as the Haymaker well at Murrysville which
delivered gas to Pittsburgh in I883. Pennsylvania's peak production of natural gas was in I906, with a total of I38,I61,385,000 cubic feet. That was
638PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
more than 36 per cent of-the total production of the United States, and yet
it was insufficient to supply the demand of the industries of Pittsburgh alone,
which in that same year, I906, consumed I62,095,I73,000 cubic feet.
While Pittsburgh is obtaining a considerable portion of its huge consumption in I93I from fields 200 miles away, St. Louis is piping gas from the
Louisiana fields a distance of 450 miles, and Chicago, in its eagerness to
secure a.supply of this natural fuel is projecting a line to carry gas from
Texas, a distance of 950 miles. From J. B. Tonkin, Vice-President and
General Manager of the Peoples Gas Company, we secure the following interesting statement as to the enormous present dimensions of the natural gas
industry and the outstanding r6ole that Pittsburgh plays in it:
In industry it has been found that gas has more than 22,000 different
uses. Coupled with these efforts of the industry to popularize its products by developing new uses for it, the general trend of all other industries toward more scientific operation has mnade the path of natural gas
easier in this direction. Practically every industry where heat is needed
now recognizes gas as a superior form of fuel.
The acceptance of natural gas as the ideal fuel for industrial purposes is reflected in the fact that nearly 80 per cent of the total natural
gas consumption was employed in industry during I928. Natural gas
led all fuels in I928 in percentage of increase over I927 with an estimated
increased value of I4 per cent. Manufactured gas was next with 3.8
per cent, coke followed with 2 per cent, crude oil I per cent, while
anthracite lost 5 per cent and bituminous 4.8 per cent.
The relative position of natural and manufactured gas is indicated
by consumption records for I928 showing natural gas at more than
I,567,ooo000,000,000ooo cubic feet with manufactured gas at less than 500oo,ooo,ooo,ooo. Based on figures for the first eight months the I929
consumption was expected to be over I,725,o000o,ooo,ooo cubic feet or
enough to replace 86,750,00ooo tons of bituminous coal.
In passing it is right to point out that all this expansion of the gas
industry has been made possible by the developmnent work pioneered
right here in Pittsburgh.  Transmission of the gas under pressure
through pipe lines from distant points began with the operation of the
first compressor station at Murrysville, 15 miles east of the city line on
the William Penn Highway. Transportation of gas over any considerable distance would not be possible without the lessons learned here
through trial, error and perseverance.
As long ago as I894, the Philadelphia Company of Pittsburgh bought a
large amount of acreage on Brunot's Island in the Ohio River within the
limits with a view to the erection there of a large plant for the production
639I I
I roll, I
I,
4, I
It           I          -, ill.,640
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of manufactured gas in anticipation of the exhaustion of the natural gas
supply. Thanks to the discovery of huge gas fields in other parts of the
country and the development of long-distance piping under compression, it
has never been necessary to erect the artificial gas plant and the acreage has
been turned to other uses. How the rapidly increasing demand for natural
gas has been met by the rapid increase in production outside of Pennsylvania
appears from the following figures supplied by the United States Geological
Survey showing production and consumption in cubic feet:
Year
1906............
I907.............
1908............
1909.............
1910............
I9II............
1912............
I913............
1914............
1915............
1916............
I917............
I918............
IgI9............
I920............
I92I............
I922............
1923............
1924............
I925............
1926............
Pennsylvania
I38, I61,385,00ooo
135,5 i6,oi 5,000
130,476,237,o000o
127,697,IO4,000
I26,866,729,000
IO08,869,296,oo000
I I2,I47,855,000
I I8,860,269,000
110,745,374,000
113,691,690,000ooo
I30,483,705,000
133,397,206,000
123,813,356,000
113,489,000,000
I125,787,000,000
86,144,000,000
IOI,276,000,000
I I2,562,000,000
I05,863,000,000
IOI,632,000,000
107,089,000,000
United States
388,842,562,oo000
404,441,254,000
402,I40,730,00ooo
480,706, I174,00ooo
509,I55,309,000
508,364,0o2I,OOO
562,203,452,000
581,898,239,ooo
59I,866,733,00oo0
628,578,842,00ooo
753,I70,253,00ooo
795,I 0,376,000
721,000,959,000
745,916,ooo,ooo
798,21o,000,000ooo
662,052,000ooo,ooo000
762,546,ooo,ooo
I,oo6,976,ooo,ooo
1,141,521,000,000ooo
I,I64,000,000,000
1,320,000,000,000
Consumption in
Pennsylvania
1 62,095,173,00ooo
I64,54I,I79,000
I47,790,0o97,00ooo
163,656,I45,000
I68,875,559,000
I54,475,376,000
I173,656,00oo3,00ooo
177,463,230,00ooo
I64,834,542,000
I76,367,235,000
o201,460,893,oo000
202,259,498,oo000
I77, I39,804,ooo
I46,553,000oo,ooo000
I61,397,000,000
I,6,ooo,65,ooo,
I30,733,000,000
I38,478,ooo,ooo
123,932,000,000
I I9,475,0o00,000
I25,836,oo000,0oo00
In I928 the national production of natural gas had shot up to
1,568,139,000,000 cubic feet. Such facts as this explain how it is that while
severe weather I5 or 20 years ago precipitated gas shortages in the homes of
Pittsburgh, it was possible for the leading gas companies of Pittsburgh (The
Equitable Gas Company, the Manufacturers Light  Heat Company and the
Peoples Natural Gas Company) to supply the city and its environs one cold
day during the winter of I925 with 560,000,000ooo cubic feet a day. The Pittsburgh District itself (30 miles radius) although among the pioneers of natural
gas production, still had a production in 1924 of 44,000ooo,ooo,ooo000 cubic feet
of natural gas. The Pittsburgh District is served by 20 natural gas companies, and in addition several manufacturers find their requirements large
enough to direct their own natural gas operations. Fed by five million acres
of gas lands through a network of 30,000oo miles of pipe lines, the natural gasSIXTH AVENUE
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDINGPETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES
consumption of the Pittsburgh District is about one-eighth of the entire consumption of the United States. While there are still pessimists as regards
the stability of the natural gas supply, one of the most prominent financiers
of Pittsburgh has gone on record with the prophecy that the development of
compression stations and long-distance transportation of the fuel will assure
the continuance of the natural gas industry indefinitely. The superior heating qualities of natural gas appear in the statement that I,oo000 cubic feet of
this fuel furnish the same amount of heat as 2,000oo cubic feet of manufactured
gas. It takes over 3oo00 kilowatt hours of electricity to produce as much heat
as is contained in I,ooo cubic feet of natural gas. It is admitted that the gas
used in glass and iron and steel manufacture has done much to retard their
decentralization in comparison with other products of national demand, and
Pittsburgh has remained the center of both these industries.
One of the technicians in the industry supplies the following paragraphs
as to the improved applications of this fuel for industrial purposes under
the leadership of Pittsburgh engineers:
The last few years have witnessed decided improvements in the use of
natural gas industrially.  These improvements are partly through improved devices-burners and furnaces-as well as through more scientific combustion control and methods of heat application.
Research and the development of equipment to take advantage of
the high heating qualities of gas, have made possible its use for new
purposes. The result of such study has been that quite revolutionary
changes have been made in many of the heating processes involved in
many steel mills for annealing and heating purposes, the use of which
results in a much improved quality of the product in comparison with
some of the methods heretofore used.
In the manufacture of wire, natural gas has replaced coke and producer gas for annealing, patenting and tempering. It is reported that
in one instance the use of natural gas doubled the output previously
yielded by a producer gas installation.
In one glass works, improved equipment has reduced the gas consumed almost one-half and at the same time lowered the melting time
from thirty to twenty-two hours.
In bread baking the cost of fuel was reduced from seventy-six cents
per I,ooo loaves to fifty-two cents, and the product was greatly improved.
These are all actual results accomplished by Pittsburgh natural-gas
engineers, and represent but a few of the many improved applications of
natural gas in the district.
64ICHAPTER XVI
DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGHCHAPTER XVI
DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
Diversification of Industry in Pittsburgh on a Larger Scale than Generally
Supposed-Bridgeville Plant of Vanadium Corporation of AmericaZinc Production in Big Plant of American Steel  Wire Company at
Donora-Tin Production of the Duquesne Reduction Company-Lead
Smelting and Refining Carried on Here Continuously Since I872Blast Furnace Slag Gives Pittsburgh Large Cement Industry-Description of Davison and Universal Portland Cement Plants-This City the
National Center of the Refractories Industry-History of HarbisonWalker Refractories Company-Great Importance of the Foundry and
Machine Manufacturing Industry in Pittsburgh-Rolling Mill Equipment, Steel Car Manufacture and Locomotive Building Employ Thousands-Pittsburgh Develops the By-Product Coke Industry on Huge
Scale-History of the Famous Koppers Company-Copper and Brass
Industry-The Food Industry and History of the H. J. Heinz Company,
Manufacturers of the "57".
Reference has been made in a previous portion of this work to the fact
that more progress has been made toward the diversification of industry in
Pittsburgh than a multitude of people realize. First and foremost, Pittsburgh contains enterprises of national importance devoted to the working
of non-ferrous metals. In the study of Pittsburgh industry published by the
Pittsburgh Section of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers in I926 (Revised
for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in I928)*, it is pointed
out that aluminum is not the only non-ferrous metal in which the Pittsburgh
District has a noteworthy production. Copper was once reduced at Natrona,
near Pittsburgh, from ores and pyrite in the manufacture of sulphuric acid,
and is now produced in Pittsburgh as secondary metal, but the working of
the metal here is extensive. Lead is produced at Carnegie, adjacent to Pittsburgh, and worked at a number of plants. Tin is used by thousands of tons
in the tin plating mills, particularly at McKeesport. On Neville Island is a
detinning plant, which does not, however, make tin metal---only tin salts. A
secondary metals plant in Pittsburgh makes tin oxide. Vanadium is reduced
from Peruvian ore and converted into ferrovanadium at Bridgeville, only a
few miles from the Pittsburgh city limits. Zinc is reduced at one of the larg* The brochure prepared by M. W. Von Bernewitz.
645PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
est smelters in the world at Donora, and consumed in zinc coating plants in
the same suburb. In addition, a large business is done in alloying metals
and casting and working them. None of the ores of these metals-not excepting iron are mined in Pittsburgh. All are imported from other states
and countries. Dr. Von Bernewitz's study of these industries is followed in
the next four pages.
Vanadium.-At Bridgeville, I2 miles from  Pittsburgh, the Vanadium
Corporation of America reduces ore from Peru and produces ferro-vanadium.
Reduction by carbon is accomplished in electric furnaces, where there is a
localized zone of extreme high temperature with which the mixture of ore,
reducing agents, and fluxes is fed. This mixture reacts instantaneously, owing
to the high temperature, is converted into slag and alloy, and passes out of
the reacting zone- to make room for the next portion of mixture arriving in
the high-temperature zone. The high degree of heat is obtained by the employment of high voltage and high-current density, combined with close spacing of electrodes, producing more or less a blowpipe effect. The mixture
is fed continuously into the hottest part between the electrodes.  The
4,ooo-kw. furnaces used at Bridgeville are of 3-phase rectangular type with
water-cooled cover, furnished with water-cooled bushings for three I2-inch
graphite electrodes. The metal and slag are tapped off by means of appropriate spouts.
Zinc.-At Donora, Pa., the American Steel  Wire Co., subsidiary of the
United States Steel Corporation, operates wire mills, sulphuric acid plants,
and zinc works. As the last named is the largest in the world, the following
notes supplied by C. S. Blackmer, General Manager of the wire mills, will be
of interest:
On June 15, I9I5, engineering work was started in the field for the
construction of the Donora zinc and acid works; on September 2I the first
refractories were made in the pottery; on October 20 the first zinc was produced; and on December 23, sulphuric acid (60 degrees) was produced.
Following the construction of the main plant, the muriatic acid and 66
degrees sulphuric acid concentrating plants were built. The first muriatic
acid was produced on April 27, I916, and the first 66 degrees sulphuric acid
on June 22, 1918.
On April 6, I9I9, the recovery of zinc from zinc dross was begun. By
this operation, all zinc dross made by United States Steel Corporation plants
is shipped to the Donora zinc works for treatment.
Zinc skimmings, the oxide formed on the surface of coating or galvanizing baths, and also shipped to-this plant and mixed with the furnace
charges, thus converting the skimmings back to zinc.
The products for disposition from this plant are: (I) zinc from  zinc
ores and skimmings; (2) zinc from zinc dross; (3) 6o per cent sulphuric
646ABOVE-RESIDENCE OF RICHARD B. MELLON
BELOW-BEECHWOOD BOULEVARD, LOOKING NORTHDIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
acid; and (4) muriatic acid. These products are produced exclusively for
the plants of the United States Steel Corporation; the zinc for coating wire,
sheets, tubes, and castings.
Zinc is reduced from the concentrates in 4,864 retorts in eight blocks.
The retort furnace is of the Hegeler type, heated with gas from Wood heavyduty type producers. Waste-heat boilers are connected with each retort
furnace.
Sulphuric acid is made by the chamber process from the gases of four
Mathiessen and Hegeler furnaces.
Ore-drying, crushing, mixing, and handling equipment is part of the plant;
also a power house with two steam turbo-generators which furnish power for
the works, mine, and town.
The works has a capacity of 200 tons of zinc concentrates a day or
70,00ooo tons a year, producing 35,00ooo tons of slab zinc (Prime Western and
Brass Special grades) and 70,00ooo tons of 6o degree Be. sulphuric acid a
year; also, 3,000 tons of zinc sulfate and 1,200 tons of niter cake a year.
Tin.-i. A. Simon, Manager of the Duquesne Reduction Company, states
that the refining of secondary non-ferrous metals has been carried on by
the Duquesne Reduction Co. in its plant on Gross Street, Pittsburgh, since
I893. Since June, I924, it has been the Pittsburgh plant of the Federated
Metals Corporation which has several works in large cities throughout the
country.
The material refined consists of tin drosses, tin ores, tin residues, red
and yellow secondary metals, and secondary white metals and residues. The
plant is the largest smelter of tin dross and tin residues in the country. The
capacity of this plant is from 5o,ooo,00ooo to 6o,ooo,ooo pounds of high-grade
metal and alloys annually. Every operation is chemically controlled. The
finished products are red-metal ingot (brass, bronze, and composition metals),
copper ingot, white metals, tin oxide, and zinc sulphate. The red-metal ingot
is all made according to the specifications of customers and includes almost
every practical composition.
The tin smelting is performed in four reverberatory furnaces with capacities of one and one-half to six tons, the red-metal refining in a 25-ton reverberatory furnace, and the copper in a 30-ton reverberatory furnace with
suspended roof. Natural gas and oil are used as fuel. A Cottrell electrical
precipitator has been in operation since I914 to recover metallic oxides from
the smoke.
Lead.-Lead smelting and refining business has been carried on at Carnegie, near Pittsburgh, by the Pennsylvania Smelting Co., continuously since
I872. The present plant has been in operation since I9o00. The material
smelted at present comprises ores from the States of Washington, Kansas,
Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Virginia, and secondary lead products of all kinds,
647PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
mainly old battery plates. The initial smelting is performed in the regular
type of blast furnaces and reverberatory furnaces. All metal is desilverized
and refined by the Parke's process. The plant has a capacity of Ioo tons
a day of refined and antimonial lead. The by-product is lead-copper matte,
which is shipped to the Atlantic seaboard. The fuel used is soft coal
and coke.
Cement.-The fact that blast furnaces in the Pittsburgh District create
millions of tons of slag makes it a matter of importance to dispose of the
slag to the greatest economic advantage. Its transportation is comparatively
costly, but it is being used in exceedingly large quantities for railroad ballast,
foundations for concrete highways, for making concrete blocks, and in the
manufacture of cement. The last use is probably the most profitable, and
naturally enough it has made cement manufacture one of the most considerable of all of Pittsburgh's diversified industries. The Universal Portland
Cement Company has large plants at Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Duluth. The
cement industry is said to be the largest user of powdered coal in the world,
an average of half a ton of coal being required to make a ton of cement. The
modern cement kiln is a rotary steel tube lined with fire brick, Io00
feet long or longer, and five or six feet in diameter. The universal Portland
Cement plant near Pittsburgh has 20 such kilns. Into one end of each
kiln goes a constant stream of the powdered mixed raw materials, while into
the other end propelled by compressed air goes a stream of coal dust. The
coal dust is ignited and produces a temperature of about 2,8oo00 degrees
Fahrenheit, which calcines the materials to the point of fusion. Cement
is not shipped in barrels, but in sacks, each containing exactly 94 pounds. The
storage capacity of the plant near Pittsburgh is more than ten million sacks,
and the output has increased from a few thousand sacks in I9o00 to 6o million sacks in I926.
A new and important producer of cement in Pittsburgh is the Davison
Coke  Iron Company, of which George S. Davison, former president of
the Gulf Refining Company, is the head, and which completed the erection
of a $Io0,000,000ooo plant on Neville Island in I929. In the blast furnace of
this plant pig iron is produced-the only pig iron now manufactured in the
Pittsburgh District for the open market, the other blast furnaces being owned
by companies which use their total output in their own mills. The cement
plant built and operated by the Davison Coke  Iron Company alongside
the blast furnaces has a capacity of four million sacks a year. The coke unit
in this big plant of the Davison Coke and Iron Company consists of two batteries of 35 ovens each, with a capacity of 1,500 tons of coke a day, to say
nothing of tar, benzol, sulphate of ammonia, and other by-products, along
with I2 million cubic feet of gas. The coke ovens were built by the Koppers
Company and are of the ultramodern type.
648DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
Refractories.-Pittsburgh is the leading city of America in the manufacture of face brick, fire brick, refractories for all purposes, and similar ceramic
products. It has been authoritatively stated that the capacity of the plants in
the Pittsburgh District is approximately 25,ooo,00ooo nine-inch bricks per
month. A single plant at Hays Station, near Homestead, has a daily capacity
of 50,00ooo fire clay brick and Ioo,ooo silica brick. The Pittsburgh District is
the largest consumer of refractories in the United States. Refractory brick
are made from flint clay and plastic clay, the former being used in a larger
proportion. The old hand-made process is still used to a very considerable
extent, although there are several methods of making fire brick by machinery.
Silica brick, the refractory ranking second both in tonnage and value, are
manufactured from quartzite or ganister, of which there are large deposits in
central Pennsylvania. Silica brick are very refractory and withstand heavy
loads at high temperatutres. They are accordingly widely used in the roofs of
open hearth furnaces and the arches of glass tanks.
Magnesite or magnesia brick is another type of refractory extensively
manufactured in Pittsburgh and bought by the steel industry. This refractory
is manufactured from the mineral magnesite found in the northwestern states
and also in Czecho-Slovakia. Magnesite brick resist the action of basic oxides,
and are therefore invaluable as material for the construction of open hearth
furnaces and electric furnaces.
The Harbison-Walker Refractories Company of Pittsburgh is the leading
refractories manufacturer of the United States. From its foundation it has
been in close contact with the iron and steel industry. S. P. Harbison and
Hay Walker, the pioneers in the company, were boyhood friends of Henry
Phipps, Andrew Carnegie and Henry Kloman.
The history of the company itself begins with the Star Fire Brick Company, which built a fire brick works in Pittsburgh at Twenty-second Street
and the Allegheny Valley Railroad in I865. S. P. Harbison became associated
with this company on May I, I866, and remained the dominant spirit for the
next 30 years.
In I875 the name was changed to Reed  Harbison, and shortly thereafter
Mr. Harbison persuaded Mr. Hay Walker to purchase the interest of W. A.
Reed and the name was changed to Hlarbison  Walker. The business was
incorporated under that name in I894 and the present corporate name was
adopted in July, I902.
Hepburn Walker and S. C. Walker succeeded to the interest of their
father and were associated with Mr. Harbison in the early years of the company. In the early'nineties Mr. H. WV. Croft, the present Chairman of the
Board, became connected with the company, and upon the death of Mr.
S. C. Walker became its president.
In I884 the plant of the Woodland Fire Brick Company in Clearfield
-649PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
County, Pa., was purchased. This was one of the oldest fire brick works in
Pennsylvania. From that time on the company has expanded through the
purchase of existing plants and erection of others until it now has 23 works
located in six states.
The company is engaged solely in the manufacture of refractories, including fire clay brick, silica brick, high alumina brick, chrome brick, magnesia
brick, acid-proof brick, fire clays, special clays, raw and calcined, and hightemperature cements. Its product is distributed throughout the United States
and Canada, also to Japan, China, India, Australia, Central and South America, the West Indies, Mexico and the Philippine Islands. Its products are
used for lining all types of furnaces, ranging from small heat-treating furnaces
of moderate heat duty to the largest open hearth and blast furnaces involving
extreme heat conditions. The company's products have been used by the
Inland Steel Company in its blast furnaces, stoves, open hearth furnaces and
coke ovens; by the Bethlehem Steel Company in its blast furnaces and open
hearth furnaces; the entire plant of the Davison Coke  Iron Company on
Neville Island near Pittsburgh has been equipped with the company's products. Its products have also been extensively used by the Republic Iron 
Steel Company and by the International Harvester Company, Wisconsin Steel
Department.
The company has I7 plants in the State of Pennsylvania, located at Pittsburgh, Templeton, Blandburg, Mt. Union, Chester, Downingtown, Mill Hall,
Monument, Retort, Wallaceton, Woodland, Clearfield and Widemire. It
also has plants in Bessemer and Birmingham, Alabama, Portsmouth, Ohio,
Olive Hill, Kentucky, East Chicago, Indiana, and Vandalia, Missouri. It
has over 30 clay and coal mines and ganister quarries, located in Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, West Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky.
Its general offices are located in Pittsburgh and it has district sales offices
in New York, Montreal, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago,
St. Louis, Birmingham, and Portsmouth, and has warehouses in Montreal,
Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago and Milwaukee.
The officers of the company are: Chairman, H. W. Croft; President,
J. E. Lewis; Vice-Presidents, O. M. Reif, Nin McQuillen, Raymond Willey
and Kenneth Seaver; Secretary, P. R. Hilleman; Treasurer, W. F. Bickel,
all located in Pittsburgh except Mr. H. W. Croft, whose office is in New
York. The directors are: H. W. Croft, O. M. Reif, Raymond Willey, J. E.
Lewis, Ralph W. Harbison, Nin McQuillen, Kenneth Seaver, J. E. MacCloskey, Jr., John F. Fletcher, J. B. Cullum, Arthur E. Braun, B. A. Clements,
J. St. C. Brooks, Joseph Dilworth, and Richard K. Mellon. The total assets
of the company December 2I, I929, were $53,324,780.
Machinery.-The manufacture of machinery is one of the major Pittsburgh industries. About 80 different distinct kinds of machinery are manu650DIVERSIFIED  INDUSTRY  IN PITTSBURGH                    651
factured here, and 30 classes of machines. In Pittsburgh. are produced the
largest rolls for iron mills, the largest motors, the most powerful electric
locomotives, and the largest blooming mills in the world. Furthermore,
"carbonated beverages in all parts of the world are largely bottled by machinery made in Pittsburgh." The production of machinery in Allegheny County
is indicated by the following official statistics from the Pennsylvania State
Department of Internal Affairs, covering the year I926:
Wages
Product            Employees    Paid
Automobiles............    647   $  90I,9C
Automobile parts.......     205       262,2C
Boilers, tanks and stacks  630      861,9c
Cars and parts.........  5,0oII   6,956,4c
Elevators..............    I22       I78,90
Engines- (Railroad)...  340      346,00oo
Machinery and parts.... 5,56I    7,3Io0,90
Machine tools..........     II8       I38,3c
Meters.................    85I       969,30
Motors, dynamos, and
generators............  20, 129    I9,358,40
Pulleys, hangings, and
bearings.............     43     57,70
Pumps and valves......  403      467,50
Shafting................   1,809    2,503,90
Total............35,869   $4o,3I3,3o
The operations of some of the leadir
Salaries
Paid
0)o  $  338,500'
D0      49,800
)o     340,500
)0 -  1,970,200
)0-     47,900
)0     226,6o0
)o    2,91I4,300
0)o     66,8oo
0o     286,700
0o
0o'0
0o
0o
Capital    Value of
Invested    Products
$  i,665,80oo  $   11,970,500
882,900     566,ooo
2,542,000   2,903,300
46,223,o000oo   31,613,300
272, I 00   485,900
2,762,800    1,04I,I00
22,965,400  22,989,900
674,400     8 I 5,300
3, I 38,400    3,472,400
I3,944,600   I 59,477,600
66,o83,goo
21,70oo     62,700      235,800
353,800    3,240,300   2,446,700
436,500    6,273,600   I2,8I 5,Ioo00
$20,997,300 $250,I8i,ooo  $I57,439,200
founders and machinery manufacturers of Pittsburgh are summarized as follows by J. C. McQuiston and his
assistants in the publicity department of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company. (For an account of the varied manufactures of the
Westinghouse Companies, see other chapters.)
The United Engineering  Foundry Co. is preeminent in its field as
builder of complete machinery equipment for iron, steel, and tube works.
These products comprise blooming mills, universal, plate, slabbing, sheet, tin,
guide, structural skelp, muck-bar and cold-strip mills; shears, high-speed
forging presses; sand, chilled, steel, and "Adamite" rolls; iron and steel castings, saws, gears, and other miscellaneous machinery. This company normally produces 3,00ooo tons a month of iron rolls, 2,200 tons a month of steel
castings, and an annual output of machinery varying from $6,ooo,ooo to
$8,ooo,ooo.
United activities cover a total floor space of 700,000 square feet. The
main office is in Pittsburgh, and there are plants at Pittsburgh and Vandergrift, Pa., and at Youngstown and Canton, Ohio. Fifteen hundred people are
employed.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The Mesta Machine Co. manufactures equipment for the iron and steel
industry. Mesta products include gas and steam engines, condensers, compressors, forging apparatus, pickling machinery, shears, saws, and gears.
The annual production of this company normally is 5o,ooo tons of rolling-mill
machinery, rolls and castings. A total plant area of 20 acres is occupied and
I6,ooo workers are employed. The general office and works are at West
Homestead.
The Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., makers of machinery for iron and steel
mills, is a pioneer in the industry. The beginning of its operations dates back
to the year I803. Eight-inch cannon balls for the use of Perry's fleet in the
War of I812 were cast in this company's foundries. Its products embrace
steel, iron, chilled, Adamite and alloyed steel mills; Adamite, iron and steel
castings; and rolling-mill and seamless-tube mill equipment. This company
maintains a capacity of approximately 5o,ooo tons a year. Activities cover 84
acres of ground with I2 acres under roof. There are four plants: the Fort
Pitt works, Pittsburgh; Garrison Foundry, South Side; Midland, Pa., steel
foundry, and the Wooster, Ohio, plant. The company has I,5oo employees
on the pay roll.
The McKenna Brass  Manufacturing Co. makes automatic machinery
for the bottling industry. Its three plants in Pittsburgh contain about I20,000
square feet of floor space. Its automatic bottle filling machines for carbonated
beverages are known in all parts of the world. Other McKenna products
are automatic bottle washers and sterilizers, automatic carbonators, and automatic fillers for bottled products for the table, condiments, etc.
Heyl  Patterson, Inc., manufacture machinery and other equipment for
the coal mining industry as well as by-product coke plants. The offices and
plants occupy a total floor area of 9goo,ooo square feet, devoted to the production of equipment for the preparation of coal and coke for by-product coke
ovens, ore storage, bridges, pig iron casting machines, pulverized coal apparatus, coal tipples and equipment, unloading towers, wharf and cargo cranes,
coal-haulage systems, and other machinery for conveying purposes. The principal business is done within a radius of 500 miles of Pittsburgh.
The Pressed Steel Car Co. and its subsidiary companies, the Koppel
Industrial Car  Equipment Co. and Koppel Car Repair Co., have three plants
in the Pittsburgh District at McKees Rocks, North Side, Pittsburgh, and
Koppel, Pa. These plants are equipped with latest machinery for manufacturing all classes of railroad, freight, and passenger cars, automatic air-dump
cars and hand-dump cars, tank cars, miscellaneous cars for industrial plants
and contractors, sugar-cane cars, mine cars, narrow-gauge track equipment,
switches, turntables, etc., as well as rebuilding and repairing cars. Included
in these plants are foundries for making steel and malleable castings and
cast-iron wheels, forge shops, etc. The company's three properties in this
652LEETSDALE PLANT OF McCLINTIC-MARSHALL COMPANYDEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
I929 survey, it is declared department store sales in Pittsburgh are, per capita,
almost double those of any other city in the world and that such sales here
are greater than those of Detroit and Buffalo combined.
In I927 retail sales in the County of Allegheny amounted to $558,970,600,
this being $436.49 per capita, an increase of.o88 per cent over I926.  The
per capita purchases have here increased during each of the last three years.
Income tax returns for I926 (latest available for detailed study) show
that a return was made here for every 8.8 people of the city and one for
every 12.9 persons in Allegheny County, while for the state as a whole a
return was made for every 25.4 persons.
It is the official reports of the United States Board of Army Engineers
on the river commerce of Pittsburgh, and the official railroad reports on the
rail tonnage, which more impressively than any other statistical exhibits
reflect the rise and steady growth of Pittsburgh industry. Owing to the
character of the basis Pittsburgh products, no other community in the world
even approaches Pittsburgh's total tonnage, and no port in the world rivals
the tonnage of the three Pittsburgh rivers, the Allegheny, Ohio, and Monongahela.
The city's combined river and rail tonnage in I9oo was 65,818,63I. In
I9IO this had increased to I67,733,268. In I920 the river tonnage was nearly
34,00ooo,ooo and the rail tonnage over I70,00ooo,000, giving the astonishing
combined total of 204,I49,769 tons. In the peak industrial year of I926, the
combined tonnage was 213,895,563. In 1927 the nation-wide reaction in business reduced Pittsburgh's tonnage to I83,0I8,787, but it rose again in the year
I929 to I95,708,357, of which 33,74I,I06 tons were carried by the rivers.
The following analysis of the river tonnage in I929 is interesting for a number of reasons, one of which is that it shows the extent to which Pittsburgh
is now using the rivers for shipment of finished steel products:
Allegheny  Monongahela   Ohio *    Pittsburght
Harbor
Coal.................  1,456,506   23,182,128    5,652,84I   24,236,743
Coke.................  436,924    1,326,667    506,953   1,326,667
Cement..............    I0,970      47,5IO      50,291      65,723
Sand and gravel......  I,815,445    2,235,245    3,835,565    5,527,518
Stone..............    6,708      21,I73       I3o064     32,545
Iron and steel........    6,057    1,602,991    1,439,225    1,863,3o8
Oil and gasoline....   42,7o4     21,840       64,405      70,I82
Logs and lumber.....,720      I0,957       9,I30      I7,6Io0
Packet freight.............       42,954     42,956      42,956
Other commodities...     6,524     416,i49     349,386     557,854
Total.............. 3,783,558   28,907,614   II,963,972   33,74I,I06
* Pittsburgh, Pa. to Beach Bottom Run, W. Va.
t The figures shown above represent the tonnage with duplications eliminated.
457DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
district comprise a total of approximately 750 acres, and when the plants are
operating normally they employ about 6,500 to 7,000 men. This company
also has a plant at Hegewisch, Chicago, Illinois, for the manufacture of cars
used in the western portion of the country.
The H. K. Porter Co. builds steam locomotives, compressed-air and
fireless-steam locomotives. The last mentioned has neither boiler nor firebox;
in place of a boiler, the fireless locomotive carries a tank containing water
which is heated by steam from a suitable stationary boiler. The annual capacity of this plant is 6oo00 locomotives, including engines as light as three tons
and as heavy, including tender, as I90 tons. The last Porter catalog describes
695 different types of locomotives.
The Blaw-Knox Company, the American Bridge Company, the McClinticMarshall Company, are other concerns in the Pittsburgh District, which while
not classed strictly as manufacturers of machinery, produce large quantities
of fabricated material used in the building of bridges, houses, skyscrapers,
railroad cars and barges.
Manufacture of Coke Ovens.-The remarkable development of the byproduct coke industry has been treated in the chapter of this work dealing
with the Coal and Coke Industry. But this present chapter is the one in
which there most properly can be a reference to the rise in Pittsburgh of
the Koppers Company, an industry whose growth and expansion have few
parallels in this country or any other.
It was just I4 years ago that The Koppers Company moved its offices
from Chicago to Pittsburgh. There were 65 persons on the pay roll at that
time. Today the parent company and its subsidiaries employ in excess of
15,000 persons.
In I9o6, The Coke Committee of the United States Steel Corporation
visited Europe to study the various types of coke ovens in use there. On
their return to the'United States, they reported the Koppers oven to be the
most satisfactory for the purposes of the corporation in the production of blast
furnace coke. Subsequently, a contract was entered into between the corporation and Dr. Heinrich Koppers, under which, in I908, the first Koppers
by-product coke oven plant was built at Joliet, Illinois.
Dr. Koppers came to the United States in I907 and established his headquarters at Joliet, doing business as Heinrich Koppers. In the next five years
several plants were built. In I912, the company was incorporated as the
H. Koppers Company and the offices were moved from Joliet to Chicago. A
number of plants were installed by this company, but it was not until control
passed to Pittsburgh interests that the new company, with Mr. H. B. Rust as
president, secured a volume of business in keeping with the opportunities
presented. The change in ownership occurred the latter part of I9I4. Early
in I915, the Koppers Company moved from Chicago to Pittsburgh.
653654                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
With the advent of the war came the realization that the striking power
of a nation in modern warfare is determined largely by its supply of the byproducts of coke. There followed, naturally and swiftly, a phenomenal demand for by-product coking apparatus. Four years after the-outbreak of war,
The Koppers Company had doubled the by-product coking capacity of the
United States. Moreover, the company was the first to develop the recovery
of benzene and toluene from carbureted water gas, thus contributing greatly
to the necessary increase in the production of these indispensable materials
when America took up arms. Altogether, the company played a most important part in the successful prosecution of the world conflict.
Two outstanding events in the war period illustrate the rapid strides made
by the company. One was the building by the company of the largest byproduct coke plant in the world, the Clairton plant of the Carnegie Steel
Company in the Pittsburgh District. The other was the company's decision
to engage in the operating end of the manufactured gas business, an act
fraught with increasing import to this great basic industry.
The company entered the gas business because of the conviction, since
proven sound, that the by-product coke oven is the most efficient source of
city gas supply. Thereafter, it undertook the highly exacting tasks of procuring coal supplies, erecting plants and operating them, and selling the coke
and other by-products. This last named activity is distinct in character from
the public service business and calls for the exercise of specialized knowledge
and qualifications.
The erection of the plants at Chicago, Kearny, N.J., and St. Paul, Minn.,
followed, and their successful operation promptly illustrated to the manufactured gas industry how valuable a by-product coke plant could be. The company took extreme care in the selection of coals to insure the production of a
domestic coke of the highest quality, one meeting definite specifications of
purity, size and strength. To safeguard its sources of raw material, the company embarked in the coal business, and is today the producer of some of
our highest grade coals. It organized its own personnel for the demonstrating,
merchandising and servicing of coke, in this way developing domestic markets of growing proportions for this strictly modern fuel. Finally, the company entered the tar products business with the acquisition of the American
Tar Products Company, now an important unit of that industry.
It was not long after its entrance in the gas industry that the company,
realizing the advantages of bulk coal carbonization for making high grade gas
at low cost, began the development of a small coal gas plant of various capacities adaptable to the needs of the gas industry. The invention of the Becker
oven followed. This oven assures great flexibility in gas production and is
designed to be underfired either with producer gas or a portion of the coal gas.
It has met with great success.KOPPERS COMPANY BUILDINGDIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
As the result of a further analysis of gas manufacturing equipment, the
company also introduced the Koppers continuous vertical combination oven
plant. This incorporated many structural and operating improvements over
other plants of the vertical type.
Coincident with these developments, the company engaged in extensive
investigation and experimentation looking to the modernization of antiquated
methods of purifying gas and the production of a gas of high quality. As a
consequence of these researches, new processes of liquid purification were
made available to the gas industry and were widely adopted, with noteworthy
results of a financial and technical nature. More recently the company has
introduced in this country the newest methods for the removal of moisture
from gas, thus further improving the quality of this essential fuel.
In the I5-year period covered in this article, there were witnessed in the
United States many changes of enormous industrial and economic significance.
In no small degree was this true of our key industries engaged in the processing of coal. In this brief span of time, they saw the transition from the
beehive oven and retort bench to the by-product coke oven. This development
was the result of the interplay of many diverse factors, including among
others, the daring of capital, the prosecution of original research, the application of matured engineering and chemical knowledge, a thorough understanding of fuels and their potential markets and the exercise of keen merchandising ability.
The contribution by The Koppers Company to the progress of this period
is reflected, in part, by the statement that of the 48,00ooo,ooo-odd tons of byproduct coke produced in the United States in I928, Koppers and Becker
ovens accounted for approximately 79 per cent, and, further, of all coke oven
installations made in the past five years, 9go per cent have been of the Becker
type.
The company's appreciation of the best there is in engineering is strikingly
exhibited in the great by-product coke plants which the traveler now can see
as an impressive feature of his ride as he approaches New York, Philadelphia,
New Haven, Youngstown, Pittsburgh, and many other cities. These plants
are worthy examples of the highest expression of the art of the engineer. In
their conception, design and construction, technical and scientific skill have
combined with imagination to produce units largely instrumental in ushering
in a new era of fuel technology.
Copper.-The firm of C. G. Hussey  Company, copper manufacturers
of Pittsburgh, still prominent in the industry, was the outgrowth of the Pittsburgh  Boston Mining Co., organized in I845 by Dr. Curtis C. Hussey,
Thomas M. Howe, Charles Avery and William Pettit. The organization of
the company was the result of a visit made by Mr. Howe to the Lake Superior
region in I84I-2, when he examined the afterward famous Cliff Mine prop655PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
erty. It was a very profitable venture, paying large dividends. Dr. Hussey's
interest in the Lake Superior mines led him in I849 with Mr. Thomas M.
Howe (afterward General Howe) to build a copper rolling mill and smelting
works on the Monongahela River in the Twenty-third Ward, under the firm
style of C. G. Hussey  Co. The second copper rolling mill in Pittsburgh was
built in I859 by David Clark, James Park and William McCurdy. This mill
afterward passed into the control of Park Brothers  Co., steel manufacturers.
It was originally situated in Second Avenue and was known as the Lake
Superior Copper Works, but was removed from there to Thirtieth and Smallman Streets, adjacent to the Park Steel Works.
Brass.-The first brass foundry in Pittsburgh was built in i 8O8. Among
the earliest factories were those of John Sheriff, established in I820, and
Andrew Fulton, who in I832 established his bell foundry in which were manufactured most of the' bells for the steamboats of the West. Other foundries
established were those of Mansfield and Fitzsimmons in I86I, Cadman and
Crawford in I863, Atwood and McCaffrey in I865, Wilson, Snyder  Co.
in I875.
Tin.-The tin manufacture of Pittsburgh had its birth in I802, when a
tin manufactory was established by Jeffrey Scaife, grandfather of Oliver P.,
Charles C., and Marion F. Scaife, and father of William B. Scaife. Cramer's
Almanac, in its issue of I804 mentions this Scaife factory, stating that 320
boxes of tin valued at $40 were used in manufacturing tinware in I803. The
factory of John Dunlap, in which large quantities of pressed tinware were
produced, was established in I839.
Large quantities of tin drosses, tin ores, tin residues, have since I893 been
worked by the Duquesne Reduction Company in its plant on Gross Street,
Pittsburgh. In June, I924, it became the Pittsburgh plant of the Federated
Metals Corporation. This plant is the largest smelter of tin dross and tin
residues in the United States. Its total capacity of tin and other metals and
alloys is 6o,ooo,ooo pounds annually.
Food Preserving Industry.-Although Pittsburgh contains the most famous food preserving company in America, the H. J. Heinz Company, manufacturers of the "57" varieties, the general reader is wholly unaware of the
relative magnitude of the food preserving industry in this community. As
a matter of fact, food preparation and preservation are one of the prime industries of Allegheny County. The official reports of the Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs groups the products of Allegheny County into a
dozen classifications, and among these dozen primary classifications food
products ranks second in annual value being exceeded only by the products of
the metal industries. The value of the product of the food preserving industry, with 534 establishments and nearly I7,000 employees, has been as large
recently as $I30,000,000 in a single year..
656VIEW OF PLANT OF H. J. HEINZ COMPANYDIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
Howard Heinz, who since the death of his father H. J. Heinz, has been
president of the H. J. Heinz Company, states that in a quarter of a century
since the pure food law was enacted by Congress in I906 there has been not
only an appreciable improvement in the public health but the stricter regulation has been financially beneficial to the food manufacturing industry, which
in the quarter of a century has made greater strides than in the previous century. Great companies like the H. J. Heinz Company maintain skillfully
manned research departments to make ceaseless study of better methods of
food preservation, so that the wholesome natural taste and the vital elements
in the foods shall not be lost in the bottling and canning process. To quote
Mr. Heinz:
One of the most important steps in the preparation of good food is
proper sterilization and its success depends upon the quality of the containers. H. J. Heinz Company, early in its history, applied itself to the
perfection of bottles and cans to meet all requirements. It established
its own bottle and tin can factories. Sanitary cans have been developed.
They are so made that no solder can come into contact with the contents
of the can, thus preventing contamination. Lacquered and protective
coverings have been produced to prevent the action of the food on the
metal of the cap or can. Methods of sealing packages under a vacuum
have been perfected, resulting in better preservation methods. Science is
still at work on new and improved processes and products.
As the trade mark "57" is known all over the world, the story of its origin
possesses some interest. In an address in the Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh
Spirit series at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I927, Mr. Howard
Heinz quoted his father's account as follows:
For a long time I had been casting about for some word or phrase
that would aptly convey a true idea of our line of goods. We did not
want to be known as the pickle people, because we were packing many
kinds of food that could not be classed as pickles. We needed a phrase
that would comprehend them all.
One day while I was riding on the Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway
in New York, I noticed a sign of a concern which announced that it had
I2 styles of shoes. That gave me an idea. I thought of styles of our
products, but that did not sound right. Then I thought of kinds, and
then the word "Varieties" came into my mind.
I counted them up. The idea of 57 Varieties gripped me at once, and
I stepped off the train at the next station and took the first train going
downtown, went to my hotel, telephoned for our lithographer to send his
man over, and began work at once on an advertising card. Soon there657PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Having presented in the foregoing a general review of the proportions
attained by the industrial and commercial development of Pittsburgh in the
year I930, it will be in order to show the reader as nearly as possible in what
order the enterprises prominently figuring in the city's business directories
to-day took their place in the community's business life.  We do this by
means of a chronologically arranged list of existing firms and corporations
which have been in existence from 50 to I45 years.
I786 John Scull and Joseph Hall began publishing the Gazette on July 29th. In I820
the name was changed to The Pittsburgh Gazette and Manufacturer and Mercantile Advertiser; and in I833 it was changed to Daily Pittsburgh Gazette. In I877
the publishers gained control of the Commercial and the name became CommercialGazette. Through a merger the name was changed in I906 to Gazette-Times, and
for the same reason the name was changed in I927 to Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. In
the early days the difficulties of publication were great; and at one time, because
the pack animals failed to reach Pittsburgh from the East in time for the regular
issue, the editor appealed to the commandant of the fort for enough cartridge
paper for the current edition and issued the news on it rather than fail to have
his sheet appear on schedule. Through disseminating news (although sometimes
weeks and months late), the Gazette nobly did its part in clearing the wilderness
and founding the City of Pittsburgh.
I802 Jeffery Scaife founded a factory to make articles from copper, tin, and sheet
iron, as well as japanned wares, at Fourth Avenue and Market Street. In War of I812
made sponge baskets for artillery. In I834 name changed to Wm. B. Scaife 
Co. In I892 works moved to Oakmont. The company, now known as Wm. B.
Scaife  Sons Co., has continuously been in the control of the family since
founding. It is believed to be the oldest manufacturing concern west of Harrisburg.
I8o3 Joseph McCIurg established the "Pittsburgh Foundry"-the first in the city. In
I8o7 he and his son Alexander formed a partnership. In I812 the company manufactured cannon balls for Perry's fleet. In I842 produced the first Chilled Roll
(for rolling sheet brass) in the United States. In I850 at their Fort Pitt Works
built first locomotive assembled west of Alleghenies. I860-64 furnished all kinds
of ordnance for the army. Various changes of name and mergers, ending in
1922 when the name of the organization became Mackintosh-Hemphill Company.
1804 Charles Eneu Johnson, a former apprentice of Benjamin Franklin, began the manufacture of printing ink, thus establishing the first commercial ink-manufacturing
plant. The company still remains in direct control of the founder's descendants and
is known as Charles Eneu Johnson  Co.
i804 The first Democratic newspaper in Western Pennsylvania founded under the name
of the Commonwealth. Under the names of Mercury, The Mercury and Allegheny
Democrat, and the Post (I842) the publication carried on continuously to I906
when as the result of a merger the name was changed to Pittsburgh GazetteTimes. In I927 another merger resulted in the present name-Pittsburgh PostGazette. In the early days eight "pulls" were necessary to print four pages. Because of difficulties along the way, pack animals at one time failed to reach the
plant with print paper and it was necessary to' borrow cartridge paper from the
commandant of the fort and issue the news on it rather than miss an issue.
458  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
after, the green pickle with the "57 Varieties" began to appear in street
cars, on billboards and wherever it could be used.
Of the I7,oo000 employees of the food preserving and kindred industries in
Greater Pittsburgh, two-thirds are on the pay roll of the H. J. Heinz Company. The main plants and offices of that company cover several blocks on
the North Side, Pittsburgh. The officers of the company, which is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania and has a capital stock of $30,oo000,000,
are: President, Howard Heinz; Vice-Presidents, Sabastian Mueller, Clifford
S. Heinz, W. H. Robinson,* and N. G. Woodside; Treasurer, H. C. Anderson;
Secretary, E. D. McCafferty; Assistant Treasurer, C. A. Braun; Directors,
all of the foregoing (except C. A. Braun), and W. A. Kober, J. N. Jeffares,
and C. E. Hellen.
Lutz  Schramm and Cruikshank Brothers:also own well-known food preservers operating plants in Pittsburgh.
Cruikshank Brothers began in I879 as a grocery business established by
Alexander Cruikshank. How the firm developed into its present organization
is told in the chapter of this work devoted to pioneer Pittsburgh concerns.
Associated at the present time in the active management of Cruikshank
Brothers are: Frank Cruikshank, President and Director; Frank Cruikshank,
Jr., Vice-President and Director; Allan W. Cruikshank, Secretary-Treasurer
and Director; S. J. Cruikshank, Director; and Vinton W. Cruikshank,
Director.
The Lutz  Schramm Company has plant and offices at I412 River Avenue, North Side, Pittsburgh. Its officers are: Allen E. Slessman, President;
Martin Blakemore, Vice-President, and William  L. Dunn, Secretary and
Treasurer.
Among candy manufacturers in Pittsburgh who ship their products all
over the United States are: Reymer Bros.  Company, Hardie Bros. Co.,
Eatmor Chocolate Co., the D. L. Clark Company, and the Clark Bros. Chewing Gum Company. The two latter companies are controlled by the same
interests.
The Reymer Company is one of the oldest and best known candy manu-'facturing concerns in the country, having been established in I846. The
officers of Reymer  Bros., Inc., capital stock $I,000,000, are: President,
Benjamin Dangerfield, Jr.; Vice-President, George T. Price; Secretary and
Treasurer, Harry Dangerfield; Directors, the foregoing, with M. J. Brown
and J. H. Dadds.
The Hardie Bros.  Co., with plant at Fourteenth and Pike Streets, has as
President, W. L. Hardie; Vice-President, Edward Hardie; Secretary and
* Mr. Robinson retired May Ist, I93I.
658  DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRY IN PITTSBURGH
Treasurer, J. L. Hardie; Directors, the foregoing, with James Hardie, Jr.,
and Alexander Hardie.
The Eatmor Chocolate Company has as its officers, J. N. Hershey, President and Director; I. N. Hershey, Vice-President and Director; and Roy Z.
Hershey, Treasurer, General Manager and Director.
The D. L. Clark Co. has a capital stock of 300,000 shares no par. Its
officers are: D. L. Clark, President; R. C. Stone, D. L. Clark, Jr., and Ralph
R. Coltman, Vice-Presidents; H. S. Clark, Treasurer; E. O. Long, Secretary;
Directors, the foregoing, with J. C. Chaplin, K. W. Todd and L. A. Daly.
The Hailer Baking Co. of which Fred C. Haller is president and treasurer,
with D. T. Riffle as vice-president, operates a large bakery in the East End,
with a capital of $200,ooo. The Haller Oven Co., a separate organization,
manufactures bread-baking machinery.
Important dairy products concerns are the Liberty Dairy Products Corporation and the Rieck-McJunkin Dairy Company.  The Liberty Dairy
Products Corporation is a consolidation of the Ohio  Pittsburgh Milk Co.
(trading as Hermes-Groves Dairy Co.), the Shadyside Milk Co., the Reinhold
Ice  Ice Cream Co., and the Kittanning Pure Milk Co. In January, 1930, it
had a common stock of I20,oo000 shares of no par value, $I,ooo,ooo first preferred and $2,000,000 second preferred. Its officers were: Chairman of the
Board, Ernest Reinhold; President, Paul E. Reinhold; Vice-Presidents, B. H.
Rodeniser and C. R. Schnars; Vice-President and Secretary, W. S. Wallace;
Treasurer, E. C. Hibletts; Directors, John R. Hermes, B. H. Rodeniser,
W. S. Wallace, Harrison Thomas, Paul E. Reinhold, Ernest Reinhold, J. S.
Dixon, G. R. Schnars, H. A. Friday, Frank B. Ingersoll, E. C. Hibletts, and
Ralph Williams.
The Rieck-McJunkin Dairy Company is incorporated under the laws of
Pennsylvania, with a capital stock of $2,300,000. President, E. E. Rieck;
Vice-President, W. J. Burnap; Treasurer, C. L. Bender; Secretary, G. A.
Farthing; Directors, the foregoing and F. A. Moore, H. M. Goldberg, Joseph
Potts, Wyn B. Morris, C. E. Rieck, L. G. Young, T. H. Mclnnerney, and
G. E. Miller.
659CHAPTER XVII
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGHCHAPTER XVII
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH
Pack Train, Stage Coach and Rivers Constitute City's Transportation Facilities During Its First 75 Years-Boatbuilding Begun While City Still a
Village-Robert Fulton and Messrs. Livingston and Roosevelt.Among
First Pittsburgh Boatbuilders-Small Sea Vessels Built Here Sail to
Europe-Stage Coach Lines Over Mountains Assisted by Building of
State Turnpikes-First Canal Boat from the East Arrives August 0o,
182o-Portage Railroad Over the Alleghany Mountains to Pittsburgh
Regarded as One of the Wonders of America-Railroad Building Inaugurated in I847-All-Rail Route from Pittsburgh.to Eastern Seaboard
Begins Service in I852-History of Railroads Entering Pittsburgh Epitomized-City Now Largest Tonnage-Producing Center on the GlobeThe Horse Car Street Railways Give Way to Cable Roads-Reorganization of Street Railways When Electric Power Is Introduced-History
of Pittsburgh Railways Company and Its Numerous Underlying. Companies-Pittsburgh's Waterway Transportation Facilities an Outstanding
Factor in Industrial Development of the District-Rapid Growth of
City's River Commerce-Leading Steel Companies Greatly Improve
Their Competitive Position by Waterway Shipment of Their Finished
Products to Great Markets of the South and Southwest-Completion of
Ohio River Canalization in 1929 Celebrated by Pittsburgh and All Other
Cities in Ohio-Mississippi Valley as a  Marked Strengthening'of Their
Commercial and Industrial Situation.
Pack train and stage coach were the only transportation facilities that
Pittsburgh possessed, apart from the'waterways, during the first 75 years of
its existence. The community of course made use of the rivers from the
earliest time. It was not until the year I777, however, that even water transportation received any impetus.  In that year a party of carpenters and
sawyers arrived at Fort Pitt from Philadelphia, and began Pittsburgh's boatbuilding industry. The first boats constructed here were bateaux 40 feet long
and nine feet wide, intended to transport troops. The navigation of the western rivers at this time and for a generation after, was by the use of flatboats
and keel boats propelled by poles or sweeps. As late as 1I794 there were only
two boats in service between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. These boats made
one trip a month each, so that passengers could leave either port for the other
about once in every four weeks. The boats were armed with small cannon
663for use on the Indians. In July, I794, a line of mail boats began to run from
Wheeling to Limetown once in every two weeks, the mails being carried from
Limetown to Pittsburgh on horseback.
In I798 two galleys, called the President Adams and Senator R,jss, were
built here and armed by the government for service against the Spaniards on
the lower Mississippi. In I8oi Louis Anastasius Tarascon, a French emigre
who had been a merchant in Philadelphia for a few years, came to Pittsburgh
and with his partners, John Anthony and James Berthoud, built the schooner
Antity of 120 tons and the ship Pittsburgh of 250 tons, which sailed to St.
Thomas and then to Bordeaux, France, whence they brought back a cargo of
wine and brandy. The building of seagoing vessels did not long endure as a
Pittsburgh industry, but in I8II the first steamboat for the navigation of
western waters was built in Pittsburgh by Robert Fulton, the inventor of the
steamboat, and his associates, Messrs. Livingston and Roosevelt of New York.
She was christened New Orleans, and her construction cost was $40,000.
Nicholas Roosevelt, member of the famous New York family, personally
superintended her construction. Since that day many thousand river steamboats have been built here, and boatbuilding continues to be an important industry, as the following report under date of September Io0, I930, in the
Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, indicates:
With I47 vessels contracted for or under cQnstruction, the Dravo
Contracting Company here, builders of river craft, stand out as the leader
of their field in the nation as joint figures issued in September, I930, by
the company and the Department of Commerce disclose.
The boatbuilding concerns along the Pittsburgh rivers give emnployment to nearly 2,000 persons. Of this number approximately 6oo are
employed by the Dravo Company.
Vessels under construction at Dravo plants in the fall of I930 included motor boats, coal and iron barges, sand barges and smaller industrial craft. Tonnage of the Dravo boats in construction or under contract at that date totaled 57,26I.
Among other boatbuilding concerns listed by the above newspaper,
with their tonnages under construction on the date of publication, were:
American Bridge Company, I5 vessels, mostly barges, 6,404 gross
tons; Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation, two vessels, 640 gross tons;
McClintic-Marshall Company, I7 vessels, 4,675 gross tons, and the Midland Barge Company, one vessel, Io09 gross tons.
Most of the boats are of steel construction.
Before dismissing Pittsburgh's brief career as a port of clearance for boats
destined for foreign countries, it will not be amiss to call attention to the
following incident:
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
664HIISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH  665
It is related that a ship was built in I8oi at Pittsburgh, destined for
Leghorn, Italy. When she reached the latter port the custom house
official would not credit her papers and threatened to confiscate the vessel
on the ground there was no such port as Pittsburgh which was prima
facie evidence the clearance papers were forged. The trembling captain
laid before the officer the map of the United States, directed him to the
Gulf of Mexico, pointed out the mouth of the Mississippi River, led him
a thousand miles up to the mouth of the Ohio River, and thence another
thousand miles to Pittsburgh: "There, sir, is the port whence my vessel
cleared out." The astonished Leghorn official would as readily have believed that this vessel had been navigated from the moon.*
Before the end of the eighteenth century traffic from Philadelphia to
Pittsburgh, which was now the recognized gateway to the whole western
country, had increased to such proportions that wagons displaced pack trains,
and regularly scheduled stage coach trips were started in I786. At first the
coaches made the trip each way between the two cities only once in two weeks,
but in I804 there began a daily service. The roads were so poorly made that
it was unsafe to travel at night, and the service could not be maintained
during the winter season. In those days it took three weeks to bring a wagonload of merchandise from Philadelphia. In I8o6 the public demand for a
better highway moved the Pennsylvania Legislature to enact a law incorporating the Harrisburg and Pittsburgh Turnpike Road. It was not until I814
that the work of actual construction of this highway was started, and the
turnpike was hardly in use when just to the south there arose a rival that
"threatened the future of Pittsburgh." This menacing competitor was the
National Turnpike which had just been completed at the instigation of the
citizens of Baltimore, who were determined to attract trade to their port.
Reviewing this episode, a well-known transportation leader says:
The National Turnpike extended from Baltimore through Cumberland to the Ohio River at Wheeling. An immense traffic was diverted
from the route through Pittsburgh to the new toll-free line of communication. The furor over this crisis had hardly subsided when the city
was thrown into a fresh spasm of apprehension at the construction of
the Erie Canal in the State of New York. These developments so
menaced the commerce of Pittsburgh and the entire state that the Legislature was aroused and steps were taken to build a canal as a countermove.
By an act of I825 commissioners were appointed to consider a canal
route to connect the Susquehanna and Allegheny Rivers. Actual opera*Pittsburgh's Origin and History, an address by William H. Stevenson, President
of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society, in the "Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh
Spirit" series at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, I927.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
tions in the construction of the canal were started under an act of I826,
and work was completed under'the General Canal Act of I827. On
August Io, I829, the first canal boat was operated into Pittsburgh. It
arrived with I30 barrels of salt from Saltsburg, Pa. On October 3I,
I829, the first boat loaded with Philadelphia merchandise arrived in this
city.
The canal came down the north side of the Allegheny River into
Allegheny City. At a location a few hundred feet west of Cedar Avenue
it branched; one portion extended westward to a turn just west of Federal Street, thence parallel to that street through several locks to the
Allegheny River. The old arch which carried Federal Street over the
canal is in existence under that street. The main branch crossed the
Allegheny River into Pittsburgh on a long wooden aqueduct about ioo
feet upstream from the present Pennsylvania Railroad bridge. The pier
footings for this old aqueduct are in the bed of the river and were plainly
visible during low stages of water until a few years ago when the Emsworth dam permanently raised the pool level. From the aqueduct the
canal paralleled Eleventh Street on the west side of the main terminal
basin located on the plot of ground on the east side of Grant Street recently purchased by the Government for a post-office site. This basin
was connected by a canal and a series of locks with the Monongahela
River. It was carried in a tunnel under Grant Hill. A portion of that
old tunnel is yet used to carry the tracks of the Panhandle division of
the Pennsylvania Railroad. Recently when a gasoline filling station was
constructed at the corner of Liberty Avenue and Eleventh Street, one of
the old stone canal locks was uncovered with its wooden gate still in
place.*
Detailed information as to the journey from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh
by canal shows that it was a combination canal-railroad trip. An advertisement in Appleton's Railroad and Steamnboat Companion in I849 described the
route as follows:
At Philadelphia the traveller-will take the cars of the Columbia railroad at 274 Market Street, and proceed to Harrisburg, the capital of the
state. There, two routes will be at his disposal.- The first and most
eligible is by railroad to Chambersburg via Carlisle. At Chambersburg
good lines of stages leave twice daily for Pittsburgh. Total time between the two cities about three days. Distance 312 miles. Fare usually
$iI.oo. The second route from Harrisburg is by the eastern division
of the Pennsylvania canal to Hollidaysburg, thence by the Allegheny
* E. T. Whiter, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in addressing the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce.
666HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH  667
Portage railroad to Johnstown and by the western division of the canal
to Pittsburgh.  Total distance by the second route is 399 miles. Usual
time, if by packet boat on the canal, four and one-half days, and if by
line boat, about a week. Fare usually $I 3.00 and by line boat $2.75 less.
Mr. Whiter remarks that the competition shown in the above advertisement to have existed between the stagecoach and canal route had then been
in effect for 20 years and was destined to continue until the advent of steam
railroads. The coaches predominated as passenger carriers, and the canal
boats as freighters.
The Allegheny Portage Railroad which, as has been seen in the foregoing,
temporarily served as an important connecting link in the through canalrailroad line between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, was no mean engineering
achievement for its day and age. This appears from a description of it published by the Passenger Department of the Pennsylvania Railroad in I875
and based on information furnished by Solomon W. Roberts, one of the engineers who participated in its construction. From this description is quoted
the following:
The Portage Road, over the Allegheny Mountains, was during all the
time it remained in operation one of the wonders of America. It consisted of I I levels or grade lines and io inclined planes. The ascent from
Johnstown to the summit was I,I7IY2 feet in a distance of 26X2 miles,
and the descent from the summit to Hollidaysburg was 1,399 feet in a
distance of Io0 miles (a total length of 36 miles). The planes were numbered eastwardly, the one nearest Johnstown being number one and that
nearest Hollidaysburg number io.  The length and rise of the planes
were as follows:
Length            Rise
No. I................................. 1,607 ft.  I50 ft.
No. 2.................................... 1,760 ft.   132 ft.
No. 3.................................. 1,480 ft.. I30 ft.
No. 4.............................     2,I95 ft.    I87 ft.
No. 5...... 2,628 ft.                                 20I ft.
Summit Level                                      Fall
No. 6............................. 2,713 ft.       266 ft.
No. 7.................................. 2,655 ft.  260 ft.
No. 8................................. 3,116 ft.      307 ft.
No. 9................................ 2,720 ft.   I89 ft.
No. io.....   2,925 ft.                               I8o ft.
The cars were passed over these planes by means of wire ropes
attached to stationary engines, and it is a notable fact that during the 20DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES  459
i8o8 James Park began dealing in bar iron, etc., mostly imported from England, the
business being continued for about 60 years on Second Avenue. In I878-9 Messrs.
B. G. and Wm. U. Follansbee became employees of the organization, then known
as Park, Scott  Co. In I884 the name was changed to James B. Scott and Co.,
with the Follansbee brothers in active management.  In I894 the Follansbee
Brothers Company succeeded the one last named. The company, whose plant now
is at Follansbee, W. Va., is the world's first manufacturer of forged steel sheets.
i8Io The Bank of Pittsburgh. In I899 the bank entered the National Banking System
but was permitted to retain its honored name with the addition of the letters N.A.National Association. The Merchants and Manufacturers National Bank, the Iron
City National Bank, and The Columbia National Bank have merged with this organization since I904.
I812 John Cooper, a printer, began business in Pittsburgh. He was succeeded by his
son-in-law, Wm. S. Haven, who  passed the business on to his son-in-law, Win.
Stevenson. Wm. G. Foster, of Wellsville, Ohio, joined Stevenson in I870 and
formed a partnership--Stevenson  Foster Co. In I815 this establishment printed
Pittsburgh's first city directory.
I812 Elliott Nursery. The first Elliott of the nursery family is said to have started his
horticultural enterprise so far from "town" that members of his family protested.
The site of that far-out nursery is now occupied by Kaufmann's Department Store.
The Elliott Nursery Company is unable to trace chronologically the history of the
firm, which now has its nurseries at Evans City, with offices in Pittsburgh.
I8i5 Francis G. Bailey, then about eighteen years of age, came from his birthplace,
Ballywalter, County Down, Ireland, and settled in Pittsburgh, where he established
a mercantile business between Hand and Hancock Streets (now Ninth and Eighth
Streets, respectively), on the north side of Liberty Avenue. On his first journey
to Pittsburgh he, as a matter of economy, walked the entire distance with his stock
of goods on his back, outstripping the baggage wagons on the way. Through
numerous partnerships with sons-in-law, etc., the business continued until in recent
years it was known as John A. Renshaw  Company, having developed into a highclass grocery business. At this writing a merger has resulted in a new firmKuhn-Renshaw Co., Mr. Renshaw being a grandson of the founder-Francis G.
Bailey.
I817 H. Childs  Co., now H. Childs  Co., Inc., the oldest shoe jobbing concern in
the United States.
I821 The Reverend John Andrews moved to Pittsburgh to continue the publication of
his Weekly Recorder, a Presbyterian periodical which he had founded at Chillicothe, Ohio, on July 7, I814. In succeeding years the publication was known as
The Pittsburgh Recorder (I82ZI), The Spectator (I828), The Christian Herald
(I829), The Presbyterian Advocate (I838). In I852 Dr. David McKinney started
The Presbyterian Banner in Philadelphia and purchased The Presbyterian Advocate, naming his publication The Presbyterian Banner and Advocate and publishing
it in Pittsburgh. In I86o the word Advocate was dropped, leaving The Presbyterian Banner as it is known to-day.
I822 Cornelius Flocker came to Pittsburgh and established a rope and twine business
at North Avenue and East Street, continuing until I845, at which time his son
John bought and conducted the business at the same location for a number of years.
Then he bought a long strip of ground at the corner of the present Valley Street
and Greentree Avenue, where he operated a rope walk for 20 years or more before
moving out on the Evergreen Plank Road. He continued his business at the latterPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
years the road was used no serious accidents ever occurred uipon it. Boats
used on the canal for carrying through freight were built in sections,
which sections were placed upon trucks and carried over the railroad.
How the first steam railroads entering Pittsburgh were financed has been
told in another chapter of this work, where it will be learned that the City of
Pittsburgh and the County of Allegheny both contracted debts to aid in the
construction of the roads and subsequently the County Commissioners were
imprisoned for defiance of a mandamus from the courts to levy the necessary
taxes for payment of interest on the obligation.
The year I837 was one of great importance in railroad history. In that
year and in the year preceding, the urgent demand for better transportation
expressed itself in the assembling of railway conventions which vigorously
urged action by the Legislature. The most immediate result of this advocation was the chartering of a number of railroad companies in I837. A number of them never laid a rail, and actual construction on the railroads intended
to serve Pittsburgh was postponed by one circumstance and another for another decade. The building of the Pennsylvania Railroad extension westward
from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh was begun July 22, I847. The Ohio and
Pennsylvania Railroad, which was to connect Pittsburgh with the West, was
not even incorporated until a year after the initiation of work on the line
between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. It was two years after the incorporation
of the Ohio and Pennsylvania until the breaking of ground in the old city of
Allegheny, now the North Side of Pittsburgh, for this western line's construction. In the same year of I85o, the Pennsylvania Railroad began to
build its line between Pittsburgh and Altoona, the line between Harrisburg
and Altoona having by that time been completed.
Regular passenger service on the Ohio and Pennsylvania road (subsequently known as the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago) was inaugurated
as far as New Brighton on October 6, I85I, and in a little more than 6o days
after that, or to be exact, on December Io, I85I, the Pennsylvania east from
Pittsburgh was declared open as far as Turtle Creek, at which point it was
necessary for passengers to disembark and ride as fat as Beatty, 28 miles,
by stagecoach. The all-rail route to Philadelphia from Pittsburgh opened its
service on December I0, I852, and all rail transportation from Pittsburg to
Chicago began in I856.
Mr. Whiter gives the following brief but authoritative sketch of the beginning of the other railroads entering Pittsburgh:
The Pittsburgh and Connellsville railroad, now a part of the Baltimore and Ohio system in Pittsburgh, was completed between West Newton and Connellsville in September, I855, but the extension into Pittsburgh was not made until I86I, and the connection from Connellsville to
668HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 669
the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio at Cumberland was not completed until I87I.
The Allegheny Valley railroad was formally opened to Kittanning,
January 29, I856, and later extended to Oil City. The Pittsburgh and
Steubenville railroad followed by opening its line from Birmingham
now Pittsburgh, southside) to the east bank of the Ohio River, opposite
Steubenville, in I864. The bridge over the river at that point and the
one over the Monongahela River into Pittsburgh were not constructed
until i865. The Pittsburgh and Steubenville made connections with the
Steubenville and Indiana railroad, both now included in the Panhandle
division of the Pennsylvania railroad.
The Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad was built from Cleveland and
connected with the Fort Wayne at Rochester, Pa., in 1856, from which
point it had trackage rights over that line into Pittsburgh. The Erie and
Pittsburgh railroad came down from the north and connected with the
Fort Wayne west of Beaver Falls in I864. The West Penn railroad
came into Federal Street (North Side, Pittsburgh) in i866. The Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston railroad was completed to Homestead in
I873. With the exception of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville railroad,
all of the lines so far named are now included in the Pennsylvania
railroad.
In chronological order came the Pittsburgh and Northern R. R., a
narrow gauge line starting alongside the Butler plank road in Millvale,
or Bennett as it was then known, and projected northward along Girty's
run. It was built and operated as far as Evergreen borough, but no
farther on account of the inability to finance the cost of a tunnel through
the hill to Pine Creek. The company was reorganized as the Pittsburgh,
New Castle and Lake Erie railroad and work was begun in I877 on a
new alignment starting from Etna. It was completed to Zelienople in
I879, into Allegheny in i88o, and extended along the Ohio River to
lower Allegheny City in I88I. This railroad, which had been renamed
the Pittsburgh and Western, was subsequently absorbed in the Baltimore
and Ohio system. It was connected to the main line of the latter company in I884, by the Pittsburgh Junction railroad, now also a part of the
Baltimore and Ohio. It is the line which extends from Laughlin Junction
on the Monongahela River via the hollow in Schenley park and Thirtythird Street to Millvale on the Allegheny River. The Baltimore and
Ohio line to Wheeling, incorporated as the Hempfield railroad, was completed in 1852 from that city through Washington, Pa., to Finleyville,
its terminus for years. It was extended by way of Streets Run and over
the Monongahela River to connect with the main line and Pittsburgh
in I884.-PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The next trunk line railroad to come into Pittsburgh was the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie railroad, now included in the New York Central
system.  Traffic was inaugurated thereon between Pittsburgh  and
Youngstown, Ohio, in I879. The Lake Erie was originally a single track
line with many high and long iron viaducts across the lateral valleys between here and Monaca. Its extension from Smithfield Street up the
river to Twenty-second Street was accomplished through the purchase of
the Pittsburgh and Becks Run railroad, which had track laid from Smithfield Street to Jones and Laughlin's mill, but had never operated. The
Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Youghiogheny railroad, now also a part of
the New York Central, was built to Connellsville in 1883. The first passenger train on that line departed here November i8, 1883.
Our other railroads are of comparatively recent origin. The Union
railroad was built in I896 to connect the plant of the Carnegie Steel
Company, now a part of the United States Steel Corporation, at Bessemer, with those at Homestead and Duquesne and more recently was
extended to Clairton. The Bessemer and Lake Erie, originally incorporated as the Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie railroad, was opened
for traffic in I897. It is now a line of the Steel Corporation and was
built to haul lake iron ore from a terminal constructed for that purpose
on Lake Erie at Conneaut. The next railroad to reach Pittsburgh was
the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh. The rails of this line terminate
at Butler and it is operated thence into Pittsburgh over the Baltimore and
Ohio, with which it has trackage rights. Service' over this route was
inaugurated in I899. The most recent acquisition is the Pittsburgh and
West Virginia railroad, originally built as the Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal railway which was placed in service in I904. The West Side Belt
railroad, now operated by the Pittsburgh and West Virginia, was opened
for traffic from Pitt'sburgh to Bruceton in I902 and through to Clairton
in I903.
In addition to the trunk lines enumerated above, the Pittsburgh District
is served by a number of important roads such as the Monongahela Connecting Railroad, owned by the Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation; the Pittsburgh, Chartiers  Youghiogheny Road, owned jointly by the Pittsburgh and
Lake Erie (New York Central Lines) and the Pennsylvania; and the Montour Railroad, owned by the Pittsburgh Coal Company. Smaller roads are
(i) the Little Saw Mill Run road, built in I852 by the Economites to convey
coal from Saw Mill Run to Banksville, and now operated by the West Side
Belt Railroad; (2) the Chartiers Valley Road, from Pittsburgh to Washington, Pa., now known as the Chartiers Branch of the Pan Handle Division
of the Pennsylvania; (3) the Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon narrow gauge
670HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 67I
road, running from the top of the hill on the South'Side six miles to Castle
Shannon, and operated by the Pittsburgh Railways Company.
It is worth noting that the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, now part of
the Pennsylvania Lines West, was not able to reach the main portion of the
city during the first few years of its operation, but had its terminus on the
North Side, then known as Allegheny. Its trains began coming across to
Pittsburgh on September 22, I857, when the first wooden railroad bridge over
the Allegheny River was completed. The first trains run into Pittsburgh
over this line were obliged to stop at the corner of Penn Avenue and Tenth
Street, for the reason that the city authorities refused permission to operate
the trains any further. On March Io, I858, permission having finally been
secured from the municipality, trains from the West were first run into Union
Station. By this time the Pennsylvania East to Philadelphia had been completed, and it accordingly became possible on the date just mentioned for the
traveler to make an all-rail journey from Chicago to Philadelphia by way of
Pittsburgh with one change of cars, this occurring in the Pittsburgh Union
Station. This first Union Station was replaced by a new one in I865-a fourstory brick structure whose upper floors were used as a hotel. This station
was set on fire and destroyed during the railroad strike riots on July 2I, I877.
A temporary two-story structure served for nearly 14 years, being succeeded
by the present Union Station on October I, I9QI. A splendid modern terminal slightly to the north and east of the present structure, occupying two
blocks along Penn Avenue east of Eleventh Street, is now being planned
and on its completion the present Union Station will be used wholly to house
the Pennsylvania Railroad offices.
The present Baltimore and Ohio, station was built in I885 and remodeled
in IgI5. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie terminal (New York Central Lines),
at the south end of the Smithfield Street Bridge, was'thrown into service on
January I, I9o00, but two extensions of the train shed have given it twice its
original length. The Wabash Railroad's terminal in Pittsburgh, now known
as; the Pittsburgh  West Virginia Station, at Liberty Avenue and Ferry
Street, cost several million dollars.
The trunk line railroads serving Pittsburgh now have a total of nearly
2,000 miles of main tracks, yards and sidings within a radius of 25 miles
from the business center. There are a number of terminal yards which have
over I25 miles of tracks each. The railroads entering Pittsburgh have 2I
freight stations and 47 carload delivery yards within the city limits.
There is no more vivid way of expressing the tremendous growth of
Pittsburgh's railroad transportation facilities keeping pace with the city's industrial development, than by saying that whereas the Pennsylvania canal in
I85I, the year before the beginning of freight transportation by rail, had a
total business of I29,895 tons, the railroads in the year I925 collectivelymoved a total of I68,1I20,824 tons of freight to and from the Pittsburgh District. In other words, to quote Mr. Whiter, at the end of 75 years of railroad
transportation the freight traffic in and out of Pittsburgh is over 1,300 times
greater than at the beginning.
One of the most important of the many improvements made by the Pittsburgh railroads occurred in I906, when the Pennsylvania Railroad track,
which since I85I had extended down the center of Liberty Avenue from
Eleventh Street to the point, was removed and placed on the elevated structure built on Duquesne Way for that purpose. Many will no doubt recall the
days when all traffic on the streets crossing Liberty Avenue was at a standstill during the passage of a long freight train which was not permitted to
exceed a speed of four miles an hour.
Prior to that change, all of our produce merchants were located in the
buildings on the north side of Liberty Avenue between Sixth and Seventh
Streets. Produce was unloaded direct from the railroad cars and displayed
for sale on the street, sidewalks, and open-front buildings within those limits.
Pittsburgh has done much in the development of equipment and other
facilities used in railroad transportation. It was here that the air brake was
invented and perfected by George Westinghouse. Without that great invention the railroads never could have attained the speed and effectiveness now
so necessary.  Steel cars, automatic couplers, interlocking switch devices,
automatic signals, and many other features essential to the safe operation of
railroads originated here. For many years our city has predominated in the
fabrication of the iron and steel bridges required in railroad construction. It
pioneered in the manufacture of steel rails and still leads in their production.
The world's largest electric locomotive was built here. As that type of motive
power is put more widely into rail use, Pittsburgh will undoubtedly continue
to lead in its construction, as well as the manufacture of electric equipment
to generate energy necessary for electric operation.*
Street Railways in Pittsburgh.--J. Dawson Callery, Chairman of the
Board of the Pittsburgh Railways Company, has prepared the following complete and authoritative, though very succinct, history of Pittsburgh's street
railways, the first charters for the construction of which were granted by the
Legislature of Pennsylvania in I859.t
By an act approved March 22, 1859, a charter was granted to the Citizens'
Passenger Railway Company for the construction and operation of a railway
from Market and Fifth Streets, along Fifth Street, Cecil's Alley, Penn Street
and the Greensburg and Pittsburgh turnpike road, to Butler Street in the
borough of Lawrenceville, and thence by Butler Street and the Lawrenceville
*E. T. Whiter-Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit,
t Mr. Callery on "Pittsburgh's Public Utilities" in Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh
Spirit.
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
672HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION  IN PITTSBURGHI   673
and Sharpsburg plank road to Sharpsburg. The incorporators of this line
were rather prominent citizens at that time. Among the names we find those
of James Verner, Alexander Speer, Richard Hays, W. M. Darlington, Joshua
Rhodes, Richard L. Ewalt, Nathaniel Holmes, O. H. Rippey, James P. Barr
and William Coleman.
The Pittsburgh, Allegheny and Manchester Passenger Railway Company
was chartered by an act approved April I2, I859, to construct and operate a
railway between Penn and St. Clair (now Federal) Street in the City of
Pittsburgh, and Woods Run. Among the incorporators were Thomas Bakewell, Joseph S. Brown, William Bagaley, John E. Parke, H. Brady Wilkins,
Robert S. Hays, Charles H. Paulson, Joshua Hanna, James Holmes, William
Kunkle, William Robinson, Jr., Robert McKnight, Joseph Kirkpatrick, Eccles
Robinson, and J. O. Bennett.
The Pittsburgh and East Liberty Passenger Railway Company was also
incorporated by an act approved April 8, I859, to construct a street railway
from Market Street in the City of Pittsburgh to the Village of East Liberty.
This is what is now known as the Fifth Avenue line. Among the incorporators were J. W. Hailman, Thomas Clarke, L. R. Livinstone, William B.
Negley, John B. Semple, Nathaniel Holmes, Joseph Woodwell, William M.
Lyon, John Fleming, Springer Harbaugh, John Murdock, Jr., Christian Zug,
James P. Sterrett, and R. H. Hartley.
The Pittsburgh and Birmingham Passenger Railroad Company was incorporated by an act approved April 13, I859, to construct a street railway
from the intersection of Fifth and Smithfield Streets, along Smithfield Street
to the Monongahela bridge, across said bridge to Carson Street in the borough
of South Pittsburgh; thence along Carson Street through the boroughs of
South Pittsburgh, Birmingham and East Birmingham, to Brownstown.
Among the incorporators were John Evans, R. B. Carnahan, James Blackmore, Oliver Ormsby, Alexander Chambers, James Barr, John McDonald
Crossan, R. Biddle Roberts, Benjamin Singerly, Robert McKnight, Andrew
Fulton, William M. Hirsh, Wm. Lauffman, and Nathaniel Holmes.
The Pittsburgh and Minersville Passenger Railway Company was incorporated March 22, I862, and authorized to purchase from the Pittsburgh and
East Liberty Passenger Railway Company, that portion of its road, now constructed, lying on Fifth Street, Wylie Street, Fulton Street, and Center Avenue, in the City of Pittsburgh, and, also, that portion lying from the eastern
line of the City of Pittsburgh (Devilliers Street) to the Village of Minersville.
The incorporators were E. P. Jones, Abraham Ackright, James Johnston,
Jr., and James M. Sinclair.
The Federal Street and Pleasant Valley Passenger Railway Company
was incorporated February 20,- I868, to construct a street railway from MarPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ket Square, in the City of Allegheny, to any point within said city or McClure
township upon any public road now opened or which may hereafter be
opened between said point and the Perrysville Plank Road. By supplement
approved March 25, I870, the company was authorized to extend its road
from Federal Street via Diamond Square, Gay Alley, Union Avenue, Church
Avenue, Anderson Street and the Pittsburgh and Allegheny bridge to the City
of Pittsburgh, and over and along such streets in the City of Pittsburgh as
the Councils of said city may permit.
Among the incorporators were W. McCreery, Bernard Gray, W. S. Bissell, John Kirkpatrick, Thomas Nuttall, W. McKendry, John Birmingham,
John E. Parke, Hugh S. Fleming, William Dilworth, Jr., and W. M. Claney.
The Central Passenger Railway Company was chartered February I8,
i869, to construct a railway from the corner of Fourth Avenue and Market
Street, and by Fourth Avenue, Grant, Fifth, Wylie and Fulton Streets and
Center Avenue, to East Liberty, and to purchase from the Pittsburgh and
Minersville Passenger Railway Company the franchises and privileges which
it purchased from the Oakland Passenger Railway Company.
Among the incorporators were C. Hanson Love, R. McEldowney, R. G.
Herron; H. W. Oliver, A. H. Miller, J. K. Moorhead, F. H. Eaton, A. G.
McCandless, H. P. Ford, A. C. McCallum, Wm. M. Gormley and Samuel
Ewart.
The Pittsburgh and Ormsby Passenger Railroad Company was incorporated April 6, I870, to construct a railway from any point in the Borough
of Ormsby via Sarah Street, in.the Borough of East Birmingham, to I7th
Street, Borough of Birmingham; thence via Washington Street and ioth
Street to the Birmingham Bridge, and over said bridge to Second Avenue,
in the City of Pittsburgh; thence by such streets as may be granted by the
Councils of Pittsburgh, to a suitable terminus on or near Market Street.
Among the incorporators were Domenec Ihmsen, John Pears, A. Garrison, Charles Evans, Henry Lloyd, John Phillips, George Black, T. B. Atterbury, D. B. Oliver, Clifton Wharton, Harvey Chess, John P. Beech and D.
O. Cunningham.
The Pittsburgh, Oakland and East Liberty Passenger Railway Company.
(a successor of the Pittsburgh and East Liberty Passenger Railway Company) was organized January I5, I872, to operate the railway constructed on
Market'Street; Third and Fourth Avenues; Grant Street; Fifth Avenue;
Denniston Avenue and Highland Avenue.
The incorporators were C. Hoeveler, Thomas Mellon, Erasmus Hoeveler,
Attes V. Cole, Matthias Roe, Wm. A. Hoeveler, and F. H. Bussman.
Second Avenue Passenger Railway Company was chartered July 6, I88I.
The route was from Glenwood via Second Avenue to Market Street.
674HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 675
The incorporators were George Fawcett, George W. Fawcett, Wm. J.
Fawcett, Wm. H. Collingwood and James F. Fawcett.
James D. Callery was elected president and director of the company in
November, I888.
The Pittsburgh and West End Railway Company was chartered March
27, I879, and re-chartered May I5, I889. Its route was from a point on Fifth
Avenue near Union Street, thence along Fifth Avenue, Liberty Street, Fifth
Street, Penn Avenue,'Water Street, the Point Bridge, Carson Street, Main
Street and Walnut Street to a point at or near Washington Turnpike with the
privilege of constructing a branch along Carson Street southeastwardly from
the Point Bridge to the Monongahela Bridge.
Among the incorporators were John C. Reilly, Wm. J. Burns, John Burns
and Wm. H. House.
James Callery was elected a director January II, I886, and James D.
Callery was elected a director January 9, I888.
The West End Traction Company was chartered November i5, 1897.
This company operated the properties of the Pittsburgh and West End and
other passenger railway companies.
The incorporators were: J. C. Reilly, W. J. Burns, Thomas S. Bigelow,
J. D. Callery and W. V. Callery.
In I875 the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful to
Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly
invoking His guidance ordained and established the present constitution of
this Commonwealth, which became effective on the first day of January, I874.
As Section 7 of Article III of the constitution provided that the general
assembly should not pass any local or special law creating corporations, or
amending, renewing or extending the charters thereof; granting to any corporation, association, or individual any special'or exclusive privilege or immunity, or to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down
a railroad track, no street railway companies were chartered between the date
the constitution became effective and May 23, 1878, as there was no law
authorizing the chartering of such companies between those dates.
On May 23, I878, an act providing for the incorporation and government
of street railway companies in cities of the third, fourth and fifth classes, and
in the boroughs and townships in this Commonwealth, was approved by Governor Hartranft, and, on March I9, I879, an act was approved by Governor
Henry M. Hoyt providing for the incorporation, and for the government and
the regulation of street railways.
On March 22, 1887, an act providing for the incorporation and regulation
of motor power companies for operating passenger railways by cables, electrical or other means, was approved by Governor Beaver, and under the provisions of that act a number of traction companies were chartered and laterPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
acquired the capital stock or leased the properties and franchises of street
railway companies and rebuilt and operated their railways.
The first rapid transit by street railway was furnished by the Pittsburgh
Traction Company which, in June, I887, leased the properties and franchises
of the Pittsburgh, Oakland and East Liberty Passenger Railway Company
and the Central Transit Company and constructed a cable line over that portion of their routes beginning at the foot of Fifth Avenue and running out
that thoroughfare to Shady Avenue to Penn Avenue, to Highland Avenue
and thence to Fifth Avenue, a distance of about five and one-half miles. This
system was opened for traffic September I2, I889.
In September, I887, the Citizens Passenger Railway Company leased its
property and franchises, including the property and franchises leased by it
from the Transverse Passenger Railway Company, to the Citizens Traction
Company, and the latter company constructed and operated a cable line over
that portion of the route between Cecil Alley, in the downtown portion of the
city, and East Liberty, and also from Penn Avenue via Butler Street to
Sharpsburgh.
In December, I888, the Central Traction Company entered into an agreement with the Central Passenger Railway Company for the operation of its
properties and constructed a cable line along Sixth Avenue, Wood Street,
Fourth Avenue, Grant Street, Wylie Avenue, Fulton Street and Center Avenue to Thirty-third Street.
The cable lines were operated until I897.
The first electric line was constructed from South I 3th and Carson Streets
to Knoxville Borough over a very heavy grade.
The first successful lines of electric street railway were those of the Federal Street and Pleasant Valley Passenger Railway Company and the Second
Avenue Passenger Railway Company, which were equipped in I889 and began
operations in I890, with the overhead trolley, known as the Vanderpole
System.
Competing lines were built in many sections, such as those of the Monongahela Street Railway on Forbes Street from Woodlawn Avenue to Wilkinsburg, Edgewood, Swissvale, Braddock and East Pittsburgh; and from the
intersection of Forbes Street and Murray Avenue, along Murray Avenue and
over a new bridge constructed by Captain S. S. Brown, known as the Homestead Bridge, to Homestead, Braddock, Duquesne and McKeesport.
In I895 the Consolidated Traction Company was chartered and in I896
secured control of the Pittsburgh Traction Company, Citizens Traction Company, Central Traction Company and Duquesne Traction Company and
equipped those roads for electric operation. On January r, I902, it leased the
property of the Monongahela Street Railway Company, whose lines had been
further extended from Wilkinsburg to Verona and Oakmont.
676TISTORY -OF TRANSPORTATION  IN PITTSBURGH   677
In I897 the United Traction Company leased the property and franchises
of the Pittsburgh, Allegheny and Manchester Traction Company and purchased the property and franchises of the Second Avenue Traction Company
and the North Side Traction Company, which latter company held a controlling interest in the Federal Street and Pleasant Valley Passenger Railway
Company.
In I894 the West End lines were extended to Crafton, Mansfield (now
Carnegie), McKees Rocks and Woodville. In I897 the West End Traction
Comnpany was chartered and acquired control of the Pittsburgh and West
End Railway Company, Pittsburgh, Crafton and Mansfield Street Railway
Company, the Pittsburgh, Neville Island and Coraopolis Railway Company,
the railway of which latter company was operated over the entire length of
Neville Island to and through Coraopolis, and afterwards, by private right of
way and the Sewickley Bridge to the Borough of Sewickley.
In the winter of I899 the Philadelphia Company acquired control of the
stock of the United Traction Company.
On October I, I9o00, the Southern Traction Company (now Pittsburgh
Railways Company) acquired by lease all of the property and franchises of
the West End Traction Company.  
January I, I902, the United Traction Company acquired by lease all of
the property and franchises of the Pittsburgh  Birmingham Traction Company.
Since January i, I902, the Pittsburgh Railways Company has been operating the properties of the Consolidated Traction Company and the United
Traction Company under operating agreements. At that time the Pittsburgh
railways system embraced 400 miles of single track, carried I78,703,000 passengers and had a revenue of $6,758,00ooo per year, while in I926 it operated
590 miles of single track, carried 396,679,675 passengers and had a revenue
of $21,727,230.29.
When the Pittsburgh Railways Company took over the operation of practically all the railways in this district on January I, I902, the Directors were
T. H. Given, J. H. Reed, Joshua Rhodes, James D. Callery, A. W. Mellon,
M. K. McMullin and P. A. B. Widener, and the officers were James D. Callery, President; J. H. Reed, Vice-President; W. B. Carson, Secretary; C.
J. Braun, Jr., Treasurer, and C. S. Mitchell, Auditor.
When the receivers were discharged February I, I924, the Directors were
A. W. Thompson, J. H. Reed, James D. Callery, E. W. Smith, Geo. E.
McCague, M. B. Starring, Moritz Rosenthal, Geo. S. Davison, W. B. Carson and E. W. Washabaugh, and the officers were James D. Callery, Chairman of the Board; A. W. Thompson, President; J. H. Reed, Vice-President;
W. B. Carson, Secretary; C. J. Braun, Jr., Treasurer, and C. S. Mitchell,
Controller.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
location until his death in i89o. Since that date the Flocker family has continued
the establishment as a jobbing house under the name John Flocker  Co. Inc. A
granddaughter of the founder is now president of the company.
I824 Eichbaum  Johnston established a printing businiess which in I845 became Johnston
 Stockton; I857 Wm. G. Johnston  Co.; and in I915, William G. Johnston Company, a corporation-printers, lithographers, engravers, etc.
I826 William and John Holmes, brothers, began the first grocery business west of the
Allegheny Mountains, in the Io-year-old City of Pittsburgh. They dealt largely
in New Orleans sugar and molasses (granulated sugar and clear syrups were not
known), and owned and operated two steamboats between Pittsburgh and New
Orleans. Their establishment was at the corner of (then) Market and First
Streets. After a time two employes-George K. Stevenson and John Porterfield
took over the business and operated it as John Porterfield  Company until I884.
The business is now known as George K. Stevenson Co.
1828 H. S. Spang  Son built the Etna Iron Works in a suburb and there produced the
first iron tubing manufactured west of the Alleghenies. 1845 the firm became
Spang  Co. i858 it became Spang, Chalfant  Co., which in I899 was succeeded
by Spang, Chalfant  Co., Inc., with plants at Etna and Ambridge, manufacturing
welded and seamless steel tubes.
I829 Insurance Company of North America opened in Pittsburgh what appears to be
the city's first insurance agency.
I829 B. A. Fahnestock began a drug business at Wood Street and Sixth Avenue, to
care for the needs of Pittsburgh's growing population. Through various changes
the name in i87o became George A. Kelly  Company, and in I892 George A.
Kelly Company, wholesale druggists.
183I John H. Mellor, organist of Trinity Episcopal Church, established a music business
at 122 Wood Street (now entrance of Farmer's National Bank). The fire of
April Io, 1845, wiped out nearly all the business section but spared the little music
store, leaving it the only establishment in the city handling books, paper, and
stationery-these in addition to music goods. When the telephone was introduced in Pittsburgh in I877 Mr. C. C. Mellor (one of the firm then known as
Mellor and Hoene) was one of the first persons to have connection between home
and business. In a diary he wrote: "It was a great convenience, but also a great
nuisance, for being such a novelty it was used nearly all the time out of curiosity
by people who came in to try it." The firm name now is C. C. Mellor Company,
Inc. It is the oldest of its kind west of the Alleghenies.
i83i Logan and Kennedy established a business which is now the Logan Gregg Hardware Company, the oldest hardware jobbing house in Pittsburgh.
I832 John M. Roberts opened a jewelry store at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Market
Street in a log building, making "extensive improvements" by covering the front
with weather boarding. He created considerable excitement by using display windows with glass panes I2 by I8 inches in size-dimensions unheard of prior to that
time. After various moves and changes the business developed into that of John
M. Roberts  Son Co., Incorporated, in I907.
i832 Pittsburgh Savings Fund Company opened its offices on St. Clair (now Sixth)
Street near the Allegheny River. The scope of the institution's financial activity
broadened rapidly. In I84I the name was changed to Farmers Deposit Bank of
Pittsburgh, in I857 to Farmers Deposit Banking Co,, and in I864, when a National
charter was granted, it became The Farmers Deposit National Bank of Pittsburgh.
qdoPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
In I930 the officers of the Pittsburgh Railways Company are as follows:
Chairman of the Board, James D. Callery; President, F. R. Phillips; VicePresident, Thomas Fitzgerald; Secretary, W. B. Carson; Treasurer, C. J.
Braun, Jr.; Controller, C. S. Mitchell; Directors, James D. Callery, C. S.
Mitchell, Moritz Rosenthal, Edwin W. Smith, M. B. Starring, W. B. Carson,
H. C. McEldowney, J. J. O'Brien, William L. Monro, Arthur E. Braun, and
F. R. Phillips.
The operation of electric railroads in Pittsburgh is costlier than in most
other cities because of the abounding hills and the consequent extra heavy
demands on power. The exceedingly heavy snowstorms of the winter I9I7I8 precipitated a crisis in the company's affairs, and it was compelled to
resort to the United States Court for a receivership. On April 24, 1918, the
Court appointed J. D. Callery, H. S. A. Stewart, and Charles A. Fagan receivers. A year afterward Mr. Callery and Mr. Stewart resigned and were
succeeded by S. L. Tone and W. D. George. The receivership lasted nearly
six years, the property being turned back to the company on February I,
I924. During the receivership the Public Service Commission of Pennsylvania put an estimate of $62,500,000 on the property, but the company contended that the real value was much larger. The fare in I930 and for several years prior to that was Io cents, with three tickets or "tokens" purchasable for 25 cents. Weekly passes good for an unlimited number of rides
cost $I.50o.
Pittsburgh's Waterways.-In the chapter of this work on "The Development of Pittsburgh Industry" will be found some detailed information in
regard to the number and the extent of the industrial enterprises which make
use of the three rivers for transportation of both raw materials and manufactured products. We have already alluded to the early development of a
boat-building industry here, with Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat,
and Nicholas Roosevelt joining as partners in one of the earliest local enterprises. No boats are now built here destined for foreign ports like the hardy
little schooners which set sail here for overseas voyages in the early decades,
but our river commerce has reached huge proportions.
Mr. William B. Rodgers, in his address on Pittsburgh and Waterways in
the Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit series, makes the following interesting comment on Pittsburgh's brief experience as a seaport:
About the beginning of the eighteenth century, Europe was laying
her plans for world dominion, disregarding entirely the commercial
necessities of the United States.  By secret treaty France gave the
Louisiana territory to Spain. Hampered by the Spanish regulations of
the port of New Orleans, the traders of the upper rivers began to realize
the importance of the rivers as an artery of commerce. New Orleans
678HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 679
was declared an open port in I804, citizens of the United States being
granted the right to free navigation as well as the right to deposit goods
on the wharves at New Orleans and to export them. Shippers in the
region of the Monongahela and Muskingum Rivers conceived the idea
of building seagoing vessels and loading them at Pittsburgh and ship
direct to foreign markets. Ships, brigs and schooners were built at
Pittsburgh and Ohio points and sent down the river not to return, for
the difficulties of the return trip were too great to overcome. After three
years of free navigation, Spain put an embargo in I807 on goods from
the United States and the building of ships ceased. Pittsburgh had been
a seaport for a very short time.
The astonishing increase of Ioo per cent in Pittsburgh's river tonnage in a
period of 13 years that is, from i8,ooo,ooo tons in I913, to 36,343,668 tons
in I926-indicates the rapidly growing use of the waterways by Pittsburgh
industries. For purpose of comparison, it is well to note that Pittsburgh's
water-borne commerce is 25 per cent larger than the tonnage of the Panama
Canal. Coal continues to be the largest source of this Pittsburgh river tonnage, with sand and gravel, and steel, following in the order named, but it
is in steel that the largest and most significant increase in tonnage has occurred during recent years.
In I92I, the Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation, in a search for lower
freight costs, undertook the experiment of utilizing the rivers to deliver steel
products to its distant customers in the west, south and southwest. The
adventure was successful from the first and has expanded to-day into a regularly organized private distribution facility for the benefits of this corporation and its customers.
The other steel companies in the Pittsburgh district adopted the same
methods of distribution. To-day steel is being systematically shipped out of
the district in steel barges by the Carnegie Steel Company, acting for itself
and the other subsidiaries of the United States Steel Corporation, by the
Wheeling Steel Corporation, the Pittsburgh Steel Company and other steel
producers.
Probably no better demonstration of how an improved river will develop
transportation service, can be pointed out than the building up of a service
like that of the Carnegie Steel Company, which in a little over ii years has
developed the largest fleet of boats and barges and carried probably the greatest tonnage on the rivers. This service came into existence as a transportation adjunct to the by-product coke plant at Clairton, Pa., the largest installation of by-product coke ovens in the world.
Coal is moved by barge from the mines to this plant which cokes about
30,000o tons of coal a day. The movement is also to river terminals for dePITTSBURGH OF TODAY
livery in cars to other plants on the rivers having no barge unloading facilities. Coke also is delivered to furnace plants along the Ohio and Allegheny
Rivers.
The river service of this company was gradually expanded and with the
inauguration of the hauling of finished products as far south as New Orleans
additional floating equipment became necessary. The Carnegie Steel Company, now having the largest fleet on inland waters, carried in 1928 more
than I3,500,000 tons on the Monongahela' and Ohio Rivers. The fleet consists of I4 modern steamers and 449 barges, among the latter being 26 cargo
barges and two acid barges. The steamers carrying the Carnegie ensign are
the City of Pittsburgh and the Monongahela, which are of the Mississippi
River type and used in the long-haul traffic; The W. H. Clingerman, W. G.
Clyde, A. O. A4ckard, H. D. Williams, Donora, Allegheny, Youghiogheny,
William Whigham, Edgar Thomson, Clairton, Isthmian, and Homestead.
The company now maintains a monthly service between Pittsburgh and
New Orleans and intermediate points, carrying steel products, and one trip
per boat per day between Monongahela River coal mines and Clairton and
Duquesne steel plants. Miscellaneous commodities are moved between mills
along the Monongahela and Ohio River plants at Bellaire and Mingo Junction,
Ohio, and the American Bridge plant at Ambridge, Pa., including steel plates,
shapes, bars, pig iron, ingot molds, scrap, stirring rods, coke and flue dust.
Terminals are operated at various plants and mines of the Carnegie Steel
Company and the H. C. Frick Coke Company, with facilities for handling
the heavy traffic carried on. At the Clairton coke plant for instance, four
double hoists, each having two six-ton grab buckets are used for unloading
coal from barges. A conveyor loads coal from cars to barges and there is
equipment for pumping acid from tank barges to the plant and for loading
creosote oil or tar into tank barges.
In the South the compan: maintains its own terminals, the big one at
Houston being an example, a model of its kind.
At Duquesne, Pa., a terminal owned and operated by the Union Railroad,
a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation, is equipped with five electrically operated locomotive cranes of five tons capacity each, with magnet or
grab bucket as accessories. These are used for unloading coal or other bulk
commodities from barges and are available in emergency for loading steel or
other materials for shipment by barge. A central wharf at Munhall, Pa., is a
general terminal for all plants on the Union Railroad and is available for
handling material from other Carnegie plants outside the Pittsburgh district
or for use by other subsidiaries of the Steel Corporation, on outbound shipments. The equipment here consists of a gantry crane, with double hoist of
I5 tons total capacity and magnet and under-wharf chutes for transferring
cement from cars into barges.
680:f~t~~~~::~.......:,,:
z~~~~:::.:::::::
_5S~'''''''''''''''''`''"'''''':~~~~~~~~~:::::st    C (IISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 68I
Additional terminals are operated at both Clairton and Duquesnie and at
Bessemer, Pa., on the Monongahela River, blast furnace plants at Pittsburgh
and Etna, Pa., on the Allegheny River, at the warehouse on the North Side
bank of the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, and at Mingo Junction and Bellaire,
Ohio, on the Ohio River.
Several docks are operated in connection with coal mines near the Monongahela River, with belt conveyor systems employed to move fuel to the barges.
At the Colonial Dock of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, 48 miles above
Pittsburgh coal is moved from mines located an average of six miles back
from the river by a belt conveyor system from a central point. The longest
conveyor belt in this system is 2,439 feet and this is the longest of the kind
in the world.
With the improved condition of the rivers there has grown a tremendous
traffic to the Southland, in finished steel products alone that runs into scores
of thousands of tons.
The Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation, which as already stated
pioneered in the use of the rivers for transportation of finished steel products
to the great markets of the South and Southwest, sends out tows twice every
month.  The corporation maintains large warehouses at Cincinnati and
Memphis, and transfers cargoes from water terminals to railroad cars by
means of powerful electric cranes. The initial tow oif this company sent
down the river in October, I92I, to determine whether regularly established
river delivery service would be feasible, was regarded even at the time as an
historic event throughout the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The tow was
hailed by river men, merchants, manufacturers and newspapers as "The Steel
Argosy," and predictions were made that it would usher in a new transportation era as far as the steel industry is concerned. Customers in Parkersburg,
Huntington, Louisville, Evansville, Cairo and St. Louis are now served by
river, and at the J.  L. Rail-river terminal in Memphis cargoes of seamless
and welded steel pipe are transferred for shipment by rail to the Texas and
Oklahoma oil fields, and steel in all its other forms is distributed from this
point all over the Southwestern territory.
The completion of the slack-watering of the Ohio River by the United
States Government in the year I929 was hailed not only in Pittsburgh but
throughout the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys as a red letter event. The work
of slack-watering the river was begun in I879, and in the 50 years which were
required for its completion the Government spent a total of $I25,000,000.
The consummation of this great transportation development was marked at
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis and St. Louis in October, I929,
by noteworthy celebrations in which President Hoover and numerous other
dignitaries participated. The completed canalization of the Ohio ended the
era of merely seasonal transportation from Pittsburgh to New Orleans andPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
made it possible to maintain regular commerce on the Ohio and Mississippi
the whole year round. A marked increase in Pittsburgh's waterway commerce and a material strengthening of her general economic position is thus
assured.
History of Aviation in Pittsburgh.-Pittsburgh has always held a prominent place in the development of aviation since the earliest beginnings of the
art of flying. Even before the Wright Brothers made their historic flight in
I903 at Kittyhawk, a Pittsburgher had developed a flying machine, capable of
sustained flight. This man, Professor Samuel Pierpont Langley, at that time
was Director of the Allegheny Observatory (afterward director of the
Smithsonian Institution in Washington), and although his airdrome, as he
called it, never flew during his lifetime, Glenn Curtiss subsequently made
several successful flights in this machine at Hammondsport, New York, in
I9I4. Langley's theories were extensively used by the Wright Brothers in
their experiments, and it was only through lack, at that time, of a sufficiently
powerful motor that Langley was deprived of the distinction of being the
first man to achieve power-driven flight.
There is no record of any aeronautical activities in the Pittsburgh district from this period until I9IO0, when Mr. John Kowalski, of Oakmont, a
boat builder, constructed a Curtiss type biplane. In this machine, powered
with a four-cylinder 52 h.p. engine of his own make, Kowalski made several
flights from the tract of land now known as Rodgers Field.
One year later, in I9I i, a youthful Pittsburgher, Calbraith Perry Rodgers,
made the first transcontinental flight on record from New York to California,
taking 49 days to accomplish this feat. On his return, Rodgers was decorated
by President Taft, and it was in his honor that Pittsburgh's first municipal
flying field was named Rodgers Field.
America's advent into the World War marked a further stage in the development of aviation in the Pittsburgh district, and the city claims the distinction of supplying a larger number of aviators to America's fighting
forces than any other American city with the exception of New York.
Apart from supplying a large number of men to the air services, several
of Pittsburgh's major manufacturing concerns turned their attention to the
production of airplanes, airplane engines and parts, prominent among these
being Union Switch  Signal Company and the Standard Steel Propeller
Company.
The year immediately following the war saw a decline in the interest
shown in aviation throughout the community. With the cessation of government orders for airplanes and other parts, the companies that had been
engaged during the war period in their production returned to their normal
channels, and public interest at large waned considerably. Fortunately, at
this juncture, a number of wartime fliers returned home and formed the
682RODGERS FIELD, IJNITED STATES TRAINING GROUND FOR AIR PIILOTS, NEAR PITTSBURGHHISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 683
Aero Club of Pittsburgh. It is largely through that club's efforts to stimulate
aviation that Pittsburgh has been able to achieve its present prominent
position.
Casper P. Mayer established Pittsburgh's first airport, which was known
as Mayer Field in I9I9 at Bridgeville. This field continued as Pittsburgh's
only landing field until the year 1922, when, owing to the efforts of the Aero
Club (vigorously supported by the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce), a
municipal field, known as Rodgers Field, was established at Aspinwall. This
field has been the Aero Club headquarters ever since, and here also an army
reserve training station is maintained.
The year I925 marked the opening of Pittsburgh's first commercially
owned airport. This port was established by Mr. D. Barr Peat and his associates, and being considerably larger than either Mayer Field or the Municipal
Airport, Bettis Field, as it was called, became the center of aeronautical
activities in the Pittsburgh district. Public interest was at a very low ebb at
this time, but by the end of the year there appeared signs of a growing
appreciation of aviation; a growth that has been maintained, and which has
continued up to the present.
Pittsburgh first took her place on the air map of the United States in
I926 when the Government awarded a contract to Clifford Ball to carry air
mail between Pittsburgh and Cleveland. This was the first operation in Pennsylvania to be conducted on schedule, although the Legislature at that time
forbade carrying of passengers with the mail. Clifford Ball, Inc., is the name
under which this operation was conducted. Its business has been on a steadily
increasing scale since its inception, running both day and night, and carrying
an ever increasing volume of mail.
Like the rest of America, Pittsburghers were enthused by the great
aviation boom in the latter part of I928, and the first half of I929. Significant of the widespread belief in the future of aviation was the voting of a
$I,500,000 Allegheny County Public Bond Issue for the specific purpose of
constructing a new Municipal Airport. The guiding spirits in this movement
were A. E. Braun and Raymond Marlier, who headed committees from the
Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce and the Pittsburgh Aero Club respectively.
After an extensive survey of the countryside, it was finally decided to
locate the airport site on the Lebanon Church Road, and ground was broken
in the latter part of the year. Early in I93I the county commissioners
appropriated an additional $I,ooo,ooo for this airport, and the city council
an additional $500oo,ooo000, making the total thus far $3,000,000.
Other commercial activities reached a peak and numerous companies were
formed to carry on various activities, prominent among these being the
Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation, together with its subsidiaries,DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES  46I
At its inception the authorized stock was to be not less than $25,000 nor more
than $200,000.
1832 J. J. Gillespie opened, at No. 6 Wood Street, the first picture and art store west
of the Alleghenies, he having come over the mountains on horseback and engaged
in various lines of endeavor until he conceived the idea that prosperous Pittsburghers might buy pictures. For different reasons the store occupied various
locations along Wood Street, being on that street for 94 years before moving
to present quarters on Liberty Avenue. The J. J. Gillespie Company is the oldest
art firm in the United States.
I832 W. G. Stockton  Co. (Pittsburgh White Lead Works) started to corrode white
lead by the old Dutch process, the works being located on Rebecca Street, North
Side. In I878 the name became Suydam, Lawrence  Co., in i885 M. B. Suydam
 Co., and in I9OO the firm was incorporated as M. B. Suydam Company, the oldest paint and varnish manufacturing company in the United States.
i834 Pittsburgher Volksblatt established, continuing under that name until I9oi when,
through a consolidation, the name was changed to Volksblatt  Freiheits-Freund,
published by Neeb-Hirsch Publishing Co. In ig929 the firm name was changed to
Volksblatt Publishing Company.
I836 J. B. Sherriff opened a sheet-metal working shop on Market Street, the firm
bearing his name until I898 when it became the Tranter Davison Mfg. Co. In
I903 the name became Tranter Manufacturing Co. The company has been at its
present quarters at I05 Water Street for over 50 years. It has developed a general
machinery jobbing business as well as reconditioning automobile engines and manufacturing steam specialties.
I836 Exchange Bank of Pittsburgh.  In I865, two years after passage of National
Bank Act, it became a National bank, this being indicated by the name then taken
-The Exchange National Bank of Pittsburgh. In the early days banks were few
and their notes were not always worth par value, but old newspapers record that
notes of the Exchange Bank were accepted at I05 per cent of their face value. An
early record of the bank shows a loan (I84I) of $i5,ooo to the city to pay municipal bills for three mnonths.
I836 A. Bradley  Company began the manufacture of castings. With other similar
companies organized later it developed into the present Stove and Range Company
of Pittsburgh in i9oo.
I836 Charles H. Paulson, a representative for a Philadelphia hat maker, came to Pittsburgh in I834 and two years later bought the Pittsburgh branch. A few years later
a hat manufactory was added to the business, which continued to grow until in
19o2 it was incorporated as Paulson Bros. Co. In addition to hats the firm now
handles general men's wear. Since the founding of the business it has always been
on Wood Street.
i837 George H. Dauler started a small furniture factory which soon developed into a
firm called Hammer  Dauler. I879 Dauler  Close; i88I Dauler, Close  Johns;
I9I6 Dauler-Close Furniture Company.
I838 John H. Demmler founded a china and glass business, the firm name being Demmler  Schenck in I878. At present the name is Demmler  Schenck Co. In this
establishment were manufactured some of the first (possibly the first) street lights
used in Pittsburgh.
I840 By the year 1840 the City of Pittsburgh had grown to cover an area of o.68 square
miles, and had a population of 21,515. In I929 the area is 49.I7 square miles and
the population 673,800.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Pittsburgh Aerial Survey Corporation, Pittsburgh Aircraft Agency Corporation, Pittsburgh Air Transport Corp., Pittsburgh Aviation Management
Corp., Pittsburgh Aviation Securities Corp., and Pittsburgh Metal Airplane
Company. Also there was formed Pittsburgh Airways, Inc., Main Aeronautics, Dawson  Babcock Aircraft Corp., Pittsburgh Airplane Sales Corporation and Aerial Surveys of Pittsburgh.
By the following year the formation period had largely passed. After
this the industry in Pittsburgh was occupied for the most part in placing its
house in order.
The major developments of the year were confined largely to the building
of airports by the various companies formed previously. In September, I929,
the Main Aeronautics Company formally opened its big Pittsburgh-Greensburg Airport, situated directly on the main lines of air travel. Later in the
same month, the Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation opened its Pittsburgh-Butler Airport, situated to the north of Pittsburgh on the Butler Plank
Road.  This latter airport is the largest airport serving the Pittsburgh
district, occupying 640 acres, and fully qualified for a Department of Commerce A-I-A rating. In addition to having the largest area, it is also one
of the most completely equipped, having two large brick and steel hangars,
and having every facility for all forms of airplane repair and overhaul.
These two airports added considerably to the facilities in the Pittsburgh
district and can be regarded as the two major developments of that year.
Apart from the building of new airports, the Curtiss-Wright Corp. bought
Bettis Airport and began an extensive program of improvements on this
field. It is estimated that over a million dollars was spent by this corporation
on the building of hangars and offices and improving the field.
In the meantime, work had been started on the new municipal airport and,
according to the architect's plans, this is destined to be one of the finest air
terminals in the country.
Although much has been done by both city and county authorities to
further aviation, the idea of traveling by air did not take any considerable
place in the thoughts of Pittsburghers until I930. That year saw the beginning of Pittsburgh as a center of air travel. At the beginning of the year
the mail service to Cleveland was the only operation conducted from the city,
and by the end of the year scheduled daily services were in operation to
Cleveland, Washington, Cincinnati, and Transcontinental  Western Air,
Inc., the mid-transcontinental air service, was passing daily through Pittsburgh bearing passengers to points east and west.
In August, I929, Clifford Ball began passenger operations, carrying passengers with the mail to Cleveland, later extending a passenger line south to
Washington.  This was Pittsburgh's first passenger service, and, although
greeted with considerable apathy at first, has grown increasingly popular, and
684PITTSBURGH-BUTLER AIRPORT OF THE PITTSBURGH AVIATION INDUSTRIES CORPORATIONHISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH  685
at present is operating at capacity.  The Pittsburgh Airways, Inc., also
inaugurated a passenger service between Pittsburgh and New York, in November on a bi-weekly schedule, this being later increased to a daily service.
The most important event in the aeronautical affairs of Pittsburgh was the
establishment of Pittsburgh on the mid-transcontinental route, thus marking
Pittsburgh as an aerial gateway to the West. Largely responsible for this
was the Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation.
Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation's transport operations were
confined up to this time entirely to passenger hopping and charter trips, both
from the company's Pittsburgh-Butler Airport and the company's Pittsburgh River Airport, near the Point Bridge, where an amphibian plane was
kept during the summers of I929 and I930. This was due to the fact that
at present it has not been found practical to carry passengers alone without
mail. However, the company's officers, notably George R. Hann, Richard
W. Robbins, Geo. S. Davison and A. L. Humphrey, spent a considerable
amount of time in laying the groundwork which would enable Pittsburgh to
be in a position to claim a place on the Transcontinental Air Mail Route.
In the spring of 193o their efforts were rewarded by ail announcement from
the Post Office Department that a mid-transcontinental air mail, passenger
and express route would be established from New York to Los Angeles via
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Columbus, St. Louis, Kansas City and Amarillo.
The contract for this service was secured by bid of Transcontinental 
Western Air, Inc., a company formed expressly for the operation of this
route, by Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation, Transcontinental Air
Transport, Inc., and Western Air Express, Inc., thus giving Pittsburgh not
only a position as a stop on a transcontinental air route but also an active
interest in its operations. The service was formally inaugurated on October
25, I930, and has been operating continuously ever since on a two-plane daily
schedule, one plane eastbound and one plane westbound, each day.
The latter part of I930 also saw the inauguration of two more services
originating in Pittsburgh. On November I st, Main Aeronautics began a
daily passenger and express service to Cincinnati, on a one-round-trip daily
schedule, while Clarksburg Airways inaugurated a similar service to Clarksburg, West Virginia, there connecting with planes to Richmond and the
South.
Even a more notable advance was the establishment of a two-hour service
to New York by Pittsburgh Airways, Inc., on May i, I93I. Planes leave
both cities four times daily.
In spite of the fact that both the Greensburg Airport and the PittsburghButler Airport are considerably bigger, the large majority of transport
operations have been centered at Bettis Field, because of its convenient location close to the city. Furthermore, the considerable improvements in the6PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
form of passenger rest rooms, offices, etc., established there by the CurtissWright Corporation since their purchase of the Field, have given it excellent
facilities from the point of view of handling passenger traffic.
In November, I930, activities in the aeronautical field were chiefly occupied with the uniting of interests of the Pittsburgh Aviation Industries
Corporation and the Clifford Ball interests, namely, Clifford Ball, Inc., and
Pennsylvania Airlines, Inc. Pittsburgh Aviation Industries by this arrangement secured the ownership and control of the Pittsburgh-Cleveland air
mail, passenger and express line and the passenger and express route to
-Washington, D. C. It continued these operations under the name of Pennsylvania Air Lines, Inc., with Mr. Clifford Ball, veteran airmail pioneer, as
Vice-President and General Manager, and Mr. Richard W. Robbins as
President.
This merger also placed under one control a considerable quantity of
machinery and equipment, enabling the corporation to establish an overhaul
and repair base of major importance at the Pittsburgh-Butler Airport. This
repair depot is at present one of the largest and most up to date in the
country, thus giving Pittsburgh a grip on another branch of the aviation
industry.
The increase in the air services available in the Pittsburgh district has
had a marked effect on the people of this community. Daily more people are
becoming "air active," and it will be only a matter of time before Pittsburgh
challenges the leadership of some of the other cities, even though they be
blessed with the advantage of more favorable weather conditions and better
flying terrain.
Apart from actual transport operations, there has been a very large
increase in other forms of flying activity. The Penn School of Aviation,
operated by Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation, with its base at the
Pittsburgh-Butler Airport, has become one of the four major centers of
student training in the country. This school, as late as I93I, was the only
school in Pennsylvania to be fully approved by both Federal and state
governments for all grades of flying training. Under the able guidance of
Mr. C. Bedell Monro, Secretary of P.A.I.C., no effort was spared in its
organization to make it second to none in the country, and although at first
it appeared that the school was too expensively equipped to be an economic
success, the policy of the school's directors has been admirably vindicated.
Penn School of Aviation not only gives flying instruction, but also, by means
of a co6perative agreement with the University of Pittsburgh, is in a position
to give ground school courses in aeronautical business administration, and
aeronautical engineering and mechanics, thus providing its students with
facilities for acquiring knowledge in every possible branch of the industry.
Since its inception in June, I929, 77 student pilots from  this school have
686PITTSBURGIT-GRPEENSBURG AIRPORT, MAIN AERONAUTICS CORPORATIONHISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PITTSBURGH 687
received their Department of Commerce licenses, and 374 have graduated
from the various ground school courses.
From I929-I930 the Curtiss-Wright Flying Service conducted a flying
school at the Curtiss-Bettis Airport. Approved for private and limited
commercial instruction, this Curtiss School enjoyed a considerable patronage
during the summer months. However, the flying school was taken over by
the Penn School of Aviation on January I, I93I. This gave Penn School
three bases for operations, namely, Pittsburgh-Butler Airport, Curtiss-Bettis
Airport, and the Harrisburg Airport.
In addition to the Penn School of Aviation, Main Aeronautics runs an
aviation training school at its Greensburg Airport, which received its state
approval in December, I930. Flying activities have also beeen considerable
at this port.
In addition to the increased activity in scheduled and school operations,
Pittsburgh has also become a major center for other aeronautical services.
The Hamilton Standard Steel Propeller Company, located in Homestead has
established itself as the premier propeller manufacturing company in the
United States. Its plant is now one of the largest in the business and its
product at present holds a unique position in the aircraft industry. The
growth of aviation has brought an ever increasing business to this company,
and its latest development, the movable pitch propeller shows many indications of revolutionizing the propeller industry.
A further development of the past two years has been the growth of the
aerial photograph and survey business in the Pittsburgh area. In I930, the
Pittsburgh Aerial Surveys, a subsidiary of P.A.I.C., surveyed and mapped
over 50oo square miles of territory apart from taking a large number of airviews and obliques for business houses. It is believed that within the next
year this branch of aviation will develop into a major industry.CHAPTER XVIII
BANKINGPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
i840 J. S. Dilworth  Co. began a grocery business and was the second company in
the United States to distribute coffee in packages instead of bulk. Reorganizations
resulted in changes of name: i870 Dilworth Brothers; I88o Dilworth Brothers
Company; I918 The Dilworth Company, wholesale grocers and coffee roasters and
packers.
1840 George Bailey decided that some one must open a plumbing shop in Pittsburgh and
that he was the one to do it; but he did not dream that it would become the
oldest organization west of the Alleghenies and develop into the huge Bailey-Farrell Mfg. Co., with his grandson as president.
I842 McMillin  Shyrock started a little printery on Wood Street where the Y.M.C.A.
building now stands. The name McMillin has continued in the firm name through
various changes to the present name-James McMillin Printing Company, Inc.catalog and general printing.
I843 Charles Arbuthnot, Sr., established himself in the wholesale dry-goods business at
the corner of Wood and Diamond Streets where, in succeeding years the business
grew and passed through various partnerships and changes of name until it became
the Arbuthnot-Stephenson Company in I892. The organization has continued to
grow until its present equipment covers over 350,00ooo square feet of floor space.
Mr. James Rae, secretary and treasurer of the corporation, is present president
of the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh.
I843 Hubbard Brothers Company began the manufacture of circular and cross-cut saws
in a building on a site under the present bridge of the Pgh.  W. Va. R. R. bridge,
moving after 27 years to the site where the Eye  Ear Hospital now stands. In
1870 shovels and axes were added to the line of products, the firm name then
being Hubbard, Bakewell and Lippincott. In I889 the name became Hubbard
Bakewell Co. In I900 Mr. Charles W. Hubbard, founder, retired and the business split into two organizations, Hubbard and Company carrying on the shovel
business of the original firm. Later railroad track tools and pole line hardware
were added to the list, and the company purchased a plant manufacturing electrical
equipment. Following a disastrous fire in I916 the manufacturing of products was
continued under a huge circus tent temporarily.
I844 At the completion of the Pennsylvania Canal, the Independent Packet Co. was
organized to transport passengers and freight from the East to their western destinations. The Civil War brought activities to a halt for a time, and later there
was a period of inactivity although the firm was not dissolved. In I920 two young
men-aged 2I and 23-took charge and have since revived the business to admirable proportions under the name of the Pittsburgh  Cincinnati Packet Line,
catering to summer passenger travel and to year-round shippers of freight.
I844 Allegheny Cemetery Association organized.
I845 James Rees leased a shop for six months and began a boat-building business.
When the plant was sold over his head and he was left with $25,000 worth of work
and no place in which to finish it, he purchased a shop and formed a company
known as Rees, Hartrupe  Co., which lasted for three years. Through many
hardships Rees continued alone until in I854 he purchased at Duquesne Way and
Fourth Street the site still occupied by the company he founded. In I878 the
company constructed its first boat for foreign waters. The successful operation
of this vessel on South American waters led to orders for more. Their fame led
the Russian Government to request drafts and specifications and the boats were
put into use on the Volga and Dneiper Rivers. Since that time boats of all
462CHAPTER XVIII
BANKING
The Branch Bank of Pennsylvania, I793-The Pittsburgh Branch of the
Bank of the United States-President Jackson's War on Bank of the
United States Causes Much Loss and Emnbarrassment in PittsburghSplendid History of the Bank of Pittsburgh, which in I20 Years Has
Steadily Gained Strength and Esteem and Never Defaulted on an Obligation-Secretary Mellon's Sketch of the Storms and Trials Encountered by Banks of Pittsburgh and the Country Generally During the
Period Preceding Civil War-Banking Evolution in the Modern Period
of Big Industry-History of Pittsburgh Clearing House-Pittsburgh
Bank Exchanges Reflect Remarkable Growth of Pittsburgh Commerce
and Industry-List of National and State Banks and Trust Companies
in I930 With Exhibit of Their Resources.
The first bank established in Pittsburgh was a branch of the Bank of
Pennsylvania, which had been incorporated in Philadelphia under a state
charter on March 30, I793. In I803 the managers of this bank ascertained
that Pittsburgh merchants would like a branch and it was accordingly
opened for business on January 9, I804, on Second Street between Market
and Ferry Streets, with a board of directors (appointed by the Board of the
parent bank) consisting of General John Wilkins, Jr., Pressley Neville,
Oliver Ormsby, James O'Hara, James Berthould, Ebenezer Denny, Joseph
Barker, George Stevenson, John Woods, Thomas Baird, John Johnston and
George Robinson. General Wilkins was elected president, Thomas Wilson
cashier, and John Thaw, teller. At the death of General Wilkins in I8i6,
James O'Hara succeeded him as president, but held the office only two years
for the reason that the branch bank went out of business in I8i8, not because
of any lack of success on its own part but because of the failure of the
parent bank.
The second bank established in Pittsburgh was the Bank of Pittsburgh,
organized in February, I8Io, under the state law of March 28, i8o8. It has
persisted to this day, being in 1931 one of the solidest and most highly
respected banking institutions in Pittsburgh or in the United States. Hardly
a month after its establishment in i8io, however, the Legislature so amended
the state banking law as to cripple all banking institutions making discounts
or issuing notes. For a few months the Bank of Pittsburgh was compelled
69IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
to close its doors pending legal authorization to proceed to transact a banking
business. While the action of the Legislature remained in doubt, the bank
changed its name to Pittsburgh Manufacturing Co., and on June I6 began
doing a general banking business with Judge William Wilkins, a son of
General John Wilkins, as president. This was the Judge Wilkins who was
afterward to become a United States Senator, Secretary of War in President
Tyler's Cabinet, and Minister to Russia. The Legislature finally enacted a
new general banking law early in I814, and on May I7 of that year the
Pittsburgh Manufacturing Co. transferred its stock to the Bank of Pittsburgh,. which has been carrying on the business under that name ever since.
The bank's organization after its reorganization consisted of Judge Wilkins
as President, Alexander Johnston, Jr., cashier, and George Luckey, teller.
The board of directors was composed of Judge Wilkins, George Anshutz,
Jr., Thomas Cromwell, Nicholas Cunningham, John Darragh, William Hays,
William McCandless, James Morrison, John M. Snowden, Craig Ritchie,
George Allison, James Brown, and J. P. Skelton.
A site was purchased in I814 at the corner of South and Wood Streets,
and a bank building was erected. The property on Fourth Avenue, now
occupied, was purchased in I83I, and a building of colonial architecture
erected. This was for many years the finest bank building in the country
outside of New York and Philadelphia. It was replaced by the present
structure in I895-96. John McDonald was elected president of the institution, to succeed John Darragh, November 23, I829. Mr. McDonald died in
May, I83I, when William Denny became his successor. In I835 John
Graham was elected president and served until his resignation in I866, when
John Harper was chosen in his stead. Upon the death of Mr. Harper, in
I89I, Reuben Miller was elected president, and held the office until September 30, I888, when upon his resigation James J. Donnell was elected to
the position. On the death of Mr. Donnell, Wilson A. Shaw became president, and when the latter became chairman of the executive board, the present
incumbent, Harrison Nesbit, was elected. The Bank of Pittsburgh obtained
a national charter in I898, which is indicated at the end of its title by the
letters N. A.---. e., National Association.
It is the rare and most enviable distinction of the Bank of Pittsburgh,
N.A., that among the older banks of the country it is one of the very few
which never suspended specie payments. In the devastating panics of I837
and 1857, it not only excited the astonishment of banks all over the country
by maintaining regular dividends but met every obligation with dollar for
dollar in coin. Again, in I860-6I, when the outbreak of the Civil War
forced the banks of the United States very generally to suspend specie payments, the Bank of Pittsburgh stood like Gibraltar, paying coin on all obligations on demand. After entering the national banking system the Bank of
692BANK OF PITTSBURGH, N. A., FOURTH AVENUEPittsburgh absorbed the Merchants and Manufacturers Bank and the Iron
City National Bank in 1904.
Between two and three years after the enactment of the state banking
law of March, 18I4, Pittsburgh began to have some experience with the Bank
of the United States. This institution, created by an Act of Congress in
i816, with its main offices in Philadelphia, opened a Pittsburgh branch in
1817, with Adamson Tannehill as president, George Poe, Jr., cashier, and with
the following other directors: George Stevenson, William Robinson, Jr.,
George Boggs, James Ross, Robert Patterson, Walter Forward, 0. S. Barlow
(Meadville), Ebenezer Denny, Thomas Baird, Anthony Beelen, William
McCandless and William Hill.
The capital stock of the Bank of the United States increased rapidly in
value. It sold in December, i8i6, at $37 to $42 a share. Two years later it
brought $iio to $II4 a share. Then came the financial panic of i8i8-i9
when the country was literally flooded with large quantities of small notes
known far and wide as "shin-plasters" varying in face value from 25 cents to
$2, and issued not only by banks of every description including private ones
but by individuals, brokers, turnpike and bridge companies, and municipal
authorities. The inflation caused by this currency depreciation produced a
semblance of prosperity in Pittsburgh in the years following I82I, but this
was succeeded by marked and widespread embarrassment in the business
community when all the government deposits were removed from the Bank
of the United States by President Jackson. The President's war on the
bank forced the Pittsburgh branch to cease buying commercial paper, and
when Congress, at Jackson's instigation, refused to recharter the Bank of the
United States, its managers applied to the State of Pennsylvania for a charter
as a state institution. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1836
complied by granting a charter to the stockholders of the Bank of the United
States, excepting the United States itself and the Treasurer of the United
States. The capital stock was authorized to amount to not over $35,000,000,
and the bank was empowered to establish two branch banks of discount, one
at Pittsburgh. Concerning the history of this branch of the Pennsylvania
Bank of the United States at Pittsburgh, a chronicle of the time says:
The United States Bank now became obnoxious to many people of
the State, but the name was retained on account of the banknote plates
on hand, and its wise management had given its name a commercial value.
Congress enacted April ii, 1836, that within three months the Bank of
the United States and its several branches should pay into the National
Treasury all the money in their posssesion for the redemption of the
public debt, the Secretary of the Treasury being empowered to terminate
the business career of the bank as far as the government interests were
BANKING
693PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
concerned. By the charter obtained from the General Assembly the bank
was required to loan the State $6,ooo,ooo at six per cent interest, this
condition owing no doubt to the partisan rancor prevailing at that time,
when even the name of "bank" was obnoxious, causing strong talk
throughout Pennsylvania, that the institution should surrender its charter and demand back the large bonuses for various public improvements
which had been already paid the State. It was on May IO, I837, that a
final settlement was effected between the stockholders of the Bank of the
United States and the Government. The latter released its holdings in
the institution for $15.58 a share, and received in payment four bonds
for $I,986,589 each, dated March 3, I836, and falling due September
I837, I838, I839, and I840, drawing six per cent interest per annum.
Then occurred the money panic of I837, and on July 5, I838, Congress
authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to sell upon the best possible
terms two of the above named bonds falling due September, I839, and
September, I840. The one falling due in September of I837, had been
paid before it was due. The State banks, in conformity to the law,
resumed specie payment of their notes January I5, I84I, which they continued to do until February 4, I84I, when they were again compelled to
suspend. This, with the closing of the doors of the Bank of the United
States, which had inside of twenty days paid out in specie upwards of
$6,ooo,ooo, caused a run on the banks by the public. The Pennsylvania
Bank of the United States suspended business, as likewise did the
Branch at Pittsburgh. On September 4, I84I, the parent bank made an
assignment, the Branch at Pittsburgh sharing the same fate. Its notes
fell from forty to seventy per cent discount; slowly its affairs were
wound up, debts paid and dues collected. Many years were consumed in
the settlement of the account between the State and the Bank; finally, in
i853, the State treasurer was authorized to receive from the Pennsylvania Bank of the United States $I50o,ooo in full satisfaction for all
claims.
The fourth bank established in Pittsburgh was the Farmers and Mechanics, chartered in I8i6, with John Scull as president and M. Neville as
cashier. It suffered such a heavy loss from robbery in the spring of I8i8
that the public lost confidence in it and its charter was revoked by an Act of
Assembly on April I2, I825.
Among the other early banks were the unincorporated City Bank of
Pittsburgh, established in I8I7, with Rev. Robert Patterson as president, and
Anthony Ernest as cashier; the private banking house of Nathaniel Holmes,
which later became N. Holmes  Sons (merged with the Union National
694Bank in I905); the Pittsburgh Savings Fund Society, established in I834 and
later rechristened as the Farmers Deposit National Bank; the Merchants and
Manufacturers Bank, chartered in I833 and merged with the Bank of Pittsburgh in I904; the Exchange Bank of Pittsburgh, established in I836 and
rechristened as the Exchange National Bank of Pittsburgh in I865.
Beside N. Holmes  Sons there were the following other private bankers:
James and Gordon Gilmore, established in I818; George A. Cook, I828;
Cook  Cassatt; E. Sibbett  Co.; Sibbett  Jones; Samuel Jones  Co.;
Allan Kramer, all about I84I; William A. Hill, I844; William Forse and
Hussey  Pettit, about I845; and R. Patrick  Co., I850o.
Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, known as one of the
greatest bankers and Secretaries of Treasury in American history, discussed
the history of banking and finance in Pittsburgh in an address at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I928, making the following interesting observations as to the storm and stress which not only Pittsburgh banks but banks
throughout the country encountered during the earlier period:
The inflation in this country, which reached a crisis in I836, was
produced chiefly by over-extension of business and an excessive and
disordered currency. Several banks in New York as early as January,
I837, refused to accept for deposit checks on other banks and on the
ioth of May, I837, all of the New York banks suspended payments in
specie. The Philadelphia banks and banks in other cities immediately
followed suit; and on May I5, I837, having received word of the action
of these banks, especially those in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia
and Baltimore, all the Pittsburgh banks, viz.: the branch of the Pennsylvania Bank of the United States, the Bank of Pittsburgh, the Merchants
 Manufacturers Bank, the Exchange Bank and the Pittsburgh Savings
Fund Company suspended specie payments. By I841, all of these institutions were again paying coin.
The entire period from I830 to the outbreak of the Civil War was one
of more or less financial distress and uncertainty, in which the Pittsburgh banks were involved along with all the other banking institutions
of the country. In I854, there were some local bank failures; and in
I857, the great panic which had been smouldering for years under
reckless banking and business methods struck the country with terrific
force. In August members of banks and business undertakings over
the country failed and by September banks in Philadelphia, Baltimore
and other cities had suspended specie payments. On the twenty-eighth
of that month, all the Pittsburgh banks, except the Bank of Pittsburgh,
suspended specie payments "until such time as the Philadelphia banks
BANKING
695PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
resumed;" and by the Act of Assembly of October I3th, I857, the
operation of all previous acts declaring forfeiture of charters and the
infliction of penalties for the suspension of specie payments by banks
was declared suspended until the second Monday in April, I858. Early
in I858, before the expiration of this suspension, the Pittsburgh banks
resumed payments in coin and were followed shortly afterwards by
resumption by banks in Philadelphia, Baltimore and other cities. There
was not a single failure in Pittsburgh of a banking institution during this
panic of I857-58.
The approach of the Civil War period brought trouble for the banks
of the country, their depositors and note holders. As early as November,
I86o, banks in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond and other cities took
the pre6aution of suspending coin payments; the currency panic in New
York was equal to that of I857, but the banks continued payments. In
Pittsburgh all the banks, except the Bank of Pittsburgh, suspended coin
payments on November 28, I86o, and for some time thereafter business
here was in chaotic condition. By October, I86I, matters had improved
to such an extent that the Pittsburgh banks which had suspended resumed payments. The improvement, however, was of short duration.
On the last of the year another suspension occurred which was not,
however, participated in by the Bank of Pittsburgh, Mechanics Bank,
and Iron City Bank. In I863, legislative sanction was granted to
suspensions of specie payments by banks organized under the free banking laws of Pennsylvania; and early in the summer of that year some of
the Pittsburgh banks, fearing an attack from the Army of the Confederacy, shipped their money to Cleveland for safe-keeping.
Such were the conditions under which Pittsburgh banks were obliged
to operate in the period prior to and during the Civil War. Their difficulties were due in large measure to the lack of a sound and continuous
national banking policy, and in part also to the loose banking methods
which then obtained throughout the country. This was particularly true
as regards note issues.
Deposits, which with us constitute such an important factor as a basis
for supplying credit to the banks' customers, were considered relatively
unimportant before the Civil War. The banks depended for their profits
largely on issuing notes, whereas today only a small proportion of banks
exercise this function and, in order to do so, must hold as security assets
of a value at least equal to the notes issued. Before the Civil War,
neither deposits nor notes were adequately secured; and there was, of
course, no common reservoir of credit such as we have today under the
Federal Reserve System. Indeed, until the passage of the Federal
696BANKING
Reserve Act in I913, the average banker, no matter how conservative he
might be or how vast his resources, lived in constant fear that, from
causes remote or unforeseen, a financial crisis might develop at any
moment and threaten him with ruin. It is necessary only to remember
the succession of banking crises which swept over the country in i8i9,
I837, 1857, I873, I893, and I907.
So accustomed are we to the smooth functioning of our present
banking..structure that we are apt to forget the difficulties of that rather
haphazard system under which American banking developed prior to the
passage of the Federal Reserve Act.
Secretary Mellon in his address pointed out that the achievement of mass
production in American industry and the consequent building up of gigantic
industrial corporations have brought about a complete change in banking
methods, in contrast with those of 50 years ago. The formation of great
corporations has made necessary the concentration of vast amounts of capital.
Industrial financing has become a recognized banking function, and yet Mr.
Mellon recalled a time in the early'nineties when this particular phase of
banking development was looked upon as something new and not altogether
conservative. The banks of Pittsburgh, he declared, were among the first to
adapt their methods to the requirements of big industry. As a result banks
have increased in importance and in resources as rapidly as industry itself.
Mr. Mellon continued:
Another result of modern banking development has been that the
banker, in supplying the capital for merging great industrial corporations, has found.himself drawn more and more into industry. He finds
that, where he must take so much financial responsibility, he must satisfy
himself as to the soundness of the undertaking; and so he has become
more and more involved in industrial enterprises.
At the same time, on the boards of banks are found industrial leaders
who pool their combined knowledge and judgment for the benefit of
both finance and industry. This close inter-relationship between banking
and industry is bringing about not only a great increase in banking
functions, but also a tendency towards a merger of large banking concerns into still larger ones.
The Pittsburgh Clearing House. The Pittsburgh Clearing House Association was organized June i9, i865, by eighteen banks of Pittsburgh, and
began operations February 5, I866. Its first president was John Harper,
and Robert M. Cust was the first secretary.
697DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES  463
descriptions have gone (knocked down) from Pittsburgh to all parts of the
world. James Rees and Sons Company continues the business so well founded.
I846 Opposite the St. Charles Hotel-the leading hostelry in Pittsburgh then-which
stood where the Keystone Club is now located, Reymer and Anderson opened a
candy and fruit store. In I876 the organization moved to a site on Wood Street
now occupied by the Farmers Deposit National Bank, and handled groceries, fireworks, confectionery, and soda water.  In I9OI the business was restricted to
candies, ice cream, and soda water. The firm name in I850 was Reymer 
Brothers; and in I90I it became Reymer  Brothers, Inc., with many retail stores
in prominent locations and branches in the leading office buildings.
I847 Jos. Woodwell  Co. opened a hardware establishment at the corner of Wood
Street and Second Avenue, where the company still has its headquarters, handling
hardware and automnobile supplies. When Second Avenue became Boulevard of the
Allies, with consequent widening and improvement, the eight-story building was
moved 40 feet along Wood Street without any cessation of business. The name of
the organization was changed in I902 when the business was incorporated as
Jos. Woodwell Co.
1847 It is known that in I802 James Reed conducted a jewelry and silver business in
connection with the manufacture of surveying instruments at Washington, Pa.
When his sons became of age the business was transferred to Pittsburgh (I847),
where J. R. Reed  Co. carried on (and still conduct) the original business.
i847 A man named Eichbaum established himself in a linseed-crushing business on West
Diamond Street, where Boggs  Buhl's warehouse now stands, but in about five
years he sold out to Thompson  Lyons. Theirs was the first oil mill west of the
Alleghenies to use the then new process of steam heating and hydraulic pressure
for extracting the oil. Later Mr. Thompson took his sons into the business which
was then named Thompson  Company, and the manufacture of paint was undertaken. The plant of the company has expanded steadily in size and is now located
at Oakmont, where the company manufactures industrial and technical paints.
General offices are in Pittsburgh.
I849 Pittsburgh City Glass Works was started by Wilson Cunningham, his two brothers,
and a George Duncan. In I865 the name of the company was Cunningham 
Imsen; I878-Cunningham  Co.; I88o D. O. Cunningham Glass Co. The company has discontinued the manufacture of all glass products except beverage bottles.
1849 Joseph Horne opened a retail and wholesale establishment handling notions, millinery, and fancy goods; but in I87I the wholesale and the retail businesses were
separated and conducted at different locations. The wholesale section was at 7779 Market Street until I88I when it moved to its new building at Wood and Liberty Streets (now Post-Gazette building). Later it developed into the Pittsburgh
Dry Goods Co., which is now defunct. The retail section carried on in the
Library Building, which stood on the corner of Liberty Avenue now occupied
by Mrs. E. A. Williams' floral establishment. In I893 this section moved to the
present site of the Joseph Horne Company, at Penn Avenue and Stanwix Street.
I850o In I850o the population of the City of Pittsburgh was 46,6oi.
i85o John W. Haney, a Scotchman, purchased a horse and dray and secured the job
of hauling freight for a local concern from the Pittsburgh waterfront to the
P. R. R. station in Allegheny-there being no railroad bridge at that time. Three
years later he bought out his principal competitor. From that aggressive movement the organization has grown through the horse-and-wagon stage and nowPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The original location was on Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh, but at present it
is doing business in the Mellon National Bank Building in Pittsburgh.
The first day's exchanges on February 5, i866, amounted to $I53,567.95,
according to information furnished by the Pittsburgh Clearing House. In
I866 the exchanges totaled $83,731,242.I7; in I9o00, $I,615,641,592.I9; and
in I927 $9,289,443,577. 19.
The original members of the association were:
The Bank of Pittsburgh, National Association, N. Holmes  Sons, The
Union National Bank, German National Bank, First National Bank, Third
National Bank, Exchange National Bank, Allegheny National Bank, Tradesmens National Bank, Mechanics National Bank, Merchants and Manufacturers National Bank, Iron City National Bank, Farmers Deposit National
Bank, Peoples National Bank and Citizens National Bank, the First National
Bank of Allegheny and the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce-I7 in all.
In the panic of I873 and the period of readjustment that followed, not one
of the I6 national banks was forced to suspend.
At the close of I929, the Clearing House had I8 members-namely,
Bank of Pittsburgh N. A., Exchange National Bank, First National Bank of
Pittsburgh, Third National Bank, Farmers Deposit National Bank, Union
National Bank, Second National Bank of Allegheny, Diamond National Bank,
Duquesne National Bank, Monongahela National Bank, Mellon National
Bank, Keystone National Bank, Federal Rerserve Bank-Pittsburgh Branch;
Union Trust Company, Commonwealth Trust Company, Colonial Trust
Company, Fidelity Title  Trust Company, Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company, the Fourth District Federal Reserve Bank.
When the Federal Reserve System was established, the Fourth Federal
Reserve District was formed to embrace Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, parts
of West Virginia and Kentucky, and the four large cities of Pittsburgh,
Cleveland, Toledo and Cincinnati. Although the banks of the District by
ballot expressed a decided preference for Pittsburgh as the seat of the main
bank, political influence at Washington secured the selection of Cleveland as
the seat of the main bank, although Pittsburgh outranked Cleveland in gross
business, in bank clearings, and in general commercial and industrial importance. The branch bank in Pittsburgh on October 24, I930, awarded a
contract for the erection of a bank building on Grant Street to be occupied
entirely by the branch bank itself, and to cost $I,500,000.
The following table furnished by the statistical department of the Bank at
Cleveland, at the request of the First National Bank of Pittsburgh, shows the
relative importance of the resources of the Pittsburgh member banks as compared with the total resources of all member banks in the entire Fourth
District:
698FEDERAL RESERVE BANK'BUILDINGBANKING
MEMBER BANKS -TOTAL RESOURCES
FOURTH DISTRICT  PI
December
December
December
December
December
December
December
December
December
31, 1921...............
29, 1922...............
3I, 1923...............
31, 1924...............
31, 1925...............
31, 1926...............
31, 1927...............
31, 1928...............
31, 1929...............
Resources
$2,774,786,oo000
3,197,957,00ooo
3,382,284,000
3,629,945,000
3,778,228,ooo
3,894,009,000
4,061,785,00ooo
4,223,070,000
4,255,209,000
No. of
Banks
883
880
877
87I
863
856
835
8i6
795
699
TTSBURGH
Resources
$626,175,00oo
702,956,oo00o
717,767,00ooo
803,988,oo000
799,300,000
837,o67,ooo
862,237,000
878,966,ooo
988,709,000
No.of
Banks
26
26
26
24
20
20
i8
I826
26
The following table clearly emphasizes the importance of Pittsburgh as a
financial center. It shows the bank clearings of Pittsburgh compared to the
bank clearings of the Fourth District, comprising I5 cities, for the years
I921I to I929:
BANK CLEARINGS
Pittsburgh Alone................... $  6,8o8,oo,ooo...................   6,758,000,000...................   8,2 1 3, 0 0 0,0o, 0o o o..................          8,o37,00ooo,ooo...................   8,857,000o,ooo000...................   9,198,00,000...................   9,289,000,000...................               9,4 53,000,000...................  I 0, 162,ooo,ooo
FOURTH DISTRICTr
I5 Cities
$I6,339,ooo,ooo
I6,429,ooo,oo00o
19,459,000,000
19,023,000,000
20,823,000,000
21,583,000ooo,ooo000
22,0o13,000,000
22,741,0ooo,ooo
The enormous increase of the banking business in Pittsburgh cannot be
shown better than by the records of annual bank exchanges as kept by the
Pittsburgh Clearing House. These at various periods during the last 64
years were as follows:
i866
I876
I88O
1883
I89o
1895
1900
1910
I9I I
1912.....................$  83,000,000......................                             224,0o0,000.....................  297,000,000......................497,000,000......................786,ooo000,000ooo......................746,000,000..................... I,6I 5,000o,000...................... 2,587,000,000..................... 2,520,000,000.....................  2,798,000,000
Year
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929700                      PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
I913..................... 2,932,000,000
1914..................... 2,625,000,000
I915..................... 2,666,00ooo,ooo000
I9I6.................... 3,402,000,000
I917..................... 4,021,000,000
I918.................... 5,761,000,000
I919.................... 7,276,ooo000,000ooo
1920...................... 8,982,000,000
1921....................6,808,000oo,ooo
I922..................... 6,864,ooo,ooo
I923.................... 8,212,000,000
I924..................... 8,o36,ooo,ooo
1925..................... 8,856,ooo,ooo
I926....................9,I97,000,000
1927                        9,289,000,000
i928..................... 9,452,000,000
1I929......................Io, I62,939,970
Through the courtesy of the Clearing House, we are enabled to append
the largest exchanges for single days during the last ten years.
June I8, I918................ $62,500oo,ooo000
June I8, I919............... 43,900oo,0oo00
Nov. 6, I92o................ 42,000,000
Jan.  3, I921................. 45,1I72,000
Nov. 13, I922.........       39,606,ooo
Feb. 2, I923.................42,8oo00,000ooo
Jan.  2, I924................. 42,245,000
Jan.  2, 1925................ 42,450,000
May Io0, I926................ 48,400,000
Feb.  I, I927................ 57,200,000
July  3, I928.............. 61,400,000
Feb.  2, I929................ 52,662,oo000
There has been a growing opinion among bankers in recent years that
the total business of any community is somewhat more accurately shown by
the total debits to individual accounts reported by the banks than by the
exchanges. It will accordingly be interesting to note that the total debits
reported by the Pittsburgh banks make even a more favorable showing than
the exchanges.
BANK DEBITS TO INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS
I919......................$ 8,955,004,000
1920...................... I0,612,I63,000      I    I8.5
I921.................  8,496,577,000    D      I9.9
I922......................  8,702,747,00o0     I     2.4
I923...................... Io,o96,679,00ooo0    I    I6.I
I924......................  IO,I39,607,ooo0    I.4MELLON NATIONAL BANK
UNION TRUST BUILDINGBANK DEBITS TO INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS-Continued
I925.....................$II,315,514,000   I   II.5
I926...................... 1 I,287,724,480.2
1927....................... 11I,552,959,063   I   2.3
I928...................... I2,I34,726,225   I   5.0
1929..................... 13,208,070,826   I   8.8
The Mellon National Bank, the largest national bank in Pittsburgh, had
its beginning when Judge Thomas Mellon, retiring from the bench of the
Court of Common Pleas, established a private banking house in I869. Later
the style of the firm became T. Mellon  Sons, when he took into partnership with him his sons, Andrew W. and Richard B. Mellon, the former of
whom was destined to become Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinets of
Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. The bank had a phenomenal
sutfccess, and the firm of T. Mellon  Sons was reorganized as the Mellon
National Bank, with the founder retiring from active participation in the
management and Andrew W. becoming president. The Mellon National
Bank absorbed the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce in March, I903.
The ownership of the Mellon National Bank is practically identical with
that of the Union Trust Company and the Union Savings Bank, although
the three are independently operated. Their enormous combined resources
make them one of the most powerful banking units in the United States.
The Union Trust Company, owned by the same interests as the Mellon
National Bank, is one of the outstanding trust companies of America, with
a capital of $I,500,000ooo, and surplus and undivided profits of $58,902,597
-(statement of December 3I, I929). Capital and surplus increased in latter
part of I930 to $63,ooo,ooo.  The company was incorporated October
28, I889, under the name of the Union Transfer  Trust Company. Its
authorized capital was $250,000ooo, and Andrew W. Mellon was its first president. It bought the old building of the Pittsburgh Petroleum Exchange
in I893, and when that structure was burned down in I897 the Union Trust
Company erected a new building on this same site in Fourth Avenue. James
S. McKean was made president in December, I894, and on his death in
April, I9o00, the present president, H. C. McEldowney, was chosen. Five
years ago the institution bought its present magnificent building on Fifth
Avenue, running from William Penn Way to Grant Street, from the H. C.
Frick Estate.
The Union Savings Bank, with the same ownership as the Mellon National Bank and the Union Trust Company, has the same strength and unexcelled hold upon the public confidence enjoyed by those institutions. It has
resources of nearly $4o,ooo,ooo. It was organized and opened for business
on July I4, I902, and H. C. McEldowney has been its president from the
beginning.
BANKING
70IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The Union National Bank was organized in I857 as the Diamond Savings Institution under a state charter. In the third month after its organization it changed its name to the Union Banking Company. In I865 it
reorganized and took out a national charter, becoming known as the Union
National Bank of Pittsburgh. It was ably managed from the start, and built
itself up into one of the strongest of Pittsburgh financial institutions, including all phases of banking not excepting investment service and trust departments. For many years its honored president was Robert S. Smith. At his
death he was succeeded by John R. McCune, and on Mr. McCune's death
the presidency was conferred upon Lloyd W. Smith, son of Robert S. Smith.
The Farmers Deposit National Bank, which at the beginning of I930 had
total resources of not far from $8o,ooo,ooo, was organized in I832 as the
Pittsburgh Savings Fund Company, with a place of business on St. Clair
Street, now Sixth Street. It was established and originally financed in a
unique way, each stockholder paying down the sum of $io and continuing
payments of $2 per week for ten years. The first president was James
Fulton. In I834 the company was incorporated with a capital of not less
than $25,ooo000 nor more than $200,00ooo, and by virtue of able and conservative management it passed through the panic of I837 unscathed. It
changed its name to the Farmers Deposit Bank on March I9, I84I, and
increased its capital to $500oo,ooo000. It reorganized under a national charter in
I864. In I903 the bank moved into its own 24-story building at the corner
of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street, after having been in lower Fourth Avenue
for a generation. The Farmers Deposit Savings Bank was organized in
I903 with the same ownership. T. H. Given was for many years its president, and was also the president of the Farmers Deposit National Bank.
The Farmers Deposit Savings Bank has been absorbed by the Farmers
Deposit Trust Company, a more recently organized ally of the parent institution. Arthur E. Braun is (I930) president of both the Farmers Deposit
National Bank and the Farmers Deposit Trust Company, succeeding the
late T. H. Given.
The First National Bank began business in I852 as The Pittsburgh
Trust  Savings Company.
When the National Banking Act of February, I863, was pending in Congress, application was made for a national charter, which was granted August
5, I863, and three days later The First National Bank of Pittsburgh began
business with a capital of $5oo,ooo. It was the first bank in Pittsburgh to
avail itself of the new national bank law, and one of the first in the nation,
its charter being No. 48.
In I854 the bank moved to Wood Street near Fifth Avenue, and in I858
purchased its present site. In i871 the old First National building, still well
remembered by many Pittsburghers, was erected, being torn down in 1909
702FARMERS BANK BUILDINGPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
operates a great fleet of motor trucks under the name of Pennsylvania Transfer
Company.
I850 Nathan Gallinger entered into the drygoods business at I2th Street and Penn
Avenue. In I854 he changed to a jewelry and brokerage business which is continued by his grandson, S. Gallinger, Jr.
I850 Joseph DeRoy opened a jewelry business on the first floor of a dwelling at 47
Smithfield Street-now Number 307, opposite the post office. In I86o the firm
name became DeRoy Brothers, and in I898 Jos. Deroy  Sons. The firm has
never left the site of the original store although adjoining properties have been
acquired for expansion.
I852 The Presbyterian Book Store was organized by the Presbyteries of Pittsburgh
and Allegheny, about this time-possibly a couple of years earlier. The first building occupied by the organization was on Ferry Street at an unknown location.
I852 Lewis Tappan  Co., The Mercantile Agency, established in Pittsburgh the eighth
branch office of the organization which in later years came to be known throughout much of the world as R. G. Dun  Co., The Mercantile Agency. The great
confidence which business men have in the integrity of the organization began Io0
years after the founding (which was in I84I). At that time one of the proprietors,
summoned as a witness in court, refused to disclose the name of a business man
who had furnished him with certain confidential information, and as a consequence
he was committed to jail for contempt. He served 20 days before being released
on appeal. The United States Circuit Court upheld the judgment, but it was
reversed by the United States Supreme Court, thus fixing for all time the principle
upon which modern credit rating is based.
I852 Jones and Lauth combined in the manufacture of iron and steel, the business continuing to the present with the following changes in name: I86I-Jones and
Laughlins; I883-Jones  Laughlins, Limited; I902-Jones and Laughlin Steel
Company; I923-Jones  Laughlin Steel Corporation. In I9o00 the company acquired Laughlin  Company and the Vesta Coal Co.
I852 Alexander and Samuel Wilson, brothers, purchased property at 54I Third Avenue,
running through to the canal, and began a building-construction business which is
carried on under the corporate name A4.  S. Wilson Co. The original site of the
business has been sold to Allegheny County.
I852 The many boats that traversed Pittsburgh's waterways had to have supplies; therefore, the Walker-Cooper Boat Store Supply Co. was organized with a store on
Water Street. In I88o the firm-then Walker-Dunlevy Bros.-built a packing
house on 23rd Street and a retail store at 6I5 Liberty Avenue. Several changes in
organization and continual expansion have taken place until at present the firm is
known as Dunlevy-Franklin Co., packers of pork and beef, with a great establishment at 65oo Hamilton Avenue. Still in the employ of the company is a man who
entered the organization in I888. He watches more than 30 immense trucks start
on their routes and recalls a delivery of four cans of lard he made with a wheelbarrow years ago, having the barrow break down on Liberty Avenue, and being
compelled to appeal to a man with a wagon to aid in making delivery to the railroad station.
I852 Emanuel DeRoy engaged in the jewelry business, later taking his son into partnership. The business continues as Louis DeRoy  Bros.
I853 Smith Brothers, printers, established themselves on Grant Street, where the organization has continued to the present. It was incorporated in I905 as Smith Bros.
Co., Inc., specializing in law and commercial printing.
464to make way for its present structure, originally five stories but extended
to 26 stories in I9I I.
In 1902 it purchased and absorbed the Mechanics National Bank and increased its capital to $i,ooo,ooo. In I906 the Industrial National Bank was
absorbed and in I9I3 the institution was consolidated with the Second
National Bank of Pittsburgh. The corporate title was changed in I918 to
The First National Bank at Pittsburgh.
In 1921 the Peoples National Bank was purchased and the capital increased to $5,ooo,ooo, later increased to $6,ooo,ooo in I926 by the declaration
of a 20 per cent stock dividend.
It operates a Commercial, Foreign Exchange, Steamship, Savings, Safe
Deposit, Trust and Bond Departments, and numbers among its clients some
of the outstanding corporations in the Western Pennsylvania District.
Its directorate is composed of representative business men, leaders in the
foremost manufacturing and mercantile lines in the Pittsburgh District,
under whose guidance the institution has become one of Pittsburgh's major
financial units.
The First National Bank has had a succession of outstanding presidents
and is closely associated with the Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company and the
latter's affiliated institutions (Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Co., East End
Branch, Oakland Savings  Trust Company, First National Bank of Wilkinsburg, Metropolitan Savings Bank  Trust Co., etc.). All of these
institutions together form what is known as the Associated Banks of Pittsburgh. J. H. Hillman, Jr., was an outstanding factor in developing the
affiliation of this influential group. The president of the First National
Bank (I930) is F. F. Brooks, and the Chairman of the Board is Robert
Wardrop.
The Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company, one of the powerful members
of the Associated Banks group, is the result of a number of consolidations.
Its history goes back to the organization of the Safe Deposit Company at
No. 83 (now 24I-3) Fourth Avenue, in I867. In I89I the name was changed
to the Safe Deposit  Trust Company of Pittsburgh. The organization in
I903 acquired all of the stock of the Peoples Savings Bank and nearly all
of the stock of the Peoples National Bank. In I9I7 the Safe Deposit 
Trust Company of Pittsburgh and the Peoples Savings Bank were merged,
and the name of the consolidated institution was changed to the Peoples
Savings  Trust Company. In I929 the Peoples Savings  Trust Company
absorbed the Pittsburgh Trust Company, a prosperous institution which had
been doing a steadily increasing business at its banking house on Fourth
Avenue for a period of 36 years. The consolidated institution transacts
its entire business in the big building of the Peoples Savings  Trust
Company at Fourth Avenue and Wood Street, and the name has been changed
BANKING
703PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
to the Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company. A. C. Robinson, president of
the Peoples Savings  Trust Company, continues as president of the PeoplesPittsburgh Trust Company.
A prominent place in the business life of Pittsburgh is filled in the year
I930 by the Colonial Trust Company, now nearing the thirtieth year of its
existence.
The Colonial Trust Company, capital stock $I,ooo,ooo, was organized
January 30, I902, its incorporators being M. K. McMullin, Joshua Rhodes,
William Finn, James C. Chaplin and James S. Kuhn. The capital was increased to $I,500,000, March 6, I902, and the Freehold Bank was purchased.
The capital stock was again increased $500,000, May 2, I902, and the City
Trust Company was acquired. The Colonial National Bank was organized
January 7, I903, a majority of the stock being held by the Colonial Trust
Company. On August I0 of the same year a merger was effected with the
American Trust Company, which had previously absorbed the Pennsylvania
Trust Company and the Germania Savings Bank. The surplus and undivided
profits of the Colonial Trust Company at this time aggregate $6,ooo,oo,
with assets of $20,000ooo,000. The Tradesmen's and the Colonial National
Bank were liquidated; the Germania Savings Bank, now Citizens' Savings
Bank, being operated separately under its own management. Pittsburgh
is noted for the size and beauty of its bank structures, and the Colonial
Trust has one of the handsomest of them all with fronts on both Wood
Street and Fourth Avenue. James C. Chaplin, who was one of the incorporators and has been conspicuous in the management of the institution
from the beginning, is president.
The Fidelity Trust and Title Company was the second trust company to
be organized in the city and the first to receive deposits. The business was
begun in humble quarters on Wood Street; it removed the following year
to Diamond Street; in I888, property was bought on Fourth Avenue, where
a handsome and substantial home was built. The capital was increased in
I890. The scope of the company's business embraces a general money department, taking deposits subject to check, also savings accounts.  Its trust
funds amount to millions, and its safety deposit vaults have a capacity of
1,6o00 boxes.  The total resources of the institution are $22,093,003.75.
John B. Jackson, its president for nearly a generation, was one of the outstanding citizens of Pittsburgh, as was James J. Donnell who succeeded
him. The president in I930 is Malcolm McGiffen, and the name has been
changed to Fidelity Trust Company.
The Monongahela National Bank, now occupying a handsome new building at Wood Street, Sixth and Liberty Avenues, was chartered May I,
I888, with capital of $250,000. The first president was Thomas Jamison.
704FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDINGBANKING                               705
The bank in I9OI had surplus and profits exceeding half a million dollars,
and the capital stock was increased to $5oo0,000ooo. The bank is located on the
corner of Sixth Avenue and Wood Street; its capital has been further
increased to $I,ooo,ooo, and there is a surplus of $I,500oo,ooo000. James E.
Fulton is its president (I930).
The Exchange National Bank is one of the oldest in the city, having been
founded as the Exchange Bank in I836. In explanation of its name, it is
stated that at the time of its organization checks were not regarded favorably, and banks paid and collected bills in other cities for their clients, the
transaction being termed "exchange." The name of the organization became
The Exchange National Bank of Pittsburgh in I865. In the old days banks
were few and their notes were not always worth par value, but old newspapers record that notes of the Exchange Bank were accepted at I05 per cent
of their face value. An early record of the bank shows a loan (I84I) of
$I5,000 to the city to pay municipal bills for three months. Its president
(I930) is Joseph W. Marsh.
The Third National Bank of Pittsburgh was founded and established
at the corner of Wood Street and Virgin Alley (now Oliver Avenue), where
the store of W. S. Brown is now located. The bank then moved to the
location now occupied by McCreery's store, then to the building at Oliver
and Wood, now occupied by Reymer's Cigar Store, and in I916 to its
present home in the Henry W. Oliver Building. In 1929 the Third National
Bank absorbed the Marine National Bank. W. McK. Reed is president
(I930).
The Diamond National Bank was organized to succeed the Diamond
Savings Bank. The bank took its name from the rich and busy section at
the lower end of the city which was then commonly called "The Diamond."
The savings feature of the business was revived and incorporated as a separate department in I902. The present I2-story home of the institution
was completed in I905. J. D. Callery is president of the Diamond National
Bank (I930).
The Potter Title  Trust Company was organized as the successor of
the Potter Abstract Company; October I7, 1902, with a capital of $200,000.
Its business office is located on Grant Street, corner of Fourth Avenue. Its
capital stock has been increased to $480,400. John E. Potter has been president of the company since its organization.
The Commonwealth Real Estate and Trust Company was organized
July I, 19o2, with a capital of $I,500,000. The company in the following
year purchased the entire capital stock of the Commercial National Bank.
The institution is known at the present day as the Commonwealth Trust
Company of Pittsburgh, located on Fourth Avenue. Its total resources at
the beginning of 1930 were $I8,72I,835. George D. Edwards is its president.STATEMENT OF CONDITtON OF STATE BANKS ON JANUARY 2, I930
Deposits
All Nations Deposit Bank, J. S. E. Ruffennach, Pres....................   $  1,846,467
Allegheny Valley Bank, E. J. O'Brien, Pres.............................                  4,Ioi,592
Arsenal Bank, H. S. Davison, Pres.......................................                 1,723,401
Bank of Secured Savings, J. B. Keaggy, Pres..........................                    2,543,388
Carrick Bank, William  R. McShane, Pres...............................                   1,819,550
Dollar Savings Bank, Samuel Bailey, Jr., Pres......................... 42,668,660
Fifth Avenue Bank, C. F. Niemann, Pres..............................                    2,461,629
Fourteenth Street Bank, J. E. Roth, Pres.........................         i......       4,955,657
Freehold Bank, James C. Chaplin, Pres................................                      766,ogg99
Garfield Bank, H. J. Booth, Pres.......................................                    51,I85
Hamilton State Bank, R. L. Sleeth, Jr., Pres.......:....................                   427,686
Homewood Peoples Bank, John C. Hill, Pres.............................  4,337,601
Iron  Glass Dollar Savings Bank, F. Wm. Rudel, Pres.................                    4,569,642
Napoleon State Bank, Louis Napoleon, Pres................2............                     2I1,743
Ohio Valley Bank, R. T. M. McCready, Pres...........................                     2,320,511
Pelnnsylvania Savings Bank, Joseph A. Kelly, Pres........................               2,494,429
Perry State Bank, Hugh L. Porter, Pres................................                     633,797
Pittsburgh  State Bank, Emanuel Dymn, Pres............................                   1,414,602
Polithania State Bank, F. M. Shrack, Pres...............................                   904,595
Sheraden Bank, Dr. H. E. Clark, Pres...............................        I,II7,762
Union Savings Bank, H. C. McEldowney, Pres........................   32,I84,I64
Western Savings  Deposit Bank, Chas. E. Scheutz, Pres...............                   3,868,840
$ I I7,883,00ooo
Surplus and
Profits
$ 89,898
350,000
319,934
258,420
152,244
3,708,668
246,326
465,844
I,104,585
I6, I8I
5,686
222,035
636,637
2,785
I198,957
297,479
32,632
51,308
65,OI I
I39,534
3,024,212
674, I93
$I2,062,569
Total
Resources
$ 2,233,o65
4,563,I II1
2,233,335
2,980,375
2,095,210
46,394,967
2,913,2I2
5,996,548
2,295,736
628,760
432,372
4,745,956
5,805,272
278,994
2,745,530
2,911,294
784,98I
1,752,312
I,I80,713
1,317,385
37,062,958
5, I 99,978
$136,552,064STATEMENT OF CONDITION OF TRUST COMPANIES ON JANUARY 2, 1930
Allegheny Trust Company, Chas. W. Dahlinger, Pres..................
American State Bank  Trust Company, Ivan Bielek, Pres............
Bank of America Trust Company, W. P. Ortale, Pres.................
Bloomfield Trust Company, H. J. Booth, Pres.........................
City Deposit Bank  Trust Company, J. R. Mellon, Pres..............
Colonial Trust Company, James C. Chaplin, Pres.....................
Commonwealth Trust Company, George D. Edwards, Pres..............
Dollar Savings  Trust Company, Wm. D. Cotterrell, Pres.............
East End Savings  Trust Company, J. O. Miller, Pres..............
Farmers Deposit Trust Company, Arthur E. Braun, Pres............
Fidelity Title  Trust Company, Malcolm  McGiffin, Pres............
Franklin Savings  Trust Company, C. A. Bardolph, Pres...........
Hazelwood Savings  Trust Company, D. C. W. Birmingham, Pres...
Hill Top Savings  Trust Company, Henry Meuschke, Pres...........
McGillick Savings  Trust Company, F. E. McGillick, Pres...........
Manchester Savings Bank  Trust Company, G. C. Gerwig, Pres........
Merchants Savings  Trust Company, E. R. Kopp, Pres..............
Metropolitan Savings Bank  Trust Company, J. O. Miller, Pres........
Oakland Savings  Trust Company, C. B. Aylesworth, Pres...........
Pennsylvania Trust Company, Benjamin Page, Pres.................
Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company, A. C. Robinson, Pres.........
Peoples Trust Company of Pittsburgh, Harry F. Wigman, Pres........
Potter Title  Trust Company, John E. Potter, Pres..................
Provident Trust Company, C. F. Kirschler, Pres......................
Real Estate Savings  Trust Company, Thos. E. Long, Pres...........
South Hills Trust Company, Edwin W. Smith, Pres..................
St. Clair Savings  Trust Company, Henry Henning, Pres............
Terminal Trust Company, Louis H. Gethoefer, Pres................
Union Trust Company, H. C. McEldowney, Pres.....................
Washington Trust Company, W. C. McEldowney, Pres................
West End Savings Bank  Trust Company, H. S. Hershberger, Pres...
William Penn Trust Company, J. S. Crutchfield, Pres.................
Workingman's Savings Bank  Trust Company, Emil Winter, Pres.....
Deposits
$ 6,825jI44
2,049,568
237,776
2,056,609
I6,999,2I4
25,262,713
13,569,883
13,092,072
11,220,556
192,813
17,847,056
3,035,013
3,396,987
2,987,903
365,638
3,553,514
1,195,204
3,0I4,242
6,041,965
5,041,607
56,159,196
3,967,239
8,80I,o82
1,451,053
5,104,914
1,925,42I
2,693,748
564,207
150,719,117
10,033,931
4,939,219
1,831,476
12,347,383
$398,523,463
Surplus and
Profits
$ 1,045,562
I1  6,440
41,859
76,251
1,803,444
4,390,662
1,954,380
2,345,032
698,732
904,545
8,131,176
362,864
594,420
377,820
80,831
463,44o
98, I19
1 82,259
653,275
757,955
14,735,547
447,655
975,6I6
327,782
210,000
306, I67
327,780
75,795
58,902,597
1,300,000
760,847
223,802
2,567,672
$Io6,424o,326
Total
Resources
$ 9,211,514
2,379,498
501,916
2,564,260
20,388,799
33,486,82o
I8,721,835
I6,693,466
I2,325,530
2,417,358
30,0o0io,925
3,940,444
4,189,756
3,801i,331I
637,646
4,267,115
1,443,323
3,405,460
7,0o18,776
6,707,443
77,923,570
4,837,965
I 1,049,482
1,928,852
6,067,248
2,427,307
3,326,776
770,857
21I7,786,246
12,537,172
6,021,837
2,323,o84
15,515,268
$546,628,879STATEMENT OF CONDITION OF NATIONAL BANKS OF THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH ON JANUARY 2, I930
Bank of Pittsburgh, National Association, Harrison Nesbit, Pres.........
Diamond National Bank, J. D. Callery, Pres............................
Duquesne National Bank, WV. S. Linderman, Pres.......................
Exchange National Bank, Joseph W. Marsh, Pres......................
Farmers Deposit National Bank, Arthur E. Braun, Pres................
First National Bank of Pittsburgh, Frank F. Brooks, Pres.............
First National Bank of Birmingham, Thos. H. Sankey, Pres............
Forbes National Bank, Richard K. Mellon, Pres.......................
Highland National Bank, Harrison Nesbit, Pres.......................
Keystone National Bank, A. C. Beymer, Pres...........................
Mellon National Bank, R. B. Mellon, Pres...............................
Monongahela National Bank, James E. Fulton, Pres..................
National Bank of America, F. N. Hoffstot, Pres.......................
Pennsylvania National Bank, Joseph A. Kelly, Pres.....................
Second National Bank, W. L. Guckert, Pres............................
Third National Bank, William  McK. Reed, Pres.......................
Union National Bank, Lloyd W. Smith, Pres...........................
Deposits
$ 51,215,857
23,408,042
8,697,44I
8,481,904
59,504,013
72,169,0oi7
2,387, Io8
3,452,789
4,339,784
8,629, I24
157,o79,257
13,982,936
6,457,837
1,762,592
7,296,752
5,9IO,841I
27,512,475
$462,287,764
Surplus and
Profits
$ 5,097,979
2,397,873
1,I77,186
1,o82,97I
7,144,850
7,502,475
370,I25
3IO0,751
295,025
1,405,521
I3,742,79I
2,260,000
742,042
390,597
1,414,072
430,000
6, I68,278
$51,932,536
Total
Resources
$ 63,51 4,1 39
27,746,256
12,095,418
12,296,029
77,082,002
93,848,197
2,961,233
4,363,540
5, I05,339
II,213,995
I92,501,392
20,913,05I
7,642,168
2,519,297
9,385, I78
7,750,624
37,944, I46
$588,882,004BANKING
709
COMBINED DEPOSITS, SURPLUS AND PROFITS, AND RESOURCES OF
PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANKS, TRUST COMPANIES, AND
STATE BANKS, ON JANUARY 2, I930
Deposits
National Banks............... $462,287,764
Trust Companies.........     398,523,463
State Banks...................  II7,88300ooo
$978,694,227
Surplus and
Profits
$ 51,932,536
I06,240,326
12,o62,569
$I70,235,431 I
Total
Resources
$ 588,882,004
546,628,879
136,552,064
$I,272,062,947DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
I853 Thos. J. Keenan and John Hastings began publishing the Legal Journal, which
is now named Pittsburgh Legal Journal. This publication is the third oldest law
periodical in the world and the second oldest in the United States.
I855 The Pittsburgh Dollar Savings Institution was founded, continuing to-day as
The Dollar Savings Bank, the only mutual savings bank in Pittsburgh.
I856 J. Diamond entered into the optical business at 5I Fifth Street (now Avenue). The
First National Bank now covers the site of the first store. In I924 the business,
which is now conducted by the second and third generation of the founder's family,
was incorporated as J. Diamond Co. Proof that the early executives had faith in
advertising is given by a copy of the Pittsburgh Dispatch dated April I5, I865,
which contains the firm's advertisement and the first announcement of Lincoln's
assassination.
I856 In I852 a coppersmith died, leaving his business in Beaver, Pa., to his sons, John,
Alexander, and Thomas McKenna. The business was sold and the money held
until the second of the sons reached his majority, at which time the three formed
a partnership (I856) to conduct a brass foundry and general brass machine shop,
manufacturing some specialties of their own invention. The youngest, Thomas,
was only I9 years old. John and Alexander died prior to I893, leaving Thomas
to carry on the business. When he died the business passed to his seven sons
who still own the majority of interest in the McKenna Brass and Manufacturing
Co., whose principal product is machinery for the carbonated beverage industry.
I857 The Diamond Savings Institution. In the third month after organization the name
was changed to The Union Banking Company. In I865 a national charter was
taken out and name became The Union National Bank of Pittsburgh. From  a
savings institution the organization had grown to include all phases of banking
including investment service and trust department.
1859 W. W. Wattles established a jewelry store in the building of the Post Publishing
Company at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street. The present establishment of The W. W. Wattles  Sons Co., Inc., is near the original location
on Wood Street. Mr. Wattles was the first Pittsburgh jeweler to send a buyer
direct to Europe, doing this in I886 and for many succeeding years. All importations were cleared through the Pittsburgh Custom House. In I88g this establishment imported the first full electrolier (without any gas connections) seen in
Pittsburgh. It was exhibited at the firm's stand at the opening of the Pittsburgh
Exposition in that year, the "stand" setting the style for others that were soon
erected in the exposition building. It was painted white with gold trimmings, and
over the center was a large dome covered with Silesia.
I859 H. Samson established himself as a funeral director, the business being continued
at this date by his son, under the original name H. Samson, Funeral Director.
This is believed to be the only establishment of its kind in the city which has never
been associated with any other activity, such as livery, furniture, etc.
I86o Pittsburgh's population in I86o was 49,221.
I86I Crawford, Trimble  Gilliland engaged in a building-construction business. The
name of Trimble has appeared in the firm name through succeeding years, the
name now being W. F. Trimble  Sons Co. This organization has built many
of the large buildings in Allegheny County, among them being the original Westinghouse buildings at Wilmerding and East Pittsburgh; Dixmont Hospital; United
States Veterans Hospital; practically all of the original station buildings of the
Pennsylvania R. R. between Pittsburgh and Chicago; present Bell Telephone Building; Jos. Horne Warehouse, etc.
465CHAPTER XIX
ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGHCHAPTER XIX
ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh the Home of America's Three Most Famous Song WritersCultural Life of Community Greatly Autgmented by Founding of the
Carnegie Institute-Description of Magnificent Building of That Institution-The Alexander Murals-Splendid Replica in Halls of Sculpture
and Architecture-Invaluable Scientific Collections of the MuseumThe Permanent Art Collection and the History and Significance of the
Only Annual International Exhibition of Art in the World-The Carnegie Library--Pittsburgh's Private Art Collections-The City's Musical History and Tradition Enriched by Stephen C. Foster, Ethelbert
Nezvin, Charles Wakefield Cadman and Vietor Herbert-Its Handsome
Theaters Devoted to Amateur Dramatics-Carnegie Tech School of
Dramatic Art-Stage and Play Society and Other Sterling Dramatic
Organizations.
Although Pittsburgh is preeminent for its industrialism, it is the seat of
a phenomenon which has repeatedly been witnessed in the history of civilization when the wealth created and accumulated through industry is turned
to the cultivation of not only science but art, music, belles lettres, and the
humanities in general. The most important single phase of Pittsburgh's
cultural development has been of course the establishment of the Carnegie
Institute, through the bounty of the most famous of Pittsburghers. But
long before the Institute became the scene of the only real international art
exhibit held annually, either in Europe or America, Pittsburgh had made
notable contributions both to American literature and to American art and
music, being in fact the home of a number of celebrated writers and of the
greatest song writers that America has ever produced. It is of striking
coincidence that Stephen C. Foster, a universal folk-song genius; Ethelbert
Nevin and Charles Wakefield Cadman should all have been Pittsburgh men.
In this chapter an effort will be made to sketch briefly the most significant
cultural developments of the city outside of the ordinary educational field.
Founding of the Carnegie Institute.-On November 25, I88I, Mr. Andrew
Carnegie offered to give $25o,ooo000 for a free library in Pittsburgh provided
the City of Pittsburgh would agree to appropriate the sum of $I5,ooo annually for its maintenance. At that time the city had no power to raise
713by'taxation money for the maintenance of such an institution, but in I887
the enabling act was passed by the Legislature and Mr. Carnegie was notified
that the city was able to perform its part if he would renew his offer. In
February, I890, Mr. Carnegie wrote another letter in which he stated that
as Pittsburgh had greatly increased in size and importance, he was convinced that more extensive buildings than had at first been planned were
needed; buildings which would provide accommodations for reference and
circulating libraries, for the exhibition of works of art, and for museums,
as well as assembly rooms for various learned societies. He suggested also
the erection of branch library buildings. To provide these structures, he
offered to expend not' less'than $i,ooo,ooo00 and proposed placing their erection and control in the hands of a board of' trustees" of i8 - members,
nine to be named by himself and the' other nine to comprise the Mayor, the
Presidents of Select and' Common Councils, the President of the Central
Board of Education, and five members of City Councils. The conditions
attached to the offer were that the city~ should bind itself to place'in the
hands of the Board of''Trustees at least $40,000'annually for the maintenance of the library system, and that the trustees appointed by Mr. Carnegie should have power to fill all vacancies occurring in their own number.
On May 3i, I89o;0, the ordinance accepting this second proposition was
passed. At the first meeting of the Board of Trustees James B. Scott was
made president, Henry C. Frick, treasurer, and William N. Frew, secretary.
A public invitation was extended to all architects to enter a competition to
be held in Pittsburgh. As a result 97 architects from all parts of the United
States submitted plans. Those of Longfellow, Alden, and Harlow were accepted. In I89I the city authorized the Board of Trustees to erect the main
structure on part of the nineteen acres of land acquired from Mrs. Schenley.
The foundation of this building was laid in the fall of I892, and the building
was dedicated to public use on Tuesday, November 5, I895.
Soon after the completion and opening of the original Central Library
building Mr. Carnegie made arrangements to give an art gallery and a
museum. For the administration of these new institutions, outside the strict
field of the Library, but housed within the same building, he named a board
consisting of i8 citizens of Pittsburgh, and added to this number all the
members of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, ex
officio. This board of 36 members was organized under the name of The
Carnegie Fine Arts and Museum Collection Fund, with an annual allowance
of $50o,ooo, a sum which was greatly increased in subsequent years. In I899
this cumbersome title was changed by action of its Board to Carnegie Institute.
In a few years after the opening of the Central Library building it
became clear that it was outgrown; whereupon Mr. Carnegie gave the
Library Board the sum of $5,ooo,ooo to enlarge the building. The plans
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
7I4MANUAL TRIAINING STUDENTS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
THEATRE OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH                        7I5
for the extension were drawn by Alden and Harlow, and provided new
quarters for the Department of Fine Arts and the Department of the Museum, leaving to the Library the greater part of the original structure. The
enlarged building was formally opened to the public in April, I907.
In I900oo Mr. Carnegie tendered to the City of Pittsburgh $i,ooo,ooo for
the establishment of a technical school on condition that the city provide a
suitable site. The execution of the commission and the administration of
the funds he entrusted to the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Institute. In
I903 a site of 32 acres adjacent to the Institute was offered by the city
and accepted by the trustees. The design by Mr. Henry Hornbostel was
chosen from the number of competitive plans submitted, and the foundations of the first group of buildings of the present Carnegie Institute of
Technology were laid in I905.  Since that time added gifts have made
possible the erection of four additional groups of buildings to meet the
growth of the institution.
In I9I6 the Music Hall, which was originally under the direction of
the Library Trustees but which since 1904 had been operated by funds
given by Mr. Carnegie, became a department of the Institute. In the same
year, the Carnegie Library School for the training of librarians, originally
supported by the Library, was endowed as a department of the Institute.
The institution now embraces the main Library and its branches, which
are under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Library and
maintained by the City of Pittsburgh; and the Department of Fine Arts,
the Department of the Museum, the Music Hall, the Carnegie Library
School, and, in separate buildings, the Carnegie Institute of Technology,
which are under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute and maintained by Mr. Carnegie's endowments.
The total gifts from Mr. Carnegie to the Institute for all purposes rose
to over $36,ooo,ooo.
The Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute is a self-perpetuating
body, but under the terms of the deed of trust always includes the Mayor of
Pittsburgh and representatives of the Pittsburgh City Council. The membership in the year I930 was as follows:
Samuel Harden Church, president; John L. Porter, vice-president; Augustus K. Oliver, secretary; Roy A. Hunt, treasurer; *Marcus Aaron, *Robert J. Alderdice, Taylor Allderdice, W. S. Arbuthnot, C. D. Armstrong,
*W. W. Blackburn, Joseph Buffington, *S. H. Church, George H. Clapp,
*W. G. Clyde, F. R. Cogswell, Josiah Cohen, *Clifford B. Connelley, *George
W. Crawford, Herbert DuPuy, *W. Y. English, R. A. Franks, William
Frew, *Robert Garland, *J. D. Hailman, Howard Heinz, *John S. Herron,
*Roy A. Hunt, *George J. Kambach, *Charles H. Kline, *Frank J.- Lanahan,
*Carnegie Library Board of Trustees.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
James H. Lockhart, James R. Macfarlane, *Andrew W. Mellon, Richard
B. Mellon, *William S. Moorhead, *M. J. Muldowney, Augustus K. Oliver,
John L. Porter, George E. Shaw, A. Bryan Wall.
The Department of Fine Arts, Homer Saint-Gaudens, director; the
Department of the Museum, Andrey Avinoff, director; the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Thomas S. Baker, president; the Music Hall, Charles
Heinroth, organist and director of music; the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Library School, Ralph Munn, director; Roy B.
Ambrose, manager of buildings.
Description of the building.t-The building in which is housed the Carnegie Institute and the Central Library stands on Forbes Street at the
entrance to Schenley Park. It is three stories in height, and is built of light
gray sandstone, in a modification of the Italian Renaissance style. It covers
approximately four acres, measuring 400 feet on the Forbes Street faqade
and 6oo feet on the eastern side. The walls are surmounted by a bronze
cornice, below which, carved in the stone of the frieze, are the names of
men distinguished in the fields of literature, music, art, and science.
There are three principal entrances to the building, one at each end of
the Forbes Street fa(ade, leading to the Art Galleries and Museum and to
the Music Hall, respectively, and one on the western side leading to the
Library. At the Forbes Street entrance, broad, low flights of steps lead to
the main halls. At each side of the steps are large bronze statues, seated
figures representing Shakespeare, Bach, Galileo, and  Michelangelo.  In
addition to these masters of literature, music, science, and art, large symbolic
figures in bronze, representing the same subjects, stand on the corner piers
of the roof, in relief against the sky. All of these statues are the work of
Mr. J. Massey Rhind, of New York.
The hall at the eastern Forbes Street entrance, which is the main entrance
to the Art Galleries and the Museum, is three stories in height and open to
a glass roof. It is paneled in Hauteville marble and decorated with John W.
Alexander's mural paintings representing "The Crowning of Labor." Of
these paintings Mrs. Alexander has written the following description:
"In undertaking the decorations for the entrance hall of the Carnegie
Institute Mr. Alexander considered as absolutely essential a subject appropriate to the City of Pittsburgh.
"He finally selected as a subject for the entire series,'The Crowning of
Labor.'
"The decorations consist of a frieze of i5 panels surrounding the
first floor, a series of large panels at the top of the main staircase and sur*Carnegie Library Board of Trustees.
tThis description of the Carnegie Institute and the contents of the museum and
galleries was prepared by the staff of the Institute.
7i6ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
rounding the gallery of the second floor, I2 panels grouped about the third
floor staircase, and a completing set of 2I panels on the third or top floor
which have not yet been placed.
"In the panels of the frieze of the first floor the idea has been to show
the energy and force of labor. These panels are filled with toiling figures
seen in and out of smoke and steam  from  the furnaces, the immense harnessed energy of which is directed by labor into various useful channels.
"From these panels the smoke and steam rise up into the larger panels at
the head of the main staircase, where emerges a mailed figure typifying
Pittsburgh.
"Pittsburgh has been depicted as a knight in steel armor, in order to sug.
gest the strength and power of the city. Labor having reached its highest
expression, the city is being crowned and heralded by hosts of winged
figures blending with the smoke and steam which have partially dispersed.
These figures bear tributes to the city, such as Peace, Prosperity, Luxuries,
and Education. To the left of the mailed figure the ugliness and impurities
roll away in clouds of dark vapor twisted into the forms and faces of grotesque demons.
"These winged figures appear on all sides of the second floor except in
the alcoves, where the panels again represent the energy and power of the
city, but differ from the frieze of the first floor, for here we find depicted
the high buildings in process of erection, the heavy trains of cars, the boats
on the.rivers, the blast-furnaces and the hills which are so much a part of
Pittsburgh.
"At each end of these alcoves, high narrow panels, representing men at
work against the sky as if at a great elevation, connect the frieze with the
larger panels of the second floor.
"About the third floor stairway is a series of I2 panels containing
nearly 400 figures which represent the ceaseless, resistless onward movement
of the people. In these panels crowds of men, women, and children press
on toward progress and success. The types selected are the ordinary types
of American working people. No effort has been made to idealize them
either in dress or feature.
"The panels for the third floor are not yet completed, but when finished
will represent the result made possible by labor and depict the various arts
and sciences represented in the work of the Institute and Library, the study
of which uplifts and beautifies life." *
The beautiful Halls of Sculpture and Architecture are the distinguishing
features of the first floor of this section of the building. The Hall of
Sculpture is built in the measurements of the Parthenon. The white columns
*Mr. Alexander died on June I, 1915, before he had completed the panels for the
third floor.
717466.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
I86I Andrew Carnegie and his brother, Thomas Carnegie, joined Thomas N. Miller,
Henry Phipps and Andrew Kloman, as partners in a rolling mill. In I864 organized the Keystone Bridge Co. Built the Cyclops Mills in I864. This was
united with the Twenty-ninth Street Mills, forming the Union Iron Mills in I867.
These were the original mills of the Carnegie Steel Company.
I862 A. D. Miller Oil Works founded, becoming A. D. Miller  Sons in I886 when
three sons of the founder were admitted to partnership. In I919 the organization
was incorporated as A. D. Miller Sons Co. Crude oil from Oil Creek was brought
down the Allegheny River in barges and barrels. Only lamp oil was made, the
waste being burned as fuel. To-day this "waste" crude oil is used to manufacture
hundreds of products.
I863 Business now known as Sankey Brothers, producers of brick and tile, founded.
I863 Lewis, Oliver  Phillips established their Excelsior Bolt  Nut Works at McKee
and Neville Streets, Birmingham (now South Tenth and Muriel Streets, South
Side), and produced various kinds of bolts, nuts, and washers. Through various
changes the name Oliver has remained in the firm name, which is now Oliver Iron
and Steel Corporation, manufacturers of bolts, nuts, washers, rivets, forged tools,
and pole line material.
I863 Third National Bank of Pittsburgh founded and established at the corner of
Wood Street and Virgin Alley (now Oliver Avenue), where the store of W. S.
Brown is now located. The bank then moved to the location now occupied by
McCreery's store, then to the building at Oliver and Wood now occupied by
Reymer's Cigar Store, and in I916 to its present home in the Henry W. Oliver
Building.
I863 On St. Clair Street (present Sixth Street) where the Roosevelt Hotel now stands,
Wm. E. Stieren established himself in the optical business. He was the only one
in Pittsburgh to manufacture engineers' transits, levels, and surveyors' compasses.
He collaborated with Prof. Langley and Dr. Brashear of the Allegheny Observatory in the manufacture of astronomical instruments and lenses. He is said to have
been the first in Pittsburgh to grind the newly discovered cylindrical lenses for the
correction of astigmatism. After his death the business was continued by his sons
and incorporated as the Wm. Ml. Stieren Optical Comnpany, optometrists and
dealers in scientific instruments. This establishment was one of the first distributors of phonographs in Pittsburgh; and when motion pictures became a practical
possibility the proprietors pioneered in selling machines and distributing films. At
present only optometric offices are maintained in the Clark Bldg. by a son and a
grandson of the founder.
I864 A company which developed (in I903) into the A4. M. Byers Co., America's largest
producer of wrought iron pipe, was started.
I865 Western Newspaper Union organized to serve city and country newspapers.
I866 Smith  Porter began the manufacture of light locomotives. The first one constructed was run across a Monongahela River bridge on street-car rails by its own
steam. Nothing of the kind had been done before, and no toll classification covered
the engine; therefore, to be sure enough toll was assessed, the same rate that
was applied to an elephant was applied to the engine. Porters have been connected with the firm since the beginning and now conduct the business under the
name H. K. Porter Co., building locomotives of all types.
I867 Rosenbaum  Fleischman opened a retail and wholesale millinery store at old No.
76 Market Street. Two years later the name became Rosenbaum  Co., since
which time the Rosenbaum name is the only one used in connection with the orPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
standing out against light green walls are of marble brought from Mount
Pentelicus, near Athens, the same kind of marble of which the Parthenon is
built. Around the ceiling, at the exact height of the original, runs the Parthenon frieze, which represents the Panathenaic procession. The collection of
casts is selected to give a chronological view of the development of sculpture
from Assyrian and Persian times, through the Egyptian and Greek periods.
The Hall of Architecture is large enough to include full-size casts of
many architectural monuments, the impression given being one of spaciousness and harmony. The casts illustrate the development of architecture
from  ancient times through the Renaissance period.  On the second and
third floors are the galleries in which are displayed the permanent art collections and special loan exhibits.
South of the Halls of Architecture and Sculpture are the rooms assigned
by the Museum  for educational work among children, including a small
museum, a lecture room, and a reading room. Adjoining these is a gallery
in which fictile wares and textiles are shown. The principal exhibits of the
Museum on this floor are in four large galleries. Beginning at the Forbes
Street entrance, these contain: first, the H. J. Heinz collection of ivories
and watches; second, the art objects donated by Mr. and Mrs. Herbert
DuPuy; third, the very important collection of Vertebrate Paleontology;
and fourth, numerous specimens of birds, reptiles, and fishes. In a connecting section material on geology and mineralogy is displayed. At the
southern end of this floor is the Lecture Hall of Science, an auditorium
with a seating capacity of 650. The Museum Library adjoins the Gallery of
Vertebrate Paleontology.
On the second floor the permanent collection of paintings occupies two
large galleries. Here are also the Gallery of Prints and galleries for special
exhibitions. The principal rooms of the Museum on this floor are the Gallery of Invertebrate Paleontology and the Gallery of Mammals. Adjoining
the latter are the collections of insects and plants.
On the third floor at the front of the building are several galleries for
special art exhibitions. The Gallery of Ethnology and Archeology occupies
large rooms at the southern end of the building.
The western projection of the main facade, fronting Forbes Street,
forms the entrance to the Music Hall. The vestibule, of dark Siena marble,
is stately and impressive; the foyer, with its lofty columns of green Tinos
marble, lavish gold incrustations, and a variously colored inlaid floor, departs from  the restraint that characterizes the rest of the building.  The
Music Hall is a well-proportioned and harmonious semicircular auditorium,
in white and gold and soft dull red. Built into the stage in such a way as
to form  a decorative background is one of the largest and finest organs
in the world.
7i8719
ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
The principal entrance to the Library proper is on the western faade.
Bronze doors open into a dignified hallway paneled with Tennessee marble.
On the first floor are the Lending Department, the Boys' and Girls' Department, and the Library School.
Two broad marble staircases lead to the second floor. The long vaulted
corridor on this floor is decorated with lunettes on which are painted heads
from historic Italian medals of the Renaissance period. From one side of
the corridor opens the Reference Room. At the south end of the corridor
are the Periodical and Newspaper Reading Room, and the Catalogue and
Order Departments.
The Technology Department occupies several rooms on the third floor.
Upon request the visitor may see the bookstack which is built of white
enameled terra cotta and lighted from three large courts. Ventilated by
washed and filtered air, this stack is as nearly dust-proof as possible. Its
I I stories are connected by an electric elevator.
The Hall of Sculpture, beautiful in itself in proportion and design, with
its white Pentelic marble columns and quiet green walls, creates at once an
impression of harmony and beauty; and the statues and bas-reliefs installed
there represent the beautiful in sculpture and illustrate the great periods of
this art from its beginning to the end of the Roman period.
At the end of the Hall adjoining the main corridor are statues and reliefs
which come from Egypt and Assyria, Persia and Chaldea, and which be.
long to the earliest period. Here are severe and rigid figures, crude and
primitive in form and modeling, yet possessing a mysterious and impressive
dignity. To the period of early Greek art, of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., belong the:Apollo from Tenea, the Archer, the Fighting Warrior,
and the fragment of a bas-relief, Figure Mounting a Chariot. This was the
period during which the sculptor by slow degrees perfected his art, securing
first a greater degree of truth and realism, and later combining with these
the supreme qualities of grace and distinction. The period of sculpture
which is most completely represented is the period when the master sculptor,
Phidias, was working in Greece. In the sculptured figures from the eastern
pediment of the Parthenon, broken and fragmentary as they are, one sees
the very perfection of the sculptor's art. Russell Sturgis said, "There is no
sculpture in the world finer than this. Nude forms and drapery alike are
the models of all perfection." These figures are installed on a long pedestal
at one side of the Hall.
The Aphrodite of Melos, and the Giustiniani Athena, which stand at
either end of the central part of the Hall, are examples of Greek art of the
fourth century s.c.
In the Roman period, sculpture lost some of the wonderful charm of
grace and beauty which characterizes Greek sculpture of the fifth and fourth- PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
centuries B.C., but it still retained great power and nobility. To this period
belong the two statues of Augustus.
Adjoining the Hall of Sculpture is the Hall of Architecture. The impressive character of this Hall will be felt by everyone who sees it. Here,
in the presence of the great cast of the Facade of the Abbey Church of St.
Gilles, one is impressed by the dignity and beauty of Romanesque architecture. So exactly does the clay-colored cast reproduce the stones and sculptures of the original that one seems to stand before the old French church
itself. The three great doorways with their round arches and sculptured
decorations, are beautiful in proportion and in design.
The other casts of doorways, columns, and monuments which are installed in the central part of the Hall are so arranged as to give an impression of imposing dignity. To the right of the center of the Hall are two
Greek portals, and between them is the beautiful Greek monument of Lysicrates, mounted on its high base. On the right of the entrance is a tall
Greek column with its capital and entablature, and on the left is a tall Roman
column with its capital and entablature. To the left of the center of the
Hall is the Gothic Portal of Bordeaux, with its pointed arch and sculptured
ornament; and on either side of it are examples of Renaissance architecture.
The details of architecture which are installed under the balcony are arranged
in order of their period, beginning with the Egyptian at the right and ending with the late Renaissance at the left. This comprehensive, though comparatively small, collection of architectural details, combined as it is with
the few beautiful representative examples of the various periods which are
presented in all their imposing dignity, affords the student valuable opportunities for study, and yet gives to the casual visitor an impression of great
beauty.
THE PERMANENT COLLECTION
The paintings of the permanent collection represent the art of many
lands. The collection is, therefore, broadly international in character. It
may also be said to be contemporary, most of the paintings having been completed within the last 33 years.
There are works representing France, England, Holland, Italy, Norway,
Belgium, Russia, Germany, and Austria; but America is naturally more
adequately represented than is any other country. The American works
represent in some measure the entire history of American art, beginning with
the period of Benjamin West and ending with the present day.
French art is represented by such important paintings as "Evening in a
Studio," by Lucien Simon; "The Mirror in the Vase," by Edmond AmanJean; "A Vision of Antiquity-Symbol of Form," by Puvis de Chavannes;
"The Judgment of Paris," by l-mile Rene Menard; "Christ and the Disciples
720P. A. J. DAGNAN BOUVERET'S "CHRIST AT EMMAUS," AND CHARLES STANLEY REINHART'S "AWAITING THE ABSENT," IN PERMANENT COLLECTION
OF CARNEGIE INSTITUTEART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH                        721at Emmaus," by Dagnan-Bouveret; "Under the Willows," by Paul Albert
Besnard, and "Still Life," by Andre Derain.
The British painters, Sir Alfred East, Sir William Orpen, Sir John
Lavery, Alexander Roche, Maurice Greiffenhagen, Augustus John, and Ambrose McEvoy, are each represented by an important canvas.
Two important paintings by Anton Mauve and a fine example of the
art of Jacob Maris may be named as belonging to the art of Holland, and
paintings by Ignacio Zuloaga, Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida, and Valentin de
Zubiaurre to the art of Spain. Contemporary Italian painters are represented by Antonio Mancini, Ettore Tito, and Italico Brass.
Of the many fine examples of American art included in the collection,
only a few can be mentioned here. The "Portrait of Sarasate," by James A.
McNeill Whistler; the "Portrait of Henry Nicols," by Gilbert Stuart; "My
Children," by Abbott H. Thayer; "Mother and Child," by George de Forest
Brush; "The Wreck," by Winslow Homer; "River in Winter," by John H.
Twachtman; "Afternoon near Arkville, New York," by Alexander H.
Wyant; "Anne in White," by George W. Bellows; "Annie McGinley," by
Rockwell Kent, and "Inland City," by Robert Spencer, are all paintings which
are representative of the best in American art.
Through gifts from Mary Beer Dalzell during her lifetime and from
bequests at her death, the Department of Fine Arts owns a collection of 38
paintings which are grouped as The J. Willis Dalzell Memorial. Most of
these paintings belong to the English school of portraiture of the latter part
of the eighteenth century. They include paintings by Romney, Raeburn,
Gainsborough, and Reynolds.
A collection of bronze statues and objects, reproductions of the bronzes
from Pompeii and Herculaneum, casts of figures and reliefs by SaintGaudens, French, MacMonnies, Rodin, Barnard, MacNeil, and many others,
for the most part contemporaries, and a large collection of photographs of the
monuments and temples of Greece are also presented for exhibition as space
permits in this department.
Among the possessions of the Carnegie Institute are large and important
collections of rare prints, including an exceptionally complete collection of
American wood engraving, groups of etchings by Charles Meryon and James
A. McNeill Whistler, the "English Landscape Series," by John Lucas after
Constable, and a collection of Japanese prints. The Institute also owns an
important collection of original drawings, in which the 58 drawings by Anton
Mauve and 48 by Old Masters form notable groups. It is only possible to
exhibit small groups of these prints, engravings, and drawings occasionally,
since the exhibition galleries are almost continuously occupied by the permanent collection of paintings and by current exhibitions.
In addition to its permanent collections, the department seeks to arouse72-   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
interest in the consideration of the modern evolution of art, its new trends,
tendencies, and diverse manifestations. Therefore, throughout the year the
department places before the public through special exhibitions many examples
of the various phases and styles of achievement and experiments of the best
current art.
First of all in importance among the special exhibitions is the annual
International Exhibition of Paintings, which has been held each year since
I896 with the exception of the five years of the Great War.
It is the only one of its kind on the American continent, and, in fact, the
only annual international exhibition in the world, since the Venetian International is held only every two years. During the last 33 years the Carnegie
International has introduced many of the leading figures of European art
to America. Each International contains about 4oo paintings from I4 or I5
countries of Europe and from the United States.
It sets forth all aspects of present-day art, and offers to the public a full
and fairly accurate report of  what is going on in art circles in modem
Western civilization. A particular effort is made to secure the most important paintings recently finished by the artists. All the painters who are
invited to send to the Exhibition are representatives of recognized groups in
their own lands. These Exhibitions, which are in the nature of a clearing
house of the best in American and European art, attract many critics, artists,
amateurs, and dealers from all parts of the United States.
The Museum.-The Museum occupies the greater portion of the eastern
side of the Main Building, with a floor space at its command of I52,074
square feet. In its activities it covers the natural sciences and the applied
arts. Fifteen sections are already organized.
This section covers mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes.
The mammals are on the second and third floors. The Museum has about
6,ooo mammals, representing nearly 2,000 species. Here are the mammals
collected by Mr. Childs Frick in British East Africa and Abyssinia, part of
the Roosevelt East African Collection, and many other notable collections
made in both hemispheres.
Among the many groups may be mentioned the zebras, giraffes, wart-hogs,
African buffaloes, antelopes, Buxton's koodoos, all shot by Mr. Childs Frick;
the group of bears (Ursus gyas) obtained at Pavlov Bay, Alaska; the group
of jaguars killed by Mr. John M. Phillips in Mexico; the group of black
rhinoceroses, one shot by Colonel Roosevelt, the other by Mr. Childs Frick; the
group of Steller's sea-lions; and the group of Alaskan fur-seals. One of the
ornaments of the Gallery is the white rhinoceros brought from Lado by the
English traveler, Major Cotton, many years before Colonel Roosevelt visited
that spot. Another interesting group is "The Camel Driver Attacked by
Lions," by Jules Verreaux, awarded a gold medal at the World's Fair in
722WHISTLER'S PORTRAIT OF SARASATE, AND EMILE RENE MENARD'S
"JUDGMENT OF PARIS," IN PERMANENT COLLECTION OF CARNEGIE
INSTITUTEART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
Paris in I869. This was the first specimen owned by the American Museum
of Natural History and was subsequently turned over to the Carnegie
Museum.
A series of groups showing North American mammals is in the process of
preparation. Among those already installed should be mentioned the groups
of the Alaskan brown bear, the black bear, the white-tailed deer of Pennsylvania, the gray fox and opossum, the white mountain sheep-a gift of Dr.
Thomas S. Arbuthnot-and the prong-horn antelope.
The Gallery of Birds is located on the first floor of the Museum. The
Study Collection is on the third floor. The Museum has about Ioo00,000ooo
specimens approximating 7,00ooo species. There are many beautiful groups,
among them "Count Noble," the ancestor of the finest setter-dog in America,
putting up a covey of quails; a group of vultures settling upon the dead body
of a wapiti; a group representing the pelicans on Pelican Island; and many
others. A series of habitat groups of birds has been planned. Three of
these groups have been completed: the horned owl, northern raven, and blue
goose. A synoptic collection of the main orders and suborders of birds is
also on display in this gallery. Comprehensive series illustrate the fauna of
birds of North America at large and in particular the avifauna of Western
Pennsylvania.  A  representative collection  contains birds from  other
countries.
The scientific collection of birds preserved in the ornithological laboratory
is one of the most important in the New World. The celebrated Buller
Collection, upon which Sir Walter L. Buller based his second edition of The
Birds of New Zealand, is here.
The Gallery of Reptiles is on the first floor in the southeastern corner of
the building. The Museum has over 20,000 specimens of reptiles, mainly
from temperate North America, but there are many from Central and South
America. Among the most striking groups are the diamond-back rattlesnake, collected in Texas, and the boa-constrictors from the Isle of Pines.
The Hall of Fishes occupies the southeastern corner of the building on
the first floor. A lifelike group portrays the picturesque haunts of the
recently discovered Aurora Trout. The great part of the collection of fishes
and reptiles is contained in the so-called "Alcoholic Storeroom" annexed to
the building as a precaution against fire. The Museum has one of the most
important collections of South American fishes-and the largest collection of
Japanese fishes in North America.   
Here are the sponges, marine and freshwater shells, echinoderms, and
other invertebrates. The Exhibition Series is located on the second floor in
the southeastern corner, over the Gallery of Reptiles. Most of the collections
are preserved in the Laboratory of Invertebrate Zo6logy, on the third floor.
The shells include various important collections containing the types and
723DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
ganization which is now named The Rosenbau  Compaty. In 1872 the firm discontinued the wholesale business. In 1878 the business was moved closer to Fifth
Avenue on Market Street; and in i88o it was moved into the first floor and
basement of the McClintock Building-the first office building in Pittsburgh, located on Market Street, between Fifth Avenue and Liberty. One of the first arc
lights in the city was hung in front of the store while at this location. In I915
the organization moved into the present up-to-date building which occupies the
block on Sixth Street between Penn and Liberty Avenues. In I923 the firm became
affiliated with National Department Stores, Inc.
1867 Peter Duff and his two sons, Robert P. and Thomas, established themselves in the
molasses business. Robert P. Duff was the originator of the idea of selling
molasses in cans-another Pittsburgh achievement. The firm name is now P. Duff
 Sons, Inc., dealing in molasses and other food products.
I867 Heeren  Weckerle founded a jewelry business in an establishment located in what
is now an alley running from Fifth Avenue to Diamond Street almost directly opposite the First National Bank Building. The partners had no safe; therefore, Mr.
Heeren, who was in charge of the factory, took the gold and silver home with
him at nights in a cigar box. At the time of the Grand Army Encampment (I894)
this firm struck medals of a brass cannon which was used in the Civil War, and
made a small replica that is now on exhibition in Soldiers Memorial Hall. The first
medals struck for the Stephen Foster Memorial Home were made in the old
Pittsburgh Exposition, where a Foster admirer paid $io for the first medal. Subsequent medals sold for 25 cents, the money being used to purchase the Foster
home. The business is now known as Heeren Bros. Company.
I867 The Safe Deposit Company-with a capital of $98,ooo-was organized with its
establishment at No. 83 (now 24I-3) Fourth Avenue. In I89I the name was
changed to The Safe Deposit  Trust Company of Pittsburgh. The organization
in I903 acquired all the stock of the Peoples Savings Bank and nearly all the stock
of the Peoples National Bank. In 1917 the Safe Deposit  Trust Co. of Pittsburgh
and the Peoples Savings Bank merged and the name of the company was changed
to People's Savings  Trust Company of Pittsburgh-the oldest Trust Company
west of the Alleghenies. In I929 it was merged with the Pittsburgh Trust Comn.
pany and the name changed to Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company.
i868 Laird  Lupton engaged in the roofing business. Upon Mr. Laird's death in 1870,
P. LeGoullon entered the business which was then conducted at Ioi2 Penn Avenuewhere the Fort Pitt Hotel now stands-under the name W. B. Lupton  Co. The
firm specialized in carpet felts and roofing paper. Today the business is conducted
by one of P. LeGoullon's sons under the name P. LeGoullon Sons.
1869 On January 9th three energetic citizens of Allegheny opened a dry goods and
notion store in an I8-foot store room at 512 Federal Street. Being willing to work
hard for success they did their own box opening, window trimming, etc.  The
sign on the establishment bore the names Boggs, Blair  Buhl. In the year after
opening they moved to a three-story building across the street. The firm prospered,
and in i885 it had a telephone in the office. In those days business was so brisk
that the hard-working proprietors required a wagon and a wheelbarrow for making
deliveries. With the passage of time they purchased the property where the imposing establishment of Boggs  Buhl is now located.
I869 Walter E. Hague, having within him the pioneer spirit, opened the first plating
establishment west of the Alleghenies. The founder's son was admitted to partnership in I899; and in I924 the business took the name Walter E. Hague  Son, Inc.
467PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
co-types of many species described by early American authors, and an
enormous series of the Unionidae of the Mississippi Valley. There are
thousands of species of land and freshwater shells, and great collections of
Crustacea, etc. Among recent accessions is the very valuable and exceptionally complete collection of American land shells assembled and donated
by Dr. George H. Clapp.
A few of the insects are shown on the second floor, but most of the
collections are contained in the Laboratory of Entomology on the third floor.
There are many thousands of species of butterflies in the collection deposited
by Dr. W. J. Holland, Director Emeritus. A notable collection of hawkmoths is deposited as a loan by Dr. B. Preston Clark who has succeeded in
assembling the most complete material on this group of insects. A collection
of butterflies and moths from various countries, comprising about 20,000
specimens, was recently bequeathed by the late George A. Ehrmann. The
Museum also owns the Coleoptera of North America gathered by the late
Henry Ulke of Washington, II,ooo species, represented by II0,000 specimens; the Coleoptera assembled by the late Dr. John Hamilton of Pittsburgh;
and vast collections of the insects of other orders made in all parts of the
globe, acquired either by purchase or gift. There are not less than i,500oo,ooo000
specimens of insects, representing approximately I50,000 species, including
thousands of types and paratypes.
Part of the botanical collections are exhibited in the Gallery of Plants on
the second floor, in the southwestern corner of the Museum. A group
depicting native spring flora was donated by the Garden Club of Allegheny
County. Another group gives a vivid idea of a desert scene. These two
exhibits form part of a series representing the most characteristic types of
vegetation in different zones of the globe. The Herbarium, in the mezzanine,
contains I 50,000 species of plants systematically arranged and ready for
consultation by students. It is one of the largest herbaria in North America.
The mineralogical collections are exhibited on the first floor in the Gallery
of Geology and Mineralogy. The reserved collections are on the third floor.
The minerals include the celebrated Jefferis Collection purchased by Mr.
Carnegie. This collection contains many specimens originally figured in
Dana's "Mineralogy." One of the exhibits in this gallery is the group of
stalactites and stalagmites obtained at Naginey, Pennsylvania. Astronomical
transparencies of various celestial objects and views of different observatories are installed in the same hall.
The paleontological collections are among the most extensive, beautiful,
and famous in the world. The mounted vertebrates are located on the first
floor, and the invertebrates are on the second floor.
The collections include the great Bayet Collection, containing I20,000
specimens, being the largest and best collection representing the fossil fauna
724LUCiEN SIMiMON'S "EVENING IN A STUDIO," CARNEGIE INSTITUTE PERMANENT COLLECTION
STAIRWV AY- IN ALEXANDER
HALL AND LIBRARY CORRIDOR, CARNEGIE INSTITUTEART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH                         725
of Europe to be found in the New World. It has been said that "to study
the mammals of the Miocene and the reptiles of the Jurassic one must visit
Pittsburgh." Among the striking objects are the skeletons of Camarasaurus
in the matrix, found in the National Dinosaur Monument in Utah, of
Apatosaurus louisae, named in honor of Mrs. Carnegie, and of Diplodocus
carnegiei, named in honor of Mr. Carnegie. Copies of the latter have been
presented to the National Museums of England, France, Germany, Russia,
Austria, Italy, Spain, Argentina and recently to Mexico.
Portions of these collections are placed in the Gallery of Avian Anatomy
already alluded to, and in the Gallery of Vertebrate Anatomy, the latter
adjoining the Gallery of Mammals. There are thousands of specimens. A
collection of pterodactyls is an important assemblage of fossils of these
winged reptiles.
The exhibits occupy almost the entire space on the third floor. Here is
the largest collection of Costa Rican antiquities in the world. Here are large
collections representing various North American tribes from Alaska to
Panama; collections illustrating the manners and customs of the aboriginal
peoples of the South Sea islands and of Africa.  There are extensive
Egyptian collections. One of the most striking objects is an Egyptian boat
obtained from a burial crypt at Dahshur, Egypt, which was placed in the
crypt where it was found, 6oo years before Abraham left Ur of the
Chaldees to seek the Promised Land. There are many groups of Indians
and one of the finest collections of Indian basketry in existence, deposited in
the Museum by the late Mr. G. A. Steiner.
The collection of coins and medals is extensive and includes the collection
presented to the Museum by Mrs. William Thaw, Jr., made by her husband;
the collection presented by Mr. Harry J. Vandergrift; a collection made by
Mr. Magnus Pflaum; the large collection of historical medals made by the
late Mr. William M. Darlington and presented by his daughters; and
numerous other collections, large and small, acquired by gift or purchase.
Here is the collection of postage stamps made by the late Arthur Burgoyne,
including the collection of Senator M. S. Quay, presented by him to Mr.
Burgoyne.
The collections in these three sections are contained in the Gallery of
Decorative Arts, on the first floor. They include thousands of specimens
representing fictile and textile wares, both ancient and modern. Here a
splendid collection of Anglo-American pottery assembled by Mr. Otto J.
Bierly is displayed.
The collection illustrating the evolution of methods of transportation is on
the third floor and contains a large series of models and many relics of
historic interest, including the airplane on which Calbraith Perry Rodgers
made the first flight across the continent of North America.- PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
These collections are principally located on the first floor in the Gallery
of Applied Art and in the room set apart for the reception of the collections
donated or deposited in the Museum by Mr. H. J. Heinz. The collection of
ancient Chinese and Japanese ivory carvings is notable.
Part of these collections is in the Coin Room on the first floor, and part
in the Gallery of Applied Arts.  There are specimens of silverware, bequeathed by the late Mr. J. C. Grogan; a collection of old silver deposited by
Mr. Herbert DuPuy; many Chinese and Japanese bronzes; a collection of
old Japanese arms, deposited by Mr. Irwin Laughlin; and the Heinz Collection of Watches, which includes the gold watch that belonged to Admiral
Nelson, the hero of Trafalgar. One of the most attractive and valuable of
the collections in this section is the one donated by Mr. and Mrs. Herbert
DuPuy, which besides a wonderfully extensive series of miniatures, is rich in
enameled, inlaid, and carved boxes made of the precious metals.  These
beautiful gifts were installed in a special room bearing the name of the
generous donors.
Among the interesting historical objects is the skeleton of a horse
upon which "Stonewall" Jackson was seated the night he was killed at Chancellorsville, a number of the cannon surrendered by General Burgoyne to
General Gates at the battle of Saratoga, and the collections belonging to the
Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
The Library of the Museum is on the first floor. It contains the extensive
private library of scientific works deposited by Dr. W. J. Holland, as well as
the many thousands of volumes collected by the Museum.  Dr. Holland,
emeritus director of the Museum, and previous to that chancellor of the
University of Pittsburgh, has played an outstanding part in making the
Museum what it is.
The Museum publishes a series of octavo volumes known as the Annals,
and a series of quarto volumes known as the Memoirs besides the Annual
Report and other occasional publications.  The Director Emeritus of the
Museum is the editor- of these publications.
From its inception the Museum has carried on intensive studies in various
fields and has been one of the.leaders of research in America, especially in
zo6logy, botany, and paleontology. The Museum has either sent out or
assisted in sending out many expeditions to various parts of the globe. The
last expedition from the Museum traversed the interior of the peninsula of
Labrador from south to north, the first time this feat was accomplished by
white men. The results of the researches are in part embodied in the Annals
and Memoirs of the Museum.
Classes from the eighth grade of the public schools of Pittsburgh and
schools of Allegheny County visited the Museum every day of the fiscal year.
They are given instruction in natural history by members of the Museum staff
726EDWIN A. ABBEY'S "PENANCE OF ELEANOR, DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER," AND
WINSLOW HOMER'S "THE WVRECK," PERMANENT COLLECTION CARNEGIE
INSTITUTEART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
detailed for that purpose. In addition to these, hundreds of classes from the
elementary'and secondary schools of the region of which Pittsburgh is the
center visit the Museum annually.
The Carnegie Museum was the first institution of its kind in America to
establish "Prize Essay Contests."  The first of these was held in the year
i896. For a time the contest was discontinued but was revived in the
year 1922, and is now held in conjunction with the Department of Fine Arts.
The essays submitted in the last contest numbered over 2,000.
Traveling collections of mounted specimens are lent to public and private
schools.
Advanced students reading for degrees in course or preparing theses for
postgraduate degrees are granted the facilities of the Museum and are permitted to carry on work in the'laboratories. Students from institutions of
higher learning from all over the Continent and from foreign lands have been
welcomed and have remained in residence for shorter or longer periods.
Teachers are given an opportunity to become better acquainted with the
content of our exhibits and the scientific riches of our main collections by
attending a series of lectures given by the curatorial staff of the Museum as
part of the curriculum of the H. C. Frick Teachers Training School.
The Library.-The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh is a free public reference and circulating library, founded by Andrew Carnegie but maintained
by the City of Pittsburgh. The cost of books, salaries, and other expenses is
met by funds appropriated each year by act of the City Council. The
interest on certain funds contributed by private individuals is also available
for the purchase of books on special subjects.
The Central Library, the beginning of Pittsburgh's public library system,
was opened in I895 with a staff of sixteen and a book collection of I6,000
volumes. Since that year ten branch libraries have been opened as follows:
NAME
Lawrenceville Branch Library
West End Branch Library
Wylie Avenue Branch Library
Mount Washington Branch Library
Hazelwood Branch Library
East Liberty Branch Library
South Side Branch Library
Homewood Branch Library
Business-District Branch Library
Knoxville7Carrick Branch Library
DATE OF OPENING
May I I, I898
February I, I899
June I, I899  
May 3I, I900
August I6, i900oo
October I 0, I905
January 30, I909
March Io, I9IO
June 2, I924
July I8, I928
In addition to the Central Library and branches, the Library operates
through the public, private, and parochial schools; through playgrounds and.
727PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
settlement houses; and through stations in a limited number of mercantile
and industrial establishments, a total of I55 agencies being employed for the
circulation of books.
The Library staff, exclusive of employees operating and caring for buildings, number about 260. Service is given on personal call, by mail, or by
telephone.
The Library contains a total of over 7oo00,000ooo volumes, of which 53,0oo
volumes are in foreign languages. More than 2,5oo00,000ooo books were loaned
for home reading during I929. The Library has from the first given special
attention to books along industrial lines, with the result that it has one of the
finest collections on technology in the country. The information service maintained by the Library is invaluable not only to persons engaged in technological
research but to scholars and students in general.
The North Side Library, occupying a city block at Federal and Ohio
Streets, was presented to the City of Allegheny by Mr. Carnegie before that
city was annexed to Pittsburgh, and its statistics are not included in the
foregoing.
Rudolf Tombo, writing for the Internationale Wochenschrift of Berlin
several years ago said:
It would be difficult to find in the whole world another library which
is of such benefit to all the people of a great city as is the Carnegie
Library of Pittsburgh. By making its treasures accessible and useful
alike to poor and rich, young and old, it has become a social factor of the
first importance to Pittsburgh. The Library has been able to accomplish
so much because the Librarian, Harrison W. Craver, is not only an expert in his profession, but has understood how to train many capable assistants, who contribute much to the organization of the Library.
The Library is also a publishing house, issuing a monthly magazine containing lists of the new books added to the Library, with descriptive notes,
criticisms of the more important recent books and interesting essays on books
and reading. This Monthly Bulletin, as well as many special lists and about
8o,ooo catalogue cards a year are all printed in our printing shop in the
Library building.
The printed catalogue of the Pittsburgh Library is known and used as a
standard catalogue in libraries all over the United States, while libraries as
far afield as Heidelberg University; Cardiff, Wales; Johannesburg, South
Africa; Sydney, New South Wales, and the University of the Punjab, Lahore,
India, order and pay for our catalogue in eight volumes, because they find it
authoritative and useful in their own bibliographical work. Mention is made of
the fact that they order and pay for it simply to show that these are not complimentary copies sent to them, but are ordered because they need them.
728ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
Miss Elise May Willard, writing of the Carnegie Library in I917, thus
commented upon the progressive spirit shown in the selection of books by
this institution compared with some other outstanding institutions of the
sort:
The much talked of current books constitute one of the most difficult
problems of the librarian. One hundred copies could not satisfy the detnand at its height, but in a short time three copies will be enough. Of
course he compromises, gets ten or twelve copies, cuts down the length
of time they can be kept out-looks sadly at the file of reserve postalsand suffers the slings and arrows of the people who declare that it is a
very poor library when the books they want are always out.  The
librarian's chief interest is in building up a well-balanced permanent
collection of books, among which are of course included the best novels,
but not necessarily all those which are advertised as "gripping" or as
"throbbing stories of human passion." There is bound to be disagreement as to what novels should be put in and what left out, and we
try as far as possible to meet the demands of different types of readers.
Some member of the Library staff here reads every novel before it is
bought, and you may be interested to know that out of one hundred and
seventy-one so read last year, one hundred and twenty-six were accepted.
The proportion of the rejected here is not so high as at the Boston Public
Library, where out of seven hundred and fifty novels read only one
hundred and thirty-five were accepted.
The International Exhibitions *-The first international exhibition at the
Carnegie Institute opened on November 5, I896, and comprised 312 works,
I73 of which were contributed by European artists. The Fine Arts Committee acted as the Jury of Award, and the Gold Medal was given to John Lavery,
the Silver Medal to J. F. Raffaelli, and the Bronze Medal to Cecilia Beaux.
It is interesting to note that James McNeill Whistler had two paintings in
the Exhibition, "The Fur Jacket" and "Sarasate." Let it be here recorded
to the glory of Carnegie Institute and to those who were directing its affairs
that the latter painting was purchased at the same meeting on November 30,
I896, at which the awards were made, thus becoming the first painting which
Whistler sold to a public gallery in America.
Before the first exhibition was over, plans were under way for the second.
Some important changes in the method of conducting it were decided on.
It was voted to have a Jury of Award of i i members, the President of
the fine Arts Committee to be the chairman, the other ten to be elected by
artists contributing works. Two of the jurors were to be Europeans and
* John O'Connor, Jr., of the staff of the Institute is the author of these paragraphs
which were published by Art and Archeology, Washington, D. C., in 1922.
729468                      PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The firm was progressive and kept abreast of the times, being the first to introduce
many new processes in the city, among them being the use of spray lacquers. This
firm was the first in Pittsburgh to use a dynamo (generator) instead of batteries.
1869 W. A. Bunting began the manufacture of stamps and stencils, the activities of the
business later including regalia, flags, and banners. The business has at various
times borne the names W. A. Bunting  Son (I896), Weber-Erickson Bunting Co.
(I902), Bunting Stamp Co., Inc. (I9I7). A son of the founder is now president
of the organization.
I869 H. J. Heinz, then aged 25 years, planted a patch of horseradish which, with the
assistance of two women and a boy, he grated and marketed, thus founding the
great food industry which now bears the proud name H. J. Heinz Co. The organization has grown from its original tiny home in a building near the horseradish
patch to a huge plant of 24 buildings covering I5 city blocks, besides seasonal canning plants throughout the country and agencies abroad.
I869 The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was organized to manufacture for steam
railways an air brake which George Westinghouse had invented. The company
began operations in I87o in a factory occupying two city lots at the corner of
Liberty Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street. In I88o the company moved to Allegheny,
but on account of increasing business it moved in I89o to Wilmerding, where the
factories now cover 35 acres. About 6,ooo persons are employed in manufacturing
the company's product, which is now a standard railway appliance throughout the
civilized world.
I870 In I870 Pittsburgh's population was 86,076.
I870 Bollman-Baggaley  Company founded. Later names were James B. Young  Co.
(I874); Seaman, Sleeth   Black (I886); Seaman-Sleeth Company  (I893);
Pittsburgh Rolls Corporation (I917)-manufacturers of iron and steel rolls for
rolling mills.
I870 William Semmelrock, a wood turner by trade, discontinued his previous business
and engaged as a funeral director, this business being continued after his death in
I888 by his sons until I905 when John Semmelrock purchased the business from
his associates and continued at the original location-I72o-22-24 Carson Street.
1871 Humboldt Fire Insurance Co. founded. In I918 the name was changed to Superior
Fire Insurance Co. In I9IO this organization gained control of the Allegheny Fire
Insurance Co. of Pittsburghl, and in 1921 it gained control of the Western Insurance
Co. of Pittsburgh. In I925 it became affiliated with the Fireman's group.
I87I In April, Campbell, Williamson  Dick began a business which gained the confidence of Pittsburghers and became known as "The People's Store," at the location
still occupied by the organization-327 Fifth Avenue. The business had been
directly under the control of the Campbells since its founding. Through the retirement of partners from time to time the name changed to Campbell  Dick in I882,
Campbell  Smith in I894, William Campbell in I899, and Campbells' in I9IO.
I87I The Arsenal Bank of Pittsburgh founded. Chartered by special Act of Legislature
March 20, I872. Since founding the organization has had but five presidents and
five cashiers including those now serving. The present cashier, John Grine, has
had 40 years' continuous service with the bank.
I87I Isaac, Henry, Morris and Jacob Kaufmann, as partners, opened a Men's and Boys'
Clothing Store at I918 Carson Street, in a room I8 by 27 feet. In less than a year
they had to secure larger quarters nearby, and in I875 it was necessary for them
to take additional space on Smithfield Street, near Diamond. In I879 the estabPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
eight Americans, with not more than three of the latter from any one city.
John Caldwell remained as President of the Jury until his place was taken
by Mr. Beatty in I907. The Jury of I I with the elective features was
continued until the Twenty-first Exhibition in I922, when it was reduced to
a Jury of five, the Director of Fine Arts as President, two European members and two American members. This is the size of the Jury to-day. As
alist of the members of the different juries is too long for publication here,
it will suffice to name some of the foreign artists who have visited America as
judges at Carnegie Institute: John M. Swan, John Lavery, Fritz Thaulow,
J. F. Raffaelli, William Stott, Anders L. Zorn, Robert W. Allan, Edmond
Aman-Jean, Alexander Roche, Charles Cottet, Alfred East, Rene Billotte,
Emile Clause, George H. Breitner, Albert Neuhuys, Henry Eugene Le
Sidaner, Maurice Greiffenhagen, Henry Caro-Delvaille, Rene Xavier Prinet,
Julius Olsson, Andre Dauchez, George Clauson, William Nicholson, Lucien
Simon, Laura Knight.
Mr. Beatty, in a paper read on the occasion of the dedication of the Boston Museum building in I9og9, very properly attributed two important results
to the Carnegie Institute Jury System. He wrote: "As a result of these
meetings two things happened and these were perfectly manifest to a
close observer. First, the foreign members of the Jury, seeing the strongest American works intermingled with many of the powerful pictures of
Europe, were deeply impressed by the strength of the American representation, and they were not slow to express their appreciation and pleasure;
second, the American members in the generous and spontaneous expression of
appreciation on the part of foreign painters found, through this source also,
their own faith strengthened and confirmed. Thus through the medium of
the men who have assembled as jurors in the past 13 years, a just estimate
of the strength of the American school found authoritative expression, and
this judgment subsequently, upon the return of the jurors to their homes,
found voice in many lands."
Another innovation in the preparation for the Second International was
the appointment of Advisory Committees in London, Paris, Munich and
later The Hague, to be charged with the duty of accepting pictures for exhibition. Foreign Advisory Committees, with some slight modification in
their powers, were continued through the Twentieth International.
The Second International which opened on November 4, I897, had 243
canvases, I49 of which came from abroad. The Gold Medal of the First Class
was awarded to James J. Shannon of London for his painting entitled "Miss
Kitty," which was subsequently purchased for the permanent collection.
Whistler was represented in this exhibition by a group of six paintings. Edwin
Abbey appeared for the first time as did Segantini, Menard, Carl Marr, and
many others..  
730ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN -PITTSBURGH
Six successive Internationals were held and then in I902 it was decided
that the seventh should take the form of another loan collection, "That our
people be given an opportunity to review the broader field as it is represented
by the paintings produced during a period of more than three hundred years
to the end that their horizon may be widened and, perchance, their convictions strengthened." One hundred and fifty-five paintings were secured for
this exhibition from public and private American collections. Seldom if ever
in America was there assembled a finer or more broadly representative collection of paintings.  It was a just cause of civic pride that 6I per
cent of the works were contributed by private collectors of Pittsburgh and
vicinity. One hundred and thirty-eight thousand people visited the exhibition, undoubtedly a record attendance for a city of 400,000.
For the Eighth Annual Exhibition it was decided to depart in a measure
from the plan pursued during the first six, and to limit invitations to contribute to American artists residing in America; and in conjunction with the
paintings thus assembled, to present a collection of works, contributed as a
collection, by members of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters
and Gravers of London.  Under this plan only American painters were
eligible for honors and the Jury was made up of Americans. The Medal
of the First Class under these arrangements was awarded to Frank W.
Benson for his painting entitled "A Woman Reading."
The modifications in I902 and I903 of the plan of conducting the International are indications that the Institute was feeling keenly, as it always has,
the administrative and financial strain accompanying it. The average cost
of the early exhibitions was about $I5,00ooo, and in 20 years this cost was
nearly trebled. Attempts have been made at various times to lighten the
burdens by having other institutions join in holding it, but these have never
been successful. It is to the credit of Carnegie Institute that notwithstanding the burdens, the International has never been abandoned nor the standard
lowered. In I922 70 of the European paintings which were in the Twentyfirst Exhibition were sent on a tour of American cities.
The Ninth International was conducted on the old plan. Seven hundred
and sixty works were submitted for it, of which 324 were accepted. In ordetr
that there should be no interruption in the Internationals, temporary galleries
were erected near the Institute while the main building was being enlarged.
This was done principally to afford sufficient space for the rapidly expanding
Museum and to give the Department of Fine Arts adequate gallery space
for the Internationals. The Ninth and Tenth Internationals were held in the
temporary building. The exhibition for i906 was abandoned owing to pressure of work preparatory to the opening of the new building in April, I90o7.
The new and spacious galleries of the greatly enlarged Carnegie Institute
Building were inaugurated by the Eleventh International.-  It marked the
73IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
high watermark of the Institute's efforts. There were 515 works so contributed by 365 artists. 321 of the paintings came from abroad. This exhibition was visited by over 342,00ooo people in the nine weeks it was open. The
first prize was awarded to Gaston La Touche for his painting, "The Bath."
For the Twelfth International a very delightful innovation, which was
followed in most of the succeeding exhibitions, was introduced. It was a
"One-Man Show." Twenty-two paintings by Winslow Homer were grouped
in a gallery. This was an appropriate tribute to a great American artist
who had been awarded the Chronological Medal in the First International
for his painting entitled "The Wreck," which, by the way, was the first
painting purchased for Carnegie Institute. The "One-Man Gallery" for
the Thirteenth was occupied by 25 canvases by Sir Alfred East.  It
was a delicate tribute to Pittsburgh that two of the paintings were of Pittsburgh  scenes.  This exhibition  also  contained  I7 paintings  by  the
American landscape painter, Henry W. Ranger. First prize was very properly awarded to Edmund C. Tarbell, for his painting entitled "The Girl
Crocheting." A number of notable paintings from this exhibition were purchased by the Fine Arts Committee. Among them were "Portrait of Mrs.
C." by William M. Chase, "Spring Morning" by Childe Hassam, "Judgment
of Paris" by Emile Rene Menard, "Munich Boy" by J. Frank Currier, and
"November Hills" by Bruce Crane.
Mr. O'Connor notes that the exhibitions have afforded the Institute an
excellent opportunity to cull from out of them a very evenly balanced permanent collection, probably the best in the United States for its size.
For the One-Man Exhibition in the Fourteenth, Childe Hassam contributed  38 of his works.  In  this exhibition  William  Orpen took
first prize with his painting entitled "A Portrait of the Artist," which now
is one of the valued possessions of the Institute.
In the next four exhibitions the "One-Man Gallery" was held successively by J. Alden Weir, John Lavery, Lucien Simon and Paul Dougherty.
In each of these exhibitions the European representation was notably strong,
but it remained for the Eighteenth to take on the most international aspect.
Out of the total of 344 works, I79 were foreign, representing I3 European
countries. All of the European paintings from this exhibition were on the
high seas when the war broke out in August, I9I4.
In view of the art exhibition at San Francisco as a part of the PanamaPacific Exposition, the Fine Arts Committee decided to omit an International
in I9I5. It was suspended because of the war until I920.
It is a difficult and very problematic task to estimate the result of the
Carnegie Institute Internationals. The value of such art exhibitions-broad
in scope and catholic in taste-is readily admitted. They have offered a
splendid educational vista and an opportunity for comparative standards. The
732ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
Internationals through an evenly marked out and tenaciously adhered to
course of 34 years must have left some very definite marks on American Art.
For one thing the Internationals have established reciprocal relations between American and European painters from which only beneficent results
can have accrued. When the International was established, it is not too
much to say that American Art was not adequately estimated or fairly appreciated by the public in America. The impression prevailed, especially
among purchasers of paintings, that the works of European artists were,
by virtue of the superior educational advantages enjoyed by their authors,
more important artistically than those produced by American painters. The
placing, side by side, year after year, of the best current American and
European paintings has stimulated American production so that now instead
of merely aping European art it has achieved certain qualities of its own,
which many hold to be superior to those found in Europe. The exhibitions
have contained, with few exceptions, the names of the great contemporaneous
painters. The first catalogue in I896 contained the names, for instance, of
Thayer, Aman-Jean, Twachtman and Monet, Weir and Orchardson, Duveneck and Degas, La Farge and Puvis de Chavannes, Whistler and Besnard.
The Twenty-first contained the names of Hassam, Menard, Dewing, Orpen,
Tarbell, Le Sidaner, Zuloaga, John, Dauchez, Melchers, Brush, Valentine
de Zubiaurre, Brangwyn, Henri Martin, Beaux, Woodbury and Hornel.
Of the pioneer work of Carnegie Institute in introducing to America outstanding figures in European art, Christian Brinton wrote, "It must never
be forgotten that Pittsburgh enjoys the distinction of having introduced
Segantini to America, that it was the first organization to extend welcome
to Cottet, Blanche, Menard, Simon and many others of the Societe Nouvelle,
that the Englishmen Shannon and Nicholson, the Irishmen Lavery and Orpen,
the Glasgow School, and the modern Germans, Scandinavians, and Russians
each found their first regular transatlantic representation on the same walls."
The Twenty-ninth International Exhibition which opened on October I6,
I930, maintained the prestige of this Pittsburgh institution as the most thoroughly representative exhibit of contemporary art anywhere presented. On
the International Jury for this year was the famous French artist Matisse, and
so eminent a critic as Royal Cortissoz of New York, while frankly
avowing his dislike for existing trends in painting, was ungrudging in his
praise of the exhibition for the very reason that those trends were so impartially and fearlessly indicated. The "Portrait of Mme. Picasso" by Pablo
Picasso, the Spanish artist, was awarded the first prize and a gold medal.
An interior by Alexander Brook was awarded the second prize and also the
Albert C. Lehman special prize of $2,ooo in addition to purchase by Mr. Lehman. The third prize went to a still life by the French artist Carl Dufresne.
733PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The first honorable mention was awarded to Henry McFee for a still life, and
furthermore received the prize of $300 which the Garden Club of Allegheny
County offers each year for the best painting of flowers in the exhibition.
Among other painters receiving honorable mention were the Italian Giuseppe
Montonari, the American Niles Spencer, and the Russian Maurice Stern.
Pittsburgh Painters. Miss Penelope Redd, in an article published by
Art and Archaeology, Washington, D. C., in 1922, remarked:
Pittsburgh has, perhaps, the most elusive art history of any city in
America. As a village dominating an important highway-the Ohio
River-it was inevitably visited and noted by early travelers. Several of
these travelers have recorded its infancy of wooded hills and simple
shelters.
The earliest view of Pittsburgh known is that made by Lewis Brandt
in I790. Brandt selected the view from the South Side of the Monongahela River, taking that part of the city near the Point with Grant's
Hill in the background.  One local collection includes a painting of
Fort Duquesne by Russell Smith, painted-expressly for Godeys Magazine; another early one of Pittsburgh and Allegheny by B. F. Smith, Jr.,
was engraved for the Ladies' Repository.
Chester Harding, a recently re-discovered painter of the early nineteenth century, began his career as a portrait painter in Pittsburgh.
Among his portraits is one painted in I833 of the Honorable Harmar
Denny, a distinguished lawyer of Pittsburgh and high-minded gentleman
of the old school.  Mr. Harding remained in Pittsburgh for a while
and then traveled south through the wilderness to Kentucky. Strange
as it may seem, this itinerant painter and pioneer went to England where
he became the mode and painted many in England's polite world. He
was the forerunner and symbol of the quality of high adventure that
has characterized art in Pittsburgh.
Miss Redd suggests that Pittsburgh, in common with other of the older
cities of America, was aesthetically innocent.  Boston, as always the conscious leader of culture, had a more or less Anglican tradition of portrait
painting and then, as now, exchanged painters with Philadelphia. Pittsburgh,
in turn, received the attention of Philadelphia painters. They probably wanted
to have a look at the provinces and at the same time turn an honest dollar.
The honest dollars usually poured in from portraits since art was closely allied
to the immediate demand in those early days.
One contemporary of his writes that Sully came out to Pittsburgh to
paint. At any rate, there are a dozen or more family portraits in the city
done by him. Among others, Sully painted the portraits of Mr. and Mrs.
John H. Shoenberger. Mr. Shoenberger was one of the first ironmasters in
734ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
the city and made a collection of paintings which was a stimulus to the early
Pittsburgh painters.
J. C. Darley, one of the leading painters of Pittsburgh, originally came
from Philadelphia and was related to Sully by marriage. Darley shared
honors with J. R. Lambdin, who painted the municipal celebrities of the
period-prominent merchants and jurists. Lambdin painted the portrait of
Mrs. William Croghan, the daughter of General James O'Hara and the mother
of Mrs. Mary Schenley, who donated most of the land to the city for Schenley Park. Lambdin also made a portrait of Benjamin Darlington which is
now owned by his granddaughter, Mary O'Hara Darlington, who has been
a student of painting herself. These men continued to be the popular painters
through Civil War times and were more or less succeeded in their fields by
A. L. Dalbey.
During the Civil War the good women of Pittsburgh extended the hospitality of the city to the large number of soldiers that passed through, to or
from the battlefields. Money was needed to carry on this work and in June,
I864, the Western Pennsylvania Sanitary Fair was opened. As a part of
this fair, the first formally organized art exhibition in this district was held
in the council chamber of City Hall in the City of Allegheny.
One of the influences stirring art interest in Pittsburgh was the opening
of J. J. Gillespie's art gallery in I832. Mr. Gillespie went abroad for paintings and it is said he was the first person to bring original foreign paintings
west of the Allegheny Mountains. Indeed, the Gillespie gallery was the
rendezvous for all the artists. An enthusiastic group of young men met
there each day at noon: Alfred S. Wall, Joseph R. Woodwell, David Blythe,
George Hetzel, Charles Linford, Jasper Lawman, and others. Pittsburgh,
like other American cities, now included some landscape men among its
painters. Alfred S. Wall and Joseph R. Woodwell had great influence on
art and art interest in Pittsburgh over a long period of years and ended their
days of missionary effort as members of the original Board of Trustees of
Carnegie Institute, when the various volunteer interests were strengthened
by the organization of an official art body. Miss Redd in her study continues:
In tracing back older days in Pittsburgh, it is discouraging to find
how much has been forgotten. For example, no accurate data could be
found on David Blythe.  Fortunately, his paintings are about in the
homes of older families. He appears to have been a painter more or less
Hogarthian in choice of subject, painting an amusing type of genre, good
in color and drawing. Trevor McClurg did a locally famous painting
called "The Pioneer's Defense."  Clarence M. John's forte was transferring to canvas the animal kingdom, his horses being especially fine.
735PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Jasper Lawman painted portraits including an early one of Andrew
Carnegie. Charles Linford, it is said, was particularly interested in
painting beech trees and was distinguished in the city's art life as
a person of rare charm.
Alfred S. Wall and Joseph R. Woodwell, however, were the dominant members of the group and were constructive in their effort to help
their fellow painters. Mr. Woodwell spent seven years in study abroad
and was closely associated with the impressionist group, particularly Pissarro. He knew these men when their works were hardly known beyond
Paris. In Mr. Woodwell, Pittsburgh again had direct contact, as in
earlier times, with the more intense art life of Europe. Although Mr.
Woodwell engaged in business upon his return to Pittsburgh, he found
some time to paint every day.
Mr. A. S, Wall's experience is described as being quite different. His
family came from Oxford, England, and settled in Mt. Pleasant, where
he was born in I825. Mr. Wall early determined to be a painter and came
to Pittsburgh to achieve his ambition. His contemporaries characterized him
as a man of deep thought who stimulated those about him. He had never
been abroad and yet he found out, quite alone, a method of painting so akin
in quality to that of the Barbizon men that John Alexander deemed him
worthy of their company. Mr. Wall and Mr. Woodwell formed a camaraderie of art in Pittsburgh in the'seventies and'eighties that has since been
lost in the rapid growth of the city. The group made up sketching parties
each year and went to Scalp Level, a village in the Allegheny Mountains.
Both Mr. Woodwell and Mr. Wall had children who are devoted to painting. While Mr. Wall's daughter, Miss Bessie Wall, is exceptionally gifted,
she paints only for her own enjoyment. His son, A. Bryan Wall, however,
has been absorbed in painting all his life and met with an early and continued
success. He is represented in many private collections in Pittsburgh and in
Philadelphia. Mr. Wall has been a member of the Fine Arts Committee
of Carnegie Institute since I896.
Mrs. Johanna K. W. Hailman, the daughter of Joseph R. Woodwell, has
shown a true desire and love for painting. She has painted since childhood.
She had superior advantages in her association with her father and she made
good use of her opportunity. She has essayed marines, landscapes, garden
and flower paintings and portraits which have been exhibited extensively.
She has achieved prestige on her own merits as one of America's best
women painters.
A number of the generation younger than Mr. Wall and Mr. Woodwell
went to Germany to study. Martin Leisser and A. M. Foerster were of this
group. Mr. Leisser was in the same class as Frank Duveneck under Pro736ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
fessor Dietz in Munich. Another Pittsburgh man to study in Germany,
which was then considered the only place to study, was John W. Beatty.
Mr. Beatty was associated on his return with the Pittsburgh School of Design.
He entered the exhibition field through securing the local management of the
Verestchagin exhibition and was ultimately selected Director of the Department of Fine Arts on the founding of the Carnegie Institute. From that time
on Mr. Beatty devoted the major part of his time to his executive duties.
John W. Alexander was likewise among the first from Pittsburgh to go
abroad to study. The position he attained in American art is too well known
to need accounting. The principal decorations he made are in the Carnegie
Institute and his wife's interpretation of them has already been quoted in
this chapter. Three of Mr. Alexander's paintings are at present in the collection of the Carnegie Institute while the various, private collections in which
Pittsburgh abounds have examples of  his work...Charles Stanley Reinhart, with whom John Alexander was associated as
a student in Germany and later on the staff of Harper's, also became successful as an artist. Although Mr. Reinhart is represented in the Carnegie Institute collection by a painting, "Awaiting the Absent," he remained primarily an
illustrator and was;one of the men to build up a popular school of American
illustration.
Pittsburgh had many painters, who like its first resident portrait painter,
Chester Harding, became successful abroad and did not return to the city.
Mary Cassatt, who is designated the "best" woman painter, was born in
Pittsburgh.
Another local woman who left the city and accomplished her work elsewhere was Mary Rogers. Miss Rogers' work was not known during her
life beyond a limited circle, She studied abroad where she became interested
in the work of the modernists when they were beginning to make group exhibitions. She worked against desperate odds and within the last two years of
her life accomplished a remarkable amount of work. The public was not
aware that she had lived until her memorial exhibition at the I92I exhibition
of the Society of Independent Artists in New York, six months after her
death. Her ability as a water-color painter has been favorably commented
upon by critics and since that time her work has received official recognition
throughout the country.
Other Pittsburgh painters noticed by Miss Redd, who is a member of the
staff of Carnegie Institute, are the following:
Henry Ossawa Tanner, a painter alien to the age. Mr. Tanner was the
son of Benjamin Tanner, an African Methodist Episcopal bishop. One of
his.kin stated that the mystic quality of his paintings is characteristic of the
man. He succeeded in depicting Biblical events in a, truly aesthetic. manner.
While he lived for years in Paris, Pittsburghers have had opportunity to. see
737PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
one or more of his works each year at the International. He is represented
in the permanent collection at Carnegie Institute, at the Art Institute of
Chicago, in the Luxembourg, and in many other public galleries. Another
painter imbued with a religious feeling in painting, Augustus V. Tack, was
also born in Pittsburgh. His paintings are of the spirit rather than of the
history of religion. They suggest the poignant elements of the great Christian drama without the commonplace irrelevancies that frequently disturb
one in the Old Masters.
Will H. Singer, who now lives in Norway where he finds subjects to his
liking, is a member of a family prominent in the development of the city.
William S. Coffin, who is also devoted to the lyric landscape in art, came
from Pittsburgh. He frequently paints in the Allegheny Mountains not far
from the village of Scalp Level. Charles Rosen is also a landscape painter
who has sought more pastoral surroundings than Pittsburgh and is now
painting in the Delaware River valley group which represents American landscape painting at its best.
Ernest Blumenschein left Pittsburgh about the time it began to grow
from a leisurely town to a city of polyglot population humming with big
industry. He was not interested in the quiet beauty of the Pennsylvania
landscape but traveled hither and yon, finally settling in Taos, New Mexico,
where he found Indians untouched by civilization. He was one of the
first to see the American Indian as other than an ethnological or historical
specimen and to make'him decorative'and symbolical.
Hugh Breckenridge, originally from Pittsburgh, is now in the ranks of
the more modern painters and spends his time in the East. Leopold Seyffert
is also from Pittsburgh and has painted a number of portraits here. Howard
Hildebrandt is another Pittsburgher who frequently returns to the city. He
has "made a gallery of distinguished citizens in this district."  Raymond
Holland, who had unusual advantages for study and travel, is now resident
in Darien, Connecticut. He has a "delightful form of decorative narrative
that goes well with the tradition of Alexander and Singer."'
Notable Private Collections in Pittsburgh.-Pittsburgh is the home of
some of the most notable private collections in America. Even as early as
I879 the catalogue of the General Loan Exhibition, organized to aid the old
Pittsburgh Library, proved that the city's successful men of affairs had
enough love of the beautiful to make them ambitious to have specimens of the
masters of painting in their homes, and again at the Loan Exhibition of I89o
there was striking evidence in the same direction. One of the largest private
collections of a generation which has passed was that of John H. Schoenberger,
the steel manufacturer, who had a gallery in his residence on Penn Avenue.
The residence has since become the home of the Pittsburgh Club. John
Caldwell, close business associate of George Westinghouse, and first chair738ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
man of the Fine Arts Committee of the Carnegie Institute, owned some of
the most celebrated paintings outside of public galleries at that time. David
T. Watson, the leader of the Pittsburgh bar who won the Canadian boundary
dispute for the United States, had a collection which included fine specimens not only of such old masters as Van Dyke, Murillo, Reynolds, and
Gainsborough, but great modern masters such as Tyron, Monet, Rousseau,
Diaz, and Corot. Many of Mr. Watson's paintings passed at his death into
the collection of Richard B. Mellon, who, like his brother Andrew W. Mellon,
Secretary of the United States Treasury, is a discriminating collector of
examples of the work of masters, both ancient and modern. Will J. Hyatt, in
the Pittsburgh symposium published by the national magazine, Art and
Archaeology, gave the opinion of an impartial outsider when he declared
that the collection of the late A. M. Byers, steel manufacturer, was probably
the most important in Pittsburgh at that time (1922). The Byers Collection
contained splendid examples of the English, French, Barbizon, Spanish and
early Dutch schools. The late Henry Kirk Porter had a notable collection,
as did Colonel J. M. Schoonmaker, Charles Donnelly, Herbert DuPuy and
William Nimick Frew. The Lockhart family possesses many valuable paintings, as do Mrs. B. F. Jones, Jr., F. F. Nicola, Mrs. Henry R. Rea, John
L. Porter, the Laughlin family, the family of the late Willis McCook, W. S.
Stimmel (who has bought some of the finest medal winners in the various
Internationals) and Emil Winter.*
Music.-The fact that the widely known Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, of which first Victor Herbert and then the no less celebrated Emil Paur
were for many years the conductors, was abandoned after I5 years of existence, has sometimes been cited in disparagement of musical development of
the community.  The Pittsburgh  Symphony Orchestra was as liberally
patronized as other symphony orchestras have been in other cities, and if the
permanent endowments which have had to be secured even in such large
cities as New York, Chicago and Boston had been resorted to here, the orchestra to which the names of Herbert and Paur lent so much distinction would
doubtless be in existence to-day.
As it is, the series of concerts which a half dozen orchestras from other
cities give each year in Syria Mosque and which enable the symphony-loving
public of Pittsburgh to enjoy a greater variety of symphonic performance
than is possible in a city relying entirely on its own organization, have been
*The musical life of Pittsburgh has been greatly enriched during the past twenty
years by the work of Dr. Charles Heinroth, Director of Music at Carnegie Institute.
Besides giving courses of educational lectures, illustrated at both piano and organ, Dr.
Heinroth gives every Saturday evening and Sunday afternoon programs of the highest
order on the magnificent organ of Carnegie Institute. These masterly recitals are free to
the public and are very largely attended.
739ANDREW CARNEGIE
H. C. FRICK740    PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
supplemented during the last five years by a season of Sunday evening
symphony concerts in the Mosque given by the newly organized successor of
the old symphony orchestra. The new symphony organization, which has an
excellent personnel, plays invariably to "capacity" audiences and there appears to be little doubt that this manifest popular appreciation will not only
put the organization upon a permanent basis but will result in doubling or
even trebling the number of concerts given each season. An editorial in the
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette of November I, I93o, commented upon this sterling
organization (supported entirely by membership dues of members of the
Pittsburgh Symphony Society with no endowment or assessments or rich
guarantors as in most other cities), as follows:
It has well been said that the Pittsburgh Symphony Society itself is
one of the most important musical achievements of the community. It
represents the spirit that years ago brought glory to Pittsburgh through
its own symphony orchestra and which has kept alive the hope that that
distinction may eventually return in full. The response to the appeal of
the society on its formation five years ago showed the faithfulness of
that sentiment and the steady gain in membership ever since has shown'
its basic strength.
Concerts of genuine merit, constituting, of course, the object of the
society, are naturally the chief explanation of the advancement of the
organization in public favor. The performances, in Syria Mosque, are
given on Sunday evenings in view of the fact that the Pittsburgh musicians who comprise the orchestra play in the theaters and hotels during
the week. The work of building an orchestra is both cultural and civic
in its significance. Important as are the educational and artistic values,
the civic value of such an orchestra is held by many to be even greater.
The number of concerts to be given this coming season, starting
November 9, is a further evidence of the advancement of the cause. At
first there was but one, next there were two, then three, then four each
for two seasons. Now provision has been made for five. A great cosmopolitan center like Pittsburgh should support more, but there is substantial encouragement in the progress being made toward re-establishment of an orchestra for the city. The society finances itself by enrolling
members in several classes; even so it would never be able to defray the
expenses of the concerts if it were not for the contributors who give
from $Ioo to $I,ooo. This year three individuals have given $I,ooo each.
With a cause that commends itself, a splendid opportunity is presented for some civic-minded citizen of wealth or a group of such
individuals to endow an orchestra so that many more concerts may be
74oART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN- PITTSBURGH
presented to the public and greater attention be given at the same time
to symphonic development.
The quality of the concerts has been generally praised.  The organization brings artists and guest conductors of renown. This should cause
all the music lovers of the city to give their support to the society through
joining and helping to maintain it.
Pittsburgh abounds in male choirs, more than one of which has a national
reputation. The Mendelssohn Choir, the Apollo Club, the Pittsburgh Male
Chorus, and the church chorus headed by Father Rossini, all give concerts
in which highly skilled training is manifest.
Another Pittsburgh musical organization which has few if any rivals in
the country is the Tuesday Musical Club. This club has over i,2oo members
and is said to be the largest of its kind in America. Its active membership is
composed of women who have reached a certain prescribed musical attainment, while the-associate membership is made up of hundreds of women who,
although not educated musically to so high a degree, are in thorough sympathy
with the educational activities of the organization. These embrace not merely
the programs performed at the Club's meetings but extension work carried on
by the Club in schools and other institutions. In I928 the Tuesday Musical
Club initiated a fund with which to erect -a permanent memorial to Stephen
C. Foster on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh near the beautiful
Cathedral of Learning. The memorial will take the form of a building containing a small auditorium, assembly rooms, classrooms for students, musical
library, etc. It is proposed to raise $5oo00,000ooo, and inasmuch as Foster's immortal folk-songs are a national heritage, musical organizations in all parts
of the country have endorsed the project and many of'them have made contributions. This will be the second memorial to Foster in his native city.
The other is maintained at the old Foster homestead.
The Tuesday Musical Club was organized more than 40 years ago by a
group of prominent women which included Mrs. Christian I. McKee, Mrs.
Christopher Lyman Magee, Miss Kate McKnight, and Miss Julia Morgan
Harding. During its earlier years it met at the homes of the members, but
as the membership enlarged this -'practice was necessarily abandoned.  The
scope of the Club has been extended with the larger membership. It is now
an important educational agency. To Mrs. Will Earhart, wife of the very
capable Superintendent of Musical Instruction in the Pittsburgh Public
Schools, belongs the credit of having suggested the Stephen C. Foster Memorial. In addition to the charter members of the Club already mentioned
were Miss Ann S. Phillips, Mrs. James Galey, Mrs. O. D. Thompson, Mrs.
John A. Harper, Mrs. William Scott, Mrs. Frank Nimick, Mrs. John Oakley,
Miss Elizabeth Webster, the Misses Frances and Emilie McCreery, and Mrs.
74IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Alexander McCague. The officers of the Club in I930-3I were: President,
Mrs. Arthur B. Siviter; First Vice-President, Mrs. A. M. Dudley; Second
Vice-President, Mrs. Charles N. Boyd; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Henrietta
M. Bodycombe; Federation Secretary, Mrs. J. Smith Christy; Treasurer,
Mrs. Lewis E. Husemen; and the following Directors: Mrs. Charles H.
Barnard, Miss Jessie M. Harper, Mrs. Marie Crawford Pease, Mrs. H. Talbot Peterson, Mrs. Charles Heinroth, Mrs. Edwin Ruud, Mrs. A. W. Sherrill, and Mrs. Lucille M. Werner. Mrs. Sidney A. Chalfant is Chairman of
the Stephen C. Foster Memorial Committee, with Mrs. Taylor Allderdice,
Mrs. Will Earhart and Mrs. Joseph W. Marsh as Vice-Chairmen.
Stephen Collins Foster was born in Pittsburgh on July 4, I826, the 5oth
anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. His father,
William Barclay Foster, came to Pittsburgh in I795 from Berkeley County,
Virginia, and later married Eliza Clayland Tomlinson, a daughter of families
prominent in Delaware and Maryland.
It was in what was known as "The White Cottage" in Pittsburgh that
Stephen C. Foster was born. His first school was the Allegheny Academy,
located on the North Side of Pittsburgh. Subsequently he was a student at
Athens Academy, near Towanda, Pa., and at Jefferson College, Canonsburg,
Pa., now Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa.
From a babe he was fond of music. An older brother has left behind
the statement that at two years of age his favorite toy was his sister's guitar.
When seven years old he picked up a flageolet in a Pittsburgh music store.
He had never seen such an instrument but in a few minutes he mastered it
and played "Hail Columbia." That led him to the flute and from that he
passed to the piano and real study.
The works of Mozart, Beethoven and Weber attracted him chiefly, and it
is to his study of these masters that the world is indebted for the Foster
melodies. His first composition, "The Tioga Waltz," was written when a
student of 13 years for a school commencement at Athens. At I6 years he
wrote his first published song, "Open Thy Lattice, Love." Then followed
the songs that are known all over the world.
In i85o he married Jane Denny McDowell, a daughter of Dr. Andrew N.
McDowell, a leading physician of Pittsburgh. When he died in New York
on January I3, I864, he left one daughter, Marion, who became the wife of
Walter Welsh. "The White Cottage," where he was born, was purchased
by James H. Park and presented by him to the City of Pittsburgh. It has
been made a Foster shrine, and there his daughter, Mrs. Welsh, lives, while
but a short distance away in the beautiful Allegheny Cemetery the singer of
the people rests in his last long sleep.
Following is a list of some of the best-beloved compositions of Foster:
"Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming"; "My Old Kentucky Home'"; "Old
742PITTSBURGH IN 1760
BIRTHPLACE OF STEPHEN C. FOSTER IN PENN
AVENUE, PITTSBURGHART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
Folks At Home"; "Oh, Susanna"; "Beautiful Dreamer"; "Massa's In De
Cold, Cold Ground"; "Old Dog Tray"; "Old Black Joe"; "Uncle Ned";
"Gwine to Run All Night."
Ethelbert W. Nevin, the Pittsburgh composer whose star is only less lustrous than that of Foster in the musical firmament, belonged to the Nevin
family which was long prominent in the Pittsburgh newspaper field, owning
and controlling the Pittsburgh Leader, a daily paper, for two generations.
He was born in the beautiful suburb of Edgeworth on November 25, I862,
and died at the early age of 38 on February I7, I9OI. The greater part of
his musical education was secured in Pittsburgh, although he studied for
three years in Berlin, Germany. He wrote original compositions as early as
his I3th year. He was a brilliant performer on the piano but had a decided
repugnance to public appearances, and it was accordingly as a composer and
not as a pianist that he was known during his all too brief career. His home
was in Pittsburgh except during an interval in which he maintained a studio
in Boston. "Narcissus," which is at least as famous as his later masterpiece
"The Rosary," was written in Pittsburgh in his I3th year. He wrote "0,
That We Two Were Maying" when he was I4. His "Cradle Song," his
"Milk Maid's Song," the perennially popular "A Day in Venice," have a
quality which it is safe to say assures them a permanent place in concert
programs.
The third in Pittsburgh's galaxy of famous composers of music is Charles
Wakefield Cadman, whose "Land of the Skyblue Water" has been universally acclaimed as a gem of the purest ray serene, deserving immortality.
Cadman was born in Johnstown, Pa., the son of William C. and Caroline
Wakefield Cadman, who removed to Pittsburgh when he was a child. In
Pittsburgh he studied harmony with Leo Oehmler, organ playing with W. K.
Steiner, and orchestration with Luigi Von Kunits, the latter being at that
time concertmeister of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Cadman was
for a number of years organist in Pittsburgh churches, accompanist for the
Pittsburgh Male Chorus, and music critic of the Pittsburgh Dispatch. His
first published compositions were organ pieces and ballads. These appeared
when he was 23 years old. It was two or three years after this that he became
interested in Indian music and published his first Indian songs. Aspiring
young composers will be comforted by the knowledge that beautiful as Cadman's Indian melodies were they were repeatedly rejected by publishers before
finding acceptance. He lived for some time on an Indian reservation for the
purpose of securing phonographic records of the Indian songs. His home in
recent years has been in Hollywood, Cal. Beside his Indian songs, his numerous piano compositions, and a cantata for male voices entitled "The Vision
of Sir Launfal," he has written three operas. Two scenes from his grand
743PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
opera "Shanewis" were produced at the Metropolitan Opera House of New
York in I918 and again in I9I9.
Victor Herbert will always be partly claimed by Pittsburgh for the
reason that it was in this city that he spent six of the happiest years of his
life, during which a number of the most popular of his operas were written.
The warm rich genius of Herbert finds a widening circle of admirers every
year. While he won enthusiastic acclamation during his lifetime, the years
that have passed since his death have unquestionably extended his fame as
well as strengthened the conviction that the work which he did will endure.
Born in Dublin, Ireland, educated musically in Germany, deservedly esteemed
as solo cellist and concertmeister in leading orchestras, it was to Pittsburgh
that he owed his recognition as one of the most virile and gifted of orchestra
conductors. He was conductor of a regimental band in New York, when the
Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Association invited him to assume the leadership of the Pittsburgh orchestra in i898. He removed to Pittsburgh in that
year, remaining until I904. These were eventful years for Herbert in more
than one sense. They established his fame as ani orchestra conductor in the
first place, and they secured him leisure and opportunity for his predestined
work as a composer in the second place. How splendidly he took advantage of
the opportunity the whole'' world knows.
Dramatic Art.-One of the most remarkable phenomena in the cultural
life of Pittsburgh during the present generation is the interest in amateur
theatricals. This may have had its origin in the School of Drama of the
College of Liberal Arts of Carnegie Tech. In that school dramatic instructors of national repute such as Mr. Stevens, Chester Wallace, and others, have
had notable success in student productions.
The beautiful Little Theater possessed by Carnegie Tech has had inspiration as well as practical value. Music, costumes, scenery'and all other accessories are the work of the students;themselves. Year after year there have
been coming from this school young men and women actors who have instantly won enviable places for themselves on the professional stage. Meanwhile, in high schools, churches, and elsewhere throughout Pittsburgh there
have been springing up amateur dramatic organizations which have needed
only a reasonable amount of competent professional guidance to fit them to
present modern plays in a manner frequently rivaling and sometimes excelling the productions in commercial theaters.
The best supported of all the amateur organizations is the large and
fashionably sponsored Stage and Play Society, but there are a score of amateur organizations which are earnestly interested in amateur dramatics and
have given a good account of themselves in national competitions.
The Pittsburgh center of the Drama League of America publishes a
744ART AND MUSICAL LIFE IN PITTSBURGH
weekly bulletin of dramatic news and criticism, the cost of which is generously
paid by Edgar J. Kaufmann.
In I929 a group of enthusiasts launched the Little Theater Movement in
Watson Street and is founding there a colony of much promise. In the same
year a handsome and well equipped theater for amateur dramatics was
dedicated by the Irene Kaufmann Settlement in Center Avenue. This theater,
like the theater of Carnegie Tech, is probably unsurpassed in America by any
theater built and devoted entirely to amateur dramatic production. It will
perhaps not be out of place to note that 40 years ago the present Stage and
Play Society of Pittsburgh had its noted precursor in the Tuesday Night
Club, a very exclusive social organization which gave amateur performances
for many years in the Pittsburgh Club theater.
The officers of the Stage and Play Society, which in the fall of I930 had
given a total of nearly 6o performances, were at that time as follows: President, Carroll Fitzhugh; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. J. H. K. Burgwin, Harold
Geoghegan, Mrs. Vermorcken; Secretary and Treasurer, Fielder Clarke; Assistant Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Wilmer M. Jacoby; and the following
Directors: C. F. C. Arensberg, Mrs. George P. Bassett, Jr., Mrs. George C.
Burgwin, James P. Cassidy, Miss Eleanor T. Grier, Mrs. Thomas J. Hilliard, Mrs. Edward J. House, James W. MacFarlane, Mrs. H. Allen McChesney, Miss Madeleine McClintock, Mrs. William S. Moorhead, Mrs. George
S. Oliver, Mrs. Joseph M. Scribner, Chester M. Wallace and Mrs. C. B.
Watkins.
The officers of the Drama League of Pittsburgh in the year I930-31 are
as follows: Honorary President, Elmer Kenyon of the New York Theater
Guild; President, Mrs. Frank R. Wheeler, Schenley Apartments; VicePresident, Miss Elizabeth Howe of the Allegheny High School; Membership Secretary, Miss Helen St. Peter, 245 N. Dithridge Street; Treasurer, J.
Benedict, 6556 Darlington Road; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Albert Pettit, 5734 Forbes Street; Directors: Mrs. Lane Thompson, 2922 Mattern
Avenue; Miss Vanda E. Kerst, Pennsylvania College for Women; Miss Cecil
H. Dean, 219 Gladstone Road; Mrs. Philip H. Rinehart, 225 Melwood
Street; Mrs. Thomas C. Clifford, 7145 Thomas Boulevard; Chester B. Story,
Schenley High School; Carroll H. Fitzhugh, 807 Ridge Avenue, N. S.; Vincent B. Griffin, 333 N. Craig Street; Ray E. Hurd, 8o6 South Aiken Avenue.
745CHAPTER XX
THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGHCHAPTER XX
THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh Probably the Best Churched Large City in America, Containing
a Church for Every One Thousand People-Evangelical Lutherans the
First Denomination to Organize Here in I782, Building the First Church
in Pittsburgh in I787-Presbyterians Begin Preaching at Fort Pitt a
Few Days After Fall of Fort Duquesne and Build a Log Church in I787
-Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church Organized in I787-Catholic
Missionaries First to Arrive, But First Resident Priest Does Not
Come Until I8o8 and First R. C. Church Built I8II-Methodist Episcopal Denomination Organizes First Circuit in the Pittsburgh Region in
I788-Baptist Church History Begins Here in i8I2-Brief Historical
Sketches of Churches of All Denominations Established in Pittsburgh
From 1782 to I88o-Jewish Public Worship Not Recorded During First
Fifty Years of City's History-List of Existing Churches of All Religious Classifications.
The religious life of Pittsburgh began with the establishment of regular
places of public worship when the community was no more than a small
fortified hamlet in the midst of an unbroken wilderness, and it has persisted
in a manner never failing to challenge the interest and comment of the casual
sojourner as well as of serious observers. While no unqualified statement on
this subject is possible, it seems probable that Pittsburgh is the best churched
large city in the United States. In I930 a church census revealed 56I
churches of all denominations in the slightly more than 50 square miles comprised within the city limits, while between 1,3o00 and 1,400 were reported in
Allegheny County. As the Federal Census of 1930 reported the population
of the county at somewhat less than i,400,00oo, it is apparent that Allegheny
County, which is approximately the Greater Pittsburgh, contains a church
for every I,ooo people, infant population included. There may be small communities which equal or surpass this proportion of churches to the total
population, but it is extraordinarily large for a community with more than
I,00ooo,ooo - inhabitants.
The following paragraph from an earlier history of Pittsburgh will bear
repetition:
The West was, or rather had to be made, comparatively safe for
churches and public worship before they became numerous and stable
749PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
elements of the frontier civilization. At no time was there an utter
absence of worship of some description, but frequently between I753
and I770 there was an utter absence of ministers of the Gospel. This
void, despite composition and denominational trend of the community,
caused no serious inconvenience nor much complaint because of the fact
that the settlers in those days were engrossed by their responsibilities to
their bodies rather than by those to their souls. It must be understood
that within a period of twenty-three years the site of Pittsburgh was
discovered, the first settlement made, the first occupants dispossessed and
driven away, and foundations firmly laid for a community which was
soon to become one of the most important assets of the brand-new
United States. Pontiac's conspiracy, Indian atrocities, the pernicious
intrigue of Dunmore and Connolly, and other trials followed in bewilderingly brief intervals until the ending of the Revolutionary War delivered the Great West into the hands of the young republic of which it
has been a part ever since. Religious denominations cannot keep pace
with such sudden and severe changes even today. In the rough environment of the frontier era it was still more impossible, and nevertheless
Pittsburgh has been the center of a great religious community and a
singularly robust religious life from its germinal period until the
present day.
In an address in the "Pittsburgh and.the Pittsburgh Spirit" series at the
Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I927, the Rev. Dr. Samuel B. McCormick, former chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh, made the following
statement:
Pittsburgh is the only city I have known whose men of affairs are
universally connected with the church either as communicants or as supporters. There are practically no exceptions to this rule either at the
present time or in the past.
In a city so pronouncedly devoted to church building as Pittsburgh, it
goes almost without saying that there are bound to be many particularly fine
church edifices. Among the more costly and beautifully designed are Calvary Protestant Episcopal, the First Baptist, St. Paul's (R. C.) Cathedral,
Sacred Heart (R. C.) Church, First Presbyterian, Trinity Cathedral (P. E.),
Highland Avenue Christian Church. In the spring of I930 the East Liberty
Presbyterian congregation accepted an offer of Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Mellon
to build for the congregation a new church to cost not less than $3,ooo,ooo.
Plans for this structure, which will be the costliest church building in the city,
are being prepared by Ralph Adams Cram, America's foremost Gothic architect. The site at Penn and Highland Avenues, East End, is an entire city
block. The church will honor the memory of Mr. Mellon's grandparents,
75oTHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
75I
Jacob and Barbara Winebiddle Negley, who gave the congregation the land
on which its first church was built in I8I9.
In the following brief accounts of the establishment of the various religious denominations in Pittsburgh, the order is determined by the priority
of the establishment of permanent congregations:
The Lutheran Church.-All of the available records of the early churches
of Pittsburgh indicate that the first congregation of any denomination established here was the German Evangelical Protestant Church, which was organized in 1782 by Rev. John William Weber, a minister sent to Pittsburgh
by the German Reformed Synod in session at Reading, Pa., in compliance
with a request made by members of that denomination. Previous to that
time, however, Rev. John Conrad Bucher, "a young captain of Pennsylvania
Foot" and a licensed pastor of the German Reformed Church, came to Pittsburgh and preached to the Germans in this district. He also held services at
Redstone Old Fort (Brownsville) and other outposts of Fort Pitt.
The first congregation was organized with the following members: William Diehl, Jacob Weitzel, Conrad Winbeautler, Wilhelm Wusthoff, Johannes Small, Jacob Weitz, Philip Franz, Reinhard Andes, Johannes Wolf,
Sr., Christian Wyant, Hendrick Woolry, Dietrich Zweizig, Johann Metzger,
Nicholas Bausman, Jacob Wyant, Johann Rothermel, Heinrich Neumann,
George Lichtenberger, Alex Negley, Johann Trumbo, Daniel Reischer, Jacob
Mayers, John Fischer, Samuel Ewalt, John Bausman, Michael Stein, Jacob
Miller, Heinrich Scheffer, Gottlieb Hubler, Jacob Jones, Frederick Reischer,
Augustine Liebhard, Stephen Durstley, Christian Reneymann, Christian
Maure, Wilhelm Worltein, Jacob and Johannes Grub, Jacob Bausman and
Jacob Haymacher. The first pastor was the Rev. Mr. Weber.
About the same time the Protestant Reformed Church had a small organization here, and Mr. Weber ministered to both groups.
Five years after the coming of Mr. Weber, the German Evangelical
Protestant Church was granted by "John Penn, Junior, and John Penn of the
City of Philadelphia, Esquires, late proprietors of Pennsylvania, for a nominal consideration of five shillings current, lawful current money of Pennsylvania," two and one-half lots bounded by Smithfield Street, Sixth Avenue,
Miltenberger and Strawberry Alleys. At that time services were held in a
log building at the corner of Wood and Diamond Streets, which was erected
about I79I, and in I794 a log church was built on the Penn Grant. The cost
of the first meeting house was ~68 I6s. I9y2d. Contributors to the building
and erection fund were pioneers of prominence of their day-James O'Hara,
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Major Isaac Craig, William Semple and John
McKee.
The Lutherans and the Reformed members alternated in occupancy of the
church; internal dissension resulted despite the fraternity of their pioneerPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
efforts. The retirement of Mr. WVeber as pastor seemed to precipitate the
division, and in i8o6 two sets of officers were elected by respective congregations-Peter William Eichbaum and Henry Bollinger being elected by the
Lutherans, Henry Weidner and William Diehl by the Reformed members. A
reconciliation was effected in I812.
The Rev. Mr. Simmler succeded Mr. Weber as pastor, keeping the post
for about a year. The Rev. Jacob Schnee became pastor in 18I3. In I8I5
work on a new church was begun, a commodious frame structure. The Rev.
John M. Ingold became pastor in 1817, and a parsonage at the corner of
Smithfield Street and Strawberry Alley was erected. Rev. H. Geissenheimer
succeeded Dr. Ingold in I821, remaining until his death in I825, when he was
succeeded by the Rev. Henry Kurtz.
During the pastorate of Mr. Kurtz discord again rent the congregation,
but in I827 Rev. David Kaemmerer, who succeeded Rev. Kurtz, brought the
opposing factions into harmony. Plans for a new church with quarters for a
school were drawn in I831; the corner stone was laid in I833. In I837 a
number of members withdrew  from  the congregation to form  the First
Lutheran Church of Pittsburgh.
The new church erected in 1833 was a large brick building, whose cupola
contained the first church bell hung in Pittsburgh. The bell had been cast in
Switzerland in 1830 and was brought to America by a teacher named
Kaentzig.
Dr. Kaemmerer resigned in I840 to be succeeded by Rev. John C. Jehle,
who remained in charge until I846, when the Rev. Robert Koehler was called
to the pastorate. The Rev. John J. Waldburger became pastor upon the
resignation of Mr. Koehler and was succeeded in I853 by Dr. Carl Walther,
who remained until I868. Dr. Carl Weil was his successor, serving until
I879.
In July, I875, the corner stone of a new church was laid, and the edifice
was dedicated Nov. 25, 1877.
The Rev. Frederick Ruoff, who was called to succeed Dr. Weil, remained
until I904. In I90o7 the church celebrated the 125th anniversary-of its organization. Dr. Carl A. Voss has been pastor of the church since September,
1905. Within the past few years a fine stone church has been erected in
Smithfield Street by this organization.
In I837, Rev. John Frederick Christian Heyer, in conjunction with George
Weyman, and later with Rev. Mr. Martin, organized the first English Lutheran Church in the city. A year later he organized St. John's Evangelical
Lutheran Church of Allegheny.
St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded in I839 on Sheridan Avenue. The original name of the organization was United German
Evangelical Church. It is now located at Collins Avenue and Station Street.
752THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGII
LUTHERAN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES, I930
Bethany, N. Hiland Avenue and Kirkwood.
Bethlehem, 57 Excelsior.
Christ, Margaretta and Beatty Streets.
Church of the Epiphany, 7060 Lemington Avenue.
Church of the Redeemer, 7037 Mt. Vernon.
East End Gospel Tabernacle, 404 Lincoln.
First, Center Avenue and South Graham.
Grace, South Twenty-third, corner Sidney.
Grace, Pioneer Avenue and McConnell.
Gustavus Adolphus, Friendship Avenue and Evaline.
Holy Trinity, I5I6 Beechview Avenue.
Immanuel, Hazelwood and Saline Avenues.
Luther Memorial, 424 Evaline.
Messiah, Jancey near Greenwood.
Morningside, Chislett near Martha.
Mount Zion, 423I Sherrod.
Saint James, Arlington Avenue and Sterling.
Saint John's, Fortieth, corner Howley.
Saint Mark's, Brookline Boulevard near Pioneer.
Saint Paul's, 5227 Second Avenue.
Saint Peter's, I8 School.
Saint Peter's, Collins, corner Station.
Saint Stephen's, Brushton and Hamilton Avenues.
Temple, 8I15 Ansheim.
Third German Mount Zion, Thirty-seventh, corner Bondera.
Trinity, Sherwood and Citadel.
Holy Cross, Hale and Mulford.
Saint Andrew's, Centre and Morewood Avenues.
Saint Mathew's, North Avenue and Middle.
Saint Paul's, South Thirteenth, and Sidney.
Second St. Paul's, Pride and Watson.
Zion, Boggs Avenue opposite Ellington.
Zion, Thirty-seventh and Bondera.
NORTH SIDE OF ALLEGHENY RIVER
Bethel, Franklin, corner Manhattan.
Christ, McClure and Cass Avenues.
Grace, I70I Hatteras.
Grace, I300-06 Spring Garden.
753PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Memorial, 2224 East.
Mount Olivet, I6i6 Rhine.
Mount Zion, Perrysville Avenue and Waldorf.
Saint Emanuel, James, corner Suismon.
Saint John's, Madison Avenue and Lockhart.
Saint Luke's, 2225 Federal Extension.
Saint Mark's, North Avenue East and Middle.
Saint Paul's, Montgomery Avenue East anld Sandusky.
Saint Paul's, Penna Avenue and Manhattan.
Saint Peter's, 500 Lockhart.
Peter Robinson Memorial Tabernacle, 97 Fullerton Avenue.
Saint Thomas, 3144 Brighton Road.
Salem, I329 Franklin.
Trinity, Stockton Avenue and Arch.
Trinity, I427 Woods Run Avenue.
The Presbyterian Church.-The first services held in Pittsburgh by a
minister of the Presbyterian Church seem to have been conducted by the
Rev. Charles Beatty, who, on November 26, I758, two days after the evacuation of Fort Duquesne by the French, preached a Thanksgiving sermon for
the great victory which had been given to the English army. Dr. Beatty
was chaplain of Colonel Clapham's regiment, and very likely preached other
sermons at Fort Pitt. In I760 the Rev. Mr. Alexander and Hector Allison
were directed by the Synod of Philadelphia to "go with the Pennsylvania
forces" at Pittsburgh. In I766 Rev. Mr. McLagan was chaplain at Fort
Pitt, and a little later Rev. Mr. Anderson held services here. In I784, Rev.
Joseph Smith was assigned by the Redstone Presbytery to Pittsburgh, his
ministrations to begin in August of that year.
In the autumn of I785 Rev. Samuel Barr began regular pastoral work
in Pittsburgh, and in September, I787, the First Presbyterian congregation
was incorporated, and a small log church was erected upon a site donated
by the Penn heirs. The deed was executed to Io trustees-John Withers,
Robert Galbraith, Stephen Bayard, Alexander Fowler, George Wallace, David
Duncan, Adamson Tannehill, John Gibson, Richard Butler, and Isaac Craig.
The pastor, Mr. Barr, by the aid of private means, bought the adjoining lot.
The Penn grant consisted of two and one-half lots (Col. Woods Plan lots
439, 438, anl one-half of 437, the other half going to the Episcopal Church)
on Sixth Avenue, Wood Street and Virgin Alley (now Oliver Avenue).
The lot purchased by Mr. Barr was No. 440, and is a part of the present
property of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. Barr resigned the pastorate
in I789, and for the next decade there were only occasional supplies.
A plan of the pews of the log church shows in the list of the pew754NEW EAST LIBERTY PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BUILT BY MAR. AND MRS. R. B.
MELLONTHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH                        755
holders the names of Judge Addison, John Scull (founder of the Pittsburgh
Gazette), James O'Hara, Ebenezer Denny (first mayor of Pittsburgh, installed in I8i6), John Wilkins, John Irwin, James Ross, Isaac Craig, and
others.
Rev. Robert Steele became pastor of the congregation in I799. In I802
the Synod of Pittsburgh was formed, and about a year later several families
withdrew from the First Presbyterian Church and formed the Second Presbyterian congregation. Its first pastor was Rev. Nathaniel Snowden, who
conducted services in convenient places in the lower portion of the city.
He was succeeded by Dr. John Boggs, who was replaced in I809 by Rev.
Mr. Hunt. No permanent place of worship was obtained until I814, when
the first church was erected in Diamond Alley, near Smithfield Street.
Meanwhile, a new church for the First Presbyterian congregation was
necessary, and it was proposed to erect a brick structure to replace the log
building. The movement began in I8oi and in two months $2,400 was subscribed. The building was not completed until I8o5, and even then was
evidently not paid for. By act of April I3, I807, the Legislature commissioned John Wilkins, Sr., John Johnston, William Boggs and William Porter
to raise by means of a lottery a sum not exceeding $3,00ooo to be used in
finishing the Presbyterian Church at Pittsburgh. An announcement of the
lottery appeared in the Gazette in I8o8. The lottery scheme for raising
funds was a total failure.
In I8II, Rev. Francis Herron became pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church. The same year the church became involved in debt and was sold
by the sheriff.  Dr. Herron bought it in his own name, restored it to
solvency, and returned it to the congregation. Under Dr. Herron the congregation prospered, and in I8I7 wings were added to the church.
Dr. William Paxton succeeded Dr. Herron as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in I850, although Dr. Herron continued to attend it as a member and as an emeritus minister until his death in December, I86o. Dr.
Paxton remained with the church until I865, and was succeeded in I866 by
Dr. Sylvester F. Scovel, who continued as pastor until I883. Dr. Kellogg
followed Dr. Scovel and remained until I886, and Dr. George T. Purves
was pastor for the next six years. Rev. Dr. James D. Moffatt, president
of Washington and Jefferson College, was the supply for three years, and
Rev. Dr. David R. Breed was pastor until 1898, when he was succeeded by
Rev. Dr. Maitland Alexander.
Meanwhile, the number of Presbyterians in Pittsburgh increased steadily,
as is evidenced by the establishment of the First Presbyterian Church of
Allegheny in I814, and the East Liberty Presbyterian Church in i8I9.
The East Liberty Presbyterian Church was erected upon a plot of ground
donated for the purpose by Jacob Negley and his wife, Barbara WinebiddleDEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
lishment moved to Smithfield Street and Fifth Avenue, where it occupied a 50-foot
frontage on Smithfield. By I885 the business occupied the block on Smithfield
Street between Fifth Avenue and Diamond Street. The management makes the
interesting statement that this was the first store in Pittsburgh to feature plainly
marked one-price tickets and was the first store in the country to take a full-page
advertisement daily in a local newspaper. The first escalator in Pittsburgh and the
first high-speed elevator in a local store were in this establishment. The organization is now officially known as Kaufmann's Department Stores, Inc.
187I On April ISt Messrs. A. Rasner and H. F. Dinger, aged 22 and 25 years, respectively, came from Dayton, Ohio, to erect on a building on Smithfield Street the
first sheet metal cornice in the city. The establishment of Frank  Seder now
occupies the site of that building. A fellow workman associated with them in the
founding of Gitridge  Co., located at the southeast corner of Market Street and
First Avenue. In 1872 the young men first named took over the business and
called it Rasner  Dinger. Being limited in funds, the partners arranged to secure
sheet metal from the Moorhead  McClain Co. mills at Twenty-second Street and
make payments weekly. They themselves worked with their employees and at the
end of each week, after paying the men, would walk to the mills to pay for their
material, not having sufficient cash to meet their bills and pay carfare, too. Their
industry was rewarded through their securing many important contracts in their
early years-Seventh Avenue Hotel, buildings at Morganza, Beaver County Court
House, Carnegie Library on Forbes Street, etc. The business now occupies a
three-story building, 60 by IOO feet, at 840-42-44 West North Avenue, N. S. The
organization is now incorporated as Rasner  Dinger Company.
I87I German Savings and Deposit Bank founded on March I9th. In I918 the name
was changed to Fourteenth Street Bank.
I871 Empire Contract Co. organized. Subsequent names of the same organization are
The Mexican National Railway Co. (I873); The Commonwealth Contract Co.
(I875); The Rio Grande Extension Co. (1879); Philadelphia Co. (I884). Affiliated with this company, whose charter grants authority for engaging in any kind
of business except banking, are the Duquesne Light Co., Equitable Gas Co., Pittsburgh Railways Co., and many others.
I87I Iron and Glass Dollar Savings Bank of Birmingham  founded.  A  charter was
granted on March I, I872. The first bank was located at IZ203 Carson Street, and
through the years business has been conducted within a block of that location.
The present address of the institution is II2-I4-I6 Carson Street.
I871 Surety Contract Co. organized, later being known as Union Surety Co. (I898);
Southern Traction Co. (I9oo00); and Pittsburgh Railways Company (I90I).  See
Empire Contract Co., I87I.
1872 Hermes-Groves Dairy Co. founded.
I872 McCullough-Dalzell  Co. founded. In 1872 the organization was incorporated as
McCullough-Dalzell Company, and in I9oI the name was changed to McCulloughDalzell Crucible Comnpany.
I872 S. F. Jones  Co. founded by S. F. and William Jones, as a private banking firm.
The business was incorporated in i903 as The Valley Deposit  Trust Company.
I872 L. H. Smith established a broom-manufacturing business on Sandusky Street in
Allegheny. In I875 he moved to Wood Street and First Avenue. In I88o a move
was made to 9II-I3 Liberty Avenue and the name of the business changed to L. H.
Smith Co., Ltd. By that time Mr. Smith, one of the first in the country to manufacture the modern type of broom, had acquired control of much of the western
4695  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Negley, at the site of the present church, Penn and Highland Avenues, in
what was at that time known as "Negleytown." A subscription to build the
church aggregated nearly $I,8oo, which was not sufficient to cover the
expenses. The balance was taken care of by the Negleys. The building
was 44 feet square. The congregation, however, did not have the services
of a regular pastor until I828, when the Rev. John Joyce was sent "to serve
these people at his discretion." The congregation was incorporated in I847,
and at about that time erected a new church which served until I888, when
the present structure was built. The Rev. Dr. Mcllvaine succeeded Mr.
Joyce as pastor, serving for nearly forty years. His successors have been:
the Rev. John Gillespie, D.D., Rev. B. L. Agnew, D.D., Rev. J. P. E.
Kumler, D.D., Rev. Frank Sneed, D.D., and the Rev. Dr. Stuart Nye
Hutchinson.
Out of the East Liberty Presbyterian Church have sprung the Point
Breeze Presbyterian Church, the Tabernacle Presbyterian Church, the Valley
View Church and also the Sixth Presbyterian Church. Indirectly from this
church came also the Shadyside Presbyterian Church, the offshoot of a
Sabbath school that members of the East Liberty Church had established in
Amberson Avenue.
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES IN PITTSBURGH IN  I930
Arlington Heights, Marango and Eccles.
Beechview, Beechview and Sebring.
Bellefield, Fifth and Bellefield Avenues.
Blackadore Avenue, Blackadore Avenue near Parchment.
Carmel, McDevitt Place and Hamlet.
Central, Forbes and Seneca.
East Liberty, Penn and Highland Avenues.
First, Sixth Avenue near Wood.
First Italian, Lorimer Avenue and Mayflower.
First Ruthenian, Ioo005 East Carson Street.
Forty-third Street, Forty-third and Lawrence.
Fourth, Friendship and Roup Avenues.
Grace Memorial, 74 Arthur. 4.
Greenfield, Coleman near Alger.
Hazelwood, Lytle near Longworth.
Herron Avenue, Herron Avenue and Wylie Avenue.
Highland, Wellesley and North Highland.
Homewood Avenue, Homewood Avenue and Bennett.
Lawrenceville, Thirty-ninth near Penn Avenue.
Lemington, Grotto corner Vassar.
756...........
H AlTHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
McCandless Avenue, McCandless Avenue near Butler.
McKinley Park, Chalfont and Belmont.
Mount Washington, Grandview Avenue and Kearsarge.
Morningside, I255 Chislett.
Oakland, southwest corner Ward and Walnut.
Park Avenue, Paulson Avenue and Luna Avenue.
Paul, Dunstar corner Pioneer.
Poiit Breeze, Penn and Fifth Avenues.
Second, Eighth near Penn Avenue.
Second Italian, Hamilton Avenue and Mulford.
Shady Avenue, Shady Avenue corner Aurelia.
Shadyside, 2900 Chartiers Avenue.
Sixth, Forbes and Murray Avenue.
Southside, Sarah and South Twentieth.
Tabernacle, Euclid Avenue and Baum Boulevard.
Third, Fifth and Negley.
Troy Hill, 1023 Province.
Valley View, North Rebecca and Black.
Waverly, Prebles and Waverly.
West End, Mansfield Avenue near South Main.
NORTH SIDE OF ALLEGHENY RIVER
Bidwell Street, I5Ii Bidwell.
Brighton Road, Brighton Road and Benton Avenue.
Central, Sandusky near North Diamond Road.
First of Allegheny, Arch near Ohio.
McClure Avenue, 54 McClure Avenue.
Manchester, Franklin and Chateau.
Melrose, Melrose Avenue corner Charles Road.
North, Lincoln and Galveston Avenues.
Providence, Madison Avenue and Lockhart.
Watson, Perrysville corner Riverview.
The Protestant Episcopal Church.-The Protestant Episcopal Church,
as in the case of some of the other denominations, had desultory representation in the mass of settlers who came from  the provinces before the
American Revolution and from the states after that event to the great watershed of the Ohio River. General John Neville and his family, together with
his collateral connections, were among the early settlers in the Chartiers
Valley. He erected one of the earliest places of worship of this denomlination at Woodville, near Pittsburgh, which remains a monument to his piety
757758                  PITTSBURGH QF TODAY
to this day. Nathaniel Irish, Dr. Andrew Richardson, Dr. Nathaniel Bedford,
Oliver Ormsby and Samuel Roberts were among the first permanent parishioners of the earliest Protestant Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh-Trinity
Episcopal Church, which was organized in I787.
The Rev. John Taylor was the first rector of Trinity Church.
Trinity was the third church in Pittsburgh to receive a gift of land from
the Penns. In I787 they granted to the "Honorable John Gibson, John
Ormsby, Devereux Smith, and Dr. Nathaniel Bedford, all of Pittsburgh,
in the county of Westmoreland, in Pennsylvania, aforesaid, Trustees of the
Congregation of the Episcopal Protestant Church, commonly called the
Church of England, in the said town of Pittsburgh, their heirs and assigns
forever, in trust, nevertheless, for a site for a house for religious worship
and burial place for the use of said religious society or congregation and
their successors in the said town of Pittsburgh, to and for no other use,
intent or purpose whatsoever," two and one-half lots; these lots being Nos.
435, 436 and half of 437, Colonel Woods Plan, on Sixth Avenue, the present
site of Trinity Cathedral. Colonel Gibson had at one time been commandant
at Fort Pitt; John Ormsby and Devereux Smith were local merchants; Dr.
Bedford (whose grave has a place in Trinity Churchyard) was the first
physician to locate in Pittsburgh. The installation of the Rev. Mr. Taylor
did not take place until ten years after the donation of the lots. He held
his services in the court house for some time. It was not until I805 that
the Legislature incorporated the "minister, wardens and vestrymen of Trinity
Church in Pittsburgh."
The new organization consisted of the Rev. John Taylor, minister;
Pressley Neville and Samuel Roberts, wardens; Nathaniel Smith, Joseph
Barker, Jeremiah Barker, Nathaniel Richardson, Nathaniel Bedford, Oliver
Ormsby, George McGunnegle, George Robinson, Robert Magee, Alexander
McLaughlin, William Cecil and Joseph Davis, vestrymen.
A lot was bought at Wood Street, Liberty and Sixth Avenues, on which
was erected an octagonal building, the corner stone of which was laid on
July I, I805. In I8o8 this church (commonly known as the "Old Round
Church") instituted a lottery to liquidate its indebtedness. The poverty of
the congregation must have been deplorable. The Rev. Mr. Taylor "pieced
out" things by teaching boys and making astronomical and other calculations for Zadok Cramer's Almanac. He was rector for 20 years, retiring
in favor of the Rev. Abiel Carter, who was succeeded in I820 by the Rev.
William Thompson. Three years later John Henry Hopkins, a young
lawyer and a very enthusiastic member of the congregation, volunteered
his services as a lay reader and was licensed by Bishop White. The work
so fascinated Mr. Hopkins that he relinquished his considerable law practice, prepared himself for ordination as a deacon, and took charge as rectorTRINITY PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CATHEDRALTHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH                       759
of the church. His energy and enthusiasm soon had the parish in a flourishing condition.
Knowing of the existence of the Penn lot in Sixth Avenue, he set himself the task of building a new church on this lot. He acted as his own
architect, and on June I2, I825, the church was consecrated by Bishop White.
The tower was added to the structure two years later. About I830 the Rev.
Mr. Hopkins accepted a call from Trinity Church, Boston, later becoming
the first Bishop of Vermont.
The Rev. Mr. Kemper and Rev. Mr. Brunot filled the pulpit of Trinity
during the next year. In I83I the Rev. Dr. Upfold became rector and
served for I8 years, when he was consecrated Bishop of Indiana. He was
succeeded by Dr. Lyman, who after a short time went to Rome. In I86o
Dr. Swope was in charge of Trinity Church, and on being called to Trinity
Church, New York, was succeeded by Dr. Scarborough, who remained about
seven years until his elevation to the episcopate of New Jersey. The Rev.
William A. Hitchcock was rector about eight years, when Rev. Samuel
Maxwell was called. Dr. Alfred W. Arundel succeeded Dr. Maxwell, and
Rev. Dr. Edward S. Travers became his successor.
St. Andrew's congregation and church was organized in I837. A church
was erected on a lot on the east side of Ninth Street near the Allegheny
River. Twenty-five years ago it was sold and a new church was erected in
Hampton Street, E. E.
St. Peter's Episcopal Church was build and consecrated in I85I at Grant
and Diamond Streets. The late Hienry Clay Frick purchased the property
in Ig9oo as a site for the Frick building. The church was moved stone by
stone and rebuilt at Forbes, Craft and Fifth Avenues.
Calvary Church was organized in January, I855, by several members of
downtown churches who had removed to the East End. For many-years
it was located in Penn Avenue, East Liberty, but a splendid new edifice
of Gothic design by Ralph Adams Cram, now stands in Shady Avenue.
Among the rectors have been Dr. Boyd Vincent, later Bishop of Southern
Ohio; Dr. George Hodges (afterward dean of Cambridge Theological
Seminary), Dr. W. D. Maxson, and Dr. James H. Mcllvaine. The rector
in I930 is Dr. Edward J. Van Etten.
The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh was erected November
I, I865. Rev. John Barrett Kerfoot was consecrated Bishop of Pittsburgh
in Trinity Church on January 25, I866. He was succeeded I6 years later
by Bishop Cortlandt Whitehead, S.T.D. The last named at his death in 1923
by Bishop Alexander Mann, formerly rector of Trinity Church, Boston.
On June 3, I928, Trinity Church, the mother of Episcopal churches in
Western Pennsylvania, became Trinity Cathedral, with Dr. Percy E. Kammerer as Dean...PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES, I930
Episcopal Diocese Headquarters, 325 Oliver Avenue.
All Saints, 3893 California Avenue.
Calvary, Shady Avenue and Walnut.
Christ, Union Avenue and North Diamond.
Church of the Advent, Pioneer Avenue near Waddington.
Church of the Ascension, 4729 Ellsworth Avenue.
Church of Good Shepherd, Johnston and Second Avenues.
Church of the Holy Cross, Centre and Watt.
Church of the Messiah, Sherwood and Ashlyn.
Church of the Nativity, Kennedy Avenue near Perrysville.
Church of the Redeemer, Forbes Street.
Emmanuel, North and Allegheny Avenues.
Grace, Bertha and Sycamore.
Saint Andrew's, Euclid Avenue and Hampton.
Saint George's, Wabash and Independence.
Saint James' Memorial, Kelly and Collier.
Saint Luke's, Pearl near Friendship.
Saint Mark's, South Eighteenth and Sidney.
Saint Mary's Memorial, McKee Place and Bates.
Saint Peter's, Forbes corner Craft Avenue.
Trinity Cathedral, Sixth AvenueSnear Smithfield.
Roman Catholic. The first Christian services in Pittsburgh were held in
I749 by Jesuit Father Bonnecamp, who accompanied the exploring and
reconnoitering expedition of Captain Louis De Celeron. At that time that
officer took possession of the Ohio Valley in the name of the French king
and planted plates to signalize the event. Five years later services were
held by the Rev. Denys Baron, of the Order of St. Francis, who came down
-the Allegheny with Captain Contracoeur. These men were attached to
military commands and did not come here for permanent religious labor.
Father Baron left with Captain Contracoeur when the latter deserted Fort
Duquesne in I758.
The Catholics were not regularly served here, so far as is known, by any
priest until after the Revolutionary War. By I784 it was estimated that
there were approximately 75 Catholic families living in the Monongahela
Valley and in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. A messenger was sent in I784
to the Superior at Baltimore asking that a priest might be supplied to the
Catholics of the Monongahela Valley, but owing to the lack of priests the
request could not be granted. Subsequent to that date, and previous to I798,
only occasionally priests visited Pittsburgh. Among them were the Rev.
76oST. PAUL'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CA.TH:EDRALAIRPLANE VIEW OF DOWNTOWN PITTSBURGH, WHERE ALLEGHENY AND MONONGAHELA RIVERS FORM THE OHIO
Trintity Court Studios (C)PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
broom-corn territory. However, mnanufacturing was discontinued in i88o and since
that time the firm, now known as L. H. Smith Wooden Ware Company, 4-6-8-10
Eighth Street, has introduced a general line of hardware, woodenware, and housefurnishings for wholesale trade only.
I873 J. P. Koehler established a business handling ferrous metals. In 19o6 R. L. and
J. P. Koehler, Jr., entered the business as partners, and in 1924 the business was
incorporated as J. P. Koehler Co. From  19o6 to I918 ferrous and non-ferrous
metals were handled, but at present only non-ferrous metals are dealt in.
I874 The Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh was organized on December 5, at a
meeting in the Germania Bank Building at the corner of Wood and Diamond
Streets. Moved to its present location at Seventh Avenue and Smithfield Street
in 1918.
I874 Valentine Storch began what is believed to be the first cemetery memorial establishment in Pittsburgh. At various times the business moved to different locations,
finally locating at the present address of V. Storch's Sons, Inc., 1305 Brownsville Road.
I875 The Diamond National Bank was organized to succeed the Diamond Savings Bank.
The bank took its name from the rich and busy section at the lower end of the
city which was then commonly called "The Diamond." The savings feature of the
business was revived and incorporated as a separate department in I9g2. The
present I2-story home of the institution was completed in I90o5.
875 William  Grabowsky opened a little store at 707 Penn Avenue, dealing in men's
hats-principally silk "toppers" and fur-felts. The latter commodity naturally led
to the haindling of furs, which gradually became the principal part of the enterprise
and soon replaced the hat department entirely. In 1914 the proprietor's son was
taken into the business, and the organization established at its present quarters,
514-I6 Wood Street, under the name Winm. Grabowsky  Son. Women's exclusive
apparel in addition to furs is now handled.
875 Nevin, Gribben  Company opened a commercial and job printing plant at Io04
Fifth Avenue. In I88o, under the name of Nevin Bros., the firm did job and show
printing, and in I89o, as Liberty Printing Co., activities were restricted to show
printing. The business is now continued as Liberty Show Printing Co., at 632-64
Duquesne Way.
875 E. C. Weaver joined a local confectionery as salesman, and in 1882 C. W. Costello
joined the force. In 1889 these two and others formed a partnership with an establishment at 332-34 Third Avenue. Through various changes in the personnel the
name has come to be Weaver Costello Co., Inc., with commodious quarters for
manufacturing and distributing all kinds of confectionery. In 1893 this organization distributed (for a Boston firm) the first one-pound boxes of candy put on
the market.
I876 The London Bakery was opened at Penn Avenue and the Pennsylvania R. R.
Mr. R. B. Ward, the proprietor, employed four hands whose monthly pay totaled
$I50o. Mr. Ward subsequently organized huge baking plants in various of the
country's largest cities. In June, 1912, he organized the Ward Baking Company
of New York, which represented a consolidation of his various interests. The local
establishment is at 3Ioo Liberty Avenue, where over 42o people are employed.
877 The Chautauqua Lake Ice Company was organized in this year by A. and A. A.
Hersperger. In 1877 it was reorganized as Consolidated Ice Company, one of whose
first directors was Mr. A. W. Mellon. The company is now owned by over 6oo
Pittsburghers.
470THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH                        76I
Pattei Lonergan, and the Rev. Peter Hilbron (or Heilbron), the latter of
whom came from time to time to Pittsburgh from Sportsman's Hill near
Latrobe. Only a few families of Catholics lived in Pittsburgh, and the
early records show that the visiting priests found very few adherents of
that faith.
The Rev. A. A. Lambing, for many years an analytical student of local
history, confesses his inability to clear up much of the nebulous tradition
and history concerning this locality from I758 until I785 and thereafter
until I8oo, because of absence of credible records and non-concurrence of
those that are available. Father Lambing thinks the first priest who came
to Pittsburgh was the restless Frenchman, Rev. Peter Huet de la Vilmiere,
who in his wanderings walked from Philadelphia to this city in the early
summer of I786. How long he remained or whether he stopped at all or
what Catholics he found in the place is not known; but he descended the
Ohio to the Illinois country in a bateau. When the tide of emigration set
in from Maryland to Kentucky, as many of the emigrants were Catholics,
priests were sent from time to time to minister to their spiritual necessities.
These, following the customary route, came to Brownsville and thence to
Pittsburgh, where they were sometimes delayed either by want of sufficient
water in the Ohio River or by lack of a means of transportation.
According to Father Lambing, the next priest mentioned was the Carmelite, Father Paul, of whom the records say as little as of Father Vilmiere.
Then came the worthy but eccentric Franciscan, Rev. Charles Whalen, who
was sent by Dr. Carroll to the Catholics of Kentucky in I787.
The Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget, afterwards first Bishop of Bardstown,
Kentucky, set out on a journey from Baltimore to Vincennes in May, I792,
in a wagon destined for Pittsburgh. He was detained in Pittsburgh nearly
six months owing to low stage of water in the Ohio River. During his
detention in Pittsburgh, Father Flaget boarded with a French Huguenot,
married to an American Protestant woman, by whom he was kindly and
hospitably entertained. In November he left Pittsburgh in a flatboat for
Louisville. In the autumn of I793, Rev. Stephen Badin, the first priest
ordained in the United States, accompanied by Rev. M. Barrieres, passed
through Pittsburgh, embarking on November 3 on a flatboat that was descending the Ohio. In I796 Father Fournier stopped in Pittsburgh for
three months. Two other priests, Fathers Maguire and Bodkin, were also
there at the time on their way west. Rev. Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin,
of Loretto, Cambria County, also visited Pittsburgh sometimes, but not, it
seems, with the express purpose of ministering to the people; although
when here he doubtless exercised his ministry in their behalf.
As noted in a previous paragraph, the first priest who can be said toPITTSBURGH OF TODAY.
have ministered here regularly was the Rev. Peter Hilbron (or Heilbron)
who came to Sportsman's Hill (now St. Vincent's Abbey) near Latrobe,
November 17, 1799, and remained till the time of his death I7 years later.
Owing to the vast extent of the territory under his jurisdiction his visits
were not more frequent than once a year. When in Pittsburgh he put up
at the house of General James O'Hara, who had formerly been a Catholic.
General O'Hara had a room fitted up for the missionary called "the priest's
room," but Father Hilbron appears to have been the only priest who stopped
with him. General O'Hara's house stood at the corner of Water and Short
Streets. It appears that Father Hilbron generally said mass in Pittsburgh
at the house of a Mr. McFall, at the corner of Water and Liberty Streets,
although he occasionally celebrated it in the house of Alexander May in
First Street, between Market and Ferry Streets, and perhaps in other places.
In November, i8o8, the Rev. William F. X. O'Brien was appointed the
first resident priest. His residence stood on Second Street, near Grant, and
one of the rooms therein was fitted up as a chapel. About this time, or the
following year, the first Catholic church, which stood at the corner of Liberty and Washington Streets, was commenced. After great difficulty it was
finally dedicated in August, i8ii, by Bishop Egan of Philadelphia, the first
bishop to cross the Allegheny Mountains and hold services in the West.
This church, known as St. Patrick's, was built on ground donated by
General O'Hara. It is still in existence, being at present (1930) located at
Liberty Avenue and Seventeenth Street.
In I827 St. Paul's Church was organized, and a building erected in I833
at Fifth Avenue and Grant Street. In I843 this church became St. Paul's
Cathedral.
The next Roman Catholic church organized in Pittsburgh appears to have
been St. Philomena's. In I840 this congregation erected a building at Factory (now Fourteenth) Street and Liberty Avenue.
The first Catholic church organized on the North Side was St. Peter's.
It was founded in I848, its first church being located on Anderson Street
where the overhead tracks of the Fort Wayne Railroad cross. The Rev.
James O'Connor was the first pastor. This church was dedicated April 21,
I850, by Bishop Whalen of Wheeling. Work on the present church of this
congregation was begun in I870, the solemn dedication of the edifice taking
place July 5, I874.
Father O'Connor was succeeded as pastor of this congregation in the
latter part of I849 by the Rev. E. McMahon, who within a short time was
made pastor of the Cathedral. The Rev. T. Mullen was appointed pastor in
October, i850o, and in I864 was appointed Vicar-General, continuing in that
office until his elevation to the See of Erie. The Rev. R. Phelan was as762THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
signed to this parish in I868, later becoming Bishop of the Pittsburgh diocese.
On August 8, I843, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh was established, 94 years after the first mass was said at the "Head of the Ohio
River," and 89 years after the dedication of the first chapel on the site of
Pittsburgh, the "Assumption of the Blessed Virgin of the Beautiful River."
Eight days later the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Pittsburgh was consecrated at Rome. The diocese then comprised the counties of Washington,
Westmoreland, Allegheny, Fayette, Greene, Huntington, Somerset, Indiana,
Cambria, Blair, Clearfield, Clarion, Jefferson, McKean, Potter, Venango,
Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Lawrence, Beaver, Butler, Elk, Blair, Forest and
Cameron. Ten years later the diocese of Erie was erected out of a number
of counties detached from the Pittsburgh diocese. Still later other counties
were detached to constitute other dioceses, so that the diocese of Pittsburgh
now comprises the counties of Allegheny, Washington, Westmoreland, Fayette, Greene, Beaver, Lawrence, Butler, Armstrong and Indiana.
The first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh was the
Rt. Rev. Michael O'Connor, D.D., consecrated August I5, I843, transferred
to Erie and then to Pittsburgh; resigned May, I86o; died a member of the
Society of Jesus at Woodstock College, Maryland, October I8, I872. He
was succeeded by Rt. Rev. M. Domenec, D.D., consecrated December 9,
I86o, transferred to Allegheny January ii, I876; resigned July 29, I877;
died at Tarragona, Spain, January 5, I878. Rt. Rev. J. Tuigg, D.D., consecrated March I9, I876, died December 7, I889. Rt. Rev. Richard Phelan,
D.D., consecrated August 2, I885; succeeded Bishop Tuigg December 7,
I889; died December 20, I904. Rt. Rev. J. F. Regis Canevin, D.D., succeeded to the See of Pittsburgh December 20, I904; resigned I92I. The
Rt. Rev. Hugh C. Boyle succeeded Bishop Canevin June 29, I92I, and is at
present the head of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh.
At the time of the erection of the Pittsburgh diocese, Allegheny County
contained the following congregations of Catholics: In Pittsburgh: St. Paul's
Cathedral, congregation estimated at 4,00ooo; St. Patrick's Church, Rev. E. F.
Garland pastor, congregation about 3,00ooo; St. Philomena's (German), temporary church, attended by the Redemptorist Fathers, congregation about
4,00ooo. Rev. A. P. Gibbs resided in Pittsburgh to attend several congregations outside the city. St. Philip's Church, Chartiers Creek (now Crafton),
brick, congregation about I5o, attended from  Pittsburgh.  Pine Creek
Church, log, congregation 400. Wexford, St. Alphonsus', brick, about 250.
This made in all six churches, five priests, and a Catholic population in the
county of about I2,000, when the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Pittsburgh was cons'ecrated.
763764                  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES, 1930
Corpus Christi, Lincoln Avenue corner Agnew.
Epiphany, Washington Place and Epiphany.
First St. John the Baptist, East Carson corner Seventh.
Guardian Angel, Steuben near Wabash.
Help of Christians, 6509 Meadow.
Holy Cross, Carson near Thirty-third-Rev. J. H. Gillmore.
Holy Family, Forty-first and Foster-Rev. L. Sliwin.
Holy Innocents, 3OII Landus.
Holy Rosary, Kelly and Lang.
Holy Trinity, Centre Avenue and Crawford.
Immaculate Conception, Edmond near Liberty Avenue.
Immaculate Heart of Mary, Brereton.
Little Sister of the Poor, Benton Avenue corner Perrysville.
Mother of Good Counsel, Bennett and Hale.
Mercy Hospital Chapel, Stevenson and Locust.
Our Lady of Blessed Sacrament, 84oi Frankstown Avenue.
Resurrection, Creedmore Avenue near Brookline.
Sacred Heart, 4930 Centre Avenue.
Saint Adelbert, I64 South Fifteenth Street.
Saint Agnes, 2360 Fifth Avenue.
Saint Ann's, 4735 Chatsworth.
Saint Ann's, 35 Fullerton.
Saint Augustine's, Bandera and Thirty-seventh.
Saint Bedis, Dallas Avenue corner Willard.
Saint Benedict's, 13 Overhill.
Saint Bridgid's, Enoch near Granville.
Saint Cassimir's, Sarah and South Twenty-second.
Saint Catherine, Broadway near Belasco Avenue.
Saint Elizabeth, I629 Penn Avenue.
Saint George, Allen and Procter Way.
Saint George, Lithuanian, South Nineteenth corner Carey Way.
Saint Henry, 523 Arlington Avenue.
Saint Hyacinth, Craft Place and Ophelia.
Saint James, South Main and Hill.
Saint Joachim, Four Mile Road corner Boundary.
Saint John Evangelist, 58 South Fourteenth-Edw. Moriarty.
Saint John the Baptist, 3537 Liberty Avenue.
Saint Josaphat, 230I Mission.
Saint Joseph's, Lelia corner Boggs Avenue.
Saint Justin's, 4700 Liberty Avenue.
Saint Kieran, 30i Fifty-third and Carnegie Avenue.THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
Saint Lawrence, corner Atlantic and Penn.
Saint Malachy's, 244 West Carson.
Saint Martin's, Steuben near Alexander.
Saint Mary of Mercy, Third Avenue and Ferry.
Saint Mary's, Forty-sixth near Butler.
Saint Mary's, Fifty-seventh near Butler.
Saint Mary's of the Mount, Grandview Avenue and Ulysses.
Saint Matthew's, 150 South Nineteenth.
Saint Michael's, Pius near South Fifteenth-Conrad Eibe.
Saint Patrick's, Seventeenth and Liberty.
Saint Paul of the Cross, Monastery Avenue.
Saint Paul's Cathedral, Fifth Avenue and Craig.
Saint Peter's, South Twenty-fifth and Sarah.
Saints Peter and Paul, Larimer near Station.
Saint Peter's, 122 Fernando-Francis Opp.
Saint Philomena's, Fourteenth and Liberty.
Saint Raphael's,  1 3 Chislett near Hampton.
Saint Richard's, Bedford Avenue corner Windlass.
Saint Rosalia, 5II Greenfield Avenue.
Saint Stanislaus, Smallman and Twenty-first.
Saint Stephen's, Second Avenue and Elizabeth.
Saint Vincent de Paul, 408 Tabor.
Saint Walburga's, Lincoln and Campania Avenues.
NORTH SIDE OF ALLEGHENY RIVER
Annunciation, Norwood and Charles
Ascension, Metropolitan corner Franklin.
Church of Nativity, Franklin Road corner Santiago.
Most Holy Name of Jesus, Claim and Harpster.
Regina Cecil, Juniata corner George Way.
Saint Ambrose, IOiI Haslage.
Saint Andrew's, 2200 Beaver Avenue.
Saint Boniface, Royal and Gershon.
Saint Cyprian, 208 Stockton Avenue.
Saint Francis Xavier's, California Avenue and Antrim.
Saint Gabriel's, 404 California Avenue.
Saint Joseph's, Fulton and Liverpool.
Saint Leo, 3III Brighton Road.
Saint Mary's, Nash and Lockhart.
Saint Nicholas, I320 East Ohio.
Saint Peter's, Sherman Avenue and Ohio.
Saint Wenceslaus, 885 Progress Street.
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church of St. George, 52 Doerr.
765PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Methodist Episcopal.-The Methodist Episcopal Church had a small beginning in Pittsburgh, as early as I784, when Mrs. Mary Grant and the three
daughters of Thomas Wilson, her brother, held services by reading Wesley's
sermons and singing and praying. After a few years these few Methodists
left Pittsburgh, but in I785 Rev. Wilson Lee held services in a tavern on
Water Street.  In I788 the Pittsburgh Circuit was organized and Rev.
Charles Conway was appointed preacher in charge. He was reappointed in
I789, at the close of which year he reported in Pittsburgh and vicinity a
total of 97 members, only a few of whom resided in town. The Rev. Pemberton Smith took charge of the congregation in I789; Rev. George Callan
and Rev. Joseph Doddridge succeeded in I790, and the Rev. Charles Conway
returned in I79I.
The Methodists received their first important accession upon the arrival
here of John Wrenshall in I796. He was a man of considerable ability and
great piety, who had been a Methodist Episcopal minister for sixteen years.
He had a large family and followed the occupation of merchandising. He
joined the congregation and they had regular worship from then on; first in
the old log building of the Presbyterians on Wood Street near Sixth, which
had been deserted, and later, when they were locked out of that building,
in the room furnished by Peter Shiras in the old barracks of Fort Pitt. At
this time the principal members were Wrenshall and wife, Mrs. Ward, Mrs.
Chess and James Kerr. Mr. Shiras was so great an accession that when
he left in I802 his loss was a serious blow to the congregation. However,
the following year Thomas Cooper, Sr., joined the body, and its former
prosperity returned. In I807 Nathaniel Holmes and Edward Hazleton
became members, still further strengthening the class. They occupied various rooms, until i8io, when their first church, a brick structure, was erected
on a lot in Second Street. The Rev. William Knox was pastor of the congregation at that time. The corner stone of this church was laid on August
28, I8Io, Bishop Francis Asbury delivering the sermon.
By I8I7 the membership of the Methodist body had grown to such a
degree as to necessitate the building of a new church, which was completed
the following year at Smithfield Street and Seventh Avenue. In I819-20
a great revival was conducted by Rev. Samuel Davis of the Baltimore Conference, and from that time Methodism continued to increase in Pittsburgh.
The Pittsburgh Conference was organized in I824 out of territory taken
from  Baltimore, Genesee and Ohio Conferences. It embraced Western
Pennsylvania and the eastern part of Ohio Conference; its first session was
held at Pittsburgh, September I7, I825, with Bishop George presiding. The
members in the territory of the new bishopric were I7,779 whites and I83
colored. One of its early enterprises was the founding of Madison College,
Uniontown...
766"THE OLD HOME" FIRST METHODIST PROTESTANT CHURCH
Fifth Avenue above Smithfield, where Francis Murphy inaugurated the great
temperance revival in 1876.
WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
ICurned January 23, 1854THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
About I830 the Second Street building was sold and a new church built
on a lot in Liberty Street. In I831 the Birmingham Church was founded
and a building erected on the lot adjoining the present site of Bingham
Street M. E. Church on the South Side. This was followed by the erection
of Asbury M. E. Church in I84I on Townsend Street. This church grew
out of a Sunday school of which Joseph Woodwell was superintendent.
In 1836 the Erie Conference was carved out of Pittsburgh Conference.
In 1848 the West Virginia Conference was organized out of territory from
the Pittsburgh Conference.
Christ Church, at Eighth Street and Penn Avenue, was begun in I853
and dedicated in I855. About the same time Pittsburgh Female College was
built on the rear of this lot in Eighth Street. Pupils were first received for
the college in the basement of Christ Church in October, 1855. Dr. S. L.
Yourtee was the first president, being succeeded in I857 by Dr. L. D. Barrows, and he in i86o by Dr. I. C. Pershing, who remained until the abandonment of the institution.
The first resident bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh was Franklin Elmer Ellsworth Hamilton, who was elected to that
office in I9I6. He died May 4, I918, and was succeeded by Bishop Francis
John McConnell, who on becoming Bishop of Greater New York in I927
was succeeded here by Bishop Herbert Welch.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES, I930
Ames, I I4 Trenton.
Asbury, Forbes and Murray Avenue.
Beechview, Methyl and Hampshire Avenue.
Bingham Street, South Thirteenth and Bingham.
Brookline, Brookline Boulevard and Wedgemere.
Camphor Memorial, 672I Rowan.
Christ, Centre and Liberty Avenues.
Crafton Heights, Calmond and Twenty-eighth Road.
Denny, Thirty-fourth and Ligonier.
Duquesne Heights, Oneida and Sycamore.
Emory, North Highland Avenue and Rippey.
First (of Sheradan), Chartier Avenue and Citadel.
First Central, Central Y. M. C. A.
Friendship Park, Liberty Avenue and Mathilda.
Grace Memorial, 6400 Butler Street.
Homewood, Homewood Avenue and Tioga.
Italian, Smithfield and Seventh.
John Wesley, 42 Arthur.
Lincoln Avenue, Lincoln Avenue near Meadow.
767DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
I877 W. C. Beckert  Co. opened an establishment which is now said to be the oldest
seed store in Pittsburgh-Beckert's Seed Store, IoI Federal Street.
I877 The Western Pennsylvania Agency of the Berkshire Life Insurance Co. was
established in Pittsburgh by George W. English, now deceased. In i88o his brother,
H. D. W. English, entered the organization. In I886 the establishment employed
an office boy named William M. Furey who, in I905, became a partner in the
agency which became known as English and Furey. William M. Furey and his
son, W. Rankin Furey, now constitute the firm.
I877 John C. Bragdon, a cabinetmaker's apprentice, established himself in wood engraving at 78-80 Fourth Avenue. In I926 the business was incorporated in his name.
About I9oo photo-engravings became the universal method, and the first photoengravings made to illustrate Pittsburgh's daily newspapers were made in this
plant. The business is now located at 7II Penn Avenue, where wood and photoengraving as well as electrotyping are done.  
I877 Will Price founded an exclusive men's furnishing business which is continued
under his name.
I879 Alexander Cruikshank established a grocery business in Allegheny which
developed into Cruikshank Bros. Co. As there was no refrigeration in those days,
there was much loss of fruits and vegetables. One of the partners, Frank, deciding
that there should not be so much waste, took the unsold fruits daily to his mother's
kitchen and cooked them into jelly, preserves, and jams, selling these products during
the following winter. He withdrew from the grocery business and devoted his
energies to the preserving business which is now famous.
i879 Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Sharpsburg founded.
1879 Samuel Young and Samuel Mahood entered the business world at 933 Liberty
Avenue as Young Mahood  Co., the business being incorporated in I906 as
Young Manhood Company. In I927 the organization erected its own five-story
building at 2537-39-4I1 Penn Avenue, where a wholesale business in coffee, tea, rice,
spices, and peanuts is conducted.
1879 Pittsburgh Clay Pot Company, Limited, was organized by a number of local glass
manufacturers who, prior to that year, had been compelled to depend on the only
firm in the United States that produced glass melting pots and refractories. Manufacturing was started in a building IOO feet square in the Manchester district
of Allegheny. From time to time additional buildings were erected until in 1893
the plant covered IO acres of floor space. The company was incorporated as
Pittsburgh Ctay Pot Company in 1889. It manufactures glass house clay products
in its modern establishment on Reedsdale Street, N. S.
I880 In I88o the population of Pittsburgh was I56,389.
i88o F. J. Kress Box Company founded for the manufacture of wooden boxes. The
company was incorporated in I903, and in I9II began manufacturing the then
new corrugated boxes. By I925 the latter product had so encroached on the business
of wooden boxes that the wooden box department was disposed of and the
plant now specializes in the manufacture of corrugated boxes and corrugated
packing materials.
I88o E. I. Dupont De Nemours  Co.'s Pittsburgh agency was handled by D. W. C.
Bidwell. In I903 the company established a branch office in the city.
i88o Pittsburgh Agency of the Equitable Life Insurance Co. established, with Dr.
George Woods as representative. Later his son, Edward A. Woods, took charge,
and in I9Io the Edward A. Woods Company was incorporated to represent the
47IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
McCandless Avenue, McCandless Avenue near Butler.
Mary S. Brown Memorial, Beechwood Boulevard near Hazelwood.
Montooth, 8o6 Taft Avenue.
Morningside, Chislett and Bishop.
Mount Washington, I26 Sycamore.
Oakland, Forbes and Boguet.
Pacific Avenue, Pacific Avenue and Dearborn.
Polish Holy Trinity, South Twentieth and Sidney.
Saint John's, Colored, Upland near Lincoln.
Schenley Heights, Bryn Mawr Road and Dakota.
Seminary Methodist Sunday School, 2201 Wylie Avenue.
Smithfield Street, Smithfield and Seventh.
Walton, Sarah and South Twenty-fourth.
Warren, 2606 Centre Avenue.
Warrington Avenue, Warrington Avenue and Hillbridge.
Wesley, IIo Oakdene.
West End, South Main near Walbridge.
NORTH SIDE OF ALLEGHENY RIVER
Buena Vista Street, Buena Vista and Sampson.
California Avenue, California Avenue and Rankin.
Calvary, Allegheny and Beach Avenues.
North Avenue, North Avenue and Arch.
North End, IoI Bonvue.
Perrysville Avenue, 23I7 Perrysville Avenue.
Robinson Street, General Robinson and Corry.
Simpson, Lockhart near Chestnut.
Baptists.-The Baptists were not represented in Pittsburgh with an
organization until I812, at which date the first congregation of that denomination west of the mountains was established. They remained attached fo
the Monongahela Association until I839, when the Pittsburgh Association
was formed. At the time this congregation was formed they withdrew from
the Redstone Association, of which they had previously been a part.
The first congregation consisted of six families, comprising a membership of about I2. The Rev. Edward Jones was the first pastor, and the
first services were held in houses, and later in halls, until finally the congregation was chartered in I822. Sidney Rigdon was one of the charter members. He afterward attained fame by his connection with the Mormon
Church. Mr. Rigdon was a printer by trade, and in some manner came into
possession of Solomon Spaulding's work, Manuscript Found, which afterward, it is claimed, became the new part of the Mormon Bible.
768FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, BELLEFIELD AVENUE AND BAYARD STREETTHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
Mr. Rigdon was pastor of this congregation from 1822 probably until
1827, at which time he was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Williams, who afterward became prominent as an anti-Masonic leader. By 1843 this congregation had a membership of 314, and had dismissed several congregations.
Their brick church was built in 1833 at Grant and Third Streets. In 1841
the Grant Street Baptist Church was organized; in 1835 15 persons from
the First Baptist Church of Pittsburgh organized the First Baptist Church
of Allegheny. In 1826 the Welsh Baptists effected an organization as a
branch of the First Baptist Church.
BAPTIST CHURCHES, 1930
Antioch, 143 Fortieth Street.
Beth Eden, Chateau and Juniata.
Bethany, 7734 Tioga.
Beulah, Chalfont corner Delmont.
Beulahland, 1306 Hazel.
Buena Vista Street, 1240 Buena Vista.
Calvary, 2629 Wylie Avenue.
Carron, 238 Carron.
Ebenezer, Centre Avenue and Addison.
Ebenezer, Wylie Avenue corner Devilliers.
Emmanuel, Davis Avenue near McClure.
First Baptist, Bellefield Avenue and Bayard.
First German, 3337 East.
Friendship, Thirty-seventh corner Charlotte.
Good Hope, 3341 Mulberry Way near Thirty-fourth.
Johnston Avenue, 206 Johnston.
Lorenz Avenue, Lorenz Avenue and Steuben.
Macedonia, Shaffer near Bedford.
Mount Ararat, Paulson Avenue corner Mayflower.
Mount Sinai Primitive, 2413 Centre Avenue.
Mount Washington, Sycamore near Shiloh Avenue.
Municipal, 845 Municipal.
New Elam, 1919 Bedford Avenue.
New Hope, 31I Forty-second.
Nazareth, 2435 Wadsworth.,
New Life, Greenfield near Second Avenue.
New Light, 842 Kirkpatrick.
New Zion, 8oo00 Sandusky.
New Zion,' 1415 Nixon.
Primitive, North Rebecca and Columbo.
Redman Street, Redman near Collins Avenue.
769PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
770
Saint James, II27 Herron Avenue.
Saint John's, 4542 Sylvan Avenue.
Saint Luke, 622 Chauncey Street.
Saint Paul, Broad near Atlantic Avenue.
Sandusky Street, Sandusky and Erie.
Shady Avenue, 217 Shady Avenue.
Sheridan, Twenty-ninth and Mifflin Street.
Sixth Mt. Zion, Joseph near Larimer.
Trinity, 3412 Ligonier.
Union, South Nineteenth and Carson Streets.
Union, 46 Mayflower.
Union Hope, McKnight near Saw Mill Run.
Victor Baptist, I5 Bison.
Victory, 8 Eckert.
Welsh, 62 Chatham.
United  Presbyterian.-The  United  Presbyterian  Church  of North
America, a union of the Associate with the Associate Reformed Church,
came into being in Old City Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 26, I858,
when representatives from several elements composing it met and passed the
legislation requisite for formal union.  The new body was constituted with
prayer by the Rev. Donald C. McLaren,. moderator of the Association Reformed General Synod. Dr. John T. Pressly, of Pittsburgh, was by acclamation elected moderator of the united body, and Dr.. Samuel Wilson its
first stated clerk. The bases of union were contained in "eighteen Declarations with arguments and illustrations."  These were principally "designed
to be useful helps and not authoritative utterances."  The striking features
of these "utterances" were proscriptions of slavery and secret societies.
The first General Assembly of the combined bodies met- at Xenia, Ohio,
May I8, I1859, with Dr. Pressly as moderator.  Dr. Peter Bullions was
elected Dr. Pressly's successor. Dr. Bullions will be immortal, despite his
denominationalism, as author of "Bullions' Greek and Latin Grammars and
Classics."
Thus was launched one of the, largest and most influential Calvinistic
bodies in the world. It has progressed and prospered ever since. Its initial
strength and influence within the district of Pittsburgh has in fact actually
increased, in the midst of modern change. Conservatives maintain a strong
relation to original principles and status unaffected by modal developments,
as in the instances of other Calvinistic denominations, Choirs and instrumental music have come in as concessions to popular and obvious demands,
but the essentials have been unaffected and the psalms are still paramount.
Pittsburgh, the birthplace of the denomination, remains its capital.CALVARY PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SHADY AVENUETHE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH                       77I
The First United Presbyterian Church was organized as a result of a
petition from the people of Turtle Creek and Pittsburgh to the presbytery
in session at Buffalo, Pa., asking that a preacher be sent to this district.
Rev. David McLean was sent by the presbytery to supervise the election of
elders, and James Young, James Aiken, Thomas May and James Glover
were elected. The charter of the congregation dates from 183I, under the
title "The Associate Congregation of Pittsburgh," and was granted to the
following men: Robert Bruce, William Bell, Jr., William Woods, John
Graham, Alexander George, Daniel Spear, Thomas Dixon, Joseph Coltart,
Robert Moore, James Hunter, John Herron, Adam Sheriff, John Rea, James
Gilchrist, Samuel Roseburg, John Chambers, M. F. Irwin, James Liggett,
David Sloss, Willianm Dickey, Samuel George, William McGill, John Dixon,
John Whitten and Thomas Hamilton. An amendment to the charter in
1874 authorized the change in the name of the congregation to the "First
United Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh."
The Rev. Ebenezer Henderson was the first minister of the new church
and remained two years, being succeeded by Rev. Dr. Robert Bruce. The
congregation grew and within a short time erected a brick church at Seventh
Avenue and Cherry Alley. Dr. Abraham Anderson came to the pastorate
of this congregation in I847. In i85o he was succeeded by Rev. Hans W.
Lee, who served until 1855. Later came the Rev. S. B. Reed; it was in his
church on May 26, I858, that the separate organizations outside the United
Presbyterian Church were brought together under the title of the "United
Presbyterian Church of North America."  Rev. Dr. William J. Reid took
charge of this congregation in April, I862, continuing until his death in
1902. He had two.associate pastors, Rev. John M. Ross and Rev. W. J.
Reid, Jr., the latter succeeding his father as pastor, and still serving the congregation today.
UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES, I930
_....           
Beechview, Broadway near Beechview Avenue.
Brookline, Brookline Boutlevard and Queensboro.
Chartiers, 2I9 Tabor.
Crafton Heights, Stratmore corner Clairhaven.
First, Fifth and Thackeray Avenues.
Good Hope, Penn Avenue and Twenty-fourth.
Herron Hill, Webster and Herron Ave.
Second, North Negley and Stanton Avenues.
Third, Shady and Northumberland.
Fourth, Friendship and Pacific Avenues.
Sixth, North Highland arid Station.
Ninth, South Fourteenth and Bingham.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Eleventh, South Main near Wabash.
Homewood, Homewood Avenue and Idlewild.
Mount Washington, Prospect near Southerns.
Shadyside, Centre Avenue and Cypress.
Sheridan, Sherwood and Bergman.
NORTH SIDE OF ALLEGHENY RIVER
First, Union Avenue near Ohio.
Second, Stockton Avenue and Sandusky.
Fourth, Arch and Montgomery Avenue.
Fifth, Irwin Avenue and Freedmore.
Sixth, Franklin and Chateau.
Seventh, California Avenue near Halsey.
Eighth, Perrysville Avenue and Burgess.
Tenth, Suismon and Middle.
Eleventh, California and Davis Avenues.
Twelfth, Western Avenue arid Manhattan.
McNaugher Memorial U. P., Catona near Warren.
North End, Perrysville Avenue and Vinceton.
The Jewish Synagogues.-Just when the first Jewish families appeared
in Pittsburgh is a matter of historic conjecture, some claiming that several
were here as early as I832-35, while others hold that it was not until after
I840 that well-authenticated arrivals were reported. Local Hebrew historians, or writers of racial records, agree that between I834 and x842 a
small number of Jews, mostly from Baden, Bavaria and Wiirttemburg, were
known to have settled in and around Pittsburgh.
Jewish sacred services were first held in Pittsburgh in the autumn of
1844. The first attempt to organize a religious body among them was made
in I847, "when a mere handful of men united in the effort to organize a
congregation." These men were Eph. Wormser, David Strassburgher, William Frank, Nathan Gallinger, Jacob and Emil Klein, Moritz Kraus, Eiseman Kahn, Reis brothers, Stein brothers, Louis Morganstern, Henry
Silverman and Alexander Fink. The members of the new congregation engaged the Rev. Manheimer as chasan, or cantor, their first meeting being
held in a room in Penn Street, near Walnut (now Thirteenth) Street.
A little later this congregation changed its place of meeting to a building
on Liberty Street, and procured the services of the Rev. Mr. Sulzbacher as
chasan, he remaining until I853. The members who had joined the organization since its beginning were Charles Bierman, Joseph Meyers, C. D.
Arnsthal, L. Hirshfield, Louis Fleishman, Jacob Silverman, Joseph Morgan772RODEF SHALOM TEMPLE, FIFTH AND MOREAVOOD AVENUESPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
insurance company. It is said to be the largest life insurance agency in the
world. The agency has occupied the second floor of the Frick Building since
the building was erected.
I88o James T. and Albert Hamilton founded a glass house on Twenty-sixth Street at
the A. V. R. R., under'the name J. T. and A. Hamilton. In I9I6 the business
was incorporated as J. T. and A. Hamilton Company. The company prospered
from the beginning, and in I887 a plant was established at Butler, while in I9o2
it was necessary to open a third plant at Blairsville. At all times the most upto-date equipment was installed, and at present the company produces immense
quantities of milk jars, bottles, etc.  The Hamilton family has operated the
company since its founding.
The foregoing chronological list of Pittsburgh business concerns which
are in existence to-day after an uninterrupted activity of not less than 50
years, and many of them for considerably over Ioo years, is in itself a considerable evidence of the stability of Pittsburgh industrial and commercial
enterprise.  
However, before our attention is turned to a detailed historic sketch
of the more important Pittsburgh industries individually, it will not be
amiss to remind the reader that our early history gave an industrial promise
in several directions which was far from  being fulfilled.  The paper by
Miss Elder read before the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society in I929,
already referred to, discussed some interesting instances.
Rope-making, established by Hugh Ross, was of. promising proportions in
I786 and there were seven firms in this trade in I844.  In i868 Caldwell's
Pittsburgh Directory listed but one, the Pittsburgh Rope Works of Fulton
Bollman  Co., which the directory described as the only firm in the West
manufacturing heavy cordage suitable for steamers and coal boats.
When oil was discovered in Pennsylvania in I859, salt works sprang up
here almost immediately and Pittsburgh became the center of a large salt
trade.  As the cost of production increased  (280 bushels of coal being
required to make 8o barrels of salt) the industry developed into the production of chemicals.
Tanning  was another form  of industrial enterprise  which  assumed
no little magnitude in the community's first half century, and which in fact
persisted until some 40 or 50 years ago, when it very rapidly declined.  In
I788, as Miss Elder points out, there were two tanneries, three saddlers and
five shoemakers in Pittsburgh, although the town was then little more than
a collection of scattered log cabins. The first tanner was William Hays, and
the industry prospered because of the abundance of hemlock and oak. The
leather industry took a firm hold,'the varieties produced ranging from  white
oak sole to the finest patent leather, the latter being invented by James Y.
McLaughlin in I826.  McLaughlin employed 40 hands and used I5,00ooo
hides and Ioo barrels of varnish a year at his plant on the Allegheny River
472THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
773
stern, Michael Streng, Mr. Sheyer, Mr. Alexander, Ben Oppenheimer, and
others, the names of whom have been lost from the records.
After I853 the temporary synagogue was in a hall over the Vigilant Fire
Engine House in Third Avenue, with the Rev. Mr. Marcuson as chasan.
Rodef Shalom Congregation was organized about I854 by a majority
of the members of the first congregation, including Fraunefeld brothers,
Samuel, Emanuel and Isaac Wertheimer, Louis Meyer, Alexander Greenwald, M. Hanauer, Simon Zugsmith, M. Rosenthal, Klee brothers, J. Jacob
and Simon Kaufman, I. Kann, H. Rosenbaum, Henry and Moses Oppenheimer, G. Kann, J. Rothschild, Simon Marks, S. Trauerman, S. Prager,
Moses Good, L. Berkowitz, Jeroslawski brothers, Z. Eisner, G. Grafner,
Jacob Rosenthal, Max Arnold, Charles Zeugschmidt, H. Rosenbach and a
number of others. Max Arnold was elected president of the new congregation. The Rev. W. M. Armhold was chasan and German teacher. The
place of worship was removed to a hall opposite the Vigilant engine house,
where services were held for two years, when the synagogue was establishd
in Sixth (then St. Clair) Street in the Irish Building. In i866 Josiah Cohen
(later Judge Cohen) was installed as teacher of English.
Efforts were made as early as i86o to erect the temple in Eighth (at that
time Hancock) Street, but it was not until I865 that the congregation became
able to "worship in their own Temple."
Upon the resignation of Dr. Armhold, the Rev. Mr. Naumberg became
chasan, continuing until the election of Rabbi L. Mayer in i87I. In 1884
the synagogue was enlarged, but was later torn down, a new building being
erected in I9oI. This building is now owned and used by the congregation
of the Second Presbyterian Church.
Dr. Mayer was succeeded by Dr. J. Leonard Levy, through whose initiative the congregation sold its place of worship in Eighth Street and erected a
magnificent temple at Fifth and Morewood Avenues. Dr. S. H. Goldenson
succeeded Dr. Levy as rabbi in I9I8.
Besides the pioneer congregation, the Jews have the Tree of Life Synagogue in Craft Avenue, which was organized in I864 with I5 members, at
the home of G. Grafner. Mr. Grafner was made president and A. Abrams
secretary. A. Abrams, M. Crone, L. W. Miller, H. Hershberg, and J. Von
Raalty were appointed a committee to draft the constitution.  Isaac Wolf
was elected chasan. On September 29, I872, Alexander Fink was elected
president, serving for 20 years. The congregation bought the old Lutheran
meeting house at Ross Street and Fourth Avenue in i882, dedicating it on
March 25, I883, after extensive remodeling.  H. H. Livingston became
president in I892, being succeeded by B. N. Jacobs in I895. In I898 Rabbi
Michael Fried was installed, and H. H. Livingston was again elected president, serving for nine years. The synagogue at Ross Street and FourthPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Avenue was sold and the present location in Craft Avenue purchased in
I905. The new building was officially dedicated on March 22, 1906.
JEWISH SYNAGOGUES
Adath Jeshurum, 5643 Margaretta.
Archoli Barbos, Wylie Avenue, corner Erin.
Beth David, Miller, corner Foreside.
Beth Hamadrash Hagodol, 137 Washington Place.
Beth Israel, 8oi East.
Beth Jacob, Epiphany and Townsend.
Beth Sholen, corner Shady and Beacon.
B'Nai Israel, 2I5 Collins Avenue.
Chav Sholan, Liberty Avenue, near Twenty-eighth.
Cher Chedosh, Roberts, near Reed.
Gates of Wisdom, 35 Townsend.
Kanascis Israel, 72 Miller.
Kesser Torah Congregation, Webster Avenue, corner Erin.
Machsikei Hadas, Wylie Avenue, corner Granville.
Paule Zedeck, Crawford, near Centre Avenue.
Rodef Shalom Temple, Fifth Avenue, at Morewood Avenue.
Shaare Tfele, Miller, near Centre Avenue.
Shaarey Torah, 29 Townsend.
Shaarey Zadeck, I4 Townsend.
Talmund Torah, I903 Sarah.
Tifereth Israel, Fullerton, corner Clark.
Tree of Life, Craft Avenue, near Forbes.
MISCELLANEOUS CHURCHES
Among the miscellaneous denominations represented in Pittsburgh are
the following, with churches as indicated:
Church of the Brethren. First, 5o00oo Dearborn Street; Pittsburgh
Church of the Brethren, Greenfield Avenue.
Christian Church (sometimes called Carnpbellites).-Eleven churches:
Dithridge Street, Broadway in Beechview, Fullerton Street, Island Avenue,
Arch Street, Bristol Street in Squirrel Hill, Hazelwood, Knoxville, Shady
Avenue, Sherwood and Ribina Streets, Observatory Hill, N. S. The largest
congregation is that of the Rev. John Ray Ewers, with a handsome new
church in Shady Avenue.
Church of God.-Four churches: 2244 Beaver Avenue, 667 College Avenue, 313 Estella Avenue, 313 Paulson Avenue.
Christian Science.-First, 635  Clyde Street; Second, 7I3 Ridge Avenue;
Third, 2329 Fremont Place; Church of Divine Healing, 407 East Ohio Street.
774THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
Latter Day.Saints.-Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints, I8o5 Tonopah Avenue.
Free Methodist.-'Three churches: 8212 Frankstown Avenue,  i i Kathleen Street, Mt. Washington; I046 Steuben Street.
Methodist Primitive.-Three churches: First, 512 Holmes Street; Second,
2428 Cobden Street; Third, 237 Homestead Street.
National Catholic.-Three churches: Metropolitan  Lithuanian, i6oo
Metropolitan Street; Sacred Heart of Jesus (Polish), 4225 Sherrod Street;
St. George's (Lithuanian), I05 South Nineteenth Street.
Congregational.-Seven churches: Arlington, I86 Arlington Avenue;
Evangelical Protestant, Ii8 Shaler Street; West End Evangelical Protestant,
I25 Steuben Street; Manchester, I431 Juniata Street; Puritan, 70 South
Twenty-second Street; Slavic, 3042 Petosky Street; Swedish, 329 Fortyfifth Street.
Greek Church.-Holy Ghost, I437 Superior Avenue; Holy Spirit, 4oi01
Atwood Street; Holy Trinity, 606 Sandusky Street; St. Alexander Nevsky's,
Ketchum  Street; St. George's, South  Sixteenth  Street; St. George'(Ukrainian), 64 Doerr Street; St. John Chrysostom, 500 Saline Street; St.
John, 107 South Seventh Street; St. Michael, I3I Vine Street; St. Nicholas,
4I9 Dithridge Street; SS. Peter and Paul, 2Io03 Sidney Street; St. Vladimir's,
South Eighteenth Street; St. John Baptist, 6I3 Carson Street.
Quakers.-Church of the Friends, 9II Hazelwood Avenue.
Nazarene.-Church of the Nazarene, Risher and Homer Avenues; Sheridan Church of the Nazarene, Allendale Street.
Seventh Day Adventist.-First, 7243 Race Street; First German, I65
Fortieth Street.
Spiritualist.-Eighteen congregations: Church of Bloomfield, 4823 Plenn
Avenue; Church of Faith, Third Floor, Geyer Building; Church of Truth,
607 Union Avenue; Church of the Soul, 202 Federal Street; Bouquet Street,
2Io0 Bouquet Street; Universal Hagars, 2173 Webster Avenue; Good Will,
2207 Wylie Avenue; Mt. Hope, 407 East Ohio Street; First of Pittsburgh,
256 Boquet Street; First of Allegheny, 6II East Ohio Street; First United,
204 Federal; First Universal, 2Io0 Federal Street; Second, 905 Federal Street;
Second of Light, 805 Arch Street; Second of North Side, 416 East Ohio
Street; Twelfth, 412 Federal Street.
Reformed Church.-Christ, Hamilton and Lang Avenues; Church of the
Ascension, I607 Termon Avenue, N. S.; St. Mark's Memorial, Highland
Avenue, E. E.; Grace, Dithridge and Bayard Street; St. Paul's, I77 Fortyfourth Street; First Hungarian, 225 Johnson Avenue.
Unitarian.-First, Morewood and Ellsworth Avenues, Shadyside; North
Side, 416 North Avenue.
Still other miscellaneous churches in Pittsburgh include the Apostolic
775PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Church of Christ, 2544 Penn Avenue; Church of God in Christ, 2504 Center
Avenue; Church of God of the Americans, 6oi Junilla Street; Church of God
and Saints of Christ (churches at 626 Lawson Street and 8i8 Wylie Avenue);
Church of the New Jerusalem (churches at 4928 Wallingford Street and
I309 Sandusky Street); Mt. Zion United Holy Church, 6374 Frankstown
Avenue; Moorish Holy Science Temple, I869 Ridgway Street; Pillar of
Fire Missionary Home and Chapel, 335 Highland Avenue; African Methodist Episcopal (ii churches); African Methodist Episcopal Zion  (six
churches).
THE OLDER CHURCHES OF PITTSBURGH*
I782-Protestant Evangelical Church and Protestant Reformed Church;
I812 these merged as the German Evangelical Protestant Church which, in
1925, became affiliated with the National Council of Congregational Churches.
The first building of the first-named church was at Wood and Diamond
Streets. In I787 John Penn, the elder, and John Penn, the younger, deeded
to the church a tract of land bounded by Smithfield Street, Strawberry Way,
Montour Way, and Sixth Avenue. The new church of the congregation
stands on part of the property (on Smithfield Street) and the remainder is
leased by the congregation to commercial interests for 99 years.
I784-First Presbyterian Church. First building, of logs, was on Wood
Street where McCreery's store now stands. There were 38 pews ranging in
rental from $9 to $I2 per annum.
1787-Trinity Episcopal Church. First building at intersection of Liberty, Wood, and Sixth Avenue. Four ministers from this church became
Bishops. In June, 1928, this church became Trinity Cathedral.
I788-The Pittsburgh Circuit of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Early
services were held in barracks of old Fort Pitt. First church was built on
Front Street (Water Street) near Smithfield Street in I8Io. In I8I7 moved
to present location at Smithfield Street and Seventh Avenue, since when it
has been known as Smithfield M. E. Church. The present building was erected
in I848. Forty-five members have entered the ministry, and six pastors of
the church have become Bishops.
I8oI-First United Presbyterian Church. Congregation first met in
Court House. In I8Io purchased for $550 a lot on Seventh Avenue at
Cherry Way (now William Penn Way) and built a church. Now located
at Fifth Avenue and Thackery Street.
i8oi-Second Presbyterian Church, then located on Diamond Alley.
Now on Eighth Street. Famous persons who were former members of this
* This is a fairly full list of Pittsburgh churches organized prior to i88o, with
brief historic sketches.
776THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
church  Governor William A. Stone; Ambassadors Leishman and James
Verner; Margaret Deland, the novelist.
1804--Associate Reformed Church of Saw Mill Run. First building
located in country at what is now known as 255 Washington Road, where
the Mt. Lebanon United Presbyterian Church, a continuation of the original
body, now stands.
i8o-St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church. The first building stood on
site now known as Liberty Avenue and Eleventh Street, which later was
sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The congregation then built
on present Fourteenth Street, south of Liberty Avenue, but again sold to the
railroad company and erected present buildings at Liberty Avenue and Seventeenth Street.
i8I5-First Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, the first church
building being on the site of the present Nixon Theater on Sixth Avenue.
The present name is Second United Presbyterian Church, located at the
corner of Negley and Stanton Avenues, East End.  
819-i-First Presbyterian Church of East Liberty organized, although it
was not formally constituted until 1828. The first church was erected on
land presented by Jacob Negley and his wife, Barbara Ann, at the location
of the present East Liberty Presbyterian Church. Including the present
pastor, the organization has had only six pastors since its founding.
I827-St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church, located at Fifth Avenue and
Grant Street. When the building was dedicated in I834 the architect said
it probably was the largest church in the United States at that time. In
August, I843, the church became St. Paul's Cathedral. In I844 and in I847
the city authorized grading on Grant's Hill which left the Cathedral standing
about 20 feet above the level of the streets. In I85I the building was destroyed by fire. A new building erected at a cost of $300,000. In i9oi
the property was sold to H. C. Frick for $I,325,00ooo; and a short time later
the present cathedral property, bounded by Dithridge Street, Fifth Avenue,
and Craig Street, was purchased for $2o5,ooo. The present cathedral, which
cost, furnished, $885,48I, was consecrated October 24, I906.
1829-Sidney Rigdon and Joseph Smith found in a Pittsburgh printery
an antique manuscript and from it produced the Book of Mormon, thus
launching the Church of Latter Day Saints.
I83o-First Presbyterian Church of Allegheny founded. First building
was in "the burying ground" bounded by Park Way on the north, Sherman
Avenue on the east, Stockton Avenue on the south, and on the west by
unnamed lane. The place was then surrounded by a high board fence. In
1832 the congregation moved to a site on Arch Street.
I83I--First Associate Reformed Church of Allegheny Town, held meet777PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ings in a little room back of where Boggs and Buhl's store now stands. Now
called First United Presbyterian Church of Allegheny.
I83i-Birmingham  M. E. Church founded and building erected on lot
adjoining site of present Bingham Street AM. E. Church, on the South Side.
I832-Christ Episcopal Church established on site where present building stands.' 1832-Butler Street M. E. Church established, but it did not have its
own pastor until 1855.   
I832-East Liberty was made an appointment on Braddock's Field
Mission (Methodist Episcopal), becoming in 1839 a distinct appointment. In
I870 the church established there took the name Emory M. E. Church.
I832-Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church, later called Carmel Presbyterian Church, established. The church was organized to serve the Welsh
people who came here in large numbers to work in the coal mines and mills,
and their native language was used in whole or in part in services until
about io years ago, when the organization merged with the Presbyterian
Church. The first building was on the hillside below present Duquesne
University.  Later buildings were at Second Avenue and-Cherry Way,
while present one is on Boulevard of Allies at McDevitt Place.
I832-First Presbyterian Church of Lawrenceville.  Since 1834 the
church has occupied the same site-Thirty-ninth Street between Penn Avenue and Butler Street. In the membership at this writing are six men
and women who have been connected with the church for 60 years.
I833-Third Presbyterian Church established at Third and Ferry Streets.
The second building of the congregation was on Sixth Avenue, where the
William Penn Hotel now stands, and the present building is at Fifth and
South Negley Avenues.
i834-St. John's Episcopal Church established at present site-Butler
and Main Streets.
I835-First Regular Baptist Church of Allegheny Town established on
Robinson Street, North Side. The organization later became known as the
Sandusky Street Baptist Church, at Sandusky and Erie Streets.
I835-On the second Sunday of March a group of people met in the
home of Samuel Church and organized the First Christian Church of Allegheny Town. Mr. Church purchased a lot on the north bank of the Allegheny
River, at the corner of present Alcor Street, and built the first house of
worship, officiating as preacher without pay for 19 years. As there was no
baptistry in the church and the sect believed in baptism by immersion, converts were baptised in the river in front of the church. Others in the first
congregation were Henry W. Oliver, Ross Forward, James Gregg. The
present church building is at Arch Street and Montgomery Avenue.
778THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
I837 Fourth United Presbyterian Church. Its first building was in the
"far suburbs of the city"-present Penn Avenue and Seventeenth Street. At
present the congregation worships in a handsome building at Friendship and
Pacific.
i837-First Evangelical Lutheran Church, now located on Grant Street
between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. In I844 a benevolent and philanthropic
pastor became the leader of the church-Dr. William A. Passavant, who
founded Passavant Hospital, said to be the oldest Protfestant Hospital in
America.
I838-St. Andrew's Episcopal Church established on Ninth Street. Now
located at Hampton and Euclid Avenues.
I839-St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church founded on Sheridan
Avenue. Now at Collins Avenue and Station Street. The original name of
the organization was The United German Evangelical Church.
I84o-The congregation of St. Philomena's Roman Catholic Church
erected a building at Factory (now Fourteenth) Street and Liberty Avenue,
moving later to the present location of the church-Beechwood Boulevard
and Forward Avenue.
I84I -Birmingham  United Presbyterian Church established at South
Fourteenth Street and Bingham Street.
I84I-Asbury M. E. Church founded on Townsend Street. Now at 58oi
Forbes Street. The church grew out of a Sunday School of which Mr. Joseph
Woodwell, a man prominent in business circles, was superintendent.
I847-Temperanceville Associate Reformed Church founded on Noblestown Plank Road, the site of the building now being known as 520 South
Main Street. Through the years the name of the organization has come to
be West End Presbyterian Church.
I848-St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church founded at Birmingham and
Pius Streets, providing a place of worship south of the Monongahela River
for Catholics who had previously crossed the river in boats or on the ice to
worship in Pittsburgh. In I849 a terrible epidemic of cholera raged in Pittsburgh, and the congregation of this church had recourse to St. Roch, to whom
they made a vow that if he obtained the cessation of the plague by his
intercession in Heaven, the parish would annually observe his feast day as
a Holy Day of Obligation. The epidemic soon abated and ceased; and when
in I853 there was a recurrence, no member of the parish fell a victim to the
fatal malady. Faithful to its vow, the congregation has since observed the
Feast of St. Roch as a Holy Day of Obligation. The Passionist Fathers
arrived in Pittsburgh in I853 and were placed in charge of this church.
I848-The Redemptorist Fathers founded St. Mary's Roman Catholic
Church at the southwest corner of Nash and Lockhart Streets, N. S. In
I870, owing to the lack of German-speaking clergymen, the administration
779PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of the parish was entrusted to the Benedictine Fathers of St. Vincent Archabbey, Latrobe.
I85o--In a room over the quarters of the Vigilant Fire Department on
Third Street (now Avenue) near Market, a group of Jews who had a colony
huddled together in that section, met and organized a congregation which
still continues as Rodef Shwlom Congregation.  It may be of interest to
say that this brief statement of the origin of this well-known organization
was given by a man 92 years of age who, as a boy, was a member of the
original congregation. He asked that he be not named.
I852-St. James Episcopal Church founded, with first building at Penn
Avenue and Sixteenth Street. Present location is Kelly and Collier Streets.
I852-Grace Episcopal Church founded at location where present building stands-Bertha and Sycamore Streets.
I853-St. Mark's Episcopal Church founded on South Eighteenth Street.
Now located at Grane and Bausman Streets.
I853-St. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church founded on Enoch Street
near Granville Street. In April, I87I, the congregation finished a new
church building and planned for its dedication on the eighth day of that
month; but on the night prior to the ceremony, the building burned to the
ground. Immediately another, the present building at I833 Wylie Avenue,
was begun, being dedicated April 28, I872.
I853-St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church founded. First
building on site of present church-54 South Fourteenth Street.
I854-Central Presbyterian Church of Allegheny founded, with first
building at Lacock and Anderson Streets. Present building at Sandusky
and North Diamond.
I855-Calvary Episcopal Church founded. First building on Mill Street
(now called Collins Avenue). Present location Shady Avenue and Walnut
Street. Mr. S. Jarvis Adams was superintendent of the Sunday School for
2I years. The Rev. Dr. George Hodges, afterward dean of the theological
school at Cambridge, Mass., was rector of the church in the'8o's.
I855-Christ M. E. Church founded with first building at Penn Avenue
and Eighth Street. The building was burned down in I891 and for convenience of the scattered membership two churches were built-Calvary M. E.
on the North Side, and Christ M. E. at Baum Boulevard and Aiken Avenue.
Christ Church is the only church in the Pittsburgh Conference that has
rented pews.
I856-Sixth United Presbyterian Church founded on Flavel Street. In
I873 moved to a larger building at Collins Avenue and Station Street. On
the last Sunday of I894 the present church at North Highland Avenue and
Station Street was dedicated. During 20 years of the present minister's
pastorate the congregation gave for all purposes a little over $3,500,000ooo.
780THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
I857-Coal Hill (now Mt. Washington) Presbyterian Church founded,
with first building on same site as occupied by present church-Grandview
Avenue and Kearsarge Street.
I857-Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church. First building was on
northwest corner of Centre Avenue and Crawford Street, while present building is on northeast corner.
I858-St. Paul of the Cross Roman Catholic Church, known to old Pittsburghers as Monastery Church, founded. The church is on Monastery Avenue, named for St. Paul's Monastery, connected with the church.
I859-German United Protestant Congregation of Lawrenceville founded.
In I879 a charter was secured and the name changed to St. John's German
Evangelical Lutheran Church, the word "German" being retained out of
respect for the founders. At the present time the Sunday morning services in
English are followed by another in German for those who wish to worship in
their native tongue-about 20 per cent of the membership of the congregation.
I859-St. Peter's Episcopal Church founded, with first building at Grant
and Diamond Streets. Due to the encroachment of business houses on the
surrounding territory, the church was moved, stone by stone, and erected
at Forbes Street and Craft Avenue in exactly the same manner as it had been
originally, and it is still used by the congregation.
I86o-First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Allegheny founded,
with building on Washington Street. The name now is Trinity Evangelical
Lutheran Church, located at Stockton Avenue and Arch Street. -
I86o-Seventh United Presbyterian Church founded.
I862-First German Baptist Church was organized and a chapel erected
at a cost of $I,945 on Nineteenth Street, South Side. The present congregation worships in Temple Baptist Church, Mt. Oliver, which cost $90,000ooo
in I918. The original church was brought together by a group of five Baptists from Cassel, Germany. The organization continued active in work
among other foreign-speaking people of the district and was instrumental in
establishing churches among the Hungarians and Slovaks.
i862-Members of the old Liberty Street M. E. Church opposed the use
of instrumental music in the church and withdrew, establishing themselves
in a building at Ferry and Third Streets under the name Ames M. E. Church.
In I876 this congregation moved and has since been known as the Hazelwood
M. E. Church.
I862-As far back as I854 a little school for German children of the
neighborhood was being maintained-in the home of Franz Xavier Helbling
opposite the Allegheny Cemetery on Butler Street., Gradually the people
interested organized St. Augustine's Roman Catholic Church and built a
little schoolhouse on the hillside of Thirty-seventh Street.  The building
served as a -church also from its completion in I 862 until the fall of 1,863
78I...-I...,.. I'll
iPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
when a church was completed on Butler Street between Thirty-sixth and
Thirty-seventh Streets. The school was enlarged by digging out beneath
it and making it a two-story building. Until I874 the parish was in charge
of a Capuchin monk. In that year other members of the order arrived and
established St. Augustine Monastery, which is the mother house of the St.
Augustine Capuchin Province of Pennsylvania. There is also a convent in
connection with the church.  
I862-Fourth Utnited Presbyterian Church organtiized with building at
Beaver Street and South Commons-now Arch and Montgomery- Streets.
I862-Fifth United Presbyterian Church of Allegheny organized. The
congregation had no church building until the present oneat Irwin Boulevard
and Friedmore Street was erected in I870...
I863-North Presbyterian Church organized in Allegheny by Northern
sympathizers who withdrew from another church where there was considerable feeling for the South. At this writing two women charter members of
the church are living. For several years the congregation met in various
halls, then the present church building at North Lincoln and Galveston
Avenues was erected.
I864- Walton M. E. Church founded, being named for the Honorable
Joseph Walton, who completed a church building begun by the congregation.
I866-Bellefield Presbyterian Church founded at Fifth Avenue and Bellefield Avenue,, where present church is located.  -  
I866--A group of Catholics gathered together and organized St. Joseph's
Roman Catholic Church in the Borough of Manchester, because it was too far
for them to take their families clear in to Allegheny to services. On Monday
following Pentecost, I866, the men went early to the lot which had been
purchased and with the aid of hand tools, wheelbarrows, and one horse and
cart, finished excavations for foundation before evening. Bricks from the
kiln.. of Jacob Miller were purchased at $4.50 per thousand, and Martin
Leach contracted to lay them at $4 per thousand if the congregation furnished
the water-which had to be carried or carted to the scene. To remedy this a
well was dug, which served the entire neighborhood for many years. In the
fall of the year the men of the congregation laid the floor by candlelight
when, their regular work was finished. It is recorded that the first boys
who served the priest at Holy Mass were Joseph Herpel, John Bender, John
Wagner, and Charles Englert, whose names later became well known.
i866-Most Holy Name Roman Catholic Church founded with building
at Clark and Hazel Streets, now Claim and Harpster Streets.
i866-Mt. Washington M. E. Church founded.
i866-The year being the centennial of the beginning of Methodism in
the United States, a congregation, organized with a building on Kirkpatrick
Street, named their church the Centenary M. E. Church. It combined about
782THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
19I3 with Herron Hill M. E. Church and the name of the. united organizations became Schenley Heights M. E. Church (?).
i866-North Avenue M. E. Church organized, Bishop Matthew Simpson,
who delivered Abraham Lincoln's funeral oration at the burial in Springfield,
Ill., on May 4, 1865, being one of the founders.
I867-St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church founded at 319 Pearl Street.
Present Location 4700 Liberty Avenue.
I868-St. Agnes Roman Catholic Church founded.  First building, at
2400 Fifth Avenue, was dedicated in I874. Present building is at 3215
Fifth Avenue.....
I868-At 3:30 P.M. January 12, I868, in the lecture room of the (then)
Sixth Street Church the organization of Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church
for colored people was effected. The first meetings of the congregation
were in a school building on Millers Street; but in I874 the people moved to
a new building at 74 Arthur Street, where the church is still located.
I869-Emanuel Episcopal Church founded at the location now occupied
by the congregation's edifice-North and Allegheny Avenues.
i86-The congregation of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church erected
a building at Sheridan Avenue and. Broad Street-their first church. Their
church is now located at Margaretta and Beatty Streets.
I87o-St. Martin's Roman Catholic Church founded. First building was
on hill above site of the present church, at Alexander and Steuben Streets.
I87o-The Rt. Rev. Bishop Dominec laid the corner stone of St. Stephen's
Roman Catholic Church at Second Avenue and Elizabeth Street. On July
9, I879, the present pastor, the Reverend D. J. Devlin, was appointed as
pastor of the church and he has been in charge continuously since that date.
I87I-St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church  founded-Twenty-eighth
and Sarah Streets, South Side.
I872-Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church founded on a mud road now
known as Centre Avenue, between present Euclid Avenue and Beatty Street.
Opposite the church were hundreds of acres of farmland. Although the
parish is now larger than it ever was before, it has been mother to the
following institutions: St. Paul's Cathedral and the churches known as Corpus
Christi, St. Lawrence, Holy Rosary, St. Raphael, St. Philomena, and St.
Bede. Since the beginning, the Sisters of Charity have had charge of the
grade and high schools. Twelve boys of the parish have become priests and
more than 40 of its young women have entered various religious communities.
I872-Good Shepherd Episcopal Church founded at Second Avenue and
Johnstone Street.
I873-St. Luke's Episcopal Church founded.
I873-German Evangelical Lutheran Matthew's Church founded at corner of East and First Streets, Allegheny. The congregation is now called
783PITTSBURGH. OF TODAY
Evangelical Lutheran St. Matthew's Church, with a building at North Avenue and Middle Street, North Side.
I874-St. Mary's of the Mount Roman Catholic Church founded on
Belonda Street. December 19, I897, a new building at Grandview Avenue
and Ulysses Street, was dedicated. The Pittsburgh Apostolate was located
in this parish-a band of missionary priests who gave missions throughout the
Diocese of Pittsburgh.
I876-In October the Mt. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded
on Franklin Road (now Perrysville Avenue). The present edifice at Waldorf
Street and Perrysville Avenue was dedicated June 2I, I914. This is the
largest English Lutheran Church in Pittsburgh.
I876-Union Baptist Church organized by the union of the South Pittsburgh Baptist Church and the East Birmingham Baptist Church, founded in
I849 and I86o, respectively. The congregation still occupies its original
building at Nineteenth and Carson Streets.
I877-St. John the Baptist Roman Catholic Church founded.
I88o-First Reformed Presbyterian Church branched out from the Oak
Alley Reformed Presbyterian Church and located at Grant Street and Sixth
Avenue. Present church is at 7II9 Frankstown Avenue.
784CHAPTER XXI
STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGHCHAPTER XXI
STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
Pittsburgh's Three Great Universities of I930 Crown One of Finest Public
School Systems in America-Opening of First Public School in I835
with Five Pupils-Public Schools the Result of the Fight for Free
Schools Led by the Great Commnoner, Thaddeus Stevens-Central Board
of Education Created in I855-Great Step Forward Made in Enactment
of Reformed School Code by the Legislature in I9II-Amazing Growth
of the Pittsburgh High Schools-Chronological List of School Superintendents-City's Progressive Vocational Schools Supplemented by
Educational Courses of Industries-Over Twenty-six Thousand Students Registered in the Three Universities of Pittsburgh in  93o-History of the University of Pittsburgh, Established as the Pittsburgh
Academy in 1787-Carnegie Institute of Technology Founded and
Endowed by Andrew Carnegie in November, Igoo-Description of the
Various Colleges-Nine Schools Embraced by Duquesne University
Founded by the Holy Ghost Fathers-Pennsylvania College for Women,
the Three Theological Seminaries, and Preparatory Schools.
Five half-frightened, wholly curious youngsters from the North Ward
entered a room in a frame building at Irwin (now Seventh) Street and
Duquesne Way late in I834 or in I835, and ranged themselves before the
contemplative eyes of G. F. Gilmore, who, with this small group, was-opening
the first public school in the City of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County.
The other three wards of the city soon opened schools. The one in the
South Ward opened on September II, I835, in Hyde's carpet factory, which
stood on the site now occupied by the Monongahela House. Early in I836
the West Ward School opened in a building on Ferry Street between Fourth
Avenue and Liberty Street, with Mr. and Mrs. Creighton in charge. Directors of East Ward erected a building on "the hill near the old water basin"
on the corner of Diamond and Scrip Alleys and opened a school in I836
with Mr. and Mrs. Whittier in charge.
From such humble beginnings the free public school machinery of Allegheny County has grown to comprise more than 640 school buildings valued
at over $79,500,ooo with equipment valued at much more than $5,ooo,ooo.
With these facilities the public school systems of the county care for about
245,000 pupils.787PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
In the City of Pittsburgh alone the enrollment in public schools is I04,070
and in the parish schools nearly 45,00ooo; while the institutions of higher
education have an enrollment of over 26,000.
Pittsburgh's interest in educational matters has been strong since the
earliest days; and as industrial and business life became established throughout the county, men of foresight turned their attention to enlargement of all
kinds of school work. Today Pittsburgh is unique in possessing three great
universities.
On April I, I834, when Governor George Wolf approved an Act of
Legislature providing for the establishing and financing of "common"
schools, the sum of $5,000 annually was allotted in Allegheny County. Today
the annual pay roll for'teachers and executive staffs in the various public
school districts of the county reaches a total of $I3,500,000.
The parish schools of the county have grown amazingly, the latest and
most notable signs of their efficiency being the completion of the splendid
Cathedral High School on North Craig Street and the Boys' High School on
Fifth Avenue.
Originally the school term was short and the instructors felt repaid if their
young charges went out into the world equipped with' a working knowledge
of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Then came better facilities, broadened
ideas, and the introduction of new courses'of study grown gradually to our
present-day elaborate courses leading directly to the colleges and universities.
For the boys and girls who do not particularly care for "bookish'" courses,
there are manual training and domestic science courses; and for those who
cannot attend day schools, there are evening classes in the grade schools as
well as the high schools. In addition to these facilities the Carnegie Library
of Pittsburgh is about to take a forward step in adult education, Director
Ralph W. Munn having conceived the idea of setting up a faculty to work out
reading courses, a college professor to be at the head of the work to direct
and serve all who desire to improve their minds. Expenses for a three-year
experiment have been underwritten by the Buhl Foundation.
Pittsburgh Public Schools.-In Pennsylvania, as in other states, the first
schools were private schools. As the late Dr. William M. Davidson, for
many years superintendent of public schools in Pittsburgh, pointed out in
an address to the members of the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, pro-,visions were amply made by the Penns and by the first state constitution of
Pennsylvania (date I790) for popular schools specially appealing to the
children of the poor. They speedily became known as the "common" schools
and the state of the public mind was such that eventually they were regarded
as pauper schools and a large portion of the public was disinclined to use them.
From this confused opinion there graduallly emerged a strong public sentiment splendidly led by Pennsylvania's great commoner, Thaddeus Stevens,
788..........STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
in favor of the creation of a free public school system for the children of all
the people without class distinction.  More than any other man Thaddeus
Stevens was responsible for the enactment of the law of I834 already mentioned.
The following paragraphs from Dr. Davidson's address dealing with the
historical development of Pittsburgh's public school system  are well worth
quoting:
The first "little red schoolhouse" planted in Pittsburgh under this
law was established-in a frame building near the corner of Eighth street
and Penn avenue in the year I835. The total enrollment in this first
free-tax-supported school consisted of five pupils. After changing locations two or three times, this first structure found its final abiding
place on the site now occupied by the old North School, lat Eighth street
and Duquesne way. In a sense, it can be properly claimed that the present North School (now occupied as a Continuation School and by the
Department of Compulsory Attendance) represents in both the spirit and
the letter the establishment of "the first little red schoolhouse" set up
in Pittsburgh.
The rights of the children steadily grew in favor in Pittsburgh and
the public schools soon came to hold first place in the hearts of its people.
Twenty years after, this small beginning of 1835 with its five pupils and
a single teacher, had expanded to twelve schools with a hundred teachers,
calling for an annual expenditure of $40,oo000. These schools under the
state law were all ward schools, managed locally by boards of school
directors. The need of consolidation was so strongly felt that in I855
the State Assembly of Pennsylvania was persuaded to pass a law making a single school district out of the city of Pittsburgh with a Central
Board of Education created to control the affairs of such district and
sharing with the local ward boards the conduct of the schools. In that
year (I855) the high school was made a part of the public school system
of the city.
During the period of the next fourteen years, the schools of Pittsburgh doubled their teaching force from  Io00 teachers to 204 teachers.
In the same period the buildings increased from twelve to thirty-two.
The annual expenditure of the public schools in I869 was $I2I,000.
The enrollment had increased during the same period from 5,000 pupils
to 12,000 pupils.
In I869 the state school law was improved and strengthened by an
act of the legislature, thereby enabling the Central Board of Education
to place the schools under the direction of a superintendent of schools
together with a staff of principals at the head of each of the thirty-two
789PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
schools recognized as the free-state-tax-supported schools at that time.
No further change was made in the method of control of the schools
of importance until the year I9II when the whole state school system
of Pennsylvania was reorganized under what is known as the State
School Code of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. New and added
powers were given to Boards of Education, higher standards for the
certification of teachers were provided, better schoolhouses were made
possible, the improvement in the curriculum was promoted and made to
fit more nearly the needs of the present day, and in a score of particulars,
schools of the state were promoted so rapidly that under this law they
have come to rank as among the best schools in the Republic.
Under this school code the present Board of Public Education has
been enabled to give to Pittsburgh a school system the equal of the best
in the country. Kindergarten schools have been established, the elementary schools have been vastly improved, the whole high school system
has been expanded to an enrollment of more than 20,000 students, served
by seventeen large and well-equipped high school buildings, vocational
trade schools have been set up, and special schools have been organized
to meet the'particular needs of the handicapped children living within
this school district.
The Pittsburgh high schools, which compare favorably in most respects
with the smaller colleges in less favored parts of the country, have a history
which reads like a veritable educational romance. Beginning in I855, the first
high school five years later had only I8o students. This enrollment of I8o
high school pupils in i860 had increased in I9Io0 to a total of 2,800 pupils, and
in 1930 to 29,292 students actually registered in the city's public high schools.
The enrollment more than once has almost doubled in a five-year period.
One of the possessions of the Pittsburgh public school system which is
envied by many other cities is the Pittsburgh Teachers' Training School, a
benefaction by Henry C. Frick.
To be qualified to enter this school an applicant must be a graduate of
a first-class four-year high school and at the same time be a resident of the
City of Pittsburgh, that is to say, the Board of Education has found it necessary to limit admission to this school to resident students.
About 6o per cent of the number of new teachers appointed to positions
in the schools in any given year is recruited from the graduates of the Pittsburgh Teachers' Training School. The remaining 40 per cent required to
meet the demand for new teachers is recruited from outside the list of training school graduates in order to avoid too great an in-breeding in the schools,
and at the same time to meet the needs of the system where teachers of riper
experience are vitally necessary to the work. This policy has made it neces790SCHENLEY HIGH SCHOOL, SCHENLEY FARMS, AND PEABODY HIGH
SCHOOL, EAST ENDSTORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
sary for the Board of Education to limit the number of admissions to the
training school each year, which practice has proved to be a very wise policy.
If the status of our training school were defined educationally it would
be to classify it as a school of junior-college rank, due to the fact.that the
two years of professional training are considered by colleges generally as
equivalent to the completion of the first two years of college work.
A new building to house the teachers' training school with its model group
of elementary children, was in I927 erected in the Schenley district, facing.
on Thackery Street just above Fifth Avenue. This building, as a tribute to
the founder, has been named the Henry Clay Frick Training School for
Teachers.
When the will of Mr. Frick was opened it was found that he had bequeathed to the Frick Educational Commission of Pittsburgh the sum of
$5,000ooo,ooo000 to be used by that commission in promoting the professional growth
and improvement of the teachers now employed in the Pittsburgh Public
Schools.
Since and before that bequest, Mr. Frick's beneficence has made it possible for the Educational Commission to award free scholarships to nearly
four thousand teachers connected with the Pittsburgh Public Schools. On
these free scholarships teachers have been able to attend summer vacation
schools conducted by the leading colleges and universities of the land.
The following list of Superintendents of Public Schools will be of general interest:
Superintendents of City Schools: George J. Luckey, I868-I899; Samuel
Andrews, I899-I912; S. L. Heeter, I9I2-19I3; Dr. William M. Davidson,
19I3-I930 (died in I930); Dr. Ben. G. Graham, 1930 to date.
County Superintendents of Schools: James M. Pryor, 1854; B. M. Kerr,
1854-I857; Charles WV. Quick, 1857-I860; A. T. Douthet, I86o-1875; James
Dickson, i875-I88I; John Scott Johnston, i88i-i886; Samuel Hamilton,
I886-1922; Charles E. Dickey, 1922 to date.
Pittsburgh School Taxes.-The tax levy in the City of Pittsburgh in I929
for school purposes was i iz mills on the assessed value of land and buildings. The levy was the same in 1929 as in 1928 and has been at this rate
since the beginning of I922. The amount collected in taxes for 1929 was
$I2,680, I76.46 or $272,976.93 more than in I928 due mainly to an increase
in the assessed value of taxable property and due, also, to a larger collection
of delinquent taxes. The percentage of current taxes actually collected was
less in I929 than in I928, being 90.58 per cent as compared to 9I.I0 per cent
for 1928.
The valuation of taxable property in I928was $I,II2,384,480. In 1929
the valuation of taxable property increased to $I,I39,9I7,520. This latter
figure includes $2,754,850 property valuation for the annexed districts, of
791PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Hays Borough and Mifflin Township. These districts' were annexed in January, I1929, but yielded taxes for only one half year as their former tax years
ended June 30, I929.
Receipts and Expenditures.-The cash receipts of the Pittsburgh Board of
Public Education from all sources for I929 amounted to $I7,598,690.77 and
the payments for all purposes amounted tc $I5,942,420.50.  Cash on hand
at the beginning of the year was'$3,335,252.86 and at the end of the year it
was $4,991,523.I3.' The receipts consisted of $I2,680,I76.46 from taxes,
$i,I58,306.37  from  the state appropriation, $404,943.02  from  interest,
$I80,01O0.43  from  tuition, $65,ooo  from  the maturity  of investments,
$24,417.33 from school districts annexed to the city, $3,023,028.46 from the
issuing of' the I929' bond issue and $62,808.70 from miscellaneous sources
Expenditures consisted of $Ii,571,225.97 for conducting schools, $2,I72,945.56 for capital outlays,'$i,950,302.96 for principal, sinking fund installments and interest on bonded debt, and $247,946.oi for miscellaneous purposes.
Public -School Costs. The cost of conducting all Pittsburgh public
schools for I929, including expenses for administration, instruction, coordinate activities, auxiliary agencies, operation of school plants, fixed charges
and maintenance, but excluding expenditures for debt service and capital outlays, was $II,571,225.97 as compared to $II,310,895.69 for I928 or an increase of $260,330.28. The cost of conducting schools in I929 was increased
by the addition of the Hays Borough and Mifflin Township school districts.
The average daily attendance in regular day schools increased from 87,463
in I928 to 89,360 in I929.
The cost per pupil from I929 in regular day schools based upon average
daily attendance was as follows:
Elementary Schools..................... $ 98.20
Junior High Schools.................. I60.I7
Junior-Senior High Schools............. I86.65
High Schools........................ 213.69
Teacher Training School..............373.22
Industrial Schools.................... 224.48
Continuation Schools.................. Io3.05
Special Schools......................  I64.23
All Regular Day Schools.............. I26.59
MEMBERS OF THE PITTSBURGH BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, I930
Marcus Aaron, Taylor Allderdice, Mrs. Alice M. Carmalt, Mrs. F. B.
Chalfant, Dr. George W. Gerwig, Mrs. Mary J. Cowley, N. R. Criss, Esq.,
Thomas E. Doyle, Frank E. Freese, Charles A. Fisher, A. L. Lewin, M.D.,
792PITTSBURGH IN 1876
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, PITTSBURGH BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATIONSTORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
Philip Murray, David B. Oliver, Alexander P. Reed, and Robert Voegtly.
Marcus Aaron was President of the Board, N. R. Criss Vice-President,
H. W. Cramblet Secretary, James P. Kerr School Controller, Roy D. Schooley School Treasurer, and J. Rodgers McCreery Solicitor, in 1930.
Vocational Edtu.cation in Pittsburgh.-The man of the street has little
knowledge of the vast opportunity which the-modern boy has in the public
schools for preparing for his life work; and for those who are interested in
the matter it- is well that some of the vocational courses be listed.
In woodworking a boy has an opportunity to secure specialized instruction to aid him in becoming a cabinetmaker, a rough carpenter, a finish carpenter, a furniture finisher, a pattern maker, a wood turner, or a machine millhand.
The following general courses are similarly sub-divided, so that the individual choices of the students may be served. The numerals in parentheses
indicate the number of sub-divisions in each course: Machine Shop (7);
Printing (5); Electric Wiring (5); Electric Power Equipment (7); Drafting (5);;.Sheet Metal (5); Telephone (2); Auto Mechanics (4); and Plumbing (2); Radio; and Bricklaying.
Recently a new course was introduced-a course in Commercial Art,
through which students may be trained in poster designing, advertisement
layouts, etc.
In addition to the classes for all-day pupils, opportunities are offered for
co6perative training in connection with a number of industrial plants.
Through the cooperation of the Pittsburgh Personnel Association many halftime positions have been made available for public school pupils. The work
is conducted on the well-known part-time co6perative plan under which two
boys fill one position, each alternating between school and work in successive
two-week periods.
Training is also given in day or evening classes for indentured apprentices
in plumbing, carpentering, bricklaying, electricity, and printing.
For the purpose of reaching a certain group of boys who would not be
likely to attend high school and who might overlook the opportunities offered
in the trade or industrial schools, a number of pre-vocational centers are maintained in connection with some of the larger elementary schools.
As the name implies, this pre-vocational work is intended not only to
motivate the whole educational program for a certain type of retarded pupil,
but to awaken an interest in the trades and industries.
One of the principal agencies for promoting vocational education is the
Pittsburgh Personnel Association, which assists in recording names of minors
available for employment, encouraging the training of apprentices, fostering
development of education within the industries, etc.
A survey of the facilities for education in the district would be incomplete
793'PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
without mention of the development of a partnership which has grown between
education and industry, which here has progressed further than in most cities.
Many comprehensive courses are offered by manufacturers and by commercial and banking institutions.
Before entering upon the modern phases of this work, it is interesting to
know that one of the earliest settlers on Mt. Washington instituted what probably was our first educational-industrial partnership.
The man in question was a Dilworth, who had purchased a tract of coal
land for $I5 an acre and had established a business of transporting his coal
across the Monongahela River to the growing city on The Point.
Being of a benevolent and farsighted disposition, he built a school in I820
at his own expense and employed a teacher to instruct his workers and their
children. It is recorded that during his life Mr. Dilworth sold much of his
property at $I,ooo an acre.
To-day, instead of building a schoolhouse apart from its industrial plant,
a corporation provides classrooms and instruction in suitable parts of the
plant-the educational department and the industrial departments working
hand in hand.
The Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company is one of the most
noted in the United States for its own educational work and for its co6peration with all educational institutions.
The company itself conducts courses of study through which college graduates, high school graduates, grade- and vocational-school graduates, stenographers, and office boys, respectively, are trained for more responsible positions.
In addition, night classes are conducted at Westinghouse Technical High
School; and the Westinghouse Club is prepared to conduct classes in any subject desired by Io or more members.
Numerous other industries conduct similar courses on a smaller scale; and
the department stores of the city do likewise for the benefit of their employees.
The Irene Kaufmann Settlement, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.CGA., and Young Men's
and Women's Hebrew Association all are actively engaged in aiding ambitious
men and women to prepare themselves for better positions.
The Pittsburgh Branch of the American Institute of Banking, supported
by the bankers of the city, has its part in fostering education inasmuch as
courses are conducted in Standard Banking, Economics, Commercial Law,
and associated subjects.
Other organizations that conduct educational classes of various kinds for
the benefit of employees are American Steel Foundries; American Steel 
Wire Co.; Carnegie Steel Co.; H. J. Heinz Co.; Keystone Coal  Coke Co.;
National Tube Co.; Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co.; Pittsburgh Coal Co.;
Koppers Co.; Westinghouse Air Brake Co.; Union Switch   Signal
Co.; Bell Telephone-Co. andthe Philadelphia Co.
794LANGLEY HIGH SCHOOL, STIERADEN, AND DAVID B. OLIVER HIGH SCHOOL,
NORTH SIDE
FORBES FIELD, HOME OF PITTSBURGH "PIRATES"DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
near Thirty-first Street. There were seven tanneries in Pittsburgh in I803,
and 13 in I857. They had increased to 20 in I876, when Bishop's American
Manufactures declared that Pittsburgh was the chief center in the United
States for the manufacture of the finest harness leather.
Saddlery and harness making naturally flourished alongside the tanneries.
As late as the'eighties there were 43 firms in Pittsburgh engaged in saddlery
and harness making. This form of enterprise has almost completely disappeared as other centers of population nearer the sources of raw material
supply claimed it as their natural function.
Still more surprising to the Pittsburgher of I93I is the information that
the boot and shoe industry was well established in the hamlet of Pittsburgh in
I799, and that Hammond  Well were doing a thriving business as boot and
shoe manufacturers in I8IO, turningout 4,500 pairs of men's shoes and I,5oo
pairs of boots annually. In I8o4 the Pittsburgh Shoe Manufacturers charged
75 cents for a pair of coarse shoes and 8o cents for a pair of fine ones. Long
boots brought $2.50. In I814 the town had I4 factories producing over
$I20,000 worth of shoes, mostly men's. Women's shoes were not made in
the town to any considerable extent until S. Marshall  Son moved from
Philadelphia and established a factory for the manufacture of women's fine
shoes at 17 Fifth Avenue in the late'thirties.
In the Mercury, April 3, I822, appears this quaint advertisement:
Removed! The stibscriber, thankful for past favors, takes the liberty
of informing his friends and the public in general that he has removed to
Liberty Street opposite the round church and next to the sign of the
Half Moon and Seven Stars where he intends to manufacture Ladies'
Morocco and Leather Boots and Shoes, Gentlemen's Fine and Coarse
Boots and Shoes, and Misses', Boys', and Children's, do. He hopes
by strict attention to business still to merit an equal share of public
patronage.- WVALTER GLASS.
This' industry remained local and never developed extensively, although
it is responsible for the first labor strike in the city, December, I804. The
employers who boarded their apprentices raised the board from $i.50 to $2.25
a week. The apprentices asked for'more money and struck.  Nothing is
known of the outcome.
The cotton and woolen manufacturing industries were among the most
important Pittsburgh industries that used to be.
Weaving had been carried on extensively by hand before I8oo. In that
year there were five looms in the city; by I809 there were 44 weavers, producing 52,8oo yards of cotton and woolen cloth worth $88,848,' besides large
quantities of carpets, rugs, tablecloths, and coverlets.  Spinning wheels
found an active producer in Mathew Colhoun, of Mifflintown, who turned'out
473STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
County Schools.-Mention has been made of the vocational schools of
Pittsburgh, and it is only fair to say that in the other independent school
districts of Allegheny County such work is carried on according to the abilities
of the communities, with splendid results.
The independent school districts are Braddock, Carnegie, Clairton, Dormont, Duquesne, Homestead, Munhall, McKees Rocks,- McKeesport, Pittsburgh, Rankin, Swissvale, Tarentum, Wilkinsburg, and Bellevue.
In addition to these there are something like Ioo distinct school districts
under the supervision of the County Superintendent of Schools, who is elected
every four years by a convention of the School Boards from these districts.
The work of these so-called county schools is well organized, and in them
the pupils have practically all the advantages of the city schools, inasmuch as
manual training and associate subjects are included in the curricula.
Under the supervision of the County Superintendent is a splendid school
with a force of II teachers and a principal whose entire time is devoted to
instruction in agriculture to the boys and home economics to the girls. This
is the Findley Township Vocational High School. Two other high schoolsRobinson TowInship at Moon Run, and Bethel Township at Library-also
have vocational agriculture and home economic courses.
In these schools study of agricultural problems is put on a practical basis
through assigning pupils projects according to their ability. For instance, a
boy is given the task of planting and developing an acre of strawberries; or
housing and caring for a flock of chickens (some flocks run up to I,ooo in
number); or caring for a stated number of sheep or swine, etc. According
to the I929 report of the county schools, junior project workers in Allegheny
County were awarded io prizes at a State Project Contest Held at Harrisburg. The first of these prizes was a silver medal awarded to Henry Dewalt,
a juvenile truck gardener.
The high schools mentioned are-all consolidated schools, to which pupils
are transported without charge.
The County Superintendent also has under his direction the North Braddock Industrial School, where all kinds of industrial activities are carried on
by the pupils.
In another of the county schools at Edgeworth-a full-time music instructor teaches piano and other instruments to groups in the first four grades,
and in the higher grades free individual instructions are given. Other schools
teach music on a less ambitious scale.
Realizing the importance of training the girls to become good housewives
and managers, no phase of these subjects is overlooked by the County Supervisor of Home Economics. In this department of the school work girls are
taught the essential things about food buying; preparation and serving; selection of clothing; household upkeep; child care; house care; laundry; budget795PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ing; and a variety of other miscellaneous activities centering in home building,
household conservation, family development and maintenance, home conservation of health, domestic sociability, and similar subjects.
Institutions of Higher Learning.-The history of higher education in
Pittsburgh began on February 28, I787, when the General Assembly of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed an act incorporating the Pittsburgh
Academy "for the education of youth in useful arts, sciences and literature."
The chief promoter of the enterprise was the Honorable Hugh Henry
Brackenridge, a graduate of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), who came to Pittsburgh soon after his graduation and became a
leader in the community.
The first principal was the Reverend Robert Bruce, pastor of the First
United Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh, and the faculty was made up of
clergymen representing five denominations. Among the subjects taught were
ancient and modern languages, mathematics and philosophy.
In the act incorporating the university the Legislature had made a grant of
40 acres of public land in Allegheny, but the citizens of Allegheny protested
so effectually against having the free pasture for their cows and hogs taken
from them that the new building of the university was erected at Fourth
Avenue and Cherry Way. The school, which was then merely a college of
liberal arts, flourished and graduated a number of men who in subsequent'
years attained distinction.. When -fire destroyed the Allegheny County Court House in I882 the
university building was sold to the county and temporary quarters were found
for the university' in buildings of the United Presbyterian and Reformed
Presbyterian seminaries on North Avenue, Allegheny, which were used until
i890,. when new buildings on Observatory hill were ready, for occupancy. Dr.
Holland became chancellor in I89I. The curriculum was again revised, the
requirements advanced, and the Department of Engineering originally initiated
in I869 under Major W. G. L. Nicodemus, U. S. A., was enlarged under the
care of Dr. Daniel Carhart. In I897 the School of Mines was established.
The following professional schools were added to the university during this
period:
The Western Pennsylvania Medical College, organized in I883, became
the medical department in I892,.retaining its own charter and board of trustees
until I908, when it became an integral part of the university.
After the abortive attempts to establish a law school- in I845, and again in
I869-72 under Judge Henry W. Williams and William Bakewell, Esq., the
Pittsburgh Law School was formally organized in I895, under J'udge John
D. Shafer, and has been from  its beginning' the School of Law of the
university.
The Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy, established in 1878, became the
796CHANCELLOR JOHN G. BOT3OWVMAN, BUILDER OF THE WORLD'S
FIRST GOTHIC SKYSCRAPER FOR A UNIVERSITYCATHEDRAL OF LEARNING, UTNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHSTORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
797
School of Pharmacy of the university in I896. It retains-its own charter and
property, and is under the direction of a separate board of trustees.
The Pittsburgh Dental College was founded in affiliation with the university in I896, and in I905 was transferred wholly to university control as
the School of, Dentistry.
During the early years of the present century the new building of the
Allegheny Observatory in Riverview Park was erected with funds raised by
Dr. John A. Brashear from gifts of private citizens.
By I904 it was seen that the university had again outgrown its plant. In
I907 approximately 48 acres of land were purchased in the Schenley Farms
district, the present site of the university. The name was changed from the
Western University of Pennsylvania to the University of Pittsburgh, as being more appropriate to the community it serves. The first buildings to be
erected on the new campus, State and Thaw Halls, were completed in I9o9.
In I9IO0 the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was established by Messrs.
A. W. and R. B. Mellon, and a $5,ooo,ooo building was begun in I930. The
School of Economics (the name was changed to the School of Business Administration in I923) and the School of Education were established in I9I0.
The Graduate School was organized in I912, although graduate instruction
had been given in some departments since the early'nineties. In I920 Alumni
Hall, used mainly for classrooms in the under-graduate schools, was erected
as a gift of the alumni. In I92I the university purchased the H. K. Porter
and the Bailey properties adjoining the campus and the Frick property at
Fifth Avenue and Bigelow Boulevard, bringing the total area of the university campus to 8I acres, with 27 buildings, including the Trees Gymnasium
and the Stadium.
Outside of the campus the university maintains important activities. What
is known as the Downtown Division has developed out of the Evening School
of Accounts and Finance. In this division are registered several thousand
students who receive instructions in the Chamber of Commerce Building
afternoons and evenings under the direction of the School of Business Administration, the School of Education, and the Schools of Engineering and
Mines. The Division of University Extension has organized branches of the
university with regular classes and instructors in Erie, Uniontown and
Johnstown.
Dr. John Gabbert Bowman, Chancellor of the university since I92I, has
attracted world-wide attention by his bold innovation of housing the majority
of the activities of the university in a huge skyscraper cathedral. This building,
consisting of five lower stories with an area of 265 by 325 feet surmounted by
a Gothic tower reaching an altitude of 535 feet above street level, was nearing
completion in the fall of I930. It is built of Indiana limestone, and the representatives of no less than 15 foreign nations have arranged to decoratePITTSBURGH OF TODAY
large classrooms with furniture and with mural and other paintings representative of their respective national histories and cultures. Around this magnificent building, known as the Cathedral of Learning, will cluster on the main
campus a group of beautiful new buildings in harmony with it, including a
library, a fine arts building, the Heinz Memorial Chapel, the Stephen C. Foster
Memorial Music Building, all component parts of the university.
The University of Pittsburgh had more than 15,000oo registered students in
the fall semester of I930.
Carnegie Institute of Technology.-Visitors are always welcome at the
Carnegie Institute of Technology. The buildings are open and classes are in
session from 8:30 in the morning until Io:30 at night, with the exception of
Sundays and holidays, practically throughout the year. Visitors may inspect
the various departments without special permission. An interesting time to
make a trip through the buildings is during the evening, between 7:30 and
to:30, when the large body of night students is at work.
The Carnegie Institute of Technology, formerly the Carnegie Technical
Schools, was founded by Mr. Andrew Carnegie. In a letter to the Mayor,
dated November i5, I900, Mr. Carnegie offered to the City-of Pittsburgh the
necessary funds to found a technical institute, on condition that the city would
provide a suitable location.'He concluded his letter with the assurance that
"my heart is in the work." These words have since been given permanent
significance by being embodied in the official seal of the institution. On December I5, I9oo, Mr. Carnegie placed the Technical Schools under the direction of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, and on January 28,
I9oI, the City of Pittsburgh accepted Mr. Carnegie's gift. The time between
the date of the letter and April 3, 1905, when ground was broken for the first
group of buildings, was occupied in selecting a site, determining the nature
and scope of the instruction to be offered, and other preliminary details. In
October of the same year the schools opened their doors to students. As new
structures were made ready for occupancy, additional departments were
inaugurated.  
In June, I9o8, the first diplomas were awarded-to students graduating in
chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, and metallurgical engineering from the
Division of Science and Engineering, and in architecture from the. Division
of the Arts. The name "Carnegie Technical Schools" was changed officially
on April 20, I912, to the "Carnegie Institute of Technology,"-and the institution received from the State of Pennsylvania a charter of incorporation, with
the power to confer degrees. The first degrees were given at the fifth Commencement in June, I912.
The demand for technical training has been such as to make constant extensions necessary, and Mr. Carnegie, therefore, not only provided funds for
new buildings, but increased his original gift of $I,ooo,ooo to the present en798PITTSBURGH EXPERIMENT STATION, UNITED STATES BUI-EAU OF MINES
ALLEGHEN'Y OBSERVATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHin one year I40 wheels at $2.50 each and "a number of the patent kind at
$2.75." These evidently kept the spinners busy in I8o7 when there were
brought into the city over 8o,ooo yards of linen which sold from 68 to 75
cents a yard.
It was not until I804 that the first factory was established by Peter Eltonhead, a cotton manufacturer of Manchester, England. The business men and
citizens liberally subscribed to this enterprise. The factory carded, spun,
and wove an immense quantity of cotton yarns and materials, Kerwin's Cotton
Factory and Scott  Armitage quickly followed, manufacturing dimities,      2
checks and cambrics. The power was furnished by horses.  
As the river trade increased and the War of I812 continued, cotton, i,
manufacture flourished. In the report of Committee on Manufactures, I8I9, /;
we find cotton manufacturing in the lead, I814-I816, employing 1,76I in I814, -    $!
and 2,325 hands in I8i6, earning from $3.75 to $4.65 a week.       /  
In i8io there were two cotton mills paying 20 cents a pound for raw  J  
cotton, and producing from 294 spindles, $20,000 worth of chambrays, tick-   x,
ing, jeans, etc. One of these evidently belonged to Hugh and James Kelley.   i,4.
It was located in Northern Liberties, now Lawrenceville, and was an out-      94
growth of their carding and spinning business. In I8I5, they began to manu-k,J v'
facture; but the war being practically over the country was flooded with  \Z-'
European textiles which sold cheaper than our manufacturers could produce.
The factory closed and did not begin operation again until I822 when it was
purchased by Allen and Grant, two commission merchants, who united with
John Adams and James L. Craft and formed the Phoenix Steam Cotton
Factory, the first to use steam power. They brought many skilled workmen
from England who carded, spun, and wove successively for the first time in
Pittsburgh, I824. They also made their own machinery. Two hundred
employees produced 700 pounds of yarn and 450 yards of all kinds of cotton
fabrics daily with an output amounting to $Ioo00,000ooo a year. The success of
this factory and the new Tariff Act of I824, laying 30 per cent duty on cotton
goods, encouraged others. By I825 there were six factories employing more
than 500 hands, producing I,000,000ooo yards of cotton material valued at
$200,ooo000.
Raw cotton came back in the Ohio and Mississippi boats in supplies to last
six months. The factories used I3,oo000 bales a year which was not sufficient
to warrant commission merchants in establishing a constant market or
exchange, though the importance of such a market seemed patent. The
uncertainty of the supply greatly hindered the factories. HIowever, from
i826 "there was a gradual increase in production from $300,000 to $770,000
in I837." Again they had to face a tariff reduction, nevertheless by industry
and economy the industry not only survived but increased until 1847 when
there were seven large factories located mainly in Allegheny on or near
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
474STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGHE
dowment of approximately $9,ooo,oo, with an additional expenditure of
$5,ooo,ooo for buildings and equipment. In the 25 years since I905 the number of students has increased from 752 to 7,500, and the faculty from
6o to 350.
The Carnegie Institute of Technology is concerned primarily with technical education. It offers courses in engineering for men in the College of
Engineering, courses in the fine arts for men and women in the College of
Fine Arts; courses in the industries for men in the College of Industries;
courses for women, which combine training for the home and for a profession,
in the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College. The faculty of the Division of
General Studies gives instruction in academic studies in the four colleges.
The Director of this division is the Dean of freshmen of the Engineering and
Industries Colleges. Teachers' training courses are offered in industrial subjects, general science, domestic science, and the fine arts.  The Reserve
Officers Training Corps gives military training. All the colleges except the
Margaret Morrison Carnegie College offer night courses for men and women
who work during the day. The instruction given in the several colleges is
briefly outlined in the succeeding paragraphs.
The College of Engineering gives courses which equip its graduates for
careers in any one of the following engineering professions: chemical, civil,
commercial, electrical, mechanical, metallurgical, and mining; and courses in
science for research work in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Each
course requires four years of resident study and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Science. For admission a student must present a certificate of
graduation from an approved four-year high school showing satisfactory completion of certain required subjects, or must present evidence of having completed an equivalent training.
The work of the first year is the same for all freshmen of Engineering
and Industries Colleges, at the end of which time the student chooses the
course in either college in which he wishes to specialize. Particular stress is
laid throughout the course on fundamental principles, but the instruction is,
at the same time, given a distinctly practical trend. Inspection trips to the
large industries, and requirements of summer work in engineering occupations, emphasize the importance of the practical training.
For an engineering degree, a candidate must present evidence that he has
held, for two years subsequent to his having obtained a Bachelor's degree, a
position in responsible charge of engineering work along the line of his course
of study, and must present a satisfactory thesis on work with which he has
been personally connected.
The diploma of this college,- with the Bachelor degree, is conferred on
students who complete the regular courses. The diploma stands for a certain
standard of general education as well as of purely professional attainments,
799oPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
and requires resident study of at least four years. For admission, a candidate
must present a certifica-te of graduation from a four-year high or preparatory
school, or its equivalent. Owing.to the necessity of limiting the number of
students in all departments of the college, students are admitted according to
their standing in competitive technical tests.  Courses leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Arts are given in normal art, illustration, painting, decoration,
music, drama, sculpture. The degree of Bachelor of Architecture  is conferred upon students who complete the regular five-year course in the Department of Architecture. All courses.are open to both. men and women.
The College for Women devotes itself to the education and training of
women not only for the home, but along specific technical lines. The courses
include s-ubjects directly bearing on domestic life, subjects usually called purely
cultural, and subjects strictly technical.for one of the vocations peculiarly
suited to women. The professional aim is necessarily made more prominent
during the. later'years of the course. For admission, a candidate must present
-.a certificate of graduation.from a satisfactory four-year public high school,
or its equivalent in practical training and experience.
The regular four-year courses which lead to the degree of Bachelor of
Science are: household economics, vocational home economics, secretarial
studies, costume economics, social work, general science, and library work. A
limited number of students may be admitted to short intensive courses bearing
directly on a given vocation. These courses do not lead to.a degree.
The scope of the work of this school may be indicated by a partial list
of typical positions held by graduates: (I) teachers of domestic science, sewing and dressmaking,. commercial' studies, chemistry; (2) business and secretarial positions; (3) laboratory research assistants in medical, municipal, and
educational lines; (4) hospital dieticians and cafeteria directors; (5) costume
designers; (6) social workers and organizers; (7) directors of playgrounds;
(8) librarians.
The College of Industries gives instruction to two groups of students:
first, to those who desire a four-year course leading to a Bachelor's degree,
which will prepare them for positions in the manufacturing, building, electrical, and printing industries, such as superintendents, managers, contractors,
foremen, and salesmen;.and second, those who desire a special course in a
single trade, such as building trades drawing, carpentry, electric wiring, forge,
foundry, and machine shop work, heating and ventilating, masonry, mechanical drawing, pattern work, plumbing, printing, sheet metal, structural steel
drawing, automobile maintenance and repair, aviation mechanics. For admission to the four-year courses high school graduation or its equivalent is required. - The work of the first year is the same for all freshmen of Engineering and Industries Colleges. During the Freshman year the student chooses,the course in either college in which he wishes to specialize. The special
0-oSTADIUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OI PITTSBURGH, SEATING CAPACITY 70,000STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
courses are open to students of maturity who have had at least two years of
an approved preparatory course and who have had some practical experience
in the industries.
Dr. Thomas Stockham Baker has been President of the Carnegie Institute
of Technology since 1922 and has added to his wide reputation by founding
and organizing the International Conference on Bituminous Coal, whose third
session will be held in Pittsburgh in October, I93I. The International Coal
Conferences are described in another portion of this work.
Duquesne University.-Duquesne University is situated on an eminence
overlooking the Monongahela River and the "Golden Triangle" of Pittsburgh.
Being geographically central, the university is accessible from both the residential and the business sections. The campus, consisting of about seven
acres, was acquired piecemeal by the Holy Ghost Fathers, who have conducted
the school since I878. Eight buildings constitute the present plant; St. John's
Hall and St. Martin's Hall, both residential, acquired from former owners;
the Main Building, erected in I884; the Chapel, begun in I894 and enlarged
in I904; the Science Hall, built in I915; and the power plant, the gymnasium
and Canevin Hall, all three erected in 1922. In addition, three floors in the
Vandergrift building, on Fourth Avenue, downtown, have been rented since
I913 for the use of the School of Accounts.
In I878 Right Reverend Bishop Domenic urgently requested Father Joseph
Strub, C.S.Sp., exiled from his native Germany by the Bismarck regime, to
undertake the direction of the institution.  He complied, and. after much
effort found quarters for his confreres and their 40 pupils in a business block
at Wylie Avenue and Federal Street. The Reverend W. P. Power, C.S.Sp.,
was the first president. His seven years' administration were years of struggle for existence, but of constant progress, ending shortly after the dedication
of the first permanent building on what is now the campus. Reverend John
T. Murphy, C.S.Sp. (recently deceased as Bishop of Port Louis, Mauritius),
guided the destinies of the college for I 3 years. It was he who purchased
most of the present recreation ground, built handball courts, a temporary
gymnasium and the chapel, raised the standard and widened the curriculum
of both the classical and commercial courses, furnished the library, established
debating societies and the students' magazine.
The Very Reverend M. A. Hehir, C.S.Sp., LL.D., who became president
in I899, has set the stamp of his character on the work of the various departments. In his first years he added to the courses in modern languages and
sciences, and made provision for the education of needy students. In March,
I9II, Holy Ghost College became Duquesne University, with,the legal right
to offer all the professional courses implied in that title. The Law School
began its work in the George building the following September with judge
0-.]802                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Joseph M. Swearingen in the position of dean. In I9I3 were opened the
School of Speech Arts under Dr. Clinton F. Lloyd, and the School of Accounts, Finance and Commerce under Dr. William H. Walker. The year I927
saw the establishment of the School of Pharmacy, with Dr. Hugh C. Muldoon
as dean. The School of Music, headed by Dr. Joseph A. Rauterkus, was
established in I928.
The College of Arts of Duquesne University numbers among its graduates almost half of the priests of the Pittsburgh Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. The College of Science confers the degree of Bachelor of Science
and gives pre-medical and pre-dental training to students wishing to matriculate in medical and dental schools. Schools of dentistry and medicine are to
be added in the near future.
In the latter part of October, i930, Duquesne University, which has been
a co-educational institution since I927, absorbed Mt. Mercy College, a large
school for girls with splendid buildings on an eminence overlooking the Oakland section of Pittsburgh. The Very Rev. M. A. Hehir retired as President
of Duquesne University in November, I930, and was succeeded by the Very
Rev. J. J. Callahan, C.S.Sp., LL.D.
The Pennsylvania College for Women.-Briefly characterized, Pennsylvania College for Women stands as a small separate college for womenindeed the only one of its kind in Western Pennsylvania. It maintains excellent standards of scholarship; a faculty of recognized standing; small classes
with individual instruction; a genuine religious atmosphere; special courses
leading to certificates in music, spoken English and social service, which enable
its students to combine professional training with the broader general courses,
and lastly, a secluded campus in one of the most beautiful residential districts
of Pittsburgh and yet within easy access to the center of Pittsburgh. Its
well-trained alumnae are to be found in a wide variety of occupations: in the
graduate schools of great universities; teachers in high school and college;
in various forms of social service; in library and secretarial work; and as
efficient managers of homes. They have become doctors, lawyers,;urses,
business women, missionaries, etc. The college is particularly noted for-4ts
system of vocational guidance.  
The School of Music was organized in I871 and is the oldest school of its
kind in Pittsburgh. Through the art courses the student gains a broad appreciation of art, its interpretation and place in modern life. The college emphasizes social life as an essential part of education.
The college buildings stand upon a finely wooded hill, and the campus
includes a natural amphitheater which is employed effectively for out-door
plays and pageants. The buildings consist of Berry Hall; the Administration
Building; Dilworth Hall, containing assembly hall, lecture rooms and laboraBuld.ng Dil   th. H..l.THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
On Third Street (now Avenue), at Cherry Valley, in 1840.
Burned April 10, 1845.
OLD NORTH SCHOOL FOURTH WARD AT PENN AVENUE AND
CECIL ALLEY, 1870STORY OF EDUCATION IN PITTSBURGH
tories; the gymnasium, to which music studios aid practice rooms have been
added; Woodland Hall, a thoroughly modern dormitory, and the president's
house on Woodland Road. The college is in one of the choicest residential
sections of the East End.
Theological Seminaries.-There are three theological seminaries in Pittsburgh. The Western Theological Seminary was founded by the General
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., in I825, and was opened in
I827 with an enrollment of four students and a faculty of two professors. It
now occupies buildings in Ridge Avenue, North Side, of handsome English
collegiate Gothic architecture, and has an average enrollment of 8o or more
students. A complete modern theological curriculum is maintained, leading
to the degrees of S.T.B. and S.T.M. The faculty consists of seven professors and five instructors, and during the Ioo00 years of the institution's
existence the faculty members have included many. men of distinction in the
denomination.
The second of the seminaries, known as the Pittsburgh Theological
Seminary, was founded in 1825 and is controlled by the First Synod of the
West and the Synods of New York, Ohio and Pittsburgh of the United Presbyterian Church of North America. This seminary exchanges a number of
lecture courses with the Western Theological Seminary, whose buildings are
only a few blocks distant. The Pittsburgh Seminary, which has a faculty of
six professors and two instructors, and an enrollment of about ioo students,
co6perates with a group of universities and theological seminaries in support
and control of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem. The
Xenia, Ohio, Seminary was added to it in I930.
The third seminary in Pittsburgh, under control of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, was founded by the Rev. John Black, the Rev. Alexander
McLeod, and the Rev. Gilbert McMaster at Philadelphia in I8Io. In I845
it was moved to Cincinnati; in I849 to Northwood, Ohio, and in I85i brought
back to Allegheny City, now the North Side of Pittsburgh. In I924 it was
moved to its present location at 7418 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh.
Over 26,000 Students in Pittsburgh Universities --As an example of
the remarkable scope of the higher educational work that is being carried on
in Pittsburgh, nothing could be more impressive than the following tabulation
of the registration of students for the fall semester beginning in September,
I-930:
University of Pittsburgh:
At Pittsburgh..................,546
At Erie, Johnstown and Uniontown.............  2,I9
Extension classes..............................  2,o90
Total...........................................
803
I5,i765DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES    475
Robinson Street. They employed 1,405 hands, used I2,900oo bales of cotton,
and produced $4,759,0oo00 worth of all kinds of cotton materials. In I850
the exports amounted to $I,084,oo000 and in I854 to $703,080.
Various economic changes greatly affected the cotton industry; first, the
aftermath of the War of I812, then the Tariff Acts of I832 and I842, the
Strike of I849 and keen competition with New England manufacturers, the
Civil War, and last, but perhaps the greatest factor, the decline in river
transportation.
The industry struggled through the'eighties producing sheetings, cotton,
yarns, battings, tickings, seamless bags, candle wick, and carpet chains, which
were used chiefly for local consumption. The last trade of this industry
passed away when the old building which housed the last factory was torn
down in March, I929.
Treating this present chapter as an introduction showing the background
of Pittsburgh industry, we shall give our attention, in the chapters which
immediately follow, to the great basic industries that have made Pittsburgh
and power synonymous terms throughout the world.804                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Carnegie Tech:
Day..........................................  2,547
Night.........................................  3,835
Margaret Morrison..........................       513
Part Time.....320
Total.....................7......................,215
Duquesne University Total...................................    3,029
Pennsylvania College for Women............................       315
Total, four institutions..............................   26,324
Preparatory and Special Schools.-Among the many preparatory and
special schools of the highest standing in Pittsburgh are the Shadyside Academy for young men, from which graduates are sent to the leading universities;
the Arnold School for Boys, and such schools as the Thurston Preparatory
School and the Winchester School for Young Ladies. Among the Catholic
Schools for young ladies are the Ursuline Academy and the Mt. Mercy Academy, the latter of which has recently been absorbed by Duquesne University.
The city also contains in addition to such fine musical schools as the
Pittsburgh Musical Institute, almost a dozen business colleges, of which
Duff's-Iron City College and the Pittsburgh Academy may be specially mentioned. The former of these schools claims the distinction of being the oldest
busintess college in the United States.CHAPTER XXII
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALSCHAPTER XXII
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
First Physicians in Pittsburgh Transients, Most of Them Officers at Fort
Pitt-Dr. and Gen. Hugh Mercer-The Notorious Dr. John Connolly--
Dr. Edward Hand and Dr. William Irvine Both Rise to Rank of Generals-Dr. Nathaniel Bedford First Physician Making Pittsburgh Place
of Permanent Residence-Dr. George Stevenson and Dr. Peter Mowry
Among the Earliest-Dr. Felix Brunot, Associate of General Lafayette,
Begins Practicing Here in 1797-Outstanding Practitioners of the Community's First 75 Years-The Remarkable Career and International Fame
of Dr. Albert G. Walter, First Successful Surgeon in LaparotomyEminent Physicians and Surgeons of the Last Generation-Organization
of the Medical Societies and Academy of Medicine-Historic Sketch of
Pittsburgh Hospitals and Free Dispensaries and Exhibit of Their Equipment and Clinical Services at the Present Time.
Pittsburgh had transient physicians before it had resident ones. The first
seems to have been Dr. James Craik, who came to this country with General
Braddock, and dressed Braddock's fatal wounds on July 9, I775. He paid a
visit to Fort Pitt with Washington in I770. The second of the transient
physicians was Dr. Hugh Mercer, who came to Pittsburgh on military duty
with General Forbes's army in November, I758, and who on General Forbes's
departure was left in command of Fort Pitt until relieved in I86o by General
Stanwix. Whether he practiced among the 200 soldiers of whom he was
left in command is not certainly known, but it is surmised that he did. When
relieved of command at the Fort he removed to Fredericksburg, Virginia, and
there lived the quiet life of a country doctor until the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, when he became Colonel of the Third Virginia Continentals.
Distinguished service won him promotion to the rank of brigadier-general,
and in I777 he died of seven bayonet wounds received in the battle of
Princeton.
The notorious Dr. John Connolly of Virginia is not usually mentioned in
histories of the Pittsburgh medical profession, but he accompanied Washington when the latter visited Fort Pitt in I770, and married the daughter of the
proprietor of Semple's Inn. In I774 he seized Fort Pitt in the name of Lord
Dunmore, Governor of Virginia (which disputed the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania over this territory), and renamed the fort as Fort Dunmore.
807PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Another physician, whose reputation as a medical man was overshadowed
by his reputation as a soldier, was Dr. Edward Hand, who came to America
in I774 with an Irish regiment and for more than a year practiced medicine
in Lancaster. Becoming acquainted with Washington, he again abandoned
his profession to accept a military commission and in January, I777, was
appointed to the command of Fort Pitt with the rank of adjutant general.
During the year and a half of his residence at the Fort he occasionally attended
medical cases, as letters and diaries of the time prove. Hand Street, now
Ninth Street, was named after him.
General William Irvine, commandant at Fort Pitt in 1781-82, was also a
practicing physician before joining the army. Other physicians stationed one
time or another at Fort Pitt were Dr. Boyd, who built a hospital under the
drawbridge in I765; Dr. John Knight, a surgeon of the Seventh Pennsylvania
Regiment who was at the Fort in I782; Dr. McKenzie, principal surgeon at
the Fort in I788; Dr. Adams, I794 to 1797; and Dr. Wilkins, 1795 and 1796.
The first physician who made his permanent home in Pittsburgh and practiced regularly was Dr. Nathaniel Bedford, who was attached to an English
regiment in garrison at Fort Pitt for some time prior to I770. During the
French occupation some 13 or I4 years prior to this, it is surmised that the
French soldiers stationed in Fort Duquesne had at least occasional medical
and surgical attendance. There is no authentic testimony to this effect, however, the first historical mention of any physician in residence in Pittsburgh
being the record of Dr. Bedford's resignation as garrison physician in the
latter part of I770. He was a man of considerable capacity whose professional success enabled him to become a property holder in the South Side.
Bedford School and Bedford Avenue were named in his honor. He was
active in the Masonic fraternity, which erected a memorial to him near the
head of South Twelfth Street. The South Twelfth Street Incline having
been constructed so as to hide the memorial, the latter was removed to Trinity
Protestant Episcopal churchyard, Sixth Avenue. Dr. Bedford lived luxuriously, and married the daughter of the rich merchant, John Ormsby.
The second member of the medical profession to come west across the
Allegheny Mountains to exercise his healing ministry upon the pioneers of
Fort Pitt was Dr. George Stevenson, lineal descendants of whom are still
resident in the city. Dr. Stevenson, who was born in York, Pennsylvania,
had only recently completed his education and was engaged in the study of
medicine when the Revolutionary War supervened, and he, with many fellow
students, enlisted in the Colonial army, where they were fine soldiers. Young
Stevenson was mentioned for meritorious actions at Brandywine and for
"patient endurance" at Valley Forge. He appears to have taken time off during his enlistment to complete his studies at Carlisle (in whose celebrated
academy his academic-course had been pursued) because he was graduated
808THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
and presently re-appeared as a surgeon in the army. At the close of the war
he began the practice of medicine at Carlisle, where he remained until x794,
when he became captain of a company of the Carlisle organization recruited
"to go out West" to quell the Whiskey Insurrection. Dr. Stevenson was
attracted by the beauty of the new country and also by the fact that there
was room enough for "another good doctor," and so, after bringing his family
to Pittsburgh, he became the second physician. He immediately identified
himself with the interests of the little borough, and for 30 years was not only
one of its foremost doctors but also one of its most active and prominent
citizens. About 1825 the lure of the East overcame him and he passed the
remainder of his life in Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware, dying in the city
of Wilmington in I829.
Contemporary with Dr. Stevenson in Pittsburgh and remaining in practice
for eight years after Dr. Stevenson's departure, was Dr. Peter Mowry. Dr
Mowry was a pupil of Dr. Bedford whose office he entered as a student in
1785. Receiving his degree several years later he began an active practice
which continued until his death in I833. He had two sons, William and Bedford Mowry, both physicians, who died at an early age. Dr. Andrew Richardson began practicing here in I798. - A historian of the medical fraternity *
during its first 75 years in local history catalogs the following as worthy of
special mention:
Dr. James Agnew, father of Daniel Agnew, of Beaver, Pa., afterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, came from
Philadelphia to Pittsburgh about I815 and immediately took standing in
this city and the West as a great physician. He was associated with Dr.
Simpson, another famous doctor of his day. Those gentlemen also conducted probably the first drugstore and drug-warehouse in Pittsburgh.
Dr. Dimitt, another early practitioner, was later associated with Dr.
Agnew.
Dr. George Dawson was another early-century physician of distinction, who had as a student young Joseph P. R. Gazzam, a native of Philadelphia. Dr. Gazzam soon became the foremost practitioner of Pittsburgh and from 1817, the year he was graduated from the University
of Pennsylvania, remained here until his death in I863.
Dr. Joel Lewis, a native of Delaware, an alumnus of both the literary
and medical departments of the University of Pennsylvania, settled here
in I8i i. He has been called the pioneer surgeon of the city because of
his knowledge and because of his great operative ability. He was interested in the State militia, and eventually became a brigadier-general
* Dr. Theodore Diller.
809PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
in 1822, the same year becoming president of the Pittsburgh Medical
Society. His death took place two years later, at the age of 34.
Dr. Felix Brunot, a Huguenot by nativity and a savant and surgeon of
high distinction, came to America, with French troops in the War of the
Revolution, a member of the staff of General La Fayette, continuing in
this relation until the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, participating
in all the engagements in which his illustrious chief took part, both as a
surgeon and as a soldier. He first practiced in Philadelphia, but came
to Pittsburgh in 1797, living here until his death in I838, at the age of 86
years. Dr. Brunot's professional career was no less distinguished and
serviceable than was his record as a man and citizen. He was the first
physician to employ electricity in his practice in Pittsburgh, if not in
America. He bought the land, afterwards known as "Brunot's Island,"
in the Ohio River, near lower Allegheny, where he lived and died. His
son Felix R. Brunot emulated the civic career of his father in his younger
days, gradually enlarging his area of atmosphere and of philanthropic
activities, both at home and abroad, until he was known as well internationally as in America. His work in behalf of the Indians was recognized by respective Presidents of the United States by important official
appointments.
Other physicians who were in practice before and after 1820 were
Edward Pennington, Merrell Parker and William S. Coxe. The decades
of I820-30 show in their roster of local physicians some names that have
given luster to the profession, here and throughout the world.
Among these Drs. William Simpson, Joseph P. Gazzam, J. H. Irwin,
William Addison, William  Church, S. R. Holmes, C. L. Armstrong,
L. Callahan, Henry Hannon, G. D. Sellers, John T. Stone, Thomas
Miller, David Reynolds, James R. Speer, Jeremiah Brooks, T. F. Dale,
Edward D. Gazzam, Adam Hays, Ebenezer Henderson, William Hughey,
Jonas R. McClintock, A. N. McDowell, John Roseburg, William Woods,
J. H. Smith and Robert Wray.
Dr. William Addison, son of that distinguished jurist, citizen and
Christian gentleman, Judge Alexander Addison, was a conscientious
practitioner, having studied both in America and in France. He was also
a naturalist and historian of national reputation. He prepared a dictionary of ornithology and was a writer on various subjects. He was associated in practice with his brother-in-law, Dr. Peter Mowry. His studious habits gave him an eccentric temper that isolated him somewhat from
his fellows but detracted nothing from his abilities as a practitioner or
his character as a man.
Dr. S. R. Holmes was another student of Dr. Mowry, a worthy, able
and efficient physician, "conspicuous by his handsome person and the
810THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
spirited gray horse he rode." Dr. Lewis F. Irwin was the physician for
many years to the Western Penitentiary. John H. Irwin was an early
South Side practitioner of activity and ability. "Devil John" Irwin was
the conferred appellation of Dr. John Irwin, an eccentric but very fine
physician.
Dr. James R. Speer, a native of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, founded
one of the largest practices as well as one of the best families that have
distinguished Pittsburgh in its many fields of professional ability and
distinction. He came here in I825 and at once took rank in surgery,
specializing in eye surgery. He had a record of removing more than 6oo00
cataracts. His death took place in I89I, at the age of 95 years.
Dr. Jeremiah Brooks, who came from New Jersey to Pittsburgh in
I830, besides enjoying a large practice was instrumental in large measure
in establishing Passavant Hospital, one of the city's most successful and
useful hospitals.
Dr. Thomas F. Dale was prominent in Allegheny practice for many
years. - He was a fine physician and a good citizen.
Dr. John Roseburg, scion of an old Pittsburgh family, died from
Asiatic cholera at Poland, Ohio, in I833. He was only 30 years of age,
but in these years he became a great physician, president of Pittsburgh
councils, and a founder of the Duquesne Greys.
Dr. Jonas R. McClintock, besides working indefatigably as a physician, was also just as busy in municipal affairs. He was born in Pittsburgh in I8o8, and died in I879. He was trusted by the people in his
every relation, and few men in public and private life enjoyed the same
measure of confidence and popularity. He was easily elected mayor while
very young, and was always in the public services.
One of the most brilliant and widely known physicians who have graced
the history of the profession in Allegheny County was Albert G. Walter,
described as one of the earliest pioneers in America in the field of orthopedic
surgery, and a skilled oculist in addition, who went on from one specialty in
surgery to another until he finally crowned his career by the epoch-making
laparotomy which he performed for the relief of ruptured bladder, the patient
making a good recovery.
Dr. Theodore Diller of Pittsburgh, author of Franklin's Contribution to
Medicine, is the author of a very interesting book published in I927 under
the title of Pioneer Medicine in Western Pennsylvania, dedicated to the
distinguished Pittsburgh physician Dr. Adolph Koenig, in which a marked
tribute is paid to Walter's career. Walter established a private hospital in a
building which still stands on Bluff Street, near Duquesne University. He
repeatedly performed operations which attracted the attention and admiration
8ii8I2                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of surgeons in all parts of the United States, and he published many magazine
articles along with two notable books. In one of the books, Fractures of
Bones, he advocated the use of silver plates, far in advance of his time.
Among the periodicals which sought articles from- his pen were the British
Medical Journal, the Medical and Surgical Reporter, and the American Journal of the Medical Sciences. In July, I875, upon a patient suffering from
ankylosis of both hip joints, Walter created an artificial joint below the hip
joint. Eight weeks after the operation the patient had completely recovered,
and the other leg was operated on with equal success in September of the
same year.
The laparotomy which Walter performed in I858 is, however, the chief
of his many titles to fame. As Dr. J. B. Murdock, in his presidential address
before the Pennsylvania State Medical Society in i890 remarked: "In I858
when there was no precedent for such a procedure, Dr. Walter boldly cut
open the abdomen, washed out the peritoneum cavity and drained the bladder
by a catheter retained in the urethra. The patient recovered. This operation
was not attempted anywhere again until i8 years later, and is now recognized
as the proper treatment for such an injury." Dr. Diller mentions the furore
caused in I886 by Dr. Sir William MacCormac's successful performance of
this operation in London. Commenting on this furore, a committee of the
Allegheny County Medical Society in February, I887, reminded the medical
profession outside of Pittsburgh that 28 years before Sir William's much
heralded feat Dr. Walter of Pittsburgh had done precisely the same thing and
his success had been recorded in the Medical and Surgical Reporter in the year
I86i  Dr. Walter was born in Germany on June 2I, I8iI. After attracting
the favorable attention of Sir Astley Cooper in London he came to Pittsburgh
in I837, opening an office on Liberty Avenue near Ferry Street and later
moved to Fifth Avenue and Cherry Alley, later to Sixth Avenue. In I846
he married Miss Frances Ann Butler, daughter of Major John J. Butler of
the United States Arsenal and niece of Dr. Joseph Gazzam. He remained in
active practice until his death on October I4, I876. Dr. Diller gives a list of
no less than 44 unusual and notable operations recorded in the national medical journals as being performed by Dr. Walter, many of them entitled to be
regarded as significant advances in the surgical practice of the age.
In George T. Fleming's History of Pittsburgh and Environs, the members of the famous Dickson family and other leading physicians of Pittsburgh,
some of them contemporaries of Dr. Walter, are sketched as follows:
~~....   
Dr. John Dickson was a native of Cecil County, Maryland, born
there in I812, graduating from the University of New York in I83o.
Despite the absence of anmesthesia, Dr. Dickson soon became eminent as
- a surgeon-and did distinguished work in the hospitals and fields of battleTHE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
during the days of the Civil War. His younger brother, Dr. Thomas
Dickson, contracted pernicious malaria in I862 and died from it while
in the service of his country. His sons, Drs. John S. and Joseph N.
Dickson, became leaders in their profession in Pittsburgh, and their general practice and hospital work are still precedents and quoted among
the members of the profession.
Dr. James McCann, soldier, surgeon and gentleman, perhaps heads
the scroll of Allegheny County's distinguished practitioners. Born in
Allegheny County in I836, he was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania in I864, serving a portion of this time as a soldier and
surgeon in the Civil War. Dr. McCann for 28 years was in incessant
practice in the homes and hospitals of his native country, and both as an
original and independent thinker, he was easily one of the great American
surgeons. His work in the West Penn Hospital, in which few hospitals
of the world have as many and great varieties of emergent surgery, gave
him international fame. He fell a victim to his loyalty and zeal, dying
from an infection received during an operation in I893.
Dr. Thomas McCann, son of Dr. James McCann, and a no less eminent surgeon than his great father, was born in Pittsburgh, and educated
in New York Medical Colleges and Hospitals. He was associated in the
practice of his father until the death of the latter, when he took up his
independent practice. He was principal surgeon in the West Penn Hospital and professor of surgery in the University of Pittsburgh until his
death in I903. He died in his early manhood, but not before he made a
world-wide reputation.
Dr. J. B. Murdoch, a contemporary of Dr. James McCann, native of
Scotland and a graduate from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of
the City of New York, a veteran of the Civil War as a surgeon, came into
practice in Pittsburgh as a surgeon of judgment and skill. He was a
member of the staff of the West Penn Hospital with Drs. McCann, Cyrus
B. King and Frank LeMoyne, the quartet being among the leading surgeons of the United States for many years. Dr. J. B. Murdoch was one
of the founders of the Western Pennsylvania Medical College (now the
Medical and Surgical Department of the University of Pittsburgh), and
its dean at his death in 1896. He was also anauthor of responsibility and
a current writer of distinction.
Dr. Andrew Fleming, pupil of the early Pittsburgh physician Dr.
Gazzam, was born in Pittsburgh in I830, and after a period of study in
the office of.Dr. Gazzam entered Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
where he was graduated with honor in I855. He was a hospital interne
I8 months, and thereafter during his life a. Pittsburgh physician. At first
he was in partnership with his preceptor, Dr. Gazzam, but the retirement
813PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
and then the death of Dr. Gazzam soon terminated this association. Dr.
Fleming was the leading city physician during his entire career.
Another prominent physician of a past generation was Dr. T. W. Shaw,
who succeeded Dr. McKennan as Port Physician in I85I. Still another, who
is still in active practice in Philadelphia-and has achieved more than a national
reputation in the field of laryngology was Dr. Chevalier Q. Jackson. Dr.
Jackson, who was born in Pittsburgh and for many years had his offices in
Sixth Avenue, has performed some amazing operations and in well deserved
tribute to his eminence was appointed a number of years ago to the chair of
laryngology and bronchoscopy in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
The Allegheny County Medical Society has for more than 75 years been
the leading organization of the medical profession in Pittsburgh. A newspaper item concerning a meeting of this Society in I854-the year of Pittsburgh's Asiatic cholera epidemic-cannot fail to be of interest:
The Allegheny Medical Society held its regular quarterly meeting in
Arthur's Hall on Tuesday last, January 3, I854, where the annual election
of officers took place, when the following were chosen for the ensuing
year: President, Dr. C. L. Armstrong; vice-presidents, Drs. Gazzam and
John McCracken; corresponding secretary, Dr. A. M. Pollock; recording
secretaries, Drs. Thomas J. Gallagher and E. G. Edrington; treasurer,
Dr. A. M. Pollock; censors, Drs. R. B. Mowry, E. G. Edrington and
G. D. Bruce; examiners, Drs. J. P. Gazzam, A. M. Pollock, D. McMeal;
delegates to the National Medical Convention, Drs. J. P. Gazzam, T. J.
Gallagher, G. D. Bruce, A. M. Pollock, George Cook; delegates to the
State Medical Convention, Drs. D. McMeal, W. Draine, J. Carothers,
J. McCracken, E. F. Williams, J. H. Wilson, T. W. Shaw, N. McDonald
and J. H. O'Brien.
Following is a list of-the members of the society: C. L. Armstrong,
William Addison, G. D. Bruce, H. R. Bell, Alexander Black, H. H.
Brackenridge, James Carothers, John Dickson, W. Draine, Samuel Dilworth, E. G. Edrington, W. M. Gray, J. P. Gazzam, J. W. Gustine,
T. J. Gallagher, J. B. Herron, W. M. Herron, J. S. Irwin, R. B. Mowry,
John Martin, W. McK. Morgan, J. J. Meyers, N. McDonald, G. McCook,
F. McGrath, A. G. McCandless, D. McMeal, John McCracken, J. H.
O'Brien, John Pollock, A. M. Pollock, B. R. Paltner, T. W. Shaw, J. D.
Shields, John Wilson, J. H. Wilson, C. F. Williams, Thomas Perkins.
The Allegheny County Medical Society, now a large and influential organization, whose proceedings are published in a weekly periodical called
the Pittsburgh Medical Bulletin, has its general offices in the Jenkins Arcade
Building where it holds scientific meetings the third Tuesday of October,
8I4THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
November, December, January, February, March, April, May and June, and
business meetings the second Tuesday of February, April and October. Its
officers in I930 were as follows:
President, Alexander H. Colwell, I2I University Place; First Vice-President, George W. Smeltz, I2I University Place; Vice-Presidents, Thomas H.
Manley, Jr., William A. Forster, Merle R. Hoon, John M. Conway, Harry
A. Klee; Secretary, Frederick M. Jacob, Jenkins Arcade; Assistant Secretary,
Adolphus Koenig, Jr., I2I University Place; Treasurer, George A. Holliday,
Jenkins Arcade; Editor Pittsburgh Medical Bulletin, W. F. Donaldson, Jenkins Arcade; Judicial Board, James A. Lindsay, Chairman; Sidney A. Chalfant, William H. Guy, Thomas G. Greig, James M. Thorne; District Censor,
David P. McCune, Masonic Temple, McKeesport; Reporter, A. B. Thomas,
12i University Place.
Chairmen of Standing Committees.-Public Relations, Russel R. Jones,
i i6 Linden Avenue, Edgewood; H. J. Benz, Secretary, City-County Building;
Public Health Legislation, Robert L. Anderson, Jenkins Arcade; Milk Commission, C. K. Wagener, Jenkins Building; Branch Organization, C. C.
Mechling, I2I University Place; Scientific Program, C. L. Palmer, Jenkins
Arcade; Medical Relief, Paul Titus, Highland Building; Membership, H. R.
Decker, Westinghouse Building; Finance, W. H. Mayer, Jenkins Arcade;
Necrology, T. W. Grayson, Jenkins Arcade; Soldiers' Memorial, J. J.
Buchanan, Mercy Hospital; Cardiac Commission, Howard G. Schleiter,
Chairman, I2I University Place; Adolphus Koenig, Jr., Secretary; Dispensary Advisory, William T. Mitchell, Jr., I024 N. Highland Avenue.
Board of Directors.-Robert L. Anderson, J. H. Barach, J. W. Boyce,
A. H. Colwell, W. F. Donaldson, G. W. Grier, C. H. Henninger, G. A. Holliday, Frederick M. Jacob, R. R. Jones, H. E. McGuire, W. W. G. Maclachlan,
C. B. Maits, W. H. Mayer, C. C. Mechling, C. L. Palmer, Wilton H. Robinson, G. W. Smeltz, E. W. Willetts.
Branches of the Allegheny County Medical Society.-Allegheny Valley,
T. H. Manley, Jr., Chairman; L. F. Wilson, Secretary. Chartiers Valley,
Wm. A. Forster, Chairman; IH. S. Wallace, Secretary. North Side, C. W.
Lurting, Chairman; S. R. Cohen, Secretary. South Hills, John M. Conway,
Chairman; J. N. Frederick, Secretary. South West, H. A. Klee, Chairman;
S. Balcerzak, Secretary.
The Allegheny County Homeopathic Medical Society, a smaller organization but very representative of the homeopathic school, holds its meetings in
the new pavilion of the Homeopathic Hospital, Centre and Aiken Avenues,
on the third Wednesday of every month. The officers of this society were
in 1930:
President, Dr. Russell M. Evans; Vice-President, Dr. George G. Shoe815PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
maker; Secretary, Dr. William H. Cadwallader, Jr.; Treasurer, Dr. Louis
Willard.
Board of Directors.-Dr. J. P. McComb, Dr. W. I. Hamer, Dr. F. S.
Morris, Dr. H. S. Simpson, Dr. F. L. Doering, Dr. J. D. Kistler, Dr. W. B.
Shepherd, Dr. G. B. Moreland, Dr. R. C. Cooper.
Dr. Gustavus Reichelm was the pioneer homeopathic physician to open
an office here, coming in I837. He encountered immediately opposition from
a suspicious and united organization and had to win his way among a people
which had only a nebulous idea of himself and his culture. He was level with
the situation, however, and taught his patients and pupils never to "despise
the day of small beginnings." Rapidly, after the first few years, the Homeopathists have progressed here as they have elsewhere. The school has one of
the largest and most complete hospitals in Pittsburgh, and many of the most
prominent physicians in the city are of this faith. Dr. James H. McClelland,
who died recently, was one of the greatest of this school in the United States,
both as a man of culture and as a surgeon. Associated with him were his
brothers, R. W. and J. B. McClelland, scarcely less renowned than their
brother, both of whom are now dead.
The Homeopaths built their first hospital in the lower city in i866, in response to popular need and the desire of patients who wished to be treated
in their denominational institution. Drs. Marcellin Cote, J. C. Burgher and
H. Hoffman were the physicians most intimately and industriously interested
in the inceptive incidents of this work, and through their individual and collective enterprise the site and building were procured. Succeeding the pioneer
Reichelm, these physicians and others have been prominent among the earlier
ones who practiced here. Others living and dead, who may be pleasurably
recalled, are Drs. L. H. Willard, C. P. Seip, S. M. Reinhart, C. H. Hoffman,
E. R. Gregg, J. H. Thompson, W. A. Stewart, C. I. Wendt, W. W. Blair,
H. B. Bryson, J. K. Perrine, H. A. Roscoe, G. A. Mueller, J. C. Calhoun,
C. F. Bingaman, W. J. Martin, Z. T. Miller, W. F. Edmundson, W. D. King,
Leon Thurston, M. J. Chapman, H. S. Nicholson, R. S. Marshall, H. W.
Fulton, V. S. Gaggin, V W. J. Martin, R. T. White, F. V. Woolridge, Howard
W. Taylor.
In addition to the two principal medical societies there are smaller medical
groups, notably the Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine, and the College of
Physicians and Surgeons. The Academy of Medicine was organized in I888
with a small select membership which has gradually increased until at present
it numbers I50. The Academy owns a house and maintains its own library.
The College of Physicians and Surgeons, operated on a plan similar to that
of the Academy of Medicine, was organized in Ig9o6 and is in a flourishing
condition.
The most important periodical.ever published in Pittsburgh in the interest
8I6THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
of the medical profession was the Pittsburgh Medical Review, established in
December, I886, with Drs. X. O. Werder, J. J. Buchanan, P. McGough, C. S.
Shaw, Adolph Koenig and J. J. Green as editors and publishers. A number
of changes in the staff occtirred between I886 and 1895, when Dr. Koenig
became the sole editor and publisher. He continued his control of the magazine until June, I897, when Dr. Koenig rechristened it the Pennsylvania
Medical Journal and secured its endorsement by the Medical Society of the
State of Pennsylvania as its official organ. Dr. Diller, in his book on Pioneer
Medicine in Western Pennsylvania, says that this was the first official organ
published in the interest of any State medical society in the United States. It
continued to be so published, with Dr. Koenig still owner and editor, until
I904 when he resigned as editor and transferred the ownership to the State
Medical Society for the consideration of $I and the condition that the advertisements of secret proprietary or trade-marked remedies be forever excluded from the magazine's pages.
HOSPITALS
Seventy-one years ago a body of public-spirited citizens realized the need
of the City of Pittsburgh for a hospital, and under the auspices of these men
the Western Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in I848-the first in the
city.... In the same year The Sisters of Mercy of Allegheny County
were moved to found a hospital which bears a significant name-The Mercy
Hospital of Pittsburgh.... In the next year a Lutheran minister with a
heart filled with pity and love for his fellow-men founded a hospital which
bears his name---The Passavant Hospital of Pittsburgh....  These three
institutions, with meager equipment but boundless mercy, served the community until the year i865, when the Sisters of St. Francis founded a
hospital which bears their name.... In the next year a number of individuals with faith in Homeopathy founded a hospital which is now familiarly
known as the Homeopathic Hospital.... At intervals thereafter other
hospitals were opened in the City of Pittsburgh and adjoining boroughs,
particulars of which will be found in the following pages.... Today the
City of Pittsburgh is served by twenty-five hospitals well distributed to care
for all sections.... In these hospitals in October, I930, were 5,908 beds,
75 per cent of which are occupied daily.
817PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
A Tabulation of
The Accommodations, Staffs, and Nurses in
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND VICINITY
Average  Doctors      Nurses
Hospital                              No. of Patient    on
Beds    Day    Staff * Trained   Student
Allegheny General...................          405
Belvedere.............................  40
Children's..............................   200o
Columbia..............................  200
Eye  Ear............................ 53
Haddon Maternity.....................    30
Homeopathic......................  225
Dr. Lauffer's Annex..................   I8
Magee, Elizabeth Steel:
Adults..........................  288
Infants.........................  I9I
Mercy................................  670
Montefiore............................  229
Passavant.............................  158
Pittsburgh............................ 200
Presbyterian........................  200
Roselia..............................  215
St.' Francis............   65o
St. John's............................  220
St. Joseph's...........................  I40
St. Margaret..........................  I52
South Side.2:25
South Side............................  225
Suburban...............................  I25
Tuberculosis..........................  300
Tuberculosis League                       Io..............   50
Western Penna........................ 600
Wilkinsburg Private...................   24
Total.......................... 5,908
345       65       36
IO       Io0       3
I42        6       22
I20       20       I4
32       I6       I7
20       46        4
I85       45       55
6        2        5
166       23       35
86....
580       28      Ioo00
I40      I05       38
IIO       I8       I2
I52       22       I5
I50       27       I3
II5       I6        6
597       65       39
I6o       25       I9
114       32       12
82       37       I6
I5I       50       I8
65,      30       Io0
260        3       I6
I45        5        8
523       70       42
I6        3        5.
4,472
129
7
76
60
0
I4
I00
I
39
2oo
210
50
35
70
75
i8
I65
82
55
32
75
30.0
i8
286
0
749      56o     1,627
* This tabulation does not include internes or members of junior staffs.
8I8...............................2iiiii:
ImAiiiiiiiiiiiii
MA'THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS    8I9
HOSPITALS IN NEARBY BOROUGHS
(See Directory of Hospitals)
Average  Doctors        Nurses
Hospital                               No. of  Patient    on
Beds    Day    Staff*  Trained   Student
Providence (Beaver Falls).............   60        48       30        7       22
Braddock.125                                83       I6   I 0          37
Braddock........................... I2                             3I6  1o
Canonsburg...........................  54        II       i8        8  
Zoar Home:
Adults..............                33........
Infants.......................... 75        Ioo00     ii        3       12
Homestead............................ I25  71       II        8       30
McKeesport..................204                   145       30       14       58
Ohio Valley...........................6    40   6                      6
Beaver Valley..........................
Citizens General................. Ioo     80       26        7       30
Rochester...............       *.       *.
Valley................................   57       4         6                 2
Valley.57                                          48        I6        5       22
Allegheny Valley..00.......              6o0   25           9       24
* This tabulation does not include internes or members of junior staffs.
A Statement of Diseases and Cases Cared for in
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND VICINITY
Hospital                  Diseases or Cases Cared for
Allegheny General......Practically all except mental and contagious diseases.
Belvedere.............. Ditto.
Children's..............Medical, Surgical, Orthopaedic, and Contagious.
Columbia..............General hospital service.
Eye and Ear...........Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat.
Haddon Maternity.....Maternity and surgical cases.
Homeopathic..........All except contagious diseases.
Dr. Lauffer's Annex...Chiefly tonsillotomy.
Magee, Elizabeth Steel.. Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Mercy................General hospital service.
Montefiore.............Ditto.
Passavant.............All except contagious and Neurological.
Pittsburgh............All except contagious and mental.
Presbyterian............General hospital service.
Roselia................Obstetrics and Pediatrics; also specializes in children's diseases.
St. Francis  -........Medical, Surgical, and Psychopathic.
St. John's.... General hospital service.
St. Joseph's.........  Ditto.
St. Margaret....... All except contagious diseases.
South Side............General hospital service.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND
VICINITY-Continued
Hospital               Diseases or Cases Cared for
Suburban..............General hospital service.
Tuberculosis..........Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis League....Tuberculosis and chronic lung infections.
Western Penna........All except contagious and mental diseases.
Wilkinsburg Private....Medical, Surgical, and Obstetrical.
HOSPITALS IN NEARBY BOROUGHS
(See Directory of Hospitals)
Providence (Beaver
Falls)..............All except mental or contagious diseases.
Braddock..............Ditto.
Canonsburg............Ditto.
Zoar Home............Children, Convalescents, Obstetrics.  Specializes in cases of
malnutrition and in care of children who cannot have proper
care at home.  
Homestead.............Obstetrical, Children, and general except contagious.
McKeesport...........General hospital service.
Ohio Valley..........Ditto.
Beaver Valley General.. Ditto.
Citizen's General.......Ditto.
Rochester............... Ditto.
Valley................Ditto.
Allegheny Valley......All except mental and contagious diseases.
A Statement of Free Clinics in
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND VICINITY
Hospital                                  Free Clinics
Allegheny General......Out-Patient Department.
Belvedere..............Eye, Ear, Nose  Throat; Genito-Urinary; Medical; Surgical;
and Children.
Children's.............. Medical; Surgical; Orthopaedic; Contagious.
Columbia....... Dispensary service for those unable to pay.
Eye and Ear...........Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat.
Haddon Maternity.....None.
Homeopathic...........Out-Patient Department.
Magee, Elizabeth Steel..Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Mercy...................Out-Patient Department.
Montefiore.............Alergy; Cardiology; Dentristry; Dermatology; Ear; Eye;
Nose and Throat; Gastro-Intestinal; Gynecology; Medical;
Metabolic Diseases; Neurology; Obstetrics; Orthopedics;
Pediatrics; Physiotherapy; Radiology; Surgery; Urology;
Venereal Diseases; Proctology.
820THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS   821
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND
VICINITY-Continued
Hospital                                 Free Clinics
Passa.___vant................................................ __......  
Passavant........... Medical; Surgical; Pediatrics; Ear; Eye; Nose and Throat;
Gynecology; Genito-Urinary; Obstetrical; Dermatology;
Dental; Specific; Diabetic; Cardiac; Neurology; Orthopedic.
Pittsburgh.............All clinics.
Presbyterian............Medical; Surgical; Dentistry; Neurology; Urology; Skin;
Gynecology; Ear, Nose  Throat; Orthopedic; Pediatrics;
Obstetric.
Roselia...............Pre-natal; Baby; Dental.
St. Francis.......... Medical; Surgical; Pre-natal; Neurological; Genito-Urinary;
Dental.
St. John's..............Out-Patient Department.
St. Joseph's (See below).Medical; Surgical; Pediatrics; Skin; Heart; Orthopedic.
St. Margaret.......... Eye; Dental; Nose and Throat; Genito-Urinary; Gynecology;
Obstetrical.
South Side.......... Medical; Surgical; Ear, Nose  Throat; Eye; Luetic; Dermatology; Pediatric; Gynecology; Obstetrical; Genito-Urinary;
Orthopedic; Neurological; Dental; Physiotherapy.
Suburban..............Dental.
Tuberculosis.......... Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis League....Tuberculosis (Four stations).
Western Penna......... Medical; Surgical; Cardiac; Diabetic; Diseases of Women;
Ear, Nose  Throat; Skin; Maternity; Orthopedic; Eye;
Children's Diseases; Nutrition; Neurology; Genito-Urinary.
Wilkinsburg Private...-.None.
St. Joseph's.............Medical; Surgical; Pediatrics; Obstetrical; Venereal; Gynecology.
HOSPITALS IN NEARBY BOROUGHS
Providence (Beaver
Falls)........... Eye, Ear, Nose  Throat; Chest; Dental; Genito-Urinary.
Braddock........... Pre-natal; Post-natal; Baby; Gynecology; Surgery; Tuberculosis.
Canonsburg............ General.
Zoar Home.............None.
Homestead........... Medical; Surgical; Eye, Ear, Nose  Throat.
McKeesport.......... Tuberculosis; Genito-Urinary; Pediatric; Pre-natal.
Ohio Valley............Medical; Surgical; Eye; Dental; Orthopedic; Obstetric.
Beaver Valley.........
Citizen's...............None.
Rochester..............
Valley................. None.
Allegheny Valley......None.CHAPTER XI
PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES8  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY  
ALPHABETIC LIST OF CLINICS
Clinic                      Hospitals (Borough hospitals not tabulated.)
Alergy................Montefiore.
All clinics..............Pittsburgh.
Baby................. Roselia.
Cardiac................Montefiore; Passavant; St. Margaret; Western Pennsylvania.
Children................Belvedere; Western Pennsylvania.
Contagious.............Children's.
Dental.................Montefiore.; Passavant; Presbyterian; Roselia; St. Francis;
St. Margaret; South Side; Suburban.
Dermatology...........Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian; South Side; Western
Pennsylvania.
Diabetic...............Passavant; Western Pennsylvania.
Dispensary Svc.........Columbia.
Ear, Nose, Throat......Belvedere; Eye  Ear; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian;
St. Margaret; South Side; Western Pennsylvania.
Eye................... Belvedere; Eye  Ear; Montefiore; Passavant; St. Margaret;
South Side; Western Pennsylvania.
Gastro-Intestinal........ Montefiore.
Genito-Urinary.........Belvedere; Passavant; St. Francis; St. Margaret; South Side;
Western Pennsylvania.
Gynecology..........  Magee; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian; St. Joseph's; St.
Margaret; South Side.
Luetic......... South Side.
Maternity..............Western Pennsylvania.
Medical...............Belvedere; Children's; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian;
St. Francis; St. Joseph's; St. Margaret; South Side; West.
Pennsylvania.
Metabolical............Montefiore.
Neurology......... Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian; St. Francis; South Side;
Western Pennsylvania.
Nutrition..............Western Pennsylvania.
Obstetrics.............Elizabeth Steel Magee; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian;
St. Joseph's; St. Margaret; South Side.
Orthopedic.............Children's; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian; St. Margaret; South Side; Western Pennsylvania.
OUT-PATIENT
DEPARTMENT.........Allegheny General; Homeopathic; Mercy; St. John's.
Pediatrics..............Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian; St. Joseph's; St. Margaret; South Side.
Physiotherapy........ Montefiore; South Side.
Pre-natal..............Roselia; St. Francis.
Proctology.........Montefiore.
Radiology..............Montefiore.
Specifio................ Passavant.
Surgical........ Belvedere; Children's; Montefiore; Passavant; Presbyterian;
St. Francis; St. Joseph's; St. Margaret; South Side; West.
Pennsylvania.
822THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
ALPHABETIC LIST OF CLINICS-Continued
823
Clinics               Hospitals (Borough hospitals not tabulated)
Tuberculosis........ Tuberculosis Hospital; Tuberculosis League.
Urology...............Montefiore; Presbyterian.
Venereal Dis...........Montefiore; St. Joseph's.
Women's Dis...........Western Pennsylvania.
STATE APPROPRIATIONS
EXPENDITURES FOR CHARITY-VALUE OF EQUIPMENT
of
HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND IMMEDIATE VICINITY
Present    Annual cost       Estimated Value
Annual         of    Grounds  Bldgs.*  Equipment*
Appro'n   Charity Cases
Allegheny General........... $ 75,00ooo
Belvedere...................   I,6oo
Children's..............  35,750
Columbia.............................
Eye  Ear.............  I0,500
Haddon Maternity..................
Homeopathic........ 40,00o0
Dr. Lauffer's Annex..................
Magee, Eliz. Steel................
Mercy................................
Montefiore..................    22,500
Passavant............20,000
Pittsburgh...................... 20,000
Presbyterian.................    2o,000ooo
Roselia......................     ooo000
St. Francis..................    80,000
St. John's...................  22,500
St. Joseph's......................
St. Margaret.....................
South Side..................   36,750
Suburban....................  4,500
Tuberculosis Hospital.......
Tuberculosis League........
Western Penna...............
Wilkinsburg Private............  
22,500
70,000.............  
$ 230,93I    $ 1,297,420*
3,000         52,770
I71,408      1,5o00,000
30,o000     1,500,oo *
t 1n. ~0Q AQ0-*
53,625
ooooo.ooo
134,021
145,000
33,500
40,00O
100,000
39,700
225,000
35,000
37,500
59,400
46,900
25,000
**..........
~. o. o~    ~
67,8oo00
243,700
50,000o
I       i.......,oo.......
$   I 9,835
500,000
~  4.....
I Jo,40.........
35,000       I15,00ooo
1,2o00,000     365,00o0
50,000         I t1,000??
2,000,000. 1,000,000
2,500,000       125,000
I50,000*
I;000,000ooo   200,000
5I8,696  -     250;,0
225,000         20,000
2,225,000     I;O00,000
900,000        150,000??
639,209         64,798
827,284        200,620
400,000         75,000
2,000,000       200,000
854,570         79,928
2,499,398       415,384........        Io,00oo0
Total..$481,600               $1,823,485     $22,512,829     $4j70I,565
4,70I,565
$27,214,394  Property and.......equipment
* Indicates all in one estimate.   ** 38 per cent of patients, cared for withou. charge.
I
IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Names of Chiefs of Staff
and
HISTORIC AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
about
THE HOSPITALS IN THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH AND VICINITY
Allegheny General. Dr. Jas. P. McKelvey, Med. Div.; Dr. Otto C. Gaub, Surg. Div.
Incorporated Dec. 4, i882. Founders: Jas. Park, Jr., John A. Myler, C. B. Herron,
R. B. Mowry, John A. Caughey, F. R. Brunot, Oliver B. Scaifa, John Dean, Jacob
Klee, A. Groetzinger, Thos. McCance, Geo. A. Kelly, W. S. Huselton, L. Peterson,
Jr., William McCreery, Hugh S. Fleming, Edward Gregg.
Belvedere. Dr. G. Alvin. Founded July 3, I92I. Founders: Hon. Clyde Kelly; Jos. N.
Mackrell, Dr. G. Alvin, H. C. Cozza, Alfonso DiIaconi, W. B. Sands, A. A.
Donafrio, Emil F. Marshall, F. M. Sunseri. Institution originally named Italian
Hospital. Incorporated and name changed Aug. 25, 1922.
Children's. Dr. Henry D. Price. Founded I887. Founders: M. W. Acheson, Lizzie D.
Beggs, Chas. D. Clark, John Caldwell, Mary E. Dawson, Ada H. C. Frick; E. M.
Ferguson, Geo. W. Guthrie, Florence H. Guthrie, Anna S. Guthrie, W. E. Hallock,
Carrie T. Holland, Alice B. Howe, J. M. Kennedy, Frank LeMoyne, Lutie L. LeMoyne, Christopher Magee, Reuben Miller, John R. McClure, Henry Phipps, Jr.,
H. K. Porter, James H. Reed, Frances G. Vandergrift, Geo. Westinghouse, Jr.
Columbia.  Founded in I88o.  Under supervision of United Presbyterian Women's
Association of North America.
Eye and Ear. Dr. Stanley Smith. Founded by a group of women in 1895.
Haddon Maternity. Dr. N. D. Grant. Founded by Phoebe Ward Humphreys in I9oo.
Homeopathic. Dr. Geo. B. Moreland. Founded in i866. The first school for nurses
between the Allegheny Mountains and Chicago was opened in this hospital in 1884.
Dr. Lauffer's Annex. Founded as a hospital in 1924.
Magee, Elizabeth Steel. Dr. R. R. Huggins. Founded Jan. I9, I9II. Founded by the
late Honorable Christopher Lymann Magee who, by the terms of his will left his
entire estate, including his homestead of ten acres located in the Oakland District,
for the building, equipment, and endowment of a hospital to be erected in memory
of his mother.
Mercy. Founded in I848 by the Sisters of Mercy.
Montefiore. Dr. Maurice F. Goldsmith. Founded in I908 by the Montefiore Association
of Western Pennsylvania.
Passavant. Dr. Walter G. Goehring. Founded July I7, I849, by Dr. W. A. Passavant,
a minister of the Lutheran faith.
Pittsburgh, Dr. J. W. McMeans. Founded in May, i897, by Sisters of Charity.
Presbyterian. Dr. C. W. Morton. Founded May 4, I895. Founders: Anna J. Scott,
Anna D. D. Shields, Lydia I. Burchard, Sallie D. Brown, Fanny L. Logan, Margaret
H. Anderson, Louise J. Lysle, Emma M. Graham, Kate M. Cadman, Gertrude L.
Armstrong, Louise J. Herron, Laura G. Shrom, Sarah J. N. Mellon, Carrie S.
Moore, Hannah W. Donnel, Mary O'H. Darlington.
824THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS   825
Roselia. Dr. J. P. Hagarty. Founded April I9, I89I. Founded by Mr. Charles Donnelly, in memory of his wife, Roselia. This was the first institution in the City of
Pittsburgh specializing in the care of foundling babies and the needy mother. In
I9II the institution added the hospital department and an isolation ward for children.
St. Francis. George J. Wright. Founded in I865 by Sisters of St. Francis. Started in
small frame building accommodating about 12 patients. A nurses' home is now
under construction. The estimated cost of the building alone is $I,25o,ooo000. It will
have a capacity of 400 beds. This hospital was the first in Western Pennsylvania
to establish a Heart Station with Electro Cardiograph, and it is the only hospital
in this section of the state with a psychopathic department. A license for the detention of psychopathic patients was granted the hospital in I884.
St. John's.  Dr. W. S. Langfitt.  Founded January 29, I896, by Sisters of Divine
Providence.
St. Joseph's. Dr. T. P. Cochran. Founded July I2, I902, by Sisters of St. Joseph. A
new hospital will be erected in the near future on Pioneer Avenue, Brookline, at
an estimated cost of $I,250,000.
St. Margaret. Dr. Paul Titus. Founded in i9oo, by Mr. John H. Shoenberger, in
memory of his wife, Margaret Cust.
South Side. Dr. C. K. Wagner. Founded in I889 by a group of doctors and business
men of the South Side. The first building was a two-story building without private
rooms or laboratory and with a wooden operating table. The hospital has been
commissioned as Evacuation Hospital No. 33, of the United States Army. A new
building to increase the usefulness of the hospital will soon be built, giving Ioo00
additional rooms and 50 additional ward beds.
Suburban. Dr. J. L. McBride. Founded in July, I903, by citizens of Bellevue, Avalon,
Ben Avon, and Emsworth.
Tuberculosis Hospital.  Dr. J. Shilen.  Founded September I5, I915, by City of
Pittsburgh.
Tuberculosis League. Dr. C. Howard Marcy, Med. Dir. Founded in I9o6. Founders:
John Bindley, Otis H. Childs, H. G. Dravo, Otto T. Heeren, H. J. Heinz, W. Y.
Humphreys, J. M. Jenkinson, E. H. Jennings, W. M. Kennedy, James B. Laughlin,
James H. Lockhart, Wm. McConway, R. L. Martin, R. B. Mellon, Henry Phipps,
H. K. Porter, Wallace H. Rowe, John C. Slack, R. S. Suydam, Emil Winter, Edward A. Woods. The League established the second Open Air School in the United
States for tubercular children. A unique feature of the institution is a large health
library which is open to doctors, nurses, social workers, and any one interested in
public health. The League was one of the pioneers in establishing health talks in
public and parochial schools. The scheme was so successful that the organization
was awarded an honor at the International Congress on Tuberculosis held in I9o8;
and adaptations of the Pittsburgh plan have been followed by many other cities.
A $55,oo000 service building is under construction.
Western Pennsylvania. Dr. James W. Macfarlane. Founded in I848 by the Western
Pennsylvania Hospital Corporation.. The use of the hospital was tendered the Government during the Civil War. The offer was accepted, and during that period
its use was devoted entirely to the care of sick and wounded soldiers. At the closePITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of the war the hospital was returned to the Corporation with the thanks of the
Government.
Wilkinsburg Private. Dr. H. C. Diltz. Founded in I927.
NoarE: At the following hospitals the head of the staff has the title "President of
Staff": Homeopathic, Passavant, Presbyterian, South Side, Suburban.
NoTw: Names and historic comments furnished by hospital authorities, I929.
A DIRECTORY  OF HOSPITALS IN  THE CITY  OF PITTSBURGH
(Other than municipal or county charitable institutions)
June, 1929
Allegheny General, ioo-iIO Stockton Avenue. Telephone, FA20oIo.  Superintendent,
Dr. G. W. Zulauf.
Belvedere General, 54I Paulson Avenue. Telephone, HI4o77. Superintendent, Dr. G.
Alvin.
Children's, I25 De Soto Street.  Telephone, MAIo46.  Superintendent, Miss P. H.
Braithwaite.
Columbia, 312 Penn Avenue, Wilkins.  Telephone, FRo87o.  Superintendent Martha
R. Speer.
Eye and Ear, I945 Fifth Avenue. Telephone, GR2o54.  Superintendent, Adelaide B.
Cushing.
Haddon Maternity, 3264' Middletown Road.  Telephone, WA3360.  Superintendent,
A. B. Jones.
Homeopathic Medical and Surgical Hospital and Dispensary, 5230 Center Avenue.
Telephone, MO56oo00. Superintendent, Henry G. Yearick.
Dr. Lauffer's Annex Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, 512 Franklin Avenue, Wilkinsburg.
Telephone, FRI338. Superintendent Dr. Charles A. Lauffer.
Magee, Elizabeth Steel, Forbes and Halket Streets. Telephone, MA5700.  Superintendent, Jessie J. Turnbull.
Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Prideand Locust Streets. Telephone, AT8800oo. Superintendent, Sister M. Rose.
Montefiore Hospital Association of Western Pennsylvania, Fifth Avenue at Darragh
Street. Telephone, MA34oo. Superintendent,' Dr. Abraham Oseroff.
Passavant Hospital of Pittsburgh, Reed and Roberts Streets.  Telephone, GR752I,
Superintendent, Sister Martha Pretzlaff.
Pittsburgh Hospital Association, Frankstown at Washington Boulevard. Telephone,
M07373. Superintendent, Sister Rose Genevieve.
Presbyterian Hospital at Pittsburgh, Sherman and Montgomery. Telephone, FAi6oo.
Superintendent, Miss Mary B. Miller.
Roselia Foundling Asylum  and Maternity Hospital, I612 Cliff Street.  Telephone,
GRo592-GR9869. Superintendent, P. H. Bushong, M.D.
St. Francis, Forty-fifth Street. Telephone, FI22oo00. Superintendent, Sister M. Thomasine.
St. John's General, McClure Avenue. Telephone, LI2300oo. Superintendent, Sister M.
Celestine..
St. Joseph's Hospital and Dispensary, 2II7 Carson Street. Telephone, HE9232. Superintendent, Sister M. Bonaventure.
Saint Margaret Memorial, 265 Forty-sixth Street. Telephone, FII3 15. Superintendent,
Elizabeth H. Shaw.
826THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HOSPITALS
South Side Hospital of Pittsburgh, South Twentieth, Mary and Jane. Telephone,
HE2300oo. Superintendent, Jeannette L. Jones.
Suburban General, South Jackson, Bellevue. Telephone, LI5400. Superintendent, Eva
M. Braun.
Tuberculosis Hospital, City of Pittsburgh, Washington Boulevard. Telephone, HI5675.
Superintendent, Dr. J. Shilen.
Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh, 285I Bedford Avenue.   Telephone, MAo400.
Superintendent, Alice E. Stewart.
Western Pennsylvania, 4800 Friendship Avenue. Telephone, SC42oo00. Superintendent,
M. H. Eichenlaub.
Wilkinsburg Private, I300 Wood Street, Wilkinsburg.  Telephone, Churchill (or)
FRI77o. Superintendent, Ella Kuck.
HOSPITALS IN NEARBY BOROUGHS
Providence, Beaver Falls. Telephone, 640. Superintendent, Sister M. Irenaeus.
Braddock General, Braddock. Telephone, BR2ooo. Superintendent, Martha Oaks Kelley.
Canonsburg General, Canonsburg. Telephone, 25. Superintendent, Olive McWilliams.
Zoar Home for Mothers, Babies and Convalescents, Glenshaw. Telephone, 259.' Superintendent, Mrs. E. Schmitz.
Homestead Hospital, Homestead. Telephone, I447. Superintendent, Miss F. V. Ludekens.
McKeesport Hospital, McKeesport. Telephone, 4III. Superintendent, William H. Cox.
Ohio Valley General, McKees Rocks. Telephone, FEI48o. Superintendent, Laura M.
Snyder.
Beaver Valley General, New Brighton. Telephone, Io020.
Citizens General, New  Kensington.  Telephone, 798.  Superintendent, William  E.
Barron.
Rochester General, Rochester. Telephone, 519. Superintendent, M. R. Baxter.
Valley Hospital, Sewickley. Telephone, 575. Superintendent, W. Maud Newman.
Allegheny Valley, Tarentum. Telephone, 8i6. Superintendent, Cora B. Lash.
The total patient day in Pittsburgh's hospitals is 4,472. To care for the patients
the institutions have on their staffs 560 trained nurses and 1,627 student nurses; and
they maintain free clinics for 33 specific diseases as well as general medical and surgical
clinics.
The State Appropriations to hospitals in Pittsburgh amount to $481,6o00 annually,
or a little over 68 cents for every man, woman and child in the territory considered;
while the hospitals expend annually about $2.58 per capita in charity work-a total of
$I,823,485.
From makeshift facilities at the beginning the hospitals of Pittsburgh have grown
to have an investment for land, buildings, and equipment amounting to $29,000ooo,ooo000
($2,ooo,ooo being estimated for two institutions which withheld this information).
In addition to the hospitals tabulated in the foregoing, there is in Pittsburgh a United States Marine Hospital (Fortieth Street), and the large
hospital for incapacitated soldiers maintained by the United States Government in Aspinwall. The City of Pittsburgh itself operates a municipal
hospital for contagious diseases in addition to the hospital attached to the
827828                   PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
city home at Mayview, a very large instituttion for dependent people. There
is also a municipal sanitarium at Leech Farm. The County of Allegheny
maintains a large home and hospital for dependent people at Woodville.
The community is not without medical dispensaries for the poor as
already noted. The Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, one of the foremost of
these, organized in I873 by the members of St. Andrew's Episcopal Church
and handsomely endowed in I886 by Miss Jane Holmes, will be not only
equaled but surpassed early in I93I by the Falk Free Dispensary. This
philanthropy, for which a beautiful building of Indiana limestone has been
erected in the new hospital center of which the Children's Hospital and the
Presbyterian Hospital are to be parts, and all operated in affiliation with the
University of Pittsburgh, is the result of a gift of $750,00ooo to the University
by Maurice Falk in I929.CHAPTER XXIII
BENCH AND BARCHAPTER XXIII
BENCH AND BAR
Provincial System of Law Prevailed in Pennsylvania While the Penns Were
Proprietors-Judicial Practice in This Region Under the Act of May
22, I722-Twelve Offenses Punishable by Death- Imprisonment for
Wrongdoers Not in Favor, the Whipping Post and Rack Being Preferred-Decade in Which the Virginia Courts Sat in Pittsburgh While
the Pennsylvania Courts Sat at Hannastown-Alexander Addison First
Law Judge in Allegheny County-Political Partisanship Secures His
Impeachment-Other Early Judges Include Men of Distinction-Establishment of the Common Pleas Courts and Brief Sketches of Outstanding Judges-United States District Court of Western PennsylvaniaConsolidation of Four Common Pleas Courts-County Court Established for Minor Civil Causes-Allegheny County Has Produced an
Unusual Number of Lawyers of National and International ReputationOutstanding Members of the Bar in the Past Three Generations.
As able jurists have explained, it is not possible to understand the early
courts in Pennsylvania without some knowledge of the Provincial system.
The common law of England and the English methods of judicial administration were prevalent throughout the Commonwealth as a matter of course
during the period when the Penns were exercising. proprietary government.
This English jurisprudence was changed in some degree by the Constitution
of I776, but there was no radical departure from it until the adoption of
the Constitution of I790. The early courts in Pennsylvania were regulated
by the Act of May 22, 1722. Allegheny County did not come into existence
until two generations afterward, but each county in Pennsylvania had even
then a court of "General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Gaol Delivery"
for criminal offenses, and a court of "Common Pleas" for the trial of civil
cases. Each court was required to hold four terms annually. For the trial
of minor infractions of the law the governor was authorized to appoint a
competent number of Justices of the Peace for each county. Any three of
these magistrates were legally empowered to hold the Court of Quarter Sessions. The judges of Common Pleas were also appointed by the governor.
Up until the enactment of the law of September 9, I759, the same persons
could legally, and did, serve in both courts. Under the new legislation the
justices of the Quarter Sessions were forbidden to.hold commissions as
831PITTSBURGH
of
TODAY
Its Resources and People
By
FRANK C. HARPER
VOLUME II
THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, INC.
NEW YORK
193  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
judges of the Common Pleas, the theory being that judgment in the latter
court required greater knowledge and capacity.  Judges were appointed
under the Act of I759 for life or during good behavior. The Constitution
of I776 limited them to a term of seven years, but the Constitution of I790
restored the old rule of appointment for life or during good behavior.
Under early Pennsylvania law the Orphans' Court was administered
by the justices of the Quarter Sessions. The Act of I759, however, very
properly disqualified the justices of the Quarter Sessions and made the
judges of the Common Pleas the judges of the Orphans' Court.
A State Supreme Court has existed since 1722. The Court originally
consisted of three judges, then four, who reviewed on writs of error the
proceedings in all the County Courts, and who were also judges of the Court
of Oyer and Terminer. In that capacity they tried all capital cases, visiting
each county twice a year for this purpose. As the Hon. John W. F. White,
Judge of the Court of Common Pleas from the year I873 until his death
in I900, points out in a study of the judiciary published in I888, the Act of
May 3I, I718, made the following offenses punishable with death in Pennsylvania: treason, misprision of treason, murder, manslaughter, sodomy, rape,
robbery, mayhem, arson, burglary, witchcraft, and concealing the birth of a
bastard child.
In October, I770, George Washington, visiting Pittsburgh, estimated the
number of houses at about 20, indicating a probable population of
approximately I20 all told. All this part of Pennsylvania was then in Cumberland County. Bedford County was established by Act of March 9, I77I,
with all of Pennsylvania west of the mountains included in it. Our courts
were then held in Bedford, the county seat, beginning April I, I77I. The
sparsely settled region now known as Allegheny County was represented on
the bench of the court sitting in Bedford by George Wilson, William Crawford, Thomas Gist and Dorsey Pentecost. This whole vast region known as
Bedford County was divided into townships. The wilderness which constituted Western Pennsylvania in that year of 177I is visualized by the
statement that Pitt Township, which embraced the greater part of the present
Allegheny County as well as large parts of Beaver, Washington and Westmoreland Counties, had only 52 land owners, 20 tenants and 13 single freemen.
Allegheny County having been first a part of Cumberland County, then
of Bedford County, and then of Westmoreland County which was formed
out of Bedford, was compelled to resort for many years to considerable journeys to secure justice. During the Westmoreland County admninistration
the courts were held at Hannastown, a few miles northeast of where Greensburg now stands. Gen. Arthur St. Clair and a minority of the trustees
named by the state law to locate the county seat and erect public buildings
832maintained that the county seat should be in Pittsburgh and so recommended. They were overruled and the county seat was fixed in I787 at
Greensburg. Meantime, courts were held at Hannastown in the log house
of Robert Hanna. William Crawford was the first presiding justice at
Hannastown. In I775 he took sides with Virginia in the boundary contest
and was therefore removed. Years later as Colonel Crawford he led the
unfortunate expedition against the Indians on the Sandusky River and died
by torture at their hands. In I777, after the removal of William Crawford,
John Moor was elected presiding justice, the choice being made by other
justices. He acted as a judge of the Common Pleas until I790 when he was
disqualified by the new constitution by reason of his not being a lawyer.
It is of interest to note that these eighteenth century courts fixed the prices
to be charged by tavern keepers for liquors. The county possessed a small
one-room jail built of logs, but about the only use it was put to was to confine prisoners until trial, for imprisonment was rarely the sentence imposed
upon conviction. Punishment by fines, by the whipping post, by the pillory
or stocks, by cropping the ears, or by branding was preferred. In rather
grotesque contrast with the rudeness of the surroundings and the general
proceedings, the justices were arrayed in scarlet robes.
During the Revolutionary War the courts met more or less regularly,
but little business was transacted and at the October sessions, I78I, the only
constable who attended at Hannastown was from Pittsburgh.
Virginia Courts in Pittsburgh.-While the Pennsylvania courts were holding their sessions in Hannastown the Virginia Courts sat for several years in
Pittsburgh, acting under authority of Lord Dunmore, Governor of the
Province of Virginia. The first court was held February 2I, I775. The
justices of the peace of Augusta County, Virginia, who under Dunmore's
orders held this court, were George Croghan, John Campbell, John Connolly,
Dorsey Pentecost, Thomas Smallman and John Gibson. A nephew of this
John Gibson subsequently became Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. After a
session of four days the Court adjourned to Staunton, Virginia. Virginia
Courts were held in Pittsburgh in May and September of this same year.
The Courts for Augusta County, Virginia, continued to be held spasmodically
here until November 30, I776. As explained elsewhere in this work, Augusta
County, Virginia, was after I776 divided into three counties called Ohio,
Yohogania, and Monongalia. Pittsburgh was in Yohogania County, which
embraced the greater portions of the present Counties of Allegheny and
Washington. The Courts of this county were held regularly until August
28, I780-sometimes in Pittsburgh, sometimes in or near the present town
of Washington, Pennsylvania, but more often on the farm of Andrew Heath
on the Monongahela River near the present boundary between Allegheny
and Washington Counties, where a log court house and jail had been erected.
BENCH AND BAR
833PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
All this while the Pennsylvania Courts for this section were asserting their
jurisdiction from Hannastown. There, in October, I773, a true bill for a
misdemeanor was found by the grand jury against the notorious Simon
Girty. He managed to escape the officers with the warrant for his arrest,
and on the second day of the Virginia Court held in Pittsburgh in February,
I775, he took the oath of allegiance to Virginia and was commissioned as a
lieutenant of the Virginia militia stationed at Pittsburgh. In this same year
the Robert Hanna, in whose house the Pennsylvania Courts for this region
were held, was seized and brought by the Virginia militia into court at
Pittsburgh where he was put under bond of a thousand pounds to keep the
peace of a year toward the Virginia commonwealth. For four or five years
the jurisdiction of Virginia over the Pittsburgh region was fairly well enforced. Virtually the only taxes paid were paid to the Virginia collectors,
and all county offices were filled by Virginia authority. This anomalous
state of affairs continued until the boundary dispute was settled in the fall
of I784 by agreement between the two commonwealths, and this entire region
became acknowledged Pennsylvania territory.
When Washington County was erected by Act of the Pennsylvania
Legislature on March 28, I78I, it embraced all that part of the state lying
west of the Monongahela and south of the Ohio. Pittsburgh remained, however, in Westmoreland County until the Act of September 24, I788, established Allegheny County, embracing portions of Westmoreland and Washington Counties and all the territory north of the Ohio and west of the
Allegheny, from which were afterwards formed the Counties of Armstrong,
Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Lawrence, Mercer, Venango, Warren and
parts of Indiana and Clarion.
The Act appointed trustees to select lots in the reserved tract opposite
to Pittsburgh, on which to erect a court house. But that was changed by
the Act of April I13, I79I, which directed the public buildings to be erected in
Pittsburgh.
The first court-Quarter Sessions-was held December I6, I1788, by
George Wallace, President, and Joseph Scott, John Wilkins, and John Johnson, Associates. A letter was read from Mr. Bradford, Attorney-General,
appointing Robert Galbraith, Esq., his deputy, who was sworn in; and on
his motion the following persons were admitted as members of the bar, viz.:
Hugh H. Brackenridge, John Woods, James Ross, George Thompson, Alexander Addison, David Bradley, James Carson, David St. Clair, and Michael
Huffnagle, Esqs.
The first term of the Common Pleas was held March I4, I789. The
Appearance Docket contained 56 cases. The brief minute says the court
was held "before George Wallace and his Associates," without naming them.
The same minute is made for the June and September Terms of that year.
834BENCH AND BAR
After that no name is given. The old minutes of the court and other records
and papers of the early courts were in an upper room of the court house,
and were destroyed in the fire of May, I882.
The Constitution of September 2, I790, and the Act of Assembly following it, April I3, I79I, made radical changes in the judicial system of the
state. Justices of the Peace were no longer Judges of the courts. The
state was divided into Circuits or Judicial Districts, composed of not less
than three nor more than six counties. A President Judge was appointed by
the Governor for each district, and Associate Judges, not less than three
nor more than four, for each county. The Associate Judges could hold the
Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas. All Judges were commissioned for life
or during good behavior.  The Constitution did not require any of the
Judges to be "learned in the law," but, no doubt, it was understood that the
Judges of the Supreme Court, and the President Judges of the Districts,
were to be experienced lawyers. By the Act of February 24, I8o6, the
Associate Judges of each county were reduced to two.
The state was divided into five Circuits or Districts. The counties of
Westmoreland, Fayette, Washington and Allegheny composed the fifth District. The new judicial system went into operation September I, I79I.
The first Judges commissioned for Allegheny County, their commission
bearing date October 9, I788, were George Wallace, President, and John
Metzgar, Michael Hillman, and Robert Ritchie, Associates. They were the
Judges until the reorganization under the Constitution of I790.
George Wallace was not a lawyer, but had been a Justice of the Peace
since I784, and was a man of good education. He owned the tract of land
known as "Braddock's Fields," where he lived in comfortable circumstances,
and where he died.
Upon the reorganization of the courts under the Constitution of I790,
Alex. Addison was appointed President Judge of the Fifth District, his commission bearing date August I7, I79I. His Associates for Allegheny County,
commissioned the same day, were George Wallace, John Wilkins, Jr., John
McDowell, and John Gibson.*
Alexander Addison was the first Law Judge of Allegheny County. He
was born in Scotland in I759, educated at Edinburgh, and licensed to preach
by the Presbytery of Aberlowe. He emigrated to Pennsylvania in early
life, and on the 20th of December, I785, applied to the Presbytery of Redstone (Brownsville) to be admitted. He was not regularly received into the
Presbytery, but was authorized to preach within its bounds. He preached
* In addition to the courts of quarter sessions and of common pleas, there existed in
Pittsburgh for more than twenty years a mayor's court composed of the mayor, a recorder,
and twelve aldermen with jurisdiction to try crimes committed within the city limits. It
was created by act of March I8, I8i6, and was abolished by act of June I2, I839.
835PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
for a short time at Washington, but read law and was admitted to the bar
of that county in I787.
Judge Agnew in his address at the Centennial celebration of Washington
County in I88I characterized Judge Addison as follows:
He was a man of culture, erudition, correct principles, and thoroughly imbued with love for the good of society. These characteristics
are seen in his letters, essays, charges to grand juries, and reports of
his judicial decisions. They embrace a scope of thought and strength
of logic, marking a fine intellect and extensive knowledge; and they
exhibit a patriotism of the purest lustre, set in a bright constellation of
virtues.
Judge Addison lived and executed his functions among a sturdy
people, amid the troubles, excitements, dangers, and factions, which followed the adoption of the Federal Constitution of I787, and attended
the enforcement of the excise law of the United States, which culminated
in the Whiskey Insurrection of I794. His patriotic instincts and love
of the public welfare led him, by means of charges to the grand juries,
to discuss, frequently, the underlying principles of government, the
supremacy of the laws, and the necessity of due subordination to rightful authority-a duty which he felt urgently incumbent upon him in the
disturbed condition of affairs. Though, at the time, controverted by
partisanship and hatred of authority, owing to the peculiar hardships
of the early settlers, these efforts are this day among the best expositions of the principles of free government, the necessity of order and
obedience to law. No one can read his charge to the grand jury of
Allegheny County, September I, I794, without feeling himself in the
presence of and listening, with uncovered head, to a great man, whose
virtues of heart equaled his qualities of head.
Judge Addison was a Federalist in politics; a warm supporter of the
administrations of Washington and John Adams. During Washington's administration the French Revolution broke out. As France had
assisted us in our revolutionary struggle against England, there was in
this country a strong feeling of sympathy with France, and some leading
men and newspapers clamorously demanded that our government should
aid France in her war with England. But Washington maintained a
position of strict neutrality; so did John Adams. The country was filled
with French emissaries, and secret political societies were formed,
similar to the Jacobin Clubs of France. The Alien and Sedition laws,
passed by Congress during Adams's administration, to counteract the
efforts of these emissaries and secret clubs, served only to increase the
excitement, and culminated in a political revolution. Jefferson was
836BENCH AND BAR
elected President over Adams, in I8oo, and the same party carried
Pennsylvania, electing Thomas McKean Governor in I799.
Early Jurists.-The impeachment of Judge Addison for what appear at
this distance to have been purely political reasons formed one of the most
interesting and at the same time discreditable chapters in the legal history
of Allegheny County and of Pennsylvania. The judgment of a later jurist
of exceptional integrity and distinction (Judge John W. F. White already
quoted) may well be cited in dealing with this untoward episode. We quote
from Judge White's history of the early judiciary:
Judge Addison's bold, manly, and patriotic stand in favor of the
Federal Government during the Whiskey Insurrection, and his equally
bold, manly, and patriotic stand against French emissaries and secret
political societies, caused him many enemies. H. H. Brackenridge was
bitter and unrelenting in his hostility. As soon as the new political
party got into power, Judge Addison was a doomed man. John B. C.
Lucas was appointed Associate Judge of Allegheny County, July I7,
I8oo. He was a Frenchman and intensely hostile to Judge Addison.
As soon as he took his seat on the bench, he commenced to annoy and
provoke Judge Addison. Although a laymnan, he would frequently
differ with the Judge on points of law, and actually charged petit juries
in opposition to the views of the President Judge. He also insisted on
reading a written harangue to a grand jury, in opposition to some views
expressed by Judge Addison to a previous grand jury. Judge Addison
and Judge McDowell, who constituted a majority of the court on that
occasion, remonstrated against such conduct on the part of Lucas,
and stopped him.
That gave a pretext for legal proceedings against Judge Addison.
The first movement was an application to the Supreme Court to file information, in the nature of an indictment, against him for a misdemeanor in office. The Supreme Court dismissed it, saying that the
papers did not show an indictable offence (4 Dallas, R. 225). The next
step was to have him impeached by the Legislature. The House ordered
the impeachment, and the Senate tried and convicted him. The articles
of impeachment contained nothing but the two charges: (I) That when
Lucas charged the petit jury, Judge Addison told them they should not
regard what he said, because it had nothing to do with the case; and
(2) Preventing him from charging the grand jury, as above stated.
No person can read the report of the trial without feeling that it
was a legal farce; that gross injustice was done Judge Addison from
the beginning to the end, and that the whole proceeding was a disgrace
837PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
to the State. The trial took place at Lancaster, where the Legislature
sat. The House and Senate refused to give him copies of certain papers,
or to give assistance in procuring witnesses from Pittsburgh for his
defence. The speeches of counsel against him, and the rulings of the
Senate on questions raised in the progress of the trial, were characterized by intense partisan feeling. It was not a judicial trial, but a
partisan scheme to turn out a political opponent. It resulted in deposing one of the purest, best, and ablest Judges that ever sat on the bench
in Pennsylvania.
The sentence was pronounced by the Senate, January 27, I803, removing him as President Judge from the Fifth District, and declaring
him forever disqualified from holding a judicial office in the State.
Judge Addison presided in our courts for twelve years. The volume
of reports he published in I8oo shows his legal ability, and the great
variety and number of new, intricate, and important causes tried by
him.
He died at Pittsburgh, November 27, I807, leaving a widow, three
sons, and four daughters.
Samuel Roberts succeeded Judge Addison, was commissioned April
30, I803, and held the office until his death, in I820.
Judge Roberts was born in Philadelphia, September 8, I763; was
educated and studied law in that city, and was admitted to the bar in
I793. He was married the same year to Miss Maria Heath, of York,
Pa. After his marriage he moved to Lancaster, and commenced the
practice of law, but soon moved to Sunbury, where he was practicing
at the time he was appointed Judge of this district.
Judge Roberts was a good lawyer, and a very worthy, upright man.
He had the respect and confidence of the bar, but it is said he was so
indulgent to the lawyers, that the business of the court was rather
retarded. He built for himself a fine residence, a mile or so out of
town at that time, but now in the compact part of the city, near the
present Roberts Street, in the Eleventh Ward, where he died, December
I3, I820. He left eight children-five sons and three daughters.
While Judge Roberts was on the bench he published a Digest of the
British Statutes in force, in whole or in part, in Pennsylvania, with notes
and illustrations, which has been the standard work on the subject ever
since. This volume, and the Supreme Court reports of cases he tried,
prove that he was a most industrious and conscientious Judge.
The first person convicted of murder and executed in this county
was Thomas Dunning. He was tried before Judge Addison, and hanged
on Boyd's Hill, January 23, I793. James Ewalt was then the Sheriff.
The next was John Tiernan, convicted of the murder of Patrick
838BENCH AND BAR                               839
Campbell, December 7, I817. He was tried January I2, I8i8, before
Judge Roberts, with Francis McClure, Associate. Campbell was a
contractor on the Pittsburgh and Greensburg Turnpike. Tiernan was
a laborer or the turnpike, living in a cabin on the hill this side of Turtle
Creek, and Campbell boarded with him. At night, when asleep in his
bed, Tiernan killed him with an axe, robbed his body, and fled, riding
off on Campbell's horse. A few days after he appeared on the streets of
Pittsburgh with the horse, and was arrested. William Wilkins and
Richard Biddle appeared for the Commonwealth, and Walter Forward,
Charles Shaler, and Samuel Kingston for the prisoner. He was hung
at the foot of Boyd's Hill. The event became an epoch in our history,
from which witnesses in court, and others, would fix the date of occurrences, being so many years before or after the hanging of Tiernan.
William Wilkins, the successor of Judge Roberts, was by all accounts
one of the most attractive figures- in the early history not only of Pittsburgh
but of the entire country. As jurist, soldier, United States Senator, diplomat
and man of affairs generally, he acquired national renown. Judge Roberts
died on the night of December I3, I820. The Governor of the state, William
Findlay, had by law the right to appoint Roberts's successor, but his term
expired on December I8, and how the news that his personal friend and
political supporter William Wilkins was a candidate for the succession could
be got to him in time to permit him to make the appointment was indeed
a problem. There were no railroads or telegraphs.
Simon Small, an old stage driver, was dispatched as a special messenger
to Harrisburg, with letters for Wilkins's appointment. He rode on horseback, and by relays at the stage offices, succeeded in reaching Harrisburg
late at night, the last night of Governor Findlay's term. The Governor was
aroused from sleep, and, between II and 12 o'clock, the commission of Wilkins was signed. An hour or two's delay in the ride would have resulted in
another Judge, for the next day Governor Hiester was inaugurated.
William Wilkins was born December 20, I779. His father moved to
Pittsburgh in I786. He was educated at Dickinson College, and read law
with Judge Watt, at Carlisle. He was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh,
I8oi. He was appointed President Judge of the Fifth District, December
I8, I820; resigned May 25, I824, when appointed Judge of the District
Court of the United States, for Western Pennsylvania. In I828, when on
the bench of the United States District Court, he was elected a member of
Congress, but, before taking his seat, resigned, giving as a reason that his
pecuniary circumstances were such, he could not give up the Judgeship to
accept a seat in Congress. But in I831 he was elected to the Senate of the
United States for the full term of six years, and resigned the Judgeship.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
He was an ardent friend and supporter of General Jackson in opposition to
John C. Calhoun and his nullification doctrines. As chairman of the Senate
Committee he reported the bill, which passed Congress, authorizing the President to use the army or navy to enforce the collection of revenue, and suppress the nullification movement.
In I834 he was appointed Minister to Russia, and remained one year at
the Court of St. Petersburg. When a member of the Senate, and just before
leaving for Russia, it is said, he was in very straitened pecuniary circumstances.'His property was covered with mortgages to its full value, and some
of his creditors were so clamorous that he had to exercise great circumspection, as imprisonment for debt had not then been abolished. When he returned from Russia he was a wealthy man. The great and sudden boom in
the price of real estate enabled him to sell his homestead, where the Monongahela House now stands, for ten times its value three years before, which,
with what he managed to get and save while abroad, gave him the means to
pay all his debts, and have considerable left.
In I842 he was again elected to the House of Representatives of Congress. After the explosion of the monster gun on the Princeton, February
28, I844, which killed Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Mr. Gilmer,
Secretary of War, Mr. Wilkins was appointed, by President Tyler, Secretary
of War, which office he held until March, I845.
In I855 he was elected to the State Senate from this county, for one
term.
Although over 8o years of age when the war of the Rebellion broke out,
and a stanch Democrat the greater part of his life, Mr. Wilkins took an
active part in support of the government and rousing the patriotic spirit of
the country. As Major-General of the Home Guards, he appeared, mounted
and in full uniform, at the grand review on West Common. His dress, age,
and venerable form added greatly to the interest and eclat of the occasion.
Judge Wilkins was one of Pittsburgh's most enterprising men of the
olden times. It was through his efforts, mainly, that the first bridge over
the Monongahela was erected, the Pittsburgh and Greensburg Turnpike, and
the Pittsburgh and Steubenville Turnpike built, and the charter for the old
Bank of Pittsburgh obtained. He was president of the first company organized to foster and encourage our home manufactures, the "Pittsburgh Manufacturing Co." It was in I8II, when money was exceedingly scarce. The
company was organized to aid mechanics and manufacturers, by receiving
their products, such as hoes, shovels, sickles, etc., for which certificates were
issued, payable when the articles were sold, and these certificates circulated
like paper money. This manufacturing company was changed into the Bank
of Pittsburgh in I814, the stockholders being nearly the same, and William
Wilkins the first president.
840BENCH AND BAR
Judge Wilkins had fine natural abilities, and great aptitude for the dispatch of business, which made him popular as a man and Judge. But his
quick, impulsive nature, his disinclination to close and continued study, and
his lack of patience in the mastery of details, unfitted him for a high degree
of eminence on the bench.
Judge Wilkins was twice married.  His first wife died within a year,
leaving no children. His second wife was Miss Matilda Dallas, sister of
Trevanion B. Dallis, afterwards Judge in this county, and of George M. Dallas, Vice-President during President Polk's administration. By her he had
three sons and four daughters. His son Charles was a brilliant young lawyer of California, but died early; Dallas died when a boy; Richard Biddle
died shortly after his father. One daughter married Captain John Sanders,
of the U. S. Army; one Mr. Overton Carr, of the U. S. Navy; one Mr.
Jas. A. Hutchinson, and one never married. None of his descendants now
live in this county, except one grandson.
Judge Wilkins died at his residence, at Homewood, June 23, I865, in his
eighty-sixth year.
Charles Shaler succeeded William Wilkins as Judge of the county courts.
He was born in Connecticut in I788, and educated at Yale. His father was
one of the commissioners to lay off the Western Reserve in Ohio, and purchased a large tract of land, known as Shalersville, near Ravenna, Ohio.
His son, Charles Shaler, went to Ravenna in I809 to attend to the lands,
and was admitted to the bar there. He moved to Pittsburgh, and was admitted to the bar here in ISI3. He was Recorder of the Mayor's Court of
Pittsburgh from I8i8 to I82I. June 5, I824, he was commissioned Judge
of Common Pleas; occupied the bench ii years, resigning May 4, I835. He
was appointed Associate Judge of the District Court of the county May 6,
I84I, and held that office three years, resigning May 20, I844.
In I853 he was appointed by President Pierce U. S. District Attorney
for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
In early life Judge Shaler was a Federalist, but for the last 50 years of
his life was a stanch Democrat, taking an active part in politics, always willing to enter the contest, and be the standard bearer of his party, notwithstanding the prospect was certain defeat.
Although Judge Shaler for many years had perhaps the most extensive
and lucrative practice at the Pittsburgh bar, his generous habits were such
that he acquired but little property, and he died comparatively poor. He
died at the residence of his son-in-law, Rev. D. H. Hodges, at Newark,
N. J., March 5, I869, in the eighty-first year of his age.
He was twice married. His first wife was a daughter of Major Kirkpatrick, by whom he had two sons and three daughters. One of his daughters, a beautiful and accomplished young lady, while out riding with Samuel
84ICHAPTER XI
PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
Carnegie, Westinghouse, Frick, and Heinz Have Remarkable Careers Which
Strikingly Typify Not Only America in General but Pittsburgh and the
Pittsburgh Spirit in Particular-Andrew  Carnegie Comes wzith His
Father to City at Age of 13 in I848, Making the Journey West from
New York by Canal and Lake Steamer to Buffalo and Cleveland, and
Thence via Beaver and Ohio Rivers to Pittsburgh-Starts as Bobbin
Boy in Cotton Factory and While Working as Messenger Boy for Telegraph Company Makes Acquaintance of Pennsylvania Railroad Superintendent-Becomes Superintenident of Railroad Himtself at Age of 24As Buyer of Steel Sees Future of Steel Industry and Builds Plant with
Railroad Officials as Partners-Rise of the Great Carnegie Steel Company-Mr. Carnegie's Partners-Proclamation of the Gospel of Wealth
-stonlishes Whole World by Huge Sums of Money Presented to the
Public-Gives Away $350,000,000 up to Time of His Death-Homestead Strike and Sale of Carnegie Interests to United States Steel Corporation-Westinghouse Invents Air Brake at Age of 2i-Commercializes Incandescent Light and Takes It Into the Home by Application of
Alternating Current-Incalculable Service to Both Transportation and
Electric Industry-Henry C. Frick's Attainment of Position of Coke
King in His Twenties-Sale of Coke Properties to Carnegie Steel
Interests-Becomes Carnegie  Company  Chairman-The Homestead
Strike and His Narrow Escape from Assassination-Rupture with Mr.
Carnegie Leads to Law Suit Settled Out of Court-Mr. Frick's
Years in New York and His Extensive Philanthropies-Inspiring Life of
Henry J. Heinz--Humble Start Followzved by Extraordinary Success in
the Food Industry-Marketing of Famous 57 Products Extends Over
Whole World-Mr. Heinz's Humanitarianism and Civic LeadershipLessons of His Career as Illustrated in the Story of "A4 Golden Day."
The history of Pittsburgh is inseparable from the history of a number of
great fortunes which have excited the wonder of all civilized nations including
our own. No city in the world has ever lavished wealth upon its foremost
citizens with a more unstinting hand. The mere fact that the expression
"a Pittsburgh millionaire" has for a generation or more been an American
"by-word" is indicative of the apparently boundless opportunities afforded by
479PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
W. Black, was thrown from her horse and killed. His second wife was a
daughter of James Riddle, Associate Judge of the county from I8i8 to I838,
by whom he had several children.
Trevanion Barlow Dallas succeeded Judge Shaler on the Common Pleas
bench. He was commissioned May I5, I835.
Mr. Dallas was of Scotch descent. His great-grandfather was George
Dallas, an eminent lawyer and author, of Scotland. His grandfather was
Robert Dallas, M.D., of Dallas Castle, Jamaica, whither he had emigrated
in early life. His father, Alexander James Dallas, was born in Jamaica, and
educated in England, admitted to the bar in Jamaica, but came to Philadelphia in I783; he was an eminent American statesman and author, and honorably filled high official stations. His eldest son was Commodore in the U. S.
Navy; his second, George M. Dallas, was Vice-President; and the youngest,
the subject of this sketch.
Trevanion Barlow Dallas was born in Philadelphia, February 23, i8oi,
and educated at Princeton. He commenced reading law with his brother
George M., but came to Pittsburgh about I820, and finished his studies with
his brother-in-law, William Wilkins. He was admitted to the bar in 1822.
Previous to his appointment as Judge, he had been Deputy Attorney-General
for the county. He remained on the Common Pleas bench from  I835 to
June 24, I839, when he resigned to accept the position of Associate Judge
with Judge Grier, in the District Court of the county, which position he held
until his death, April 7, I84I.
Judge Dallas was a comparatively young man when he died, only 40 years
old. But, as Prosecuting Attorney, member of the bar, and Judge in the
Common Pleas and District Court, he won an enviable reputation.
Judge Dallas's successor was Benjamin Patton, who after I I years'
service was succeeded by Judge William B. McClure on January 3I, I850o.
In this year an amendment to the constitution made not only county judgeships but supreme court judgeships elective. The judges throughout Pennsylvania were all legislated out of office, but at the election of October, I85I,
Judge McClure was elected for a term of io years, which he served. He
died on September 27, I86I, just after his reelection to another Io-year
term. His successor was James P. Sterrett, a native of Juniata County, who
had graduated from Jefferson College at Canonsburg, studied law at the
University of Virginia, and settled in Pittsburgh as his place of permanent
residence, being admitted to practice at the bar on June 9, I849. He served
on the bench of Common Pleas from I862 until February, I877, when he
was appointed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Being defeated by the
Democratic candidate at the election in the fall of that year, he returned to
Pittsburgh and resumed the practice of law. Next year he was again nomi842BENCH AND BAR
nated by the Republicans for the full term of 2I years on the supreme bench
and was elected. He became chief justice on January 20, I893, remaining
in that position until the expiration of his term in I899, when he retired.
THE JUDGES OF COMMON PLEAS
Edwin H. Stowe had one of the longest and most distinguished careers
on the Common Pleas bench of Allegheny County of which our judicial
history bears any record. He was born in Beaver, January 22, I826, educated at Washington College and was admitted to the Allegheny County bar
January Io, I849. His first election as an associate law judge was in I862,
and he was reelected in 1872, I882 and I892, serving until I902, 40 consecutive years-a term of service which it is said has not often been equaled
in the United States. He was president judge from March I5, I877, until
his retirement in January, I902.
Judge Collier succeeded Judge Stowe as president judge of Common
Pleas. Frederick Hill Collier was born in Lancaster County, February 25,
I820, and graduated with high honor from Columbia College in I849. After
practicing in Washington, D. C., for some time, he returned to Pennsylvania
and settled down in Pittsburgh. He served a term as district attorney before
his election as judge in November, I869. Meanwhile, he had raised and
organized the I39th Pennsylvania Regiment of Volunteers for service in the
Civil War and became its colonel. He took part in the Battle of Antietam
and many other historic struggles, being mustered out of the service with the
rank of Brigadier General.
Judge Collier at the end of his first Io-year term was reelected in I879
and again in I889 and I899, and in January, I903, became president judge.
Contemporary with Judge Collier was Judge Jacob Frederick Slagle, a
native of Washington, Pa., and a graduate of Washington College in I848
who came to Pittsburgh and began practicing law in I852. When the Civil
War broke out he was city solicitor of Pittsburgh. Resigning to become a
member of the I49th Regiment, he was appointed judge advocate with the
rank of major. After the war he again became city solicitor. His elevation
to the bench occurred in January, I888. He was reelected in I898, and died
of a sudden illness on September 6, I9oo.
The Court of Common Pleas No. 2, which was established by the constitution of I873 to take the place of the District Court, had for its first presiding judge Thomas Ewing, one of the ablest judges in Pennsylvania, who
filled the position for more than 24 years. A son of a farmer, he was born
in the village of Cross Creek, Washington County, July 3, I827. He graduated with high honors at Jefferson College in I853, and came to Pittsburgh, where he engaged in teaching. He studied law, was admitted to the
843PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
bar, and practiced in Pittsburgh with unusual success. He was elected for
three terms. His died May 9, I897, having held court the day previous.
John M. Kirkpatrick was first appointed associate law judge of the District Court, November io, i868. He was elected and commissioned November 23, I869, and on the formation of Court of Common Pleas No. 2 was
transferred to that court, and reelected in I879. He was born December I,
I825, in Northumberland County, graduated from Jefferson College in I846,
and at once commenced the study of law in Pittsburgh. Early in the eighties
his health failed him, and he was compelled to resign from the bench, September 23, I885. After his retirement his health improved; he survived I3
years, dying at his home in Pittsburgh, October I6, I898. He was a tall
man of fine presence, and was particularly strong before juries or on the
rostrum. He served mostly in the criminal courts, and disposed of business
in an energetic and industrious way that made his services valuable to the
county.
The successor of Judge Ewing as president judge was John Wesley
Fletcher White, born in Washington County, a son of a minister of the Methodist church. Educated in Allegheny College, he studied law and was admitted to the Allegheny County bar, December I0, I844. He practiced law
for a score of years, and was elected as associate judge of the Common
Pleas Court No. 2 in I873, reelected I883, and again in I893, though he
was over 72 years of age. He succeeded Judge Ewing as president judge in
I893, and served until his death, November 5, I900.
To fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Kirkpatrick, Governor Pattison appointed Christopher Magee a judge of Common Pleas
Court No. 2. The newly appointed judge was of the third generation of the
Magee family in America. His grandfather, Robert Magee, came from
County Derry, Ireland, to the infant and struggling Pittsburgh in 1788.
Christopher was the youngest son of the emigrant, and the father of Judge
Magee. The latter was born in Pittsburgh, December 5, i829, and on account of the death of his father the family removed to Philadelphia. Here
after graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, young Christopher
studied law in the office of William B. Reed and Alexander McKinley. He
returned to his boyhood home in I853, and was admitted to practice, and
from the day of his opening his law office in the Iron City he was the maker
of his own fortune, gained prominence, and became one of the representative lawyers of the metropolis. He was elected in November, i886, for a
full term of io years, and proved himself to be a learned, discerning and
impartial jurist. He died March 4, I902.
Robert S. Frazer was appointed an associate judge in I896, and was
made president judge in I900oo, serving till I9o5, when he was elected a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and in November, I930, still
holds that position.
At the general election held in I9oo, Elliott Rodgers was elected for IO
years judge of the Common Pleas Court No. 2. He was born in Allegheny
City, December I2, I865, and became a member of the county bar in I887.
He served three terms as city solicitor of Allegheny City, and on January 9,
I9OI, was commissioned judge of Common Pleas Court No. 2. He resigned
in I905, resumed the practice of law, and died August II, I918. Judge
Rodgers was succeeded by James Scott Young, a native of Pittsburgh, born
December 3, I848. A graduate of Washington and Jefferson College, he
was admitted to the bar January ii, I872. He received the appointment of
United States attorney in the Western District of Pennsylvania, February 8,
I90I, serving until his appointment as judge of Court of Common Pleas No.
2 in February, I905.
Judge Young was elected for a full term in January, I906, but resigned
February I, I908, to accept an appointment by President Roosevelt to the
position of judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
Common Pleas Court No. 3 of Allegheny County was established by
Act of the State Legislature in I89I. Governor Pattison appointed John M.
Kennedy president judge and Samuel McClung and William D. Porter as
associate judges. Judge Kennedy was a man of wealth and position who
had long been an enthusiastic Democrat, and had achieved marked success
in bankruptcy practice. He was elected to full terms in I89I, I9OI and I9II,
dying in I9I4. Judge McClung was a very able lawyer, a native of Allegheny
County, and served continuously on the bench of Common Pleas No. 3 from
I891 until December of I908 when he resigned because of ill health. Judge
William D. Porter served for many years on the bench of this court and
then resigned to become a judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania, on
whose bench he served until his death in I929. Previous to his appointment
and election to the bench he had been district attorney of Allegheny County.
The Legislature in I907 created another Common Pleas Court for Allegheny County, designated by the number 4. These numbers in late years
have been dropped, and the court as it is now constitutes a unit of I4 judges,
the president judge making the assignments of the judges to preside at each
term.
In I926 John D. Shafer, the scholarly president judge of the consolidated
court, who had served many years on the bench of the Common Pleas with
the universal respect of bar and public, died and was succeeded as president
judge by John A. Evans. Judge Josiah Cohen, who died early in I930
after serving several terms, was in active service on the bench until his death
in his ninetieth year.
845
BENCH AND BARPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
The County Court was established by an act of Legislature passed in
I9II, and was fully organized the following year. The bench on the organization of the court consisted of William A. Way, president judge; Charles
F. McKenna, Richard A. Kennedy, David M. Miller, and Thomas C. Jones,
associates. The latter was defeated at the general election by James J. Drew.
On the resignation of Judge Way he was succeeded by Judge Kennedy as
president judge, and Thomas C. Jones was chosen to fill the vacancy in the
associate judges. The election of Judge Drew to the Common Pleas Court
bench caused a vacancy, and D. Paulson Foster was appointed to succeed
him. At the following general election he was elected for a full term. The
jurisdiction of the court is limited to cases in which less than $I,500 is involved. All desertion cases are brought before it, also appeals from justices
of peace and aldermen's courts. There is an appeal from its decisions in a
petition from the attorney in the case for an allocatus, which gives him the
right to carry the case to the Common Pleas Court, the judge having the
power to decide whether a new trial shall be granted. One of the County
Court judges presides over the Juvenile Court. The judges are elected for a
term of io years.
The present personnel of both the Common Pleas Court and the County
Court of Allegheny County will be found on a later page.
United States District Court.-Congress by Act of May 20, i8i8, established the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, and Jonathan Hoge Walker, appointed judge by President Monroe,
held the first court on December 7, i8i8. He served until January, I824,
when he died while on a visit to a son in Natchez, Miss. Judge Walker was
succeeded by William Wilkins, who held the office until I831, when he
resigned to become a member of the United States Senate. Judge Thomas
Irwin was appointed to succeed Judge Wilkins, and held the office until I859
when he resigned to retire to private life. Judge Irwin was a son of Colonel
Matthew Irwin, a distinguished Revolutionary soldier, and on his mother's
side he was related to Thomas Mifflin, the first elected governor of Pennsylvania. He lived  I years after his retirement from the bench, dying in Allegheny, now the North Side, on May I4, I870, in his eighty-seventh year.
Judge Wilson McCandless, by appointment of President Buchanan, succeeded Judge Irwin on February 8, 1859. He resigned to retire to private
life on July 24, 1876, dying at his residence on the North Side on June 30,
I882. Judge McCandless belonged to a distinguished family and enjoyed
a commanding position in the community, which lends interest to the following estimate of him by Judge White:
Judge McCandless was born at Noblestown, in Allegheny County,
July Io0, I8I0; was educated at the Western University; read law with
846BENCH AND BAR
George Selden, Esq., and was admitted to the bar June I9, I839. He
was for some time a law partner of W. W. Fetterman, and afterwards
of his brother-in-law, William B. McClure. He was married in I834
to Sarah Collins and had three children-one son and two daughters.
One daughter, Margaret E., was married to R. H. Emerson and died
in I872. His son, Stephen C. McCandless, was for many years clerk
of the United States District Court.
Judge McCandless was a remarkable man. He was a natural orator.
With a robust form and commanding person, he had a clear musical
voice and fine flow of language, quick, brilliant, witty, and admirable
in repartee. He was often called on by his fellow citizens as the speaker
for great public occasions, and on such occasions his addresses sparkled
with the rarest gems of oratory. Few men equaled him in power before
a jury in a criminal case. As the champion of the Democracy of Western
Pennsylvania, his voice was always heard in the thickest of the fight,
cheering his comrades on to victory, or rallying them in defeat for another battle. He never held a political office, but was frequently in
State and National Conventions, helping to choose the standard bearers
of his party, and then entering the campaign with all his energies to
secure their election. In private life he was genial, sympathetic, sprightly,
witty, and humorous. On the bench he maintained the dignity of his
station with such unaffected urbanity that all the bar respected and loved
him.
Winthrop W. Ketcham succeeded Judge McCandless. He was born in
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, June 29, I820. His father was a painter and
cabinetmaker, and in his boyhood young Ketcham assisted his' father in these
occupations, but generally carried a book in his pocket, and spent most of the
dinner-hour reading. His evenings were devoted to improving his education, reciting to a friend, who took a lively interest in him. When Wyoming
Seminary was started in I843, he became a teacher in it, and continued there
until I847. In I848 and I849 he was a teacher in Girard College, Philadelphia. January 8, I850, he was admitted to the bar in Wilkes-Barre. In
I858 elected Prothonotary of Luzerne County for three years. In I858
elected to the Legislature, and in I859 elected State Senator for three years.
In I864 appointed by President Lincoln Solicitor of the United States Court
of Claims, and resigned in I866. Was a delegate to the National Republican
Convention at Chicago in I86o, at Baltimore in I864, and a Presidential
Elector in I868. Elected to Congress in I874, and in July, I876, appointed
Judge to succeed Judge McCandless. On Saturday, December 6, I879, he
held court in this city, in his usual good health and returned to his room in
the St. Charles Hotel. At 5 P.M. he was stricken with apoplexy, and died
847PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
at II:50 P.M., his wife and only son at his bedside, with the physicians and
friends who had been hastily summoned. He died universally lamented and
respected.
Judge Ketcham was a man of far more than ordinary ability. He worked
his own way up from the common walks of life to a most honorable position,
by his own efforts, unaided by wealth or influential friends. He was a selfmade man. At every step in his upward career he multiplied his friends
without ever losing one. In every station he proved himself a true, honest,
upright man, and acquitted himself with honor.
Judge Ketcham was succeeded by Marcus W. Acheson, the present incumbent.
Foremost Lawyers of Past Decades.-The Allegheny County Bar has had
many illustrious members. On its roster have been men whose fame was
not only national but international, and it is rather remarkable that it has
possessed this distinction from the earliest days. Perhaps a score of the
brilliant jurists whose names were associated with the early history of Allegheny County courts have already been mentioned in these pages. Among
them were Alexander Addison, William Wilkins, Samuel Roberts, Charles
Shaler, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, James Ross, Henry Baldwin, Richard
Biddle, Thomas Collins, John Woods, James Mountain and Neville B.
Craig. Brackenridge was an accomplished writer as well as lawyer, and
had studied theology in a Maryland academy before serving as chaplain in
the Continental Army. It was after the war that he discovered his preference for the law, securing admission to the bar in I78I and practicing in
Pittsburgh. His activity in the Whiskey Insurrection has been discussed
in another chapter. He became a justice of the State Supreme Court in
I799, serving until his death on June 25, I8i6.
Contemporary with Brackenridge was James Ross, a native of York
County, who was admitted to the bar in I788 when he was 26 years old.
At the age of 32 he was elected to the United States Senate instead of
Albert Gallatin, who was rejected as ineligible. Ross specialized in land titles.
He was a strong Federalist and was vigorous in his condemnation of the
Whiskey Insurrection. The present Allegheny County Court House stands
on the site formerly occupied by Ross's residence, which he sold to the County
Commissioners in I837. He died, aged 86, in I847.
Henry Baldwin, a graduate of Yale College, class of I797, settled in Pittsburgh in I799. In I8i6 he was elected to Congress, where he served three
terms. For several years he was the law partner of Walter Forward.
In the opinion of his contemporaries Baldwin appeared to be the most
brilliant lawyer in Allegheny County in the first half of the nineteenth century, excepting perhaps Walter Forward himself. Baldwin was appointed
848a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Jackson
in I830. He served in that capacity until his death in I844.
H. M. Brackenridge, a son of the first lawyer of Pittsburgh, was admitted
to the bar in I8o6, but never practiced to much extent in Allegheny County.
He devoted most of his time to literature, and became judge of the District
Court of Louisiana in I812, when only 23 years of age. He returned to
Pittsburgh in I832, was elected to Congress in I840, but the latter part of
his life was spent in privacy, devoted to literature. A relative of the famous
Philadelphia Biddles, Richard Biddle by name, came to Pittsburgh, where
he soon attained a high position at the bar. He had received a classical education, was an author of distinction, a strong man and forcible public speaker.
Neville B. Craig was an old-time member of the bar, but early turned his
attention to editorial work on the newspapers of the day. Robert J. Walker
and Robert McClellan both began their legal career in Pittsburgh. The
former removed to Mississippi, rose to be United States Senator, finally to
be Secretary of the Treasury, and author of the tariff bill of I846. McClellan removed to Michigan, and became a member of the cabinet of
President Pierce. Ross Wilkins, a half-brother of Judge William Wilkins,
began life as a lawyer in Pittsburgh. He also removed to Michigan, and
became Judge of the United States Court in that state. Another to commence his legal life in the city was David Agnew, afterwards on the bench
of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
In the second decade of the nineteenth century there were many admissions to the county bar; prominent among these were Harmar Denny,
born in Pittsburgh, May I3, I794. He graduated from Dickinson College
in the class of I8I3, and was admitted to the bar November 13, I8i6. He
first gained prominence when the fight against Free Masonry was beginning.
He was anti-Masonic, and was elected to Congress on that issue. Harmar
Denny was a man of cultivated taste and marked social graces with a high
place in the community.
Edwin M. Stanton, President Lincoln's Secretary of War, was among
the most illustrious Pittsburgh lawyers of past generations. Stanton was
born in Steubenville but removed to Pittsburgh and was admitted to the
Allegheny County Bar in I847. He became a law partner of Judge Shaler,
and the law firm of Shaler, Stanton and Amstaelter was for many years the
foremost in the community. Stanton, a large man both mentally and physically, with a voice which could be heard throughout the court house, commanded the profound respect of the bar for his sheer intellectual ability.
He was Attorney General of the United States in I86o and I86I, and was
made Secretary of War by Mr. Lincoln in I862 and was continued in that
office by President Johnson, serving until I868. He was appointed Justice
BENCH AND BAR
849PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
of the United States Supreme Court on September 20, I869, but was overtaken by a sudden illness and died before taking his seat.
R. B. Carnahan, a native of Allegheny County, was admitted to the
bar in I848, and was United States District Attorney from I86I to I870.
John P. Penny, admitted a year later, was President of the Senate in I864.
Alexander M. Watson, a native of the county, was a prominent member of
the bar, to which he was admitted in I850. He was in every respect a good
lawyer, though earnest and excitable; he studied for the ministry and preached
one year before becoming a member of the bar. William B. Negley, admitted
in I849, was a graduate of the law department of Princeton College. He
was a Civil War veteran, serving as chief aide to Gen. J. S. Negley, with
the rank of major.
David T. Watson of the generation following Stanton was hardly less
distinguished than the latter as a lawyer. Mr. Watson had many brilliant
contemporaries, but none of them seriously challenged his position as the
most eminent Pittsburgh lawyer of his day. The authority of his opinions
on any legal question was almost as great as that of the Supreme Court itself,
and there were few cases of outstanding importance in which he was not
engaged.  In the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and in the Supreme
Court of the United States at Washington he was heard with the greatest
respect and deference. The most celebrated case in which Mr. Watson ever
appeared was the Alaskan boundary dispute between Great Britain and the
United States which the two governments finally settled by submitting to
an international tribunal assembled for the purpose in London. Mr. Watson
was selected as the leading counsel for the United States, and that no mistake
was made in choosing him was proved by the complete victory which he
won for our government.
Thomas M. Marshall was perhaps the most picturesque figure who
ever pleaded in the Allegheny County courts. A man of singularly handsome figure, countenance and general bearing, he was in addition eloquent
to the last degree, making it almost impossible for an opponent to do anything
with a jury over which "glorious Old Tom" (the nickname by which Mr.
Marshall was everywhere known) was exercising his spell. Although his
oratorical prowess made it inevitable that he should be continually sought
as a criminal lawyer, he was thoroughly grounded in the civil as well as
the criminal law and had a large general practice. His sons, Thomas M.
Marshall, Jr., Rody P. Marshall and Meredith Marshall also attained
marked success as lawyers. Mr. Marshall died on October 26, I898, at the
age of 79. He had been a member of the Allegheny County Bar for
52 years.
George Shiras, Jr., was another lawyer of a past generation who attained national distinction, being appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court
850BENCH AND BAR
of the United States by President Harrison and serving on the bench until
he reached the age of retirement. He was admitted to the Allegheny County
Bar on November 8, I855, and died on August 2, I924.
Philander Chase Knox, a Pittsburgh lawyer who was destined to
become Attorney General of the United States under President McKinley
and President Roosevelt, and Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President
Taft, was born on May 6, I853, and was admitted to the Allegheny County
Bar on January I4, I875. Prior to his becoming Attorney General of the
United States on April 9, I9OI, he was senior member of the firm of
Knox  Reed, which enjoyed one of the most successful and lucrative corporation practices in the United States. He resigned the Attorney Generalship in June, I904, to accept an appointment by Governor Pennypacker to the seat in the United States Senate vacated by the death of
M. S. Clay. Mr. Knox served as United States Senator from that time
until I907 when he resigned the Senatorship to become President Taft's
Secretary of State. He retired from the Cabinet when Mr. Taft's administration ended on March 4, I913, but in I916 was again elected to the United
States Senate. He died on October I2, 1921, before the expiration of his
term. Mr. Knox was a brilliant lawyer. The two greatest cases in which
he ever appeared were the Alaskan Boundary case (in which he was associated with Mr. Watson) and the famous Northern Securities case, in
which the Federal Supreme Court was persuaded to adopt his view that
combinations of corporations incorporated by the several states were subject
to the authority of Congress.
James Hay Reed, Secretary and Senator Knox's partner, was admitted
to the bar July 17, I875. He was an assistant United States District Attorney prior to his association with Senator Knox. He became judge of the
District Court of the United States by appointment of President Harrison on
February 20, I89I, but resigned after a very short service in order to
resume the more lucrative and more interesting and important (as it seemed
to him) practice of law. Judge Reed, who was the father of the present
United States Senator David A. Reed, was born on the North Side of
Pittsburgh (old Allegheny) September Io, I853, son of the late Dr. Joseph
Allison and Eliza (Hay) Reed, the former a native of Washington County,
Pennsylvania, the latter born in Washington County, New York.
James Hay Reed's elementary education was obtained in the public
schools of his native city, which was supplemented by study in the old
Western University of Pennsylvania (now the University of Pittsburgh),
whence he was graduated in I872. He was admitted to the Allegheny
County Bar in I875, and soon afterward the firm of Knox and Reed was
formed, the senior member being Philander Chase Knox, who was afterward Attorney General of the United States and Secretary of State, and
85IPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Pittsburgh industry for the amassing of wealth.  It is properly indicative, too, of the extent to which strong men of exceptional commercial and
industrial genius have taken advantage of the city's opportunities to achieve
for themselves outstanding careers. There are no names that better symbolize
the genius of America than those of Pittsburgh's great captains of finance
and industry-Carnegie, Westinghouse, Frick, Heinz, Schwab, Oliver, Jones,
not to mention another name which has become distinguished not merely in
the upbuilding of great productive industrial enterprises but in statesmanship
and international finance-the name of Mellon.
Emerson has said that all history, properly speaking, is biography. In this
sense any attempt to tell the story either of Pittsburgh's past or of its present
without some detailed account of the careers of Pittsburgh's great captains of
industry and finance would be only half a picture. Let us start with Mr.
Carnegie.
Andrew Carnegie was known the world over not only because of the huge
fortune brought to him by his business genius but because it was he who
proclaimed the gospel of wealth and gave to the public more money than
any other man in the history of the whole world up to his time. Pittsburgh
shares with Dunfermline, Scotland, the luster reflected upon it by this
philanthropic Crcesus, but he was at all times ungrudging in his praise of
Pittsburgh, which witnessed his rise from poverty to affluence and which was
the recipient of his earliest and most generous benefactions.
He was born, as his autobiography states, in Dunfermline, in the attic
of the small one-story house at the corner of Moodie Street and Priory Lane
on November 25, I835-as the saying is, "of poor but honest parents, of good
kith and kin." The little town of Dunfermline had then a damask trade
of growing importance, and Andrew's father was a damask weaver. His
mother was a Morrison, and his grandfather, Thomas Morrison, was a
friend of William Cobbett, a contributor to his Register and in constant
correspondence with him. From his grandfather Morrison's writings Andrew
Carnegie imbibed some of the ideas which later influenced decisively his views
of education. This grandfather, indeed, published a pamphlet entitled "Headication versus Hand-ication," championing technical education as against the
purely academic variety. That Mr. Carnegie adopted it as his own educational
philosophy was made plain when he founded the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh and bestowed many millions of dollars upon it. The
Carnegie family left Dunfermline in I848, when Andrew was in his I3th
year and his brother Tom (afterward his partner in the Pittsburgh steel
industry) in his fifth year. The family had friends in Pittsburgh, so it was
thither they made their way. The father had been induced by immigration
agents in New York to make the journey west by way of the Erie Canal to
Buffalo, a lake steamer from there to Cleveland, and from Cleveland down
ASOPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
closed his career as United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Later, when
the Hon. Marcus W. Acheson, judge of the United States District Court for
the Western District of Pennsylvania, was elected to the circuit bench,
Mr. Reed was appointed to succeed Judge Acheson. He accepted with
great reluctance, having little inclination for judicial work. Judge Reed
resigned within a year, and the firm of Knox and Reed resumed its activities.
This firm was finally dissolved when Mr. Knox became Attorney General
under President McKinley, and the firm of Reed, Smith, Shaw  Beal, now
Reed, Smith, Shaw  McClay, was formed by the remaining partners.
Judge Reed was for many years general counsel and vice-president of the
Pittsburgh  Lake Erie Railroad Company, one of the most important
parts of the New York Central system. Later he became general counsel
for the Carnegie Steel Company, having been counsel for many years of the
constituents of this corporation for years before their general merging.
Judge Reed in I899 prepared the charter and other preliminaries to the
organization of the Consolidated Gas Company of Pittsburgh, and after this
and other companies had been acquired by the Philadelphia Company he
became president of the consolidated interests.  He retired as president
in I919, but continued his connection with these enterprises as senior vicepresident and director. At the time of his death he was a director of a
large number of industrial, financial, and charitable institutions.
Marcus W. Acheson, a notable figure at the Pittsburgh Bar in the'eighties, was admitted to the Bar of Allegheny County on June I8, I852.
He was born on June 7, I828, and died on June 2I, I906, at the age of
78 years.
Mr. Acheson was appointed by President Hayes as Judge of the District
Court of the United States for the Western District of Pennsylvania in I88o,
and'afterwards appointed by President Harrison on January 9, I89I, as
Judge of the Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey Circuit. He was the
only Circuit Judge at that time for that district. When the Circuit Court
of Appeals was established, he was then the Senior Circuit Judge and presided over that court in Philadelphia up until the time of his death. No
judge who ever sat in this city was more profoundly respected than Judge
Acheson for knowledge of the law and for unfailing courtesy and integrity.
John Marron, a gifted orator who was in constant demand both in the
criminal and in the civil courts, was born in Pittsburgh, August 27, I854,
and died at his home in Sewickley on January 9, I914. He was admitted
to the bar at the age of 2I and along with his partner, William Reardon,
had a commanding position at the criminal bar, rivaling Marshall Schwartzwelder, Thomas M. Marshall, Major Edward A. Montooth, Robert M. Gibson, W. D. Moore, and Clarence Burleigh. These men were the great
criminal lawyers of the'eighties.
852BENCH AND BAR
Frank C. McGirr, one of the deans of fhe bar today, who has been in
active practice for 50 years and had a close personal acquaintance with the
leaders of the bar in the past 40 years or more, read before the Western
Pennsylvania Historical Society on March 26, I929, a paper on The Allegheny County Bar in the'Eighties. From Mr. McGirr's brief sketches
of these prominent legal figures of a past day we quote the following:
Marshall Schwartzwelder was well known as a lawyer of the'eighties and before those years was one of the giants in the trial of
criminal cases. He wore bushy side whiskers and a mustache, and
bore a strong resemblance to Emperor William of Germany. Ordinarily,
he was extremely well groomed and very distinguished in appearance.
He was a classical scholar. It was related of him that on one occasion,
when returning from a party, he fell down an open area way and
attracted the attention of several lawyers who were passing by, calling
out: De Profundis, clamavi ad te Domine! He was born on March I3,
I8I9, and died on September 30, I884.
William Scott, one of the most gentlemanly lawyers at the Bar, was
born May 8, I850, and died on February 27, I906, in his 56th year.
He was admitted to the Allegheny County Bar on October 30, I878.
In I887, he formed a partnership with Hon. John Dalzell and George
B. Gordon, the name of the firm being Dalzell, Scott  Gordon,
which firm existed until Mr. Scott's death. He was President of
the Allegheny County Bar Association, elected in I896, and in I9o00
was elected and served as President of the State Bar Association.
He was a well read and learned lawyer and was one of the most popular
members of the Bar. He was a master hand in the preparation of wills.
William B. Rodgers was born on July I2, I842, and was admitted
to the Bar on February 4, I864. He died on May 25, I914, at the
age of 72 years. He practiced law by himself for a while, but later
formed a partnership with George T. Oliver, afterwards United States
Senator from Pennsylvania. Mr. Rodgers was solicitor for the City
of Allegheny from I870 until I888, and of the City of Pittsburgh from
I903 until I909, and at the time of his death was solicitor of the
Board of Education. He was preeminently a trial lawyer and was
very successful. He was known as a great authority on Municipal Law
and noted for his great care in preparing and trying cases.
A. M. Brown was admitted to the Allegheny County Bar on June
I3, I853. He was a hard working lawyer of the'eighties, almost constantly in Court, and was engaged in many important cases. For many
853PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
years he was President of one branch of Councils and was Recorder
of the City of Pittsburgh at the time the Legislature abolished the
office of Mayor. He was a candidate for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in the year I882, but was defeated at the election. He was
born on August 3, I829, and died on August 17, I920.
Johns McCleave was well known at the Bar, having been admitted
on May I I, I88I. He came to this City from Cumberland, Maryland,
and was attorney for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. He
afterwards became a partner of D. T. Watson, and was known as
a trial lawyer of great ability. He was born on August 3, I853, and
died on March I4, I9II, in his 58th year.
Clarence Burleigh was admitted to the Bar on October I3, I877.
He began his career as a mill man, then studied law and became District
Attorney and City Attorney, and died as attorney for the Pittsburgh
Railways Company. He was a forceful and eloquent speaker and as
a political campaign orator had few equals.
David D. Bruce, born March 3, I823, was admitted to the Bar on
March 2, I846, and died on January 25, I907. He was a general practitioner of the firm of Bruce  Negley. He was President of Select
Council of Pittsburgh for many years. A well-known trial lawyer of
good attainments, he was noted for his wit and great fund of humorous stories.
James M. Stoner, born February 28, I836, admitted May I5, I858,
and died September 5, I912. He was a fine trial lawyer and was in
his prime in the'eighties. Afterwards his health, never robust, failed
at times, but he always returned to his profession after a few years'
rest. Mr. Stoner was an able man.
John Scott Ferguson, born January 24, I842, admitted April 7, I863,
and died January 9, I914. He was one of the most adroit and skillful
lawyers of his day and generation, continued in practice from his
admission until his death, and was in Court almost every day. Although
at times very technical, he was usually fair in the trial of cases. He
was a wonderful lawyer.
Alex M. Watson was six feet in height, irascible by nature, but a very
sound lawyer. He stuttered a great deal and had an original way of
presenting his cases, both in the lower court and in the Supreme Court.
He was admitted to the Bar on January 5, I85o. He was born on
June 19, I823, and died on April I, I89I.
854BENCH AND BAR
Marcus A. Woodward was admitted to the Bar on June 23, I86o,
and practiced law for many years here. He was born in the year I835,
and died December 3I, I904, at the age of 69. He was engaged in many
important cases during that time, both in the Common Pleas and the
Supreme Courts, and discharged all his professional duties with conspicuous ability.
George W. Guthrie was born September 5, I848, admitted to the Bar
on November II, I869, and died on March 8, I9I7. During the'eighties
he was one of the leaders at the Allegheny County Bar. He, together
with David T. Watson, carried to a successful conclusion all the litigation
which merged the City of Allegheny with the City of Pittsburgh. On
account of his high character, he was often elected as Trustee of many
large estates, which he handled with fidelity. He was Vice-President and
Solicitor of the Dollar Savings Bank of Pittsburgh. He was a prominent
Episcopalian and Chancellor of the Diocese of Pittsburgh. He was a
33rd Degree Mason and a Democratic leader. He was elected Mayor of
the City of Pittsburgh for one term. He was a delegate to the National
Democratic Convention which named Woodrow Wilson, who afterwards
appointed him Ambassador to Japan, where he died in I9I7. Courage
was one of his strong characteristics. He had a commanding presence
and a dignified manner.
One of the well-known lawyers of the'eighties was Charles C.
Dickey, a partner of Judge Shiras, the firm being Shiras  Dickey.
He was born on July 8, I85I, was admitted to the Bar on June I3, I874,
and died on April 13, I912. He was very greatly interested in the
Allegheny County Bar Association and was its President for two terms,
and for many years was a member of the Board of Law Examiners.
He was also interested in the Law Library, giving to it his most diligent
attention and its growth and success was a matter of his special pride.
He had some peculiarities, which were principally shown in his manner
of speech, short abrupt sentences, and, for instance, his refusal to ever
enter the Frick Building after its erection, because Mr. Frick had purchased and removed St. Peter's Episcopal Church at the corner of Diamond and Grant Streets, which Mr. Dickey attended, and of which
he was a vestryman.
PRESIDENT JUDGES-COMMON PLEAS COURT No. I, ALLEGHIENY COUNTY
Hon. Frederick H. Collier, I903 to I907 inclusive.
Hon. Marshall Brown, I908 to I912 inclusive.
855PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
Common Pleas Court No. 2
Hon. Robert S. Frazier, 1903 to I912 inclusive.
Common Pleas Court No. 3
Hon. John M. Kennedy, I903 to I912 inclusive.
Common Pleas Court No. 4
Hon. Joseph M. Swearingen, I912.
In I912 the Common Pleas Courts were consolidated, and the following
have since served as President Judges:
Hon. Robert S. Frazier, I912 to I9I5 inclusive.
Hon. John D. Shafer, I916 to I927 inclusive.
Hon. John A. Evans, I928 to I930.
Hon. James R. MacFarlane, I930 to date.
PRESIDING JUDGES-COUNTY COURT
Hon. William A. Way, I914 to I919 inclusive.
Hon. Richard A. Kennedy, I920 to present date.
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
Court of Common Pleas, May, I93I
President Judge, James R. MacFarlane; Associate Judges: W. Heber
Dithrich, John P. Egan, Samuel H. Gardner, James H. Gray, Elder W.
Marshall, William H. McNaugher, George Von B. Moore, Frank P. Patterson, Ambrose B. Reid, Sylvester J. Snee, Joseph Stadtfeld, Joseph M.
Swearingen. Secretary of Board of Judges: Judge Harry H. Rowand.
Prothonotary of Courts-John Vogt.
Probation Officer Quarter Sessions-Charles H. Austen.
Probation Officer Juvenile Court-Grace L. Stokes.
Department of Quarter Sessions-John H. Shenkel, Chief Clerk.
District Attorney's Indictment-H. R. Phillips, Assistant.
County Court
President Judge, Richard A. Kennedy; Associate Judges: D. Paulson
Foster, Thomas C. Jones, Samuel J. McKim, David M. Miller, Sarah M.
Soffel.
Probation Officer of the Desertion and Non-support Branch-Robert L.
Kinkaid.
Desertion and Non-support-Augusta M. Grace.
856BENCH AND BAR                             857
Orphans' Court
President Judge, Thomas P. Trimble; Associate Judges: Edmund C.
Chalfant, H. Walton Mitchell.
Allegheny County Bar Association
President, Arthur M. Scully; Vice-President, John G. Frazer; Secretary,
H. G. Tinker; Treasurer, Willis A. Boothe.
Allegheny County Law Library-J. Oscar Emrich, Librarian.HISTORICAL INDEXHISTORICAL INDEX
Acheson, Judge Marcus W., 848,
85I f.
Act of I913, 313
Addison, Judge Alexander, 835 f.
Addison, Dr. Wm., 8io
Administration service, federated city,
308
Aero Club of Pittsburgh, 682 f.
Agnew, Dr. James, 809
Agnew, Judge, quot., 835 f.
Alexander, John W., 7i6 f., 737
Alexander, Mrs. John W., quot.,
716 f.
All-American Squadron, 42I
Allegheny (North Side), 6, 280, 287,
298 f., 67I
Allegheny Arsenal, 355, 377
Allegheny County, 99 f., I8o f., I83,
306, 309, 317, 323, 332, 355, 359362, 402 f., 444, 453, 456 f., 828,
83I f., 835
Allegheny County Court House, 289,
848
Allegheny County Homeopathic Medical Society, The, 8I5 f.
Allegheny County Medical Society,
The, 814 f.
Allegheny County Tax Rate, statistics, 359 f.
Allegheny County, World War, 403
Allegheny Engine and Hose Company, 218
Allegheny Portage Railroad, 667
Allegheny River, I7 f., 24, 279 f., 666
Allegheny Steel Company, 399f.,
583 f.
"Alleghanytown," I84
Allies, Boulevard of the, 29I, 325,
329, 436
Alliquippa, Queen, 49, 53
Aluminum, 645
Aluminum Company of America,
622 f.
Aluminum Industry, 622 f.
86i
Amendment, Charter, 30I
American Bridge Company, 584f.,
653
American Iron Works, 570
American Painters, 72I
American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, 58I f.
American Steel and Wire Company,
584
American Tar Products Company,
654
American Window Glass Company,
607 f., 6ii f.
Amherst, General Sir Jeffrey, 84, 86,
88 f.
Ammon, Edith Darlington, 29I, 294
Anchor Nail and Tack Works, 568
Annual Retail Sales, Pittsburgh market, 455 f.
Anshutz, George, 559 f.
Anti-tax Convention, 247
Area of city, 330 f.; in comparison
with other cities, 345
Armstrong, Colonel John, 65 f., 76 f..Armstrong County, 66
Armstrong tunnel, 323
Arnold School for Boys, 804
Arsenal. See Allegheny Arsenal
"Arsenal of the World," 395
Ashton, Capt. Joseph, I69
Associated Artists of Pittsburgh, 43I
Auxiliary Service, World War, 422 f.
Aviation, 682 f.
Ayre's Hill, I78
Baggaley, Ralph, 497
Baker, Dr. Thomas S., 548 f.
Bakewell family, I70 f.
Bakewell glass, I7I
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 24I f.
Banks, early history of, 69I f.; present-day condition, 70I f.; statement
of condition of national banks,
706 f.; statement of condition ofPITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
the canal to Beaver on the Ohio River below Pittsburgh, thence to Pittsburgh
by steamboat. This journey lasted three weeks, there being then no railway
communication between the Atlantic Seaboard and Pittsburgh or points
west of it.
Andrew's first employment was as a bobbin boy in the old cotton factory
of a Scotsman named Blackstock in Allegheny City, now the North Side,
Pittsburgh. His first wage was $I.20 a week, and his autobiography tells
us that it was a hard life. In the winter he and his father had to rise and
breakfast in the darkness, reach the factory before daylight, and with a short
interval for lunch work until after dark. The next job was with John Hay,
another Scotsman owning a bobbin factory in Allegheny, who wanted a boy
and offered Andrew $2 per week. He earned his pay, for he had to run
a small steam engine and fire the boiler in the cellar, which was pretty responsible work for a boy of fourteen. Beside running the engine and firing the
boiler, the boy was obliged to bathe the newly made spools in vats of oil.
He never succeeded in overcoming the nausea produced by the smell of oil,
and frequently lost his breakfast or his dinner. It was with great joy that
one evening, early in I85o, he learned that Mr. David Brooks, manager of the
telegraph office in Pittsburgh, was looking for a good boy. He made a successful application for the job, and ever after regarded that as the turning
point in his career-"his first real start in life."  The following paragraphs
are quoted from the autobiography:
I had only one fear, and that was that I could not learn quickly
enough the addresses of the various business houses to which messages
had to be delivered. I therefore began to note the signs of these houses
up one side of the street and down the other. At night I exercised my
memory by naming in succession the various firms. Before long I could
shut my eyes and, beginning at the foot of a business street, call off the
names of the firms in proper order along one side to the top of the
street, then crossing on the other side go down in regular order to the
foot again.
The next step was to know the men themselves, for it gave a messenger a great advantage if he knew members or employees of firms.
He might meet one of these going direct to his office. It was reckoned
a great triumph among the boys to deliver a message upon the street.
And there was the additional satisfaction to the boy himself, that a
great man (and most men are great to messengers), stopped upon the
street in this way, seldom failed to note the boy and compliment him.
The Pittsburgh of I85o was a very different one from what it has
since become.  It had not yet recovered from the great fire which
destroyed the entire business portion of the city on April io, I845. The
48IBanks-continued
state banks, 708; statement of condition of trust companies, 707;
statement of combined deposits, 709
Bank of Pennsylvania, 69I
Bank of Philadelphia, I56
Bank of Pittsburgh, 459, 69I
Bank of the United States, 693 f.
Baptists, 768; list of churches, 769 f.
Barker, Joseph, 235 f.
Bates, Tarleton, letters of, I57 f.
Bayet Collection, 724
Beatty, Rev. Charles, 53I, 754
Beatty, John W., 737
Beaujeu, 57 f.
Beaux, Cecilia, 729
Becker Oven, 654
Bedford, Dr. Nathaniel, I64, 8o8
Beelen, Anthony, 563 f.
Benson, Frank W., 73I
Bergius, Dr. Friedrich, 55I f.
Bessemer steel, 574 f.
Bettis Field, 683
Bigelow, Edward Manning, 284 f.
Bigelow, Thomas S., 285 f.
Birmingham, Annexation of, 284 f.
Bissell, George H., 631 f.
Bissell, John and Company, 567
Blair, Francis P., 364 f.
Blaw-Knox Company, 585, 653
Block House, 24, 85 f., I62
Blumenschein, Ernest, 738
Board of Commissioners, federated
city, 307 f.
Board of Education, I930, 742
Boat-building, 462, 664 f.
Bond Issue-I928, 324 f.; filtration
bonds, 280
Bonnecamp, Jesuit Father, 760
Boroughs, I847, 233
"Boss Ammon," 250
Boulevard of the Allies, 29I, 325,
329, 436
Bouquet, Col., 67 f., 73, 75, 84, 87 f.,
89 f.
Bowman, Jacob, 56I
Boyd, Thomas, I48 f.
Brackenridge, Judge Hugh Henry,
I27 f., I30 f., I36 f., I52, quot.,
I76, quot., 796, 834, 837, 848 f.
Brackenridge, H. M., quot., I30 f.
Braddock, General; arrival in Virginia, 6 f.; "Braddock's Defeat,"
57 f.; burial, 6o; death, 59
Braddock's Road, 68 f.
Brashear, Dr. John, 609
Brashear Reservoir, 327
Brass, 656
Branch libraries, Carnegie Library,
727
Breckenridge, Judge H. C., quot., 5
Breckenridge, Hugh, 738
Brick. See Refractories, 649 f.
Bridges, 206, 323, 328 f.
Brinton, Christian, quot., 733
Brinton, General, 257 f.
British painters, museum, 72I
Brooks, Dr. Jeremiah, 8i
Brown, A. M., 853
Brown, General, 257, 262 f., 270
Brown, J. O., 286
Brown, Major, 286
Brown, Wm. Hughey, 537 f.
Brown, W. H. Sons, 538 f.
Brown and Cochran, 539
Brown and Company, 566 f.
Brownsville, I133
Bruce, David D., 854
Brunot, Dr. Felix, I62 f., 8Io
Brunot, Felix R., I63, 8Io
Brunot, Hilary, I63
Brunot, Sanson, I63
Buffington, Major, 265
Buhl Foundation of Pittsburgh, 548
Buller Collection, 723
Bullions, Dr. Peter, 770
Bull Run, 375
Burd, Colonel James, 69 f., 84
Bureau of the Census, 338
Bureau of City Property, 327
Bureau of Light, 327
Bureau of Parks, 327
Bureau of Public Utilities Relations,
3Io
Bureau of Recreation, 327, 329
Bureau of Water, 327
Burleigh, Clarence, 854
Busha, Joseph, 230
Bushnell, Daniel, 534
Bushy Run, 88, 9o f.
862
INDEXCensus, 84, I23, I56, 299-30I
Chaplains, World War, 419 f.
Charcoal, 545 f.
Charter amended, 30I
Chatham family, 204 f.
Churches, I5I, 156, 749 f.; history of,
776 f.; lists of, 753-776
Churchill, H. V., quot., 623 f.
"Citizen," 2I8
Citizens' Party, 287 f.
City Bank of Pittsburgh, 694
City Improvement work, 325, 327 f.
Civil government, beginnings of, I75
Civil War, Pittsburgh's part in, 350359
Clairton Plant, 547, 654, 679
Clarksburg Airways, 685
Clayton, Howard D., 400
Clearing House, Pittsburgh, 697 f.
Clergymen, I51, I79, 75I f.
Clifford Ball, Inc., 683 f.
Climate,  I f.; flood possibilities, I8;
fog, I6; hail, I5; precipitations,
13 f.; storm types, I2; temperature,
13 f.; wind, I2, 17
Clinics, 820 f.; alphabetical list of,
822
"Clinton Mills," 568
Coal, growth of industry, 53I f.
Coal Conferences. See International
Coal Conferences
"Coal Hill," 53I
"Coal Mine," 532
Coal Research Laboratory, 548
Coal veins, 7 f.
"Coat of arms," 203 f.
Cohen, Judge Josiah, 845
Coke, 544 f
Coke Ovens, 653 f.
Colleges and Universities. See Carnegie Institute, Carnegie Library
School, College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Duquesne University,
Pennsylvania College for Women,
Pittsburgh   Teachers   Training
School,  Pittsburgh   Theological
Seminary, University of Pittsburgh, Reformed Theological Seminary, Western Theological Seminary
Butler, Richard, I I2 f.
Byers, A. M., 739
Byers, A. M. Company, 582 f.
Byers, J. Frederic, 560
Byers Collection, 739
By-Products, 576 f.
By-Products, Coking, 546 f.
Byrd. See Burd
Cadman, Charles Wakefield, 743
Camp Wilkins, 372
Camp Wright, 373 f.
Canals, 246, 665 f.
Candy Manufacturers, 658 f.
Carbon Steel Company, 399
Carlisle Camp, 68
Carnegie, Andrew, 20, 294, 298, 466,
480-493, 7I 3 f., 798 f.; association
with Frick, 486 f.; benefactions,
493 f.; early life, 480f.; Homestead affair, 490 f.; retirement, 493
Carnegie Brothers and Co., Ltd.,
571 f.
Carnegie Corporation of New York,
495
Carnegie Institute, 7I3 f.; Carnegie
Institute of Technology, 7I5; Carnegie Library, 714 f.; Carnegie Library School, 7I5; Department of
Fine Arts, 7I4 f.; Department of
Museum, 714 f.; description  of
building, 7I6 f.; Music Hall, 7I5 f.
Carnegie Institute Jury System, 729 f.
Carnegie Institute of Technology,
548, 7I5, 798 f.
Carnegie Library, 334, 7I4, 727 f.
Carnegie Library School, 7I5, 7I9
Carnegie Museum, 7I4 f., 722 f.
Carnegie Natural Gas Co., The, 572
Carnegie, Phipps and Company, 488,
5I0, 57I
Carnegie Steel Company, 398, 466,
508f., 541, 580 f.
Carson, Polly, I64
Cassatt, A. J., 254, 259, 265
Cassatt, Mary, 737
Cathedral of Learning, 74I, 797 f.
Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 26
Celeron, 28 f., io6 f.
Cement, 648 f.
INDEX
~863College of Physicians and Surgeons,
8i6
Collier, Judge Frederick H., 843
Colonial Trust Company, The, 704
Commission, Pittsburgh Civic, 318
Commissioners, Board of, 307 f.
Commissioners, Fire, 227 f.
Committee of Public Safety, 370
Committee on Home Defense, 374 f.
Common council, I99, 20I
Common Pleas, 834
Common Pleas Court, No. 3, 856
Common Pleas Court, No. 4, 856
Commonwealth Real Estate and Trust
Co., The, 705
Community Center Retail areas, 454
Conferences, Coal. See International
Coal Conferences
Congressional Medal of Honor, 440
Connellsville, 58
Connolly, Dr. John, 807
Conrad, Frank, 6i8 f.
Consolidated Traction Company, 676
Continental currency in Pittsburgh,
II6
Controller, 309
Convention, Anti-Tax, 247
Copper, 645, 655 f.
Corporations and Firms in Pittsburgh, history of, 458-472
Cotton Industry, 473 f.
Council of Nine, 288
County Court, 845
County Department of Public Works,
323 f.
County divisions, i8o f.
County Officers, 308
County Schools, 795 f.
Court Company, 379
Court House, 72 f., i85, 289
Court of Common Pleas, No. 2, 843
Cowan, Christopher, 562 f.
Craig, Isaac, I62, 354, 355, 602
Craig, Neville, I62, 849
Craik, Dr. James, 807
Cramer's Almanac, 446, 532, 56I, 563
Cramer's Navigator, 562
Crawford, William, I50 f., 833
Cresap, Michael, Io09 f.
Croghan, Mary, I65, 735
Crucible Steel Company of America,
583
Cruikshank Brothers, 658
Cumberland County, 99 f.
Cumberland Road, I03
Cummings, F., quot., 532
Currency, Continental, Ii6
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, 684,
686 f.
Dahlinger, quot., I63 f.
Dairy Products, 659
Dallas, Trevanion Barlow, 842
Dalzell, The J. Willis Memorial, 72I
Darlington, Mary O'Hara, i65 f., 735
Darlington, William and Mary Memorial Library, I66
Daughters of the American Revolution, 29I, 294
Davidson, John, 36 f.
Davidson, Dr. William M., quot.,
788 f.
Davis, H. P., 6i8 f.
Davison, George S., quot., 630 f.
Davison Coke and Iron Company,
547 f., 583, 402
Dawson, Dr. George, 809
Daylight Saving Time, 402
Defense, Committee on Home, 374 f.
Delegate assembly of I79I, I24 f.
Denny, Major Ebenezer, I69 f., 354
Denny, J. 0., 356
Department of Assessors, 340
Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie
Institute, 7I4 f., 720 f.
Department of Health, 309 f.
Department of Law, 3I0
Department of Public Works, 3I0,
326f., 329f.
Department of Regional Transit, 3IO
Department Stores, 454
DeVilliers, 53 f.
Diamond Savings Bank, 470
Diamond National Bank, 705
Dickey, Charles C., 855
Dickson, Dr. John, 812 f.
Dickson, Dr. John S., 813
Dickson, Dr. Joseph N., 813
Dickson, Dr. Thomas, 8I2 f.
Diller, Dr. Theodore, 8ii
INDEX
864Eightieth Division-continued
brigade commanders, 407; casualties, 4II; chiefs of staff, 407; commanders, 406; enemy material captured, 413; enemy units opposed to,
414; explanatory notes, 409; graves
locations, 412; kilometers gained,
413; operations of, synopsis, 4Io0 f.;
personnel taken prisoner, 413;
prisoners taken, 413; units composing division, 4o4 f.
Elder, Miss, quot., 47I f.
Elections, manner of holding, 308
Electrical Industry, 6I3 f.
Eleventh International Exhibition,
73I
English-Indian War. See Pontiac
Episcopal Churches. See Prot. Epis.
Equipment, 334
Erie Canal, 665 f.
Erie triangle, I8o f.
Etna Iron Works, 460
Etna Rolling Mill, 566
Evans, Judge John A., 845
Ewing, Thomas, 843
Exchange National Bank, The, 705
Exchange National Bank of Pittsburgh, 46I
Excise Laws; first Pennsylvania laws,
I32; reasons for unpopularity, I3I;
resolutions passed State Legislature, I33 f.; United States laws,
I32 f.
Expenditures, Schools, 792
Fairfax, Lord, 33
Fairmount engine, 223
Falk Free Dispensary, 828
Farmers and Mechanics Bank, 694
Farmers and Mechanics Bank of
Sharpsburg, 47I, 694
Farmers Deposit National Bank, 460,
702
Fashions, Frontier, I46 f.
Federal Reserve System, 697 f.
Ferguson, John Scott, 854
Fidelity Trust and Title Company,
The, 704
Fieldner, Dr. A. C., 40I
"57" Varieties, 656 f.
Dilworth, Porter and Company, Ltd.,
57I
Dinwiddie, 32 f., 56 f., 65, I 00
Directory, I93-I97
Discovery of iron ore, 19
Diseases, hospitals for various ones,
8I9f.
Distinguished Service Cross, 439 f.
Distinguished Service Medal, 438
Districts, Metropolitan Plan, 312 f.
Doddridge, Joseph, "Notes," I42 f.
Dollar Savings Bank, 465
Domestic Manufactures, protection
of, 449 f.
Donnelly, Doctor, 268 f.
"Double-Headers," 250 f.
Dougherty, Paul, 732
Drama, 744
Drama League of Pittsburgh, 744 f.
Dravo Contracting Company, 664
Dred Scott Case, 367 f.
Drug-store Chains, 454
Dubac, Gabriel, I64
Duff;s Iron City College, 804
Dunmore, Lord, 94, 99 f.
Duquesne, 32
Duquesne Spring Steel Works, 569
Duquesne Steel Company, 509 f.
Duquesne University, 8oi
Eagle Fire Engine and Hose Company, 215 f.
Early Industries, I64 f.
East Street Bridge, 328
Ecuyer, Captain, letters, 87 f.; notes
of, 9I
Edgar Thomson Works, 486
Edgewater Steel Company, 399
Edison, Thomas, 500 f.
Education; Board of, 742
Eichbaum, Peter W., 603 f.
Eichbaum, W., 216 f.
Eighteenth Infantry, 436 f.; officers
of, 438; holders of Distinguished
Service Cross, 439 f.
Eighteenth Regiment, 394 f.; officers
of, 394
Eighth Annual Exhibition, 73I
Eightieth Division, World War, 407414; battle participation of, 408;
INDEX
865"Filtration bonds," 280
Filtration committee, 280
Filtration of Water, 276, 278-283
Finance, public improvements, 334 f.
Findley, I32 f.
Fire, Pittsburgh's Greatest, 23I
Fire Alarm Telegraph, 228
Fire Commissioners, 227 f.
Fire Companies, I87 f., I97, 215 f.,
225 f. See also Individual Names
of Fire Companies
Firms and Corporations in Pittsburgh, history of, 458-472
First International Exhibition, 729 f.
First National Bank, The, 702 f.
Fishach, L. C., quot., 585 f.
Fisher, Harrison, 430
Flag of city, 205
Flanning, Capt. Walter, 433 f.
Fleming, Dr. Andrew, 8I3
Food Preserving Industry, 656
Forbes, Brig. Gen., John, 66 f., letters
of, 68 f., 7I f., 73 f., 80 f., 293
Fort Armstrong, II6
Fort Bedford, 7I
Fort Cumberland, 88. See also Will's
Creek
Fort Duquesne, 5I f., 57 f., 65 f., 76 f.
Fort Fayette, 94
Fort Franklin, II6
Fort Ligonier, 7I
Fort Necessity, 53 f.
Fort Pitt, 83 f.; attacked by Indians,
88; barrier between British and
East, 94; construction, 85; Fort
Pitt, I8oo, I54; location, 86 f; renamed Fort Dunmore, 93
Fort Pitt Works, 38I
Fort Prince George (Second), 5I
Fort Sumter, 36I
Foster, Stephen C., 74I f.
Fourteenth Regiment, 39I f.; officers
of, 392
Fourteenth Street Bank, 469
"Fractures of Bones," 8II f.
Franklin, Benjamin, quot., 56 f., 99,
I55
Frasier, John, 35, 40 f., 5I
Frazer, Judge Robert S., 844
Freight Rates, 554 f.
French, Daniel Chester, 504
French and Indian War; capture of
Fort Duquesne, 76 f.; expedition
against  Fort  Duquesne,  66 f.;
Grant's Hill, 7I f.; origin of, 52;
Peace of Paris, 86
Frick, Henry Clay, 30, 480, 486 f.,
506-520; acquisition of Duquesne
Steel Co., 509 f.; association with
Carnegie, 5o8 f.; association with
Mellon, 507 f.; bequests, 5I7; early
life, 5o6 f.; Homestead Strike,
512 f.; resignation from Carnegie
Co., 513
Frick, H. C. Coke Company, 513
Frick, H. C. Training School for
Teachers, 79I
Frick Coke Company, 488 f., 54I
Frick Collection, 517
Frontier Fashions, I46 f.
Frontier Social Customs, I45 f.
Fry, Colonel, 53
Fugitive Slaves, 360 f.
Furniture Stores, 454
Gage, General, 59
Garland, Robert, 338 f.
Garner, Dr. James B., 400
Gas, 208, 636 f.
Gates, General, 59
Gazzam, Dr. Joseph P. R., 809,
8I3
General Forbes' Road, 68, I02
Geology, 4 f.
Gillespie, J. J., 735
Gillespie Gallery, 735
Girty family, I48 f., 834
Girty's Run, I47
Gist, Christopher, 29 f., I03 f.; journal of, 30 f.
Glass Manufacture, 171, 6oi f., list
of factories, 604 f.
"Golden Triangle," 76, 320, 80I
"Good Intent," 222
"Good Will," 222
"Gospel of Wealth," 492
Graded Tax, 32I f.
Graded tax law, 313 f.
Grant, General, 380, 38
Grant, Major, 72 f.
866
INDEXHenry Clay Frick Training School
for Teachers, 79I
Heppenstall Forge and Knife Company, 399
Herbert, Victor, 739, 743 f.
Herr, E. M., quot., 500 f., 6i6 f.
Heyl and Patterson, Inc., 652
Hibernian Greens, 357 f.
Highland Reservoir No. I, 279
Highland Reservoir No. 2, 279 f.
High Schools, 790 f.
Hildebrandt, Howard, 738
Hildredth, Dr., notes, I54
Hillman, J. H. Jr., quot., 542 f.
Hillman Coal and Coke Co., 540 f.
Hoffacker, B. F., quot., 53I f.
Hogg, George, I63
Hogg, Mary, I63
Holland, Raymond, 738
Holmes, James, 828
Holmes, Dr. S. R., 8io
Homeopathic Hospital, 8I 5 f.
Homer, Winslow, 732
Homestead Mills, 486, 488
Homestead Strike, 489 f.
"Honest Man's Almanac," I93
Horn, C. W., quot., 62I
Hospitals, 817 f.; chiefs of staff of,
824 f.; Directory of, in Pittsburgh,
826 f.; directory of, in nearby boroughs, 827; historic notes on,
824 f.; list of, 8i8
House of Burgesses, 50
"Hump," 290
Hussey, C. G. and Company, 655
Hutchins, Capt. Thomas, 5I
"Hydraulic," 223
Improvements, Finance of public,
334 f.
Improvement of Land, 317
"Independence,"' 222
Indians, conference with Six Nations,
93; council with Morgan, I I5;
peace under Stanwix, 83; Pontiac's
rebellion, 86 f.
Industrial conditions, 206 f.
Industries, 443 f.; early history of,
443; statistics of, 444; valuation
of, 452 f.
Grant's Hill, 24, 72 f., I53, i6o, I78,
666
Grant's Hill Mill, 564
Gray, Colonel, 256, 262 f., 270
Great Meadows, 52 f.
Greater Pittsburgh Act, 288
"Greater Pittsburgh" Day, 295 f.
Greeley, Horace, 364
Griffiths, William, 208
Grocery Chains, 454
Gulf Oil Corporation, 629 f.
Gulf Refining Company, 629 f.
Gunn's Hill, I70
Guthrie, George W.,
297 f., 854 f.
Guthrie, Colonel P.
266, 269
287, 29I, 293 f.,
M., 256f., 264,
Hailman, Mrs. Johanna K. W., 736
Half-king (Indian), 37 f.
Hall, Charles M., 622 f.
Hamilton, Alexander, I2I f., I3I
Hamilton, Henry, I50o
Hamilton Standard Steel Propeller
Co., 687
Hampton Battery B, 390 f.
Hand, Dr. Edward, 808
Hanna, Mark, 49I
Hannastown, 833
Harbison, Massa, I 50 f.
Harbison, S. P., 649 f.
Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, 649 f.
Harding, Chester, 734, 737
Harris, George, 203 f.
Haslet, Captain John, quot., 79 f.
Hassam, Childe, 732
Health, Department of, 309 f.
Heinz, Henry J., 480, 520-528; beginnings of food industry, 52I;
chairman   Flood   Commission,
624 f.; early life, 520; interest in
music,  525 f.;  philanthropies,
522 f.; real estate ventures, 524 f.
Heinz, Howard, 52I f., 526, quot.,
657
Heinz, H. J. Company, 468, 656 f.
Henderson, Captain James A., 295
Henderson, Dr. Yandell, 40I
Henry, Patrick, 99
867
INDEXIngots, 594. See also Iron and Steel
Inns and hotels, early Ig9th century,
I55
International   Coal   Conferences,
548 f,; First International Conference, 548; Second International
Conference, 548 f.
International exhibition of paintings,
722, 729 f.
Iron, 545 f.
Iron and Steel Industry, history of,
585 f.
Iron Industry, 559 f.
Iroquois, early history of, 25; friendship with Johnson, 89; settlements
near Pittsburgh, 26; threat of uprising, I I5 f.
Irwin, Dr. John H., 8io f.
Irwin, Dr. Lewis F., 8io
Jackson, Dr. Chevalier Q., 814
James, Alfred P., quot., I02 f.
Jefferis collection, 724
Jefferson, Thomas, 99
Jewish synagogues, 772 f.; list of,
774
Jillson, B. C., quot., 4 f.
Johnson, Meredith E., quot., 6 f.
Jones, Calvin, 236 f.
Jones, Rev. Edward, 768
Jones, Thomas, 533
Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 464,
58I, 679, 68I
Judges, common pleas, 843 f.
Judges, county courts, 835 f.
Judges, list of common pleas, 855
Jumonville, Ensign, 52 f.
Juniata Iron Mill, 564
Junior Red Cross, 432 f.
Jurists, 836 f.
KDKA, 6i8
Kennedy, Judge John M., 845
Kensington Rolling Mill, 565
Ketcham, Judge Winthrop W., 847 f.
Kier, Samuel M., 63I f.
Kirkpatrick, John M., 843 f.
Kittanning, 532
Knox, Philander Chase, 850
Koppers, Heinrich, 653
Koppers Company, The, 548, 653 f.
Krauch, Dr. Carl, 55I
Lafayette, I63
Lafayette Escadrille, 420
Lake Carnegie, 278
Lambert, Edward, 237
Lambing, Rev. Father, quot., 28,
57 f., 80, 88, 93, I8I, 293, 76I f.
Langley, Professor Samuel P., 682
LaSalle, explorations of, 3
Latta, General, 255, 257, 26I, 264 f.
Lavery, John, 729, 732
Law, department of, 3IO
Law, provincial system of, 83I
Lawyers, famous, 848-856
Lead, 645, 647 f.
League of Boroughs and Townships,
299 f.
Lebanon Church Road Airport, 683
Lee, Arthur, quot., I52
Lee, General, 380
Leech Farm, 828
Legardeuer, 50 f.
Legislation, early borough, I88 f.
Lewis, Dr. Joel, 809
Liberty Loan Drives, 433
Library, Carnegie.  See Carnegie
Library
Library  School.   See  Carnegie
Library School
Libraries, branch, 727
Light's Golden Jubilee, 520
Ligonier, 7I
Lincoln, Abraham, 360 f., 368, 376,
383, 425
Linden Groves, 373, 375
Little Meadows, 57
Little Theater, 744 f.
Lobinger, Judge, quot., I36
Lockhart Iron and Steel Company,
585
Logstown, 26, 35, 36
Lord Dunmore's War, I I I f.
"Lorenz Rolling Mill," 569
Louisiana Purchase, I56
Lower Kittanning coal, Io f.
"Lower Union Mills," 57I
Loyal Hanna. See Loyal Hannah
Loyal Hannah, 7I, 78
868
INDEXMechanic Volunteer Company, The,
224
Medals, campaign of Fort Duquesne,
8I
Medical societies, 814 f.
Medicine, 807 f.
Mellon, Andrew, 424; quot., 695 f.,
70I
Mellon Brothers, 622 f.
Mellon, James Ross, I7I
Mellon, Richard B., 739, 750 f.
Mellon, Judge Thomas, 507, 70I
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, 400
Mellon National Bank, 70I
Memorials, World War, 434 f.
Mercer, Dr. Hugh, 807
Mesta Machine Company, 397 f., 652
Mestrovitch, Serg. James I., 440
Methodist Episcopal Church, 766 f.;
list of, 767 f.
Metropolitan Plan, 298 f.; analysis
of, 306
Middle Kittanning coal, io f.
Miller, Annie Clark, quot., I65 f.,
I7I f.
Miller, Reuben, 562 f.
Miscellaneous churches, 774 f.
Monakatoocha, 36, 40
Monckton, Gen., 84
Monetary contribution to Civil War,
43I
Monongahela National Bank, 704 f.
Monongahela River, 102 f., I77, 28I
Monro, Wm. L., quot., 6oi f., 606 f.
Montcalm, General, 72, 8I f.
Morgan, Col. George, II3 f., 354
Mothers of Democracy, 422 f.
Mt. Mercy College, 802
Mowry, Dr. Peter, 809
Municipal League, 283 f.
Murdoch, Dr. J. B., quot., 812 f.
Museum. See Carnegie Museum
Music, 739 f.
National banks, statement of condition, 706
National Free Soil Party, 360
National Tube Company, The, 399
National Turnpike, 645
Loyal Hannon. See Loyal Hannah
Lubbers, John, 607
Lubbers Process, 607 f.
Lucas, John B. C., I69
Lutheran Church, 75I f.; list of,
753 f.
Lutz and Schramm, 658
Macbeth, George A., Co., 613
Macbeth-Evans   Glass   Company,
612
McCandless, Judge Wilson, 846 f.
McCann, Dr. James, 8I3
McCann, Dr. Thomas, 8I3
McCargo, David, 483
McCleave, John, 853
McClelland, Dr. James H., 8i6
McClintic-Marshall Company, 653
McClintock, Dr. Jonas R., 8II
McClure, Rev. David, quot., I51
McClure, Judge Wm. B., 842
McClurg, Joseph, 56I
McCormick, Rev. Dr. Samuel B.,
quot., 750 f.
McCully, Wm., 604
McDonald Field, 632
McGirr, Frank C., quot., 852 f.
McGovern, Charles, 253, 259
Machinery, manufacturing of, 650 f.
McKee, Alex., Io9 f., II6
"McKeesport Rolling Mill," 569
McKenna Brass and Mfg. Co., The,
652
Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., The, 652
McKnight and Company, 567
McNaugher Reservoir, 327
Magee, Judge Christopher, 844
Magee-Flinn Organization, 284 f.
Main aeronautics, 685
Manufactures, statistics of, 450 f.
Market house, I87, I89
Marron, John, 852
Marshall, Thomas M., 850
Mason and Dixon Line, Ioi
May, Colonel John, quot., I52
Mayer Field, 683
Mayors, I69, 235 f., 254f., 330f.;
list of, 235
Mayview, 828
Mechanic Iron Works, 569
INDEX
869Natural Gas, 636 f.
Negley, Alexander, I7I f.
Negley, Mrs. Barbara Ann, quot.,
I66 f.
Negley, Gen. J., 369 f., 75I
Negley, William, 850
Negroes in Pittsburgh, I56
Nemacolin's path, I03, I05
Neptune Company, 218 f.
Neville, Gen. John, I36, I62, 757
Neville, Pressley, 192 f., 354, 758
Neville Island, 400
Nevin, Ethelbert W., 742 f.
Newspapers, I53 f., I6I, 458, 46I;
Pittsburgh Gazette, first issue, I53,
I55; The Tree of Life, I55, I6I
Niagara Fire Engine Company, 221
Ninth Industrial Exhibition, 73I
Norcross Brothers, 289 f.
North Side. See Allegheny
Officers, Civil War. See Roster
Officers, Spanish-American War, 391395
Officers, World War, 403, 406-408
O'Hara, General James, I64 f., 354,
602 f., 762
"O'Hara burning pit," 533
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 668,
67I
Ohio Canal, 24I f.
Ohio Glass Company, 563
Ohio Land Company, 28
Ohio River, 4, I7 f., 24, 375
Oil, 627 f.
Oil Well Supply Co. of Pittsburgh,
635 f.
Old Block House. See Block House
Old houses, I62-I7I
Old Redoubt. See Block House
"One-Man Show," 732
Ormsby Hose Company, 225
Ormsby, John; family, I66 f., 808
Ormsby, Oliver; family, I68 f.
Orpen, Wm., 732
Orphans' Party, 287 f.
Page family, I68
Painter, J., and Sons, Ltd., 567
Painters, American, 72I
Painters, British, museum, 72I
Painters, Pittsburgh, 734 f.
Paintings, in Carnegie Museum, 720 f.
Panic of I818-I9, 693
Panic of I873, 240 f.
Parkman, Francis, quot., 27, 67 f., 70,
8I f.
Parks, Bureau of, 327
Patterson, Burd S., 29I
Patton, Judge Benjamin, quot., 235 f.,
843
Pearson, General, 255 f., 26I f.
Penn, Governor John, 93
Penn School of Aviation, 686
Pennsylvania Air Lines, Inc., 686
Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad
Company, 245
Pennsylvania canal, 209 f.
"Pennsylvania Central," 243
Pennsylvania College for Women,
802 f.
Pennsylvania Forge, 568
Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
248 f.
Pennsylvania Transfer Co., 463 f.
Pentland's Journal, 350 f.
Peoples Bond Issue, 323 f.
Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company,
703 f.
Peoples Savings and Trust Co., 467
Pettigrew, Samuel, 212
Philadelphia troops, 257 f.
Philanthropies of Carnegie, list of,
495 f.
Phillips, Asher, family, I68
Phillips, Elias, family, I68 f.
Phoenix, 221
Picasso, Pablo, 733
Pig iron, 592. See also Iron
"Pioneer Medicine in Western Pennsylvania," 8i i
Pitcairn, Robert, 252 f., 483
Pitt, William, 66 f., 292; advocating
fortress at Pitt, 83; letter from
Forbes, 77; Pittsburgh named,
77
Pittsburgh; Act of I804, amendment,
I92; borrowing power, 335 f.; coat
of arms and seal, 203 f.; federated
city, 316; flag and ensign, 205 f.;
870
INDEXPopulation; Allegheny county, 332;
City of Allegheny, 332; Pittsburgh,
330 f.
Porter, Capt. Robert, quot., I29 f.
Porter, William, 56I
Porter, The H. K. Co., 652
Post, Christian Frederic, 67
Potter Title and Trust Company, 705
Power, Emil, 739
Presbyterian Churches, 754 f.; list of,
756 f.
Pressed Steel Car Company, The, 652
Private art collections, 738
Protestant   Episcopal   Churches,
757 f.; list of, 760f.
Provincial system of law, 83I
Public school costs, 792
Public works, 310, 325 f., 329 f.
Pumping stations, 277 f.
Quarry Hill, I78
Quarter Sessions Court, 834
Quay, Matthew Stanley, 284 f.
Radio, 6i8 f.
Radio stations; KDKA, 6i8; KQV,
622; WCAE, 622; WJAS, 622
Railroads, 2Io, 24I f., 667 f.
Railroad riots. See Riots
Railroad stations, 67I
Rail tonnage, 457
Ratzer, Bernard, 84 f.
Raystown, 67 f.
Receipts and expenditures for schools,
792
Recorder, 286
Recreation. See Playgrounds
Recreation, Bureau of, 327, 329
Red Cross, Pittsburgh chapter, 424 f.;
Junior Red Cross, 432 f.
Redd, Miss Penelope, quot., 734 f.
Redstone, 5I f., I33 f.
Reed, James H., 85I f.
Reed, Captain William, quot., 234
Reformed Presbyterian Seminary,
803
Refractories, 649 f.
Regiments in Civil War, 369 f.
Reichelm, Dr. Gustavus, 8i6
Reinhart, Charles S., 737
Pittsburgh-continued
made a borough, I82, i85 f.; made
a city, I82, I90 f.; named, 77
Pittsburgh Academy, 796 f., 804
Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine, 8i6
Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corp.,
685 f.
Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 244 f.
Pittsburgh Blues, 350 f.
Pittsburgh-Butler Airport, 684
Pittsburgh Civic Commission, 318
Pittsburgh Clearing House, 697 f.
Pittsburgh Coal Company, 537,
539 f.
Pittsburgh Exposition Society, 294
Pittsburgh Fire Department, 226 f.
Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, 828
Pittsburgh Gas Company, 208
Pittsburgh Gazette, I52, I55, I76,
I84, 236, 449, 570
Pittsburgh-Greensburg Airport, 683
Pittsburgh Manufacturing Co., 692
"Pittsburgh Medical Review," 8i6 f.
Pittsburgh Musical Institute, 804
Pittsburgh Personnel Association, 793
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 6o8,
6io f.
Pittsburgh Post, 29I
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 458; editorial quot., 740
Pittsburgh Quadrangle, 6 f.
Pittsburgh Railways Co., 677 f.
"Pittsburgh Rolling Mill," 567
Pittsburgh Steel Co., 582
Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra,
739 f.
Pittsburgh Teachers' Training School,
790 f.
Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Co., 54I
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, 803
Pittsburgh's Golden Triangle, 76
Pittsburgh's Progress, industrial resources quot., 535 f.
Playgrounds, 329
Police, I90 f., 2II f., 234, 236 f.,
265 f.
Pontiac, 86 f.
Pontiac's rebellion, 86 f.
Pope, John, quot., 152
87I
INDEXPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
houses were mainly of wood, only a few were of brick, and not one was
firepr-oof. The entire population in and around Pittsburgh was not over
forty thousand. The business portion of the city did not extend as far
as Fifth Avenue, which was then a very quiet street, remarkable only
for having the theater upon it. Federal Street, Allegheny, consisted of
straggling business houses with great open spaces between them, and
I remember skating upon ponds in the very heart of the present Fifth
Ward. The site of our Union Iron Mills was then, and many years
later, a-cabbage garden.
General Robinson, to whom I delivered many a telegraph message,
was the first white child born west of the Ohio River. I saw the first
telegraph line stretched from the East into the city; and, at a later date,
I also saw the first locomotive, for the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad,
brought by canal from Philadelphia and unloaded from a scow in
Allegheny City. There was no direct railway communication to the
East. Passengers took the canal to the foot of the Allegheny Mountains, over which they were transported to Hollidaysburg, a distance
of thirty miles by rail; thence by canal again to Columbia, and then
eighty-one miles by rail to Philadelphia-a journey which occupied
three days.
The great event of the day in Pittsburgh at that time was the arrival
and departure of the steam packet to and from Cincinnati, for daily
communication had been established. The business of the city was
largely that of forwarding merchandise East and West, for it was the
great transfer station from river to canal. A rolling mill had begun
to roll iron; but not a ton of pig metal was made, and not a ton of
steel for many a year thereafter. The pig iron manufacture at first was
a total failure because of the lack of proper fuel, although the most
valuable deposit of coking coal in the world lay within a few miles,
as much undreamed-of for coke to smelt ironstone as the stores of
natural gas which had for ages lain untouched under the city.
There were at that time not half a dozen "carriage" people in the
town; and not for many years after was the attempt made to introduce
livery, even for a coachman. As late as I86I, perhaps, the most notable
financial event which had occurred in the annals of Pittsburgh was the
retirement from business of Mr. Fahnestock with the enormous sum of
$I74,000, paid by his partners for his interest. How great a sum that
seemed then and how trifling now!
My position as messenger boy soon made me acquainted with the
few leading men of the city. The bar of Pittsburgh was distinguished.
Judge Wilkins was at its head, and he and Judge McCandless, Judge
McClure, Charles Shaler and his partner, Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards
482Relief Fire Engine Company, 222
Remembrance Day, 433
Report of Adjutant General, 256 f.
Republican Party, 283, 362 f.
"Rescue," 222
Reservoirs, 278 f.; Birmingham, 28I;
Brilliant Hill, 279; Herron Hill,
279; Highland No. I, 278; Highland No. 2, 277; Lincoln Station,
279; Cabbage Hill or North Side,
282; Troy Hill, 28I
Retail area in Pittsburgh, 484
Retail outlets for nationally advertised products, 454 f.
Retail Sales. See Annual Retail Sales
Revenue Act, 122
Richardson, H. H., 289-290
Riots, railroad, 240 f., 250-272
Ripper Act, 286
Rivers, 679 f.
River Combine. Monongahela River
Consolidated Coal and Coke Co.,
537
River tonnage, 457 f., 679 f.
Roads, 323, 328 f., 665
Robert McAfee Bridge, 328
Roberts, Judge Samuel, 838
Robinson, General Wm., Jr., 245
Rodgers, Calbraith P., 682, 725
Rodgers, Judge Elliott, 844 f.
Rodgers, Wm. B., quot., 678 f., 853
Rodgers Field, 682 f.
Rodman, Major, 38I
Rodman, Cannon, 38I
Rogers, Mary, 737
Rolling mills, 595 f.
Roman Catholics, 760of.; list of
churches, 764 f.
"Roof" coal, 8
Ross, James, I70
Ross pumping station, 327
Ross station, 280
Rossburg, Dr. John, 8ii
Rosanoff, Dr. Martin A., 40I f.
Roster of officers, Civil War, 385389
Russia sheet iron, 569
Saint Gaudens, Augustus, 292
Saint-Gaudens, Homer, 7I6
Salaries, 227, 229, 236, 238, 240, 288,
334
Salaries of city officials, 208 f., 2I4 f.
Sales. See Annual Retail Sales
Sanitary Fair, 384 f.
Schenley, Mary Croghan, I65, 285,
735
Schenley Park, i65 f., 285, 292, 504
Schoenberger, John H., 738
Schoenberger, Peter, 17I
Schoenberger and Company, 564
Schools, I79 f.
Schools, public, 787 f.; early history
of, 788
Schools, receipts and expenditures,
792
School taxes, 79I f.
Schwab, Charles, 480, 492 f., 513,
576, quot.
Schwartzwelder, Marshall, 853
Scott, General, 357 f.
Scott, Thomas A., 249, 266, 484 f.
Scott, William, 853
Second International Exhibition, 730
Select Council, 20I
Sesqui-centennial, 29I f.; actual anniversary  of  founding, 297 f.;
Greater Pittsburgh Day, 295; Independence Day Celebration, 292295; Marine Day, 295
Seven Years' War in Europe; origin,
52; Peace of Paris, 86
Sewickley, 6, 26, 32, 36
Seyffert, Leopold, 738
Shadyside Academy, 804
Shafer, Judge John D., 845
Shaler, Judge Charles, 84I f.
Shannon, James J., 730
Shannopinstown, 25 f., 36, 47
"Sharp shins," 562 f.
Shaw, Dr. T. W., 814
Sheridan, General, 382
Sherman, General, 382
Shipbuilding, 20
Shiras, Judge, 850, 855
Siege of Detroit, 89
Simon, Lucien, 732
"Simon Girty, the White Savage,"
I48 f.
Sinclair, Sir John, 70 f.
872
INDEXStreet railways, 672 f.
Strikes, 250-272, 489 f.; railroad
strike, 250-272; Homestead strike,
489 f.
Subscriptions to railroads, 246 f.
Subsistence committees; Civil War,
383 f.;  Spanish-American  War,
395
Superintendents of schools, list of,
79I
Superstitions, I44
Tack, Augustus V., 738
Taft, W. H., 425 f.
Tannahill, General Adamson, 355
Tanner, Henry 0., 737 f.
Tanneries, 472 f.
Tarbell, Edmund C., 732
Taxes, 3I3, 320 f., 336 f., 34I f.; bases
and rates of taxation before World
War, 336 f.; exemptions, 338 f.;
city, school taxes and water rents,
tables of, 34I f.; graded tax, 32I f.;
tax savings, 320 f.
Tenth Regiment, 391; officers of, 39I
Terraces, 5 f.
Thaw, John. I70
Thaw, William, I70
Thaw, Lieut. Wm., 420 f.
Theaters, 155
"The Covode House," 526 f.
"The Crowning of Labor," 7Io0 f.
"The Diamond," 705
"The Hope," 223
"The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania,"
I48
"The Knights of the Golden Circle,"
379
"The Presbyterian Banner," 459
"The Steel Argosy," 68I
"The Train Men's Union," 250
"The Workshop of the World," 443
Third National Bank of Pittsburgh,
466, 705
Thirteenth Regiment, 37I
Thomson, Edgar Works, 486
Thurston, George H., 562 f.
Thurston Preparatory School, 804
Tin, 645, 647, 656
"Tissot" mark, 40I
Singer, Will H., 738
Sipe, C. Hale, I48 f.
Sixteenth Regiment, 392 f.; officers
of, 393
Slippy, J. C., 334 f.
Social customs, frontier, I45 f.
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall,
296
South Pittsburgh Hose Company, 225
Spang, Chalfant and Company, Inc.,
460, 566, 584
Spanish-American War, 389 f.
Speer, Dr. James R., 8II
Sperr, F. W., Jr., quot., 544
Stage and Play Society, 744 f.
Stage coaches, I56
Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., 399
Standard Steel Car Co., 399
Stanton, Edwin, 48I f., 849
Stanwix, John, 83
State banks, statement of condition,
708
State Supreme Court, 832
Statistics; assessments, 234; city,
school and water rents, 34I f.; city
tax rate, 314, 338 f.; clinics, 820 f.;
coal production, 554 f.; gifts, Carnegie, list of, 495 f.; hospital appropriations, cost, etc., 823 f.; hospitals
in Pittsburgh and nearby boroughs,
8i8 f.; industrial tabulation of
Pittsburgh, 444 f.; industries, valuation of, 432 f.; iron and steel,
570; machinery production in Allegheny County, 65I; natural gas
consumption,  640;  population,
33I f.; resources of banks, 699 f.;
river tonnage, 537; students in
higher education in Pittsburgh,
803 f.
Steel industry, history of, 585 f.
Steel, present condition of, 576 f.
Stevens, Thaddeus, 788 f.
Stevenson, Dr. George, 808
Stobo, Captain; letter to Dinwiddie,
55
Stoner, James M., 854
Stowe, Edwin H., 843
Straus, Oscar, 491 f.
Street improvements, 328
873
INDEX0 0   24 7      S
INDEX
874
T. Mellon and Sons. See Mellon National Bank
"Tom the Tinker," I35 f.
Tomahawk right, I4I
Tonkin, J. B., quot., 639
Tonnage, 8 f. See River tonnage
Topography, 4 f.
Torrens, 253 f., 257, 269 f.
Towing, 535 f.
Townships formed, I82 f.
Traction Company, Consolidated, 676
Transcontinental and Western Air,
Inc., 685
Transportation, 663 f.
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, I00
Treaty of Lancaster, 27 f.
Trinity churchyard, I62, I64, I67
Trust companies, statement of condition in Pittsburgh, 707
Tuesday Musical Club, 74I
Turner Rifles, 369
29th International Exhibition, 733 f.
Typhoid fever, 275
Tyson, F. D., quot., 585 f.
Union Depot, 257 f., 263 f., 268 f.,
67I
Union Flint Glass Works, 604 f.
Union League, 379
Union National Bank of Pittsburgh,
465, 702
Union Savings Bank, 70I
Union Switch and Signal Company,
498
Union Trust Company, 70I
United Engineering and Foundry
Company, 65I f.
United Presbyterian Church, 770 f.;
list of, 77I f.
United States District Court, 846
U. S. Glass Co., 612
U. S. Marine Hospital, 827
U. S. Steel Corporation, 493, 54I f.
United Traction Company, 677
Universal Portland Cement Company,
648
University of Pittsburgh, 74I, 796798, 828; College of Pharmacy,
796 f.; Dental College, 797; Dept.
of Engineering, 796; Evening
University of Pittsburgh-continued
School, 797; Graduate School, 797;
Medical College, 796; School of
Business  Administration,  797;
School of Education, 797; School
of Law, 796; School of Mines,
797
University of Pittsburgh Base Hospital Unit, 432
Upper Kittanning coal, io
"Upper Union Mills,'" 57I
Ursuline Academy, 804
Vanadium, 645 f.
Vaudreuil, Governor, 7I
Venango, 37 f., II6
Vera Cruz, 357 f.
Vigilant Company, 220
Virginia, settlements of, 3
Virginia courts, in Pittsburgh, 833
Virginia-Pennsylvania pact, Io0i f.
Vocational education, 793 f.
Von Bernewitz, Dr. M. W., quot.,
628 f.
Vote on Metropolitan Plan, 302-304
Voters' Civic League, 287 f.
Voting places, I8I
Wainwright's Island, 47
Walker, Hay, 649 f.
Wall, Alfred S., 735 f.
Wall, A. Bryan, 736
Wall, Bessie, 736
Wallace Act, 284
Walter, Dr. Albert G., 8II f.
Walton Volunteer Company, 225
War of I846 with Mexico; Pittsburgh's part in, 356-358
War of I812; Pittsburgh's part in,
350-356
War of Revolution; battle of Lexington, 94; Cornwallis' surrender, 95;
place of Fort Pitt in war, 94 f.
Ward, Ensign, 5I
Washington, George, 23 f., 33 f.,
65 f., 77 f., I03; commissioned Lt.
Col., 50; death, I54; descendant at
Sesqui-centen., I92; French and
Indian War, 53 f.; installed as
member House of Burgesses, 78 f.;
IWhig Party, 359
Whisky insurrection; economic aspects of, 122 f.; political aspects of,
I26 f.
Whisky Rebellion, I0o3
Whistler, James M., 72I, 729
White, Judge John W. F., quot.,
837 f., 846 f.
White, Judge Wesley F., 844
Whiter, F. T., quot., 666 f.
Wilkins, General John, 69I
Wilkins Guard, 370
Wilkins, Judge William, I70, 245,
692, 839 f.
Willard, Elise May, quot., 729 f.
Williams, Percy R., quot., 3I3 f.
Will's Creek, 36, 49, 52 f., 57 f.
Wilson, Erasmus, quot., I5I
Winchester School for Young Ladies,
804
Wister, Owen, quot., 82
Wolfe, General, 8i f.
Women's Motor Corps, 428 f.
Women's wear shops, 454
Wood, W. D., 569
Wood, W. D., and Company, Ltd.,
570
Woodville, 828
Woodward, Marcus A., 857
Woodwell, Joseph R., 463, 735 f.
Woolen industry, 473 f.
World War, 395-440; military units
in Allegheny County, 403
World's Fair, 502, 6I7
Wrenshall, John, 766
Youghiogheny, 58
Young, Judge James S., 845
Zinc, 646 f.
Zug and Company, Ltd., 566
Washington-continued
journal of, 34 f.; letter to Gov.
Fauquier, 78 f.; notes of, I5I;
tablet erected to, 294
Washington, Martha, 293, 297
Washington Coal and Coke Co., 539
Washington County, 834
Washington Crossing (bridge), 34
Watch boxes, 201 f.
Water supply, 209, 275 f., 327; early
history of, 276 f.; Central City,
276-280; Greater Pittsburgh, 28I283; North Side, 280 f.; South
Side, 28I
Waterways, 678 f.
Watson, Alex. M., 854
Watson, David T., 850
Watt, David M., 252 f.
Wayne Iron Works, 566 f.
Weber, Rev. John W., 75I
Weir, J. Alden, 732
Welsh, Mrs. Walter, 742
Western Insurrection, I30 f.
Western Pennsylvania Exposition
Society, 298
Western Theological Seminary, 803
Western University of Pennsylvania.
See University of Pittsburgh
Westinghouse Air Brake Company,
468, 497
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., 396 f., 400, 500 f., 614 f.
Westinghouse, George, 468, 480, 496505, 6I3 f., 638f., 672; early life
of, 496 f.; electric lighting, 500 f.;
incandescent lamp, 502; invention
of air brakes, 497
Westinghouse, Herman, quot., 499
Westinghouse Technical High School,
793
Wharton, Clifton, family, i68 f.
INDEX
875PITTSBURGH--CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
the great War Secretary ("Lincoln's right-hand man") were all wellknown to me-the last-named especially, for he was good enough to
take notice of me as a boy. In business circles among prominent men
who still survive, Thomas M. Howe, James Park, C. G. Hussey, Benjamin F. Jones, William Thaw, John Chalfant, Colonel Herron were
great men to whom the messenger boys looked as models, and not bad
models either, as their lives proved.  (Alas! all dead as I revise this
paragraph in I906, so steadily moves the solemn procession.)
My life as a telegraph messenger was in every respect a happy one,
and it was while in this position that I laid the foundation of my closest
friendships. The senior messenger boy being promoted, a new boy was
needed, and he came in the person of David McCargo, afterwards the
well-known superintendent of the Allegheny Valley Railway. He was
made my companion and we had to deliver all the messages from the
Eastern line, while two other boys delivered the messages from the West.
The Eastern and Western Telegraph Companies were then separate, although occupying the same building. "Davy" and I became firm friends
at once, one great bond being that he was Scotch; for although "Davy"
was born in America, his father was quite as much a Scotsman, even in
speech, as my own father.
A short time after Davy's appointment a third boy was required,
and this time I was asked if I could find a suitable one. This I had no
difficulty in doing in my chum, Robert Pitcairn, later on my successor as
superintendent and general agent at Pittsburgh of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Robert, like myself, was not only Scotch, but Scotch-born, so that
"Davy," "Bob," and "Andy" became the three Scotch boys who delivered
all the messages of the Eastern Telegraph Line in Pittsburgh, for the'
then magnificent salary of two and a half dollars per week. It was the
duty of the boys to sweep the office each morning, and this we did in
turn, so it will be seen we all began at the bottom. Hon. H. W. Oliver,
head of the great manufacturing firm of Oliver Brothers, and W. C.
Morland, City Solicitor, subsequently joined the corps and started in
-the same fashion. It is not the rich man's son that the young struggler
for advancement has to fear in the race of life, nor his nephew, nor his
cousin. Let him look out for the "dark horse" in the boy who begins by
sweeping out the office.
As a messenger boy Andrew evinced so much more energy and interest
in business than most of the other boys that he had been working but a few
weeks when Col. John P. Glass, the head man of the telegraph company in
Pittsburgh, called him into the downstairs office and informed him that he
had decided to advance his pay to $I3.50 a month. Writing 60 years after483ward, Mr. Carnegie said, "My head swam. I doubted whether I had heard
correctly."
One morning while there was nobody else in the office, Andrew heard the
Pittsburgh call given with vigor and ventured to answer. It was an important
message from Philadelphia, and the Philadelphia operators asked if he could
take it. He told them to transmit slowly and he would try. He not only
succeeded, but he soon afterward substituted for Joseph Taylor, the operator
at Greensburg, 30 miles from Pittsburgh, while Taylor was on his vacation.
He did so well as a substitute that shortly afterward he was offered a job as
a telegraph operator at the tremendous salary of $25 a month, which he honestly considered a fortune. The beginning of his career as a railroad man,
which led him directly into iron and steel manufacture, was due to the acquaintance he made with one of the foremost railroad men of the day,
Thlomas A. Scott, later President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who in I852
had come to Pittsburgh as Superintendent of the railroad's Pittsburgh
Division. Frequent telegraphic communication was necessary between Mr.
Scott and his superior, Mr. Lombaert, General Superintendent at Altoona.
This brought him occasionally to the telegraph office at night, when young
Carnegie happened to be the operator. He so impressed Mr. Scott that the
latter hired him as his personal clerk and operator, giving him a salary of
$35 a month. It was while engaged in this work that he became a strong
anti-slavery partisan, hailing with enthusiasm the first national meeting of
the Republican Party on February 22, 1856, at which time although too young
to vote he watched Horace Greeley and other leaders as they walked the
streets.
On the appointment of Thomas A. Scott to the General Superintendency
of the Pennsylvania Railroad in I856, Andrew Carnegie, then in his 23rd
year, acconmpanied Mr. Scott to Altoona where the General Superintendent
had his offices. Meantime, the boy had lost his father. In I859 Mr. Scott
was made Vice-President of the Pennsylvania with his office in Philadelphia.
Enoch Lewis, the Pittsburgh division superintendent, was to be his successor
as general superintendent at Altoona. Scott called young Carnegie in and
asked him if he thought he could manage the Pittsburgh Division. "I was
at an age," says Mr. Carnegie, "when I thought I could manage anything.
But it had never occurred to me that anybody else, much less Mr. Scott, had
the same idea of me." Thus at the age of 24 Andrew Carnegie became superintendent of the most important division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and
it is interesting to note, as an indication of how times have changed, that his
salary was $65 a month.
In I86I Carnegie was called to Washington for service there under Mr.
Scott who had accepted an appointment as Assistant Secretary of War in
charge of the transportation department. At the age of 26 Carnegie had
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484PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
charge of the telegraph department as well as the railways, and was brought
into contact with President Lincoln, Secretary Seward, Secretary Cameron,
and other members of the Cabinet. "Mr. Lincoln," he says, "would occasionally come to the office and sit at the desk awaiting replies to telegrams, or
perhaps merely anxious for information."
During the Civil War the price of iron went up to something like $I30
a ton, and deliveries were hard to get at any price. The railway lines of
America were getting into a dangerous condition for want of new rails, and
Carnegie in I864 organized a small rail mill in Pittsburgh, called the Superior
Rail Mill and Blast Furnaces. Even three years before this he had ventured
into the iron business as a side issue, being associated with Thomas M. Miller
in I86I in a small iron industry known as Sun City Forge Company. In I866
he and Mr. Miller organized the Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, which was
a success from the start. Forty years after its organization, the stock of this
company, par value $I0oo, sold at $3,ooo per share, or 30 to x. While at
Altoona, Carnegie saw in the Pennsylvania shops the first small bridge built
of iron. It proved a success, and he at once saw that it would never do again
to depend on wooden bridges for railroads. An important bridge on his own
division of the railroad had recently burned and traffic had been obstructed
for eight days. "Iron was the thing," says Mr. Carnegie, and he at once
organized the bridge manufacturing firm of Piper and Shiffler, taking in with
him H. J. Linville (who had designed the iron bridge for the railroad), John
L. Piper, and Mr. Shiffler who had charge of the bridges on the Pennsylvania line, as well as Mr. Scott, the Vice-President of the Railroad. Each
one of them put up $I,250 for a one-fifth interest. Looking back at this
enterprise, Mr. Carnegie sagely remarked in I90o7: "Tall oaks from little
acorns grow." In I863 this enterprise became known as the Keystone Bridge
Company. For several years Mr. Carnegie gave a great deal of personal
attention to the affairs of the Keystone Bridge Works, and when important
contracts were involved often went himself to take charge of the negotiations. The business multiplied rapidly, and the Keystone Bridge Works became the most important enterprise of its kind in the country. Mr. Carnegie
long afterward declared that the Keystone Works had always been his pet
as being the parent of all the other works. The Bridge Works had not long
been in existence, however, before the advantage of wrought over cast iron
became manifest. To insure uniform quality and also to make certain shapes
which were not then to be obtained, Mr. Carnegie and his brother associated
with them Thomas N. Miller, Henry Phipps and Andrew Kloman in a small
iron mill. Kloman was an industrial genius who despised initial cost but
whose machines once constructed were guaranteed to last. He was the first
man to introduce the cold saw which cuts cold iron into exact lengths. It
was with these associates that Mr. Carnegie finally built the iron mills in
485PITTSBURGH- OF TODAY
29th Street, Pittsburgh, which expanded into the Union Mills, the forerunners of Edgar Thomson and Homestead, and the foundation of the
Carnegie fortune.
Steel making by the Bessemer process was demonstrated for the Pennsylvania Railroad by Mr. Carnegie as the certain solution of the rail problem of the railroads, and in I873 he persuaded Edgar Thomson, President of
the Pennsylvania Railroad, Thomas A. Scott, Vice-President of the Railroad,
William Coleman, David A. Stewart, and other friends to join with him in
the erection of a steel plant in the Pittsburgh suburb of Braddock. It was
decided that the plant selected between the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Baltimtnore and Ohio Railroad and the river was the best situation in America, and
the works were named after Mr. Thomson.
The panic of I873 gave the partners in this rather ambitious enterprise
many very anxious moments. But they weathered the storm, and the success of the Edgar Thomson works was assured when the partners secured
as their general manager one of the most remarkable men ever produced
by the iron and steel industry, Captain William R. Jones, who started as a
$2 a day mechanic in the Cambria Steel Works at Johnstown, but who rose
from one position to another in the Edgar Thomson Works by sheer force
of ability until he was unanimously solicited by the owners to become a partner, and by his brilliant administration of the plant "made his name famous
wherever the manufacture of Bessemer Steel is known."
In I886 Mr. Carnegie and his partners acquired the plant which in a few
years was to become more famous and more profitable than even the Edgar
Thomson. They were just preparing to build alongside the Edgar Thomson
mills new works for the manufacture of miscellaneous steel shapes, when it
was suggested to them that the syndicate of five or six leading steel manufacturers of Pittsburgh which had recently combined to build joint steel mills
at Homestead was willing to sell. This syndicate was without adequate coke
or pig iron supply, and accordingly Mr. Carnegie and his partners were able
to secure the Homestead plants on very advantageous terms.
How Mr. Carnegie and Mr. Frick came to be associated is best told by
Mr. Carnegie. The story antedates the Homestead development by some
years, and is as follows:
The blast furnace department was nosooner added than another
step was seen to be essential to our independence and success.  The
supply of superior coke was a fixed quantity-the Connellsville field
being defined. We found that we could not get along without a supply
of the fuel essential to the smelting of pig iron; and a very thorough
investigation of the question led us to the conclusion that the Frick Coke
Company had not only the best coal and coke property, but that it had
A96PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
in Mr. Frick himself a man with a positive genius for its management.
He had proved his ability by starting as a poor railway clerk and succeeding. In I882 we purchased one-half of the stock of this company
and by subsequent purchases from other holders we became owners of
the great bulk of the shares.
There now remained to be acquired only the supply of iron stone.
If we could obtain this we should be in the position occupied by only
two or three of the European concerns. We thought at one time we had
succeeded in discovering in Pennsylvania this last remaining link in t-he
chain. We were misled, however, in our investment in the Tyrone
region, and lost considerable sums as the result of our attempts to mine
and use the ores of that section. They promised well at the edges of
the mines, where the action of the weather for ages had washed away
impurities and enriched the ore, but when we penetrated a small distance they proved too "lean" to work.
Our chemist, Mr. Prousser, was then sent to a Pennsylvania furnace
among the hills which we had leased, with instructions to analyze all
the materials brought to him from the district, and to encourage people
to bring him specimens of minerals. A striking example of the awe
inspired by the chemist in those days was that only with great difficulty
could he obtain a man or a boy to assist him in the laboratory. He was
suspected of illicit intercourse with the Powers of Evil when he undertook to tell by his suspicious-looking apparatus what a stone contained.
I believe that at last we had to send him a man from our office at Pittsburgh.
One day he sent us a report of analyses of ore remarkable for the
absence of phosphorus. It was really an ore suitable for making Bessemer steel. Such a discovery attracted our attention at once. The
owner of the property was Moses Thompson, a rich farmer, proprietor
of 7,00ooo acres of the most beautiful agricultural land in Center County,
Pennsylvania. An appointment was made to meet him upon the ground
from which the ore had been obtained. We found the mine had been
worked for a charcoal blast furnace 50 or 60 years before, but it had
not borne a good reputation then, the reason no doubt being that its
product was so much purer than other ores that the same amount of flux
caused trouble in smelting. It was so good it was good for nothing in
those days of old.
We finally obtained the right to take the mine over at any time
within six months, and we therefore began the work of examination,
which every purchaser of mineral property should make most carefully.
We ran lines across the hill side 50 feet apart, with cross lines at distances of Ioo feet apart, and at each point of intersection we put a shaft
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down through the ore. I believe there were 80 such shafts in all and
the ore was analyzed at every few feet of depth, so that before we paid
over the $ioo,ooo we knew exactly what there was of ore. The result
hoped for was more than realized. Through the ability of my cousin
and partner, Mr. Lauder, the cost of mining and washing was reduced
to a low figure, and the Scotia ore made good all the losses we had incurred in the other mines, paid for itself, and left a profit besides. In
this case, at least, we snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. We
trod upon sure ground with the chemist as our guide. It will be seen
that we were determined to get raw materials and were active in the
pursuit.'rhe foregoing episode is probably the last chapter in the history of the
endeavor of the iron and steel industries of Western Pennsylvania, Ohio
and West Virginia, the most important in the country, to use native or
nearby iron ores. How these industries and those west of them have attained their present enormous proportions on the foundation of Lake Superior's apparently inexhaustible supply of high grade ore the whole world
knows.
The only member of the syndicate of steel manufacturers in the Homestead enterprise who did not sell out to the Carnegie interests was Mr. George
Singer, who elected to remain in the company and become a Carnegie associate. The purchase led to the reconstruction of all of the Carnegie firms.
Mr. Carnegie says:
The new firm of Carnegie, Phipps  Co. was organized in I886 to
run the Homestead Mills. The firm of Wilson, Walker  Co. was embraced in the firm of Carnegie, Phipps  Co., Mr. Walker being elected
chairman. My brother was chairman of Carnegie Brothers  Co.
and at the head of all. A further extension of our business was the
establishing of the Hartman Steel Works at Beaver Falls, designed to
work into a hundred various forms the product of the Homestead
Mills. So now we made almost everything in steel from a wire nail
up to a 20-inch girder, and it was then not thought probable that we
should enter into any new field.
It may be interesting here to note the progress of our works during
the decade I888 to I897. In I888 we had $2o,ooo,ooo invested, in I897
more than double, or over $45,ooo,ooo. The 6oo0,00ooo tons of pig iron
made per annum in I888 more than trebled to 2,000,000.
The Carnegie product of iron and steel was in I888, say, 2,000 tons per
day; it grew to exceed 6,ooo tons. The coke works then embraced about
5,ooo ovens; they were trebled in number, and their capacity, then, 6,ooo tons,
became i8,ooo tons per day. The Frick Coke Company, owned by Carnegie,
488PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
in I897 had 42,000 acres of coal land, more than two-thirds of the true Connellsville vein. Mr. Carnegie after his retirement wrote:
It may be accepted as an axiom that a manufacturing concern in a
growing country like ours begins to decay when it stops extending.
To make a ton of steel one and a half tons of iron stone has to be
mined, transported by rail Ioo miles to the Lakes, carried by boat hundreds of miles, transported by rail I50 miles to Pittsburgh; one and a
half tons of coal must be mined and manlufactured into coke and carried
50-odd miles by rail; and one ton of limestone mined and carried I50
miles to Pittsburgh. How then could steel be manufactured and sold
without loss at three pounds for two cents!'Fhis, I confess, seemed to
me incredible, and little less than miraculous, but it was so.
America is soon to change from being the dearest steel manufacturing country to the cheapest. Already the shipyards of Belfast are our
customers. This is but the beginning. Under present conditions America can produce steel as cheaply as any other land, notwithstanding its
higher-priced labor. There is no labor so cheap as the dearest in the
mechanical field, provided it is free, contented, zealous, and reaping rewards as it renders service. And here America leads.
One great advantage which America will have in competing in the
markets of the world is that her manufacturers will have the best home
market. Upon this they can depend for a return upon capital, and the
surplus product can be exported with advantage, even when the prices
received for it do not more than cover actual cost, provided the exports
be charged with their proportion of all expenses. The nation that has
the best home market, especially if products are standardized, as ours
are, can soon outsell the foreign producer. The phrase I used in Britain
in this connection was: "The Law of the Surplus." It afterward came
into general use in commercial discussions.
The Homestead strike, in which much property was destroyed and a number of lives were lost and in which, furthermore, Henry C. Frick, then the
executive head of the Company, narrowly escaped death at the hand of an
assassin (a mentally unbalanced anarchist who had no connection or affiliation whatever with the trades unions engaged in the strike), was the greatest
thorn in the flesh Mr. Carnegie ever suffered, as indeed it was to all his
associates. His own reaction to that historic episode, which was the determining factor in the national political campaign of I892 and the defeat of
President Harrison by Grover Cleveland, ought in justice to be recorded in
Mr. Carnegie's own words:
While upon the subject of our manufacturing interests, I may
record that on July I, I892, during my absence in the Highlands of Scot_489PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
land, there occurred the one really serious quarrel with our workmen
in our whole history. For 26 years I had been actively in charge of the
relations between ourselves and our men, and it was the pride of my life
to think how delightfully satisfactory these had been and were. I hope
I fully deserve what my chief partner, Mr. Phipps, said in his letter to
the New York Herald, January 30, I904, in reply to one who had declared I had remained abroad during the Homestead strike, instead of
flying back to support my partners. It was to the effect that I "was
always disposed to yield to the demands of the men, however unreasonable"; hence one or two of my partners did not wish me to return.*
Mr. Carnegie's version of the Homestead affair continues:
Taking no accoulnt of the regard that comes from feeling that you
and your employees are friends and judging' only from economical results, I believe that higher wages to men who respect their employers
and are happy and contented are a good investment, yielding, indeed, big
dividends.
The manufacture of steel was revolutionized by the Bessemer openhearth and basic inventions.  The machinery hitherto employed had
become obsolete, and our firm, recognizing this, spent several millions
at Homestead reconstructing and enlarging the works. The new machinery made about sixty per cent. more steel than the old.  Two hundred
and eighteen tonnage men (that is men who were paid by the ton of
steel produced) were working under a three years' contract, part of the
last year being with the new machinery. Thus their earnings had increased almost sixty per cent. before the end of the contract.
The firm offered to divide this sixty per cent. with them in the new
scale to be made thereafter. That is to say, the earnings of the men
would have been thirty per cent. greater than under the old scale and the
other thirty per cent. would have gone to the firm to recompense it for
its outlay. The work of the men would not have been much harder than
*The full statement of Mr. Phipps is as follows:
Question: "It was stated that Mr. Carnegie acted in a cowardly manner in not returning to America from Scotland and being present when the strike was in progress
at Homestead."
Answer: "When Mr. Carnegie heard of the trouble at Homestead he immediately
wired that he would take the first ship for America, but his partners begged him not
to appear, as they were of the opinion that the welfare of the Company required that
he should not be in this country at the time. They knew of his extreme disposition to
always grant the demands of labor, however unreasonable.
"I have never known of anyone interested in the business to make any complaint
about Mr. Carnegie's absence at that time, but all the partners rejoiced that they were
permitted to manage the affair in their own way." (Henry Phipps in the New York
Herald, January 30, I904.)
490PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
it had been hitherto, as the improved machinery did the work. This was
not only fair and liberal, it was generous, and under ordinary circumstances would have been accepted by the men with thanks. But the firm
was then engaged in making armor for the United States Government,
which we had declined twice to manufacture and which was urgently
needed. It had also the contract to furnish material for the Chicago
Exhibition. Some of the leaders of the men, knowing these conditions,
insisted upon demanding the whole six per cent., thinking the firm would
be conmpelled to give it. Thus was the conflict inaugurated.
The general public, of course, did not know that I was in Scotland
and knew nothing of the initial trouble at Homestead. Workmen had
been killed at the Carnegie Works, of which I was the controlling owner.
That was sufficient to make my name a by-word for years. But at last
some satisfaction came. Senator Hanna was president of the National
Civic Federation, a body composed of capitalists and workmen which
exerted a benign influence over both employers and employed, and the
Honorable Oscar Straus, who was then vice-president, invited me to dine
at his house and meet the officials of the Federation. Before the date
appointed Mark Hanna, its president, my life-long friend and former
agent at Cleveland, had suddenly passed away. I attended the dinner.
At its close Mr. Straus arose and said that the question of a successor
to Mr. Hanna had been considered, and he had to report that every labor
organization heard from had favored me for the position. There were
present several of the labor leaders, who one after another arose and
corroborated Mr. Straus.
I do not remember so complete a surprise and, I shall confess, one so
grateful to me. That I deserved well from labor I felt. I knew myself
to be warmly sympathetic with the working-man, and also that I had the
regard of our own workmen; but throughout the country it was naturally
the reverse, owing to the Homestead riot. The Carnegie Works meant
to the public Mr. Carnegie's war upon labor's just earnings.
I arose to explain to the officials at the Straus dinner that I could
not possibly accept the great honor, because I had to escape the heat of
summer and the head of the Federation must be on hand at all seasons
ready to grapple with an outbreak, should one occur. My embarrassment was great, but I managed to let all understand that this was felt
to be the most welcome tribute I could have received-a balm to the
hurt mind. I closed by saying that if elected to my lamented friend's
place upon the Executive Comnmittee I should esteem it an honor to
serve. To this position I was elected by unanimous vote. I was thus
relieved from the feeling that I was considered responsible by labor
generally, for the Homestead riot and the killing of workmen.
491PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
I owe this vindication to Mr. Oscar Straus, who had read my articles
and speeches of early days upon labor questions, and who had quoted
these frequently to workmen. The two labor leaders of the Amalgamated Union, White and Schaeffer from Pittsburgh, who were at this
dinner were also able and anxious to enlighten their fellow-workmen
members of the Board as to my record with labor, and did not fail to
do so.
A mass meeting of the workmen and their wives was afterwards held
in Library Hall at Pittsburgh to greet me, and I addressed them from
both my head and my heart. The one sentence I remember, and always
shall, was to the effect that capital, labor, and employer were a threelegged stool, none before or after the others, all equally indispensable.
Then came the cordial hand-shaking and all was well. Having thus
rejoined hands and hearts with all our employees and their wives, I felt
that a great weight had been effectually lifted, but I had had a terrible
experience although thousands of miles from the scene.
Prosecutions had been entered against many of the strikers, but Mr. Carnegie declares that on his return from Europe these were promptly withdrawn
and all of the old employees who remained and had not been guilty of violence were taken back. The Company at the same time fortified itself in
the regard of its employees by making Charles M. Schwab general manager
at Homestead. He had been promoted from the managership at Homestead
to the Edgar Thomson Works, but on Mr. Carnegie's insistence was returned
to the former plant.
In the years between the Homestead strike and I9oo, Mr. Carnegie had
become deeply dissatisfied with railroad rates and took part in the organization of an association to promote the building of a canal between Pittsburgh
and Lake Erie for the purpose of securing cheap transportation of iron ore
from the Superior region to the mills in Pittsburgh. He also threatened to
build a new trunk line railroad to the considerable perturbation of existing
trunk lines. There began to be a general feeling among great banking interests closely affiliated with the transportation industry that it would be a good
idea to buy Mr. Carnegie out of business and permit him to devote his whole
time and attention to the distribution of his wealth in accordance with the
stimulating and philanthropic views proclaimed in his Gospel of Wealth.
This book, published by the Century Company, New York, in I9o00, was made
up of articles he had contributed between I886 and I899 to various magazines,
including the Century, the Forum, the North American Review, the Youth's
Companion, the Contemtporary Revicw, the Fortnightly Review, the Nineteenth Century, and the Scottish Leader.
The net profits of the Carnegie Steel Company had meanwhile reached
A02PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
the astonishing total of $40,000,000 in a single year. The Company's enormous success did not make the country's banking leaders any less prone to
look forward with satisfaction to the day when the great iron master might
consent to abandon industry and devote himself to philanthropy exclusively.
In March, I9OI, Mr. Schwab told him about having a conversation with Mr.
Morgan in which the latter had remarked that he would really like to know if
Mr. Carnegie wished to retire from business, for if it were true Mr. Morgan
thought the matter could be arranged. In reporting the conversation Mr.
Schwab told Carnegie that a number of the Carnegie partners who had been
acquainted with Mr. Morgan's ideas were in a most receptive mood. Mr.
Carnegie's rejoinder was that if his partners desired to sell he would concur.
Mr. Morgan, acting through Schwab, got an option which was finally
closed, and as a consequence the United States Steel Corporation, of which
the Carnegie plants were and still are the backbone, was organized to take
over the properties. Mr. Carnegie says in his autobiography that he never
saw Morgan or any of his associates on the subject; not a word passed
between him and Morgan during the entire transaction. Schwab as intermediary arranged all. Testifying before a committee of the House of Representatives in Washington in January, I912, Mr. Carnegie said that he had declined to take anything for the common stock although it would have given
him as his share just about $Ioo,ooo,ooo more of 5 per cent bonds, which Mr.
Morgan subsequently said he could easily have obtained. As it was, Mr.
Carnegie received considerably more than $30oo0ooo,ooo of the first mortgage
5 per cent bonds, and from this time on was definitely out of business.
Pittsburgh received his first large benefaction. He had already built
here a large public library and founded the Carnegie Institute of Technology,
and now he proceeded to lavish millions upon both institutions and greatly
enlarge their scope. His second large gift after his business retirement was
for the purpose of founding the Carnegie Institution at Washington, to
which on January 28, I902, he gave an additional $Io,ooo,ooo of 5 per cent
bonds. A $I5,000ooo,ooo000 pension fund for aged university professors (The
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching) followed.
Mr. Carnegie during the last 25 years of his life spent comparatively
little of his time in Pittsburgh but testified his affection for the city at every
possible opportunity and was never happier than in his homecomings as he
called his visits here. The 20 years following his retirement were passed at
his winter home in New York and his summer and autumn homes in Lenox,
Massachusetts, and in Scotland where he had bought Skibo Castle. He died
at his summer home in Lenox on August I I, I919, in his 84th year, greatly
saddened by the World War, which as one of the foremost world advocates
of peace, and the donor of the Peace Palace at The Hague, he could not but
regard as an appalling catastrophe to civilization.  
493There is no doubt that history will give him due credit as one of the greatest industrial organizers of the modern era.  The huge fortune that he
gained in the steel industry he gained without any technical knowledge of
steel making processes except such as any capable organizer and general overseer must have possessed.
ln an address at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I927, William
G. Clyde, President of the Carnegie Steel Company, pointed out that Mr.
Carnegie himself was fond of attributing his success chiefly to the group of
smart, clever, young business partners with whom he surrounded himself.
This ability to pick able men and get enthusiastic work out of them combined
with his accurate vision of the future of steel to make possible his triumphs
as the foremost iron master of his age. Generous as was his praise to his
partners, it is generally conceded that he was at all times the captain of the
ship. His business success will always remain one of the most significant
chapters in American industrial history, but it may fairly be questioned
whether his tremendous achievements as a money-getter are socially as significant as his use of his wealth. There has been a remarkable development
of public philanthropy in the last two generations. To Andrew Carnegie, unquestionably, more than to any other man or group of men, this has been due.
As remarked by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in its
publication (I919) entitled A4 Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew
Carnegie:
He was regarded by the world as one of the most remarkable men
of his age, and in certain ways he was unique among men of all ages.
He was equally great as a man of practical affairs and as an idealist.
In the thought that he had worked for the realization of certain ideals
he discovered the secret of a serene and happy spirit, a characteristic
which marked his life especially after his retirement from business and
up to the date of his death. Mr. Carnegie accumulated large wealth by
his remarkable business ability, his.tireless industry, and his clear prevision of the enormous development of the country of his adoption.
His own conception of his duty and his responsibility was that his for,
tune belonged to the world in which he was permitted to live and under
whose laws he was enabled to acquire it. His Gospel of Wealth, a philosophy which he first formulated in an article for the North American
Review for June, I899, constitutes what is in many respects the most
remarkable message ever conveyed by one man to his fellow-men.
From the epochal article in the North A4nerican Review there may be
quoted one paragraph in which the Gospel of Wealth is nobly epitomized:
This, then, is the duty of the man of wealth: To set an example of
modest unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to pro494
PITTSBURGH OF TODAYPITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
495
vide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him;
and, after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues which come to him
simply as trust funds which he is called upon to administer, and strictly
bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his
judgment, is best calculated to provide the most beneficial results for the
cbmmunity-the man of wealth thus hecoming the mere trustee and
agent for his poorer brethren.
That Mr. Carnegie was true to his gospel all the world knows. Only a
modest competence out of his great fortune was bequeathed to his family;
nearly the whole of it was left to the public, the Carnegie Corporation of New
York being established to administer the trust. At the time of his death or a
few months afterwards he had given to the public $35o,ooo,ooo, and his
philanthropies still continue. The money given away by Pittsburgh's "starspangled Scotchman" up to the time of his death was distributed as follows:
Free  Public  Library  Buildings  (2,8II).............................
Colleges:
Library Buildings.......................  $4,o65,699.27
Other  Buildings.................................                                    4,672,I86.92
Endowment.....................................   9,977,588.92
Other purposes.................................  1,647,535.oo00
Church  Organs  (7,689)...........................................
Carnegie  Corporation  of  New   York................................
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of'reaching (including
$I,ooo,ooo to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association)......
Carnegie Institute (including $13,531,433.67 to Carnegie Institute of
Technology)  in  Pittsburgh....................................
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington................................
Carnegie  Hero  Funds.............................................
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.......................
Scottish  Universities  Trust.......................................
United  Kingdom  Trust............................................
Steel  Workers'  Pensions..........................................
Dunfermline Trust................................................
Church  Peace  Union..............................................
Hague   Peace   Palace.............................................
Endowment for Institutes at Braddock, Homestead and Duquesne......
International Bureau of American Republics (Pan American Building)
Engineering    Building...........................................
King Edward's Hospital Fund........................
Church  Pension  Fund............................................
Simplified   Spelling   Board.........................................
Central American Peace Palace (Court of Justice)..................
Study of Methods of Americanization..............................
Koch  Institute,  Berlin.............................................
New  York  Zo5logical  Society....................................
$60,364,8o8.75
20,363,0oIO.11
6,248,309.00
125,000,000.00
29,250,000.00
26,719,380.67
22,300,000.00
10,540,000.00
I0,000,000.00
I0,000,000.00
I0,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
3,750,000.00
2,025,000.00
1,500,000.00
I,000,000.00
85o,ooo.oo
500,000.00
500,000.00
324,744.87
280,000.00
200,000.00
190,000.00
120,000.00
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New  York Association for the Blind...............................
American Library Association.....................................
St. Andrew's Society...............................................
Iron and Steel Institute, London....................................
Pittsburgh  Kingsley  House Association............................
Northampton  (Mass.) Home Culture Club.........................
Foreign Students' Friendly Relations Committee....................
Sorbonne  (Madame Curie Fund)...................................
Scots Charitable Society, Boston, Mass..............................
War Grants:
Red  Cross......................................             $I,500oo,ooo.oo00
32 cantonment library buildings..................               320,000.00
Knights  of Columbus...........................                 250,000.00
Young  Men's Christian  Association.................             250,000.00
National Research  Council......................                15o,ooo.0000oo
National Security  League........................               I50,000.00
Young Women's Christian Association............                 Ioo,ooo.oo00
War Camp Community Recreation Service.........                    50,000ooo.oo00
National Board of Medical Examiners...........                   22,500.00
Miscellaneous (comprising National Civic Federation, Bureau of
Municipal Research, New York Anti-Saloon League, Charity Organization Society, Oratorio Society, Boy Scouts of America, Harwick Mine Disaster Relief Fund, etc., etc.)......................
$I I4,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
89,000.00
89,ooo.oo
79,000.00
77,ooo.00oo
70,000.00
50,000.00
30,000.00
2,792,500.00
I,050,900.00
$350,695,653.40
George Westinghouse.-The extraordinary career of George Westinghouse can be glimpsed in the single statement that at the age of 2I he invented the air brake, a device which by increasing the safety and the speed
of railroad trains virtually revolutionized the modern transportation industry,
and that the prophecy expressed in this remarkable precocity was more than
fulfilled by his subsequent career. Rapidly turning his attention from improvement of the transportation industry to electricity, he achieved another
revolution in this field by his quickness of vision and his bold development of
the alternating current as a prime factor in the commercialization of the incandescent light.
Three large Pittsburgh suburbs-Swissvale, East Pittsburgh and Wilmerding-are to-day almost entirely constituted of Westinghouse industries,
which extend along the Pennsylvania Railroad for many miles. These enormous industries are Mr. Westinghouse's most imposing monument. They
are the visible symbols of a life whose impress was world-wide.
Central Bridge, New York, was his birthplace.  George and Emeline
(Vedder) Westinghouse were his parents. When the subject of this sketch
was I0 years old the family moved to Schenectady. There the father, who
was an inventor, established a factory for the manufacture of agricultural
496PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
implements, and there the son attended the public schools and high school,
meanwhile spending a great deal of time in his father's machine shop. At the
age of I5 he not only invented but built a meritorious rotary engine. In
June, I863, he enlisted in the Twelfth Regiment of the New York National
Guard for war service, and on being discharged in July reenlisted for
three years in the Sixteenth New York Cavalry. He served as a corporal
in this unit for a year, being honorably discharged in September, I864, and
at once receiving appointment as third assistant engineer on the Muscoota
of the United States Navy. Three months after the end of the Civil War
he received an honorable discharge, and returning home spent two years as
a student in Union College. In I867 he offered his air brake to the New
York Central Railroad, but it was declined. The officials of the Erie Railroad
likewise refused to give it a trial. In that same year, although only 2I, he
started a steel works in Schenectady to manufacture car replacer and reversible steel railroad frogs. He had no capital and the enterprise did not
last long. At the sanme time, however, he was offered a, contract by the
Pittsburgh Steel Works to manufacture and act as agent for the introduction
of steel frogs.
Among the business men in Pittsburgh with whom he was brought into
contact was Ralph Baggaley, who the following year became sufficiently interested in the air brake to pay the expense of manufacturing apparatus sufficient for one train, for which Baggaley was to get a one-fifth interest. The
apparatus being duly constructed with Mr. Baggaley's financial assistance, the
young inventor persuaded the superintendent of the Pan Handle Railroad
(now part of the Pennsylvania Railroad System) to give it a practical test on
the Steubenville accommodation. A group of company officials made this trial
trip on the train, and were overwhelmingly convinced when the first application of the brake prevented a collision with a wagon at Second Avenue. The
first patent was issued April 13, I869, and in the following July the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was incorporated. The first orders for apparatus were for the Pan Handle Railroad, the Michigan Central and the
Chicago  Northwestern. In the year that followed the demonstration of
the brake the inventor made a number of improvements on it, and by the
time the present air brake works were finished at Wilmerding, I3 miles from
Pittsburgh, the new device was fully accepted by expert railroad opinion and
was standard on railroads all over the world. The first factory was on
Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh. In I88o larger quarters were secured on Robinson Street, North Side, and the big plant at Wilmerding arose in I890o.
In the early'seventies he gave the brake what is known as its automatic
feature, effected by the "triple valve" which enabled the engineer or fireman
to apply all the brakes on a train of 50 or 60 cars in an interval of two seconds. It is interesting to note that Robert Pitcairn, A. J. Cassatt, and Ed497CHAPTER X
DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
918~33
V
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NPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ward H. Williams of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and George D. Whitcomb
and W. W. Card of the Pan Handle Railroad, along with Mr. Baggaley, were
Mr. Westinghouse's partners in the organization of the Westinghouse Air
Brake Company with a capital of $500oo,ooo000. Meanwhile, Mr. Westinghouttse
spent considerable time in Europe securing the introduction of the brake on
the railroads of England and the Continental countries.
It was in I883 that the inventor extended his remarkable service to the
transportation industry by developing devices for the control of switches
and signals by compressed air. These devices employed compressed air as the
power and electricity as the agent in operating minute valves for setting the
compressed air in motion. The Union Switch  Signal Company was organized by Mr. Westinghouse and his associates for the manufacture of these
devices. Manufacturing was begun in Garrison Alley, downtown Pittsburgh,
but the factory was soon removed to its present site at Swissvale, nine miles
from Pittsburgh. It was the researches required in the working out of the
switch and signal problems which first interested Mr. Westinghouse in a
practical way in the subject of electric lighting. Despite the boundless vision
and intense energy of the man, nobody at that time could have foreseen the
tremendous consequences which were to follow his experimentation in the
electric field.
Herman Westinghouse, the inventor's brother, Chairman of the Board of
the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, in one of the addresses in the Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Spirit Series at the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in I927, gave an illuminating sketch of the incomparable contribution
made by George Westinghouse to modern transportation evolution. We
quote as follows from this address:
To Pittsburgh belongs the distinction of being the home of the first
manufacturing enterprise in this country to enter upon the development
of railway safety and signalling devices upon a scale and in a manner
commensurate with the importance of the subject.
It may be interesting to mention here that the first interlocking signal
apparatus operated by compressed air was installed in this country by the
Union Switch and Signal Company in I883 at Bound Brook, N. J., at
the crossing of the Central Railroad of New Jersey with the Pennsylvania railroad.
But while the growth of the business was slow, the soundness of its
foundation became more and more apparent as the railroad industry developed and operating conditions constantly arose which made the adoption of proper safety and signalling devices imperative.
In this development and in the introduction of these devices, the
UTnion Switch and Signal Company has constantly maintained its posiAORGEORGE WESTINGHOUSE MEMORIAL BRIDGE, EAST PITTSBURGH, BUILT 1931PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES   499
tion as the leader in that field, until at the present time the product of
the company is installed on many railroads throughout the civilized
world.
It should be mentioned in connection with the development of railway safety and signalling devices in this country, that, while England
had the start of us in that activity, because it was in England where
steam  railroad transportation was first inaugurated, it is a significant
fact that this country has since so far excelled in the development of
safety devices that today English railroads make use of many improvements in signalling which are invented in the United States.
Before leaving this subject of safety and signalling devices, mention should be made of the latest achievement of the Union Switch and
Signal Company, which has created considerable public interest, designated as the automatic train or speed control.
Briefly stated, automatic train control is a method of automatically
applying the brakes to regulate and arrest the speed of trains when
the engineer fails to observe or disregards safety signals. Its operation is such that two trains cannot approach each other dangerously
without being either automatically stopped or reduced in speed sufficiently to insure safety.
The need for the train control system  is based upon experience,
which lamentably but unmistakably establishes the fact that locomotive
drivers frequently fail to see or observe signals, resulting in many serious
and some fatal accidents.
The friction draft gear is now practically standard on all of the
railways of the United States as a substitute for spring gear used before its introduction.  It is perfectly safe to say that trains of the
length and tonnage that are now in daily use could not be operated with
the type of gear that was displaced by the friction gear. Personally, I
do not believe that trains in excess of sixty cars of the kind now in
general use could be operated.
As is well known, Mr. Westinghouse was a prolific inventor, but
of all his inventions that came into large practical use, the friction draft
gear was the most original. Many attempts had been made in the air
brake field before he entered it, but there was no past in the friction
draft gear art to draw upon.
Mr. Cassatt, in considering its use by the Pennsylvania Railroad,
expressed the view that it would be of greater value to their railways
than the air brake. Persistent experimenting, actively prosecuted, in
due course received its reward and many thousand friction gears were
manufactured and sold to the railways before competition complimented
the Air Brake Company by adopting the friction principle and joinedPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
in manufacturing and selling other forms than those patented by us,
thus helping to supply the demand.
The industry, which originated with the Westinghouse Air Brake
Company, has had and still has an important place in its activities.
Mr. Westinghouse was one of the first to realize the commercial possibilities of natural gas when it was discovered in quantity in the Murraysville
field near Pittsburgh, and in I884 he organized the Philadelphia Company to
supply gas for domestic and industrial purposes. His activities in this direction will be described more fully in the chapter on petroleum and natural gas.
Mr. Westinghouse's achievement in the field of electric lighting was
hardly less epochal. Without any thought whatever of minimizing Mr. Edison's invention of the incandescent lamp, the authorities in this industry
point out that if it had not been for Mr. Westinghouse's application of the
alternating current system to lighting, its commercial possibilities would have
been immeasurably smaller and the new light would never have come into its
present almost universal use. Just how this came about cannot better be
told than by reference to an address by Mr. E. M. Herr, Vice-Chairman of
the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company on Pittsburgh and the
Electrical Industry. The facts will be presented as Mr. Herr stated them.
Prior to I886 central station electric lighting was by continuous or
direct current only, and because of fundamental design limitations,
the territory which could be served by a central station was very restricted. In I885 the attention of Mr. Westinghouse was attracted to
a foreign invention which seemed to point the way to a removal of these
limitations. With the promptness and energy which characterized so
many of his acts, he at once acquired this invention and undertook its
development. The invention was no less than an application of the wellknown principle of electric induction by alternating currents, which affords a ready means of changing current of small volume and high
pressure into current of large volume and low pressure, or vice versa.
By brilliant invention and ingenious design, Mr. Westinghouse's
engineers soon removed some of the commercial limitations of the
English devices and shortly there resulted an alternating current electric
light system which today is fundamentally the basis of the enormous
and incalculably important light and power industry of the world.
As soon as the practicability of the new system was demonstrated,
a new company-the Westinghouse Electric Company-was organized
for the purpose of manufacturing this apparatus. The articles of association were signed by George Westinghouse, H. H. Westinghouse,
John Caldwell, John R. McGinley, John Dalzell, Robert Pitcairn, C. H.
Jackson, and F. L. Pope.
500TillMPITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
The business expanded rapidly and additional factory facilities were
soon needed. These were at first secured by moving the Union Switch
and Signal Company out of the Garrison alley building, thus enabling
the Westinghouse Company to occupy all the space. Within a short
time this building also proved inadequate. By erecting adjoining buildings, the floor space was more than doubled. But this was only a start.
Another factory was soon acquired in Newark, New Jersey, by the purchase of the United States Electric Lighting Company. By I895 the
Garrison alley facilities had been completely outgrown. The company
then built and moved to the first of its shops at East Pittsburgh, Pa.,
at which location is still found the most important single manufacturing
unit of the Westinghouse Electric  Manufacturing Company, consisting of a large group of shops as well as adequate office buildings.
The revolutionary feature of the alternating current system naturally aroused the most determined opposition from those who were exploiting the continuous current system and who saw their market in
danger of material curtailment, if not of complete destruction. Commercial competition became keen and even bitter. Incandescent lamps were
naturally essential for every installation. It was, therefore, made very
difficult for stations equipped with Westinghouse apparatus to obtain the
necessary supply of these lamps. To overcome this difficulty, the Sawyer-Mann Electric Company, which operated a large lamp factory in
New York City, was acquired. Sawyer was the inventor and the company owned many lamp patents, some of them fundamental. Although
the patent position of the Sawyer-Mann Company seemed to be strong,
it was attacked in the courts and after protracted litigation, which lasted
for some four years, priority was awarded to a patent of Mr. Thomas A.
Edison, and the product of the Sawyer-Mann Company was adjudged an
infringement.
Edison's patent covered the use of an "all glass" container for the
heated filament. The announcement that it had been sustained came
like a bomb to the Westinghouse Company as well as to the many
central stations that were then depending upon Westinghouse for their
supply of lamps. Today it is hard to picture the consternation which
followed this announcement and the subsequent statement by the owners
of the Edison patent that all other lamp factories must close. It was
strongly intimated at the same time that users of lamps must thereafter
buy their lamps, as well as the rest of their apparatus, from those who
controlled the Edison lamp patents.
It was a very critical situation for Mr. Westinghouse, but he met
it with the courage and resourcefulness which he so often exhibited
throughout his career. What followed is one of the most interesting
501PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
chapters in the development of the electrical manufacturing industry,
and of the electric light and power industry as well. Sixty cents was
the retail price of the carbon filament sixteen candlepower incandescent lamp at the time of the announcement of the patent decision in
favor of Mr. Edison; fifty-five cents was the price, if purchased in
quantity, while some large users, who were given specially favorable
terms, could buy lamps for fifty cents each. Mr. Westinghouse, with
his characteristic energy, at once began to experiment with a lamp
that would not infringe the Edison patent. In an incredibly short
space of time he succeeded in developing the "Stopper Lamp," so.
called because the container was made in two parts instead of one,
and its leading-in wires were brought through a small piece of glass
shaped like and ground in the same manner as the familiar bottle
stopper. This stopper was sealed in place by a liquid cement which,
although it constituted but a very minute part of the container, nevertheless was not glass and did not infringe the sustained patent, which
specifically described the container as "all glass." No sooner was Mr.
Westinghouse satisfied that he had produced a lamp that did not infringe than he offered it for sale to any and all purchasers at twentyfive cents, regardless of quantity, and advertised this price broadly
throughout the land.
If the sustaining of the Edison lamp patent was a bomb in the
Westinghouse camp, the announcement of the invention of the stopper lamp, to be retailed at a price of twenty-five cents, was most certainly a bomb in the camp of the opposition.
To make matters worse, about this time, Mr. Westinghouse took a
contract to light the World's Fair in Chicago, then in course of construction, for approximately $i,ooo,ooo less than the price quoted by
his competitors, who were confident that they had a monopoly on the
incandescent lamp.
As a commercial product, the stopper lamp was a failure, because
the co-efficient of expansion of the cement seal was not the same as
that of glass, so that when subjected to wide temperature variations,
the seal would sometimes crack. When this occurred, the lamp would
leak air and burn out. Nevertheless, Mr. Westinghouse succeeded in
satisfactorily lighting the World's Fair with this type of lamp, and the
opposition found it to be such a potential competitor that they were
willing to negotiate a license agreement which permitted Mr. Westinghouse to use the Edison patent on a royalty basis. Thus, as a conimercial expedient, the stopper lamp was a huge success and saved the day.
The incandescent lamp as first developed, although well adapted to
commercial service, had its limitations. Light was produced by heating
502PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
to incandescence a tenuous and somewhat delicate piece of carbonized
silk, and the limitation of design referred to was in the temperature to
which the filament could be raised. As the temperature went up, the
tendency of the carbon to combine with the residuum of oxygen remaining in the lamp bulb increased to such an extent that the filament was
rapidly destroyed. As a consequence the temperature had to be restricted
and more energy was required than would have been needed at a higher
temperature. In trade parlance, an incandescent lamp required three and
one-half to four watts of energy per candlepower. Continuous research
over a long period yielded but meager results until a German chemist discovered a special clay which was practically non-oxydizable at very high
temperature, even in the open air.  Mr. Westinghouse promptly
acquired the patents on this invention and immediately proceeded to
incorporate it in his lamp. The use of the clay filament cut the per
candle energy consumption about sixty per cent-that is, it increased
the capacity of every lighting plant I5o per cent. What the ultimate
results might have been will never be known because this device had not
been long on the market when the present-day tungsten filament came
into use. The much higher melting temperature of tungsten-more completely taken advantage of later by filling the lamp with a neutral gaspermits of the manufacture of a practical commercial incandescent lamp
which takes only one watt per candle, a saving of at least seventy-seven
per cent of the energy needed by the old carbon filament. This phenomenal saving nearly quadrupled the capacity of all existing lighting
systems and gave a tremendous impulse to the expansion of the lighting
field.
The value of Mr. Westinghouse's commercialization of the incandescent
lamp by means of the application of the alternating current is so great that
there is no conceivable way of stating it, but the extent of his contribution
to the modernization of transportation can in a measure be statistically visualized. It is stated that at the time of the invention of the air brake, the
average speed of passenger trains did not exceed 25 miles per hour, and the
length of trains was from six to io cars with the cars weighing approximately 40,000 pounds. At the same time the average speed of freight trains
was about I2 miles per hour, their average length only 15 cars, and the
maximum train load only about 300,000 pounds. To-day, thanks to the
brake, the speed of passenger trains averages 40 miles per hour with trains
carrying commonly 15 cars, each weighing I20,000 pounds. The increase
of freight haulage due to the brake has been even more extraordinary. The
average length of modern freight trains is approximately 75 cars, and a
train of I5o cars is by no means unusual. With each car carrying 8o,ooo
03PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
504
pounds the modern freight train thus carries the enormous total weight of
I2,ooo000,000ooo pounds at an average speed of 35 miles an hour, as against the
total trainload of only 300,000 pounds traveling only I2 miles an hour in
the period before the air brake's invention.
On October 6, I930, a magnificent bronze memorial to Mr. Westinghouse,
sculptured by Daniel Chester French, was unveiled in Pittsburgh's Schenley
Park. The sculptured designs, in bold bas-relief, represent scenes in Mr.
Westinghouse's life and form one of the most inspiring works of art ever
inspired by industry. Not the least remarkable aspect of the memorial
is the fact that the funds with which it was erected were contributed by
Mr. Westinghouse's business associates and employees, past and present,
whose deep affection and admiration for him are seen in the statement that
there were voluntary contributions from no less than 6o,ooo persons. Their
warm regard for him has become a proverb in Pittsburgh. To be a Westinghouse manager or employee is to be an enthusiastic devotee of the founder.
The admiration of the great army of Westinghouse men, past and present,
for their chief has been due to an intelligent perception of the outstanding
part that he played in the modern marvels of applied science and the expansion of American industry. The affection rests on a different basis, namely,
an appreciation of the rugged integrity, big human heart, and withal democratic simplicity of the man. In spite of the gigantic proportions of the
enterprises that he founded and carried on, and in spite of the elastic ethics
which at one time were not infrequently associated with big business, Mr.
Westinghouse in all his business relations was, as one of his biographers
remarks, conspicuous for frankness and old-fashioned honesty.*
His unwillingness to advise the electrification of the Manhattan Elevated
in New York before he was convinced that the time was ripe for it, was
paralleled by the campaign he waged for years against combustible cars
and excessive speed on electric roads either above or below ground, arguing
that electricity might prove a more perilous agent than steam unless the
precautions he advised were observed. Though a manufacturer of electrical
apparatus and a contractor for its installation, he was ready to forego tempting
pecuniary profits for the sake of dealing squarely with his customers and
the public.
A prominent mining engineer is quoted by Mr. Leupp as saying that he
never bought any but Westinghouse machinery, because it always did more
than was claimed for it-a 50-horsepower machine invariably being good for
7o-horsepower, and other things in like proportion. In order to fortify himself in this practice, Mr. Westinghouse was regardless of time or trouble in
bringing a piece of work to a desired degree of excellence. It took four years
of expensive experiment to produce the 4,ooo-horsepower locomotive for
*George Westinghouse-His Life and Achievements, by Francis E. Leupp.PITTSBURGH--CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
hauling trains through the Pennsylvania tunnel under the Hudson. Everybody who knew him felt that he would rather suffer any disaster than break
a promise. Misrepresentation on the part of sales managers or other subordinates was a thing he never pardoned. On the other hand, he was very
gentle in dealing with honest mistakes. "We do not discharge our men for
little things," he explained to a friend who had shown surprise at his moderation. "If we were hanged for everything we did wrong there would be few
of us left." Continuing, his biographer remarks that his "odd mixture of
concentration and diffusion, irregularity and method, used to baffle the comprehension of observers who knew him only superficially. They could not
reconcile his lack of a fixed routine of life with the precision of movement
that reigned in his shops. In the air brake works, where the raw material
is carried from stage to stage on a continuous railway, and the castings
are borne away in like manner to the assembling departments, automatism
in manufacture is brought to a point that astonishes visitors from the Old
World accustomed to seeing human labor still preeminent. In the Electric
and Manufacturing Works, the cashier's office is so systematized that I7,000
mechanics can be paid their wages in fifteen minutes, not with checks but
in money; and the clerical force of 3,o0  persons is paid by check with
similar expedition."
Mr. Westinghouse died at his summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts, on
March I2, I9I4. His death was preceded by an illness of months. A giant
in stature and in strength, not even the Herculean labors which had been his
passion since youth, should have prevented his reaching a ripe old age had
it not been that he felt poignantly the blow dealt him in I9I0 (to quote Mr.
Leupp) by men on whose lifelong support he had confidently counted. The
struggle for financial control of the great enterprises he had initiated and so
long controlled left its mark upon him, and in I9Ii the first symptoms of
his breakdown were noted. Large delegations from the leading scientific
and engineering societies of America attended his funeral. In June Mrs.
Westinghouse followed her husband as a result of a third stroke of paralysis.
The Westinghouse fortune passed to the sole heir, George Westinghouse, Jr.,
who had married in I909 Violet, the daughter of Sir Thomas Brocklebank
of Irton Hall, Cumberland, England, and had two children, George T. and
Aubrey H. Westinghouse.
The remains of the inventor and his wife rest in Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, D. C. The concluding paragraph of Mr. Leupp's biography is worth quoting:
Here we take leave of one who was probably the most remarkable
industrial leader and prophet this country has ever produced. Everything to which he addressed his energy brought forth some result for
50550  PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
the advancement of civilization. Even those experiments which ended
in apparent failure contributed in their way either as warning signals
to later comers or as incentives to fresh efforts which did succeed. It
was characteristic of the man that after the hand of death had been laid
upon him and he who had once been a mnodel of virile strength could
no longer move about at will, he was constantly busy with pad and pencil.
The very shortcomings of the wheel chair in which he was doomed to
pass so many weary days kept his mind active because he read in them
a further opportunity to be useful; and the special task he set himself
was to design a model invalid chair in which the patient could be wheeled
or rocked, raised or lowered, or shifted into any position which would
make him more comfortable-all by an electric mechanism under his
own control.
Henry C. Frick.-Henry Clay Frick, son of a farmer in Westmoreland
County, Pennsylvania, and in his youth employed as a clerk in a dry goods
store in Mount Pleasant, was born in the village of West Overton on
December 19, I849. His father was of Swiss ancestry, his mother of German. His mother was the daughter of Abraham Overholt, a large landowner and one of the most famous distillers in Pennsylvania, maker of the
well-known Youghiogheny brand. There was no indication in his young
manhood that he was to become the greatest coke producer in the United
States, and a partner and upbuilder of the famous Carnegie steel industries
in Pittsburgh. However, he was brought up in the very heart of the Pennsylvania bituminous coal field, and as he was an observant young man with
the faculty of acquisition innate he had not long worked as a bookkeeper in
his grandfather's distillery until he was convinced that there were rich opportunities in the coking coal deposits of the vicinity.
Coke making was literally an infant industry when Mr. Frick, in I870,
became one of a group of men in the neighborhood of Broad Ford who bought
a tract of coking coal on which they erected fifty ovens.
This was the foundation of the Frick fortune of $I50,000,000ooo. The
enterprise originated with young Frick and a cousin of his, Abraham Tinstman, who as early as I859 had bought 6oo acres of coal lands in partnership
with Joseph Rist and nine years later had joined Col. A. S. M. Morgan in
opening the Morgan mines for the purpose of manufacturing coke. It was
Frick who first approached Tinstman, proposing a partnership. Tinstman
agreed to the proposition on condition that Joseph Rist, his associate in the
venture of I859 (which had proved non-productive) were taken in. Frick
in his turn suggested that his distant cousin, John S. R. Overholt-who later
married Frick's sister-be included. The association was made up in this way,
Rist taking two-fifths of the partnership and the others one-fifth each.
5o6PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
507
The business at first prospered gratifyingly, orders coming in so freely
as to compel an enlargement of the plant. Just when things looked most
promising the panic of I873 fell upon the country. The young coke kings had
increased their plant to 200 ovens, but now the prostration of the steel industry brought about a woeful falling off in coke consumption. A number of
the Frick partners confessed themselves financially embarrassed and Frick,
then only 24 years old, appealed to some of his older friends for assistance.
Chief among these was the Honorable Thomas Mellon, formerly a judge of
the Common Pleas court in Pittsburgh but now at the head of the growing
banking firm of T. Mellon  Sons in Pittsburgh. Judge Mellon, who was
the father of Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury in the administrations of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, listened to the young coke manufacturer sympathetically, all the more so because his keen banking judgment
told him that the coke industry, then in a primitive stage, was bound to experience an enormous development. With the aid of his new-found factors, Mr.
Frick took advantage of the business depression to acquire several good coking
coal properties thrown upon the market by forced sale.
In Col. George Harvey's biography of Mr. Frick there are some interesting details in regard to the manner in which the future coke king impressed
Judge Mellon. Frick while the crisis was on relieved his necessities to a
measurable degree by getting options from the stockholders of a Io-mile
coal railroad from Broad Ford to Mount Pleasant and selling the railroad
to the Baltimore  Ohio Railroad as a coke feeder. On this sale to the
railroad he cleared $50,0ooo.
Not least among the helpful effects of this successful negotiation,
says Col. Harvey, was the strengthening of the favorable opinion already
held by Judge Mellon of the capabilities of his youthful customer. That
it helped to facilitate the making of his first mortgage loan from the
proceeds of which he was enabled not only to purchase freight cars costing $I5,00ooo for coke shipments over the railroad he had just sold, but
also to obtain a line of discount not exceeding $25,00o0 for Frick  Company, appears from a recital of his bond.
Although this was probably the only mortgage purchased by T. Mellon  Sons during I874 when the firm was striving energetically to sell
a portion of its own holdings, the circumstance is less noteworthy than
it would appear owing to the fact that real estate still commanded a
market at fair prices. The real estate slump came later.
Judge Mellon's account states that T. Mellon  Sons' sales books
showed this with great exactness. In the first year after the collapse
they sold more real estate and at higher prices than they did in the secPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
ond; more in the second than in the third, and so on until I877 when
real estate was unsalable at any price and business of all kinds was
equally depressed.
Nevertheless, as late as December 4, I876, as Col. Harvey chronicles,
Frick induced the bankers to accept a fresh mortgage as security for $76,000
advance, and an agreement to discount business paper not exceeding $24,000,
thus fixing the sum total of Mellon credits to Frick during the bad years
from I873 to I877 at $Ioo,ooo. These credits had as security 47I acres of
land, coal underlying I43 acres, and two town lots in Broad Ford. Frick
acquired a considerable quantity of prime coking coal lands during these
troubled years. Meanwhile, he was overtaken by a protracted sickness, and
it is thought that this experience, as well as the difficulty with which he
financed his undertakings during the long panic, made him desire a strong
partner.
In pursuance of this purpose, he offered and sold an interest in the
coke firm to E. M. Ferguson, a Pittsburgh capitalist of high standing, and on
March 9, I878, the firm was organized under the title of H. C. Frick 
Company.
He soon had an unstinted financial reward for his struggle. In I878 and
I879 the country began to come out of the depression. Nearly 5oo railroads
which had been sold under mortgage foreclosures during the depression were
now reorganized under plans which provided funds for liberal reconstruction.
The demand for iron and steel for the railroads pressed upon the mills
urgently. The mills could not get enough coke and there was a runaway
market. From the 90 cents a ton which had long prevailed, and at which
there was no profit in the manufacture, coke suddenly leaped in price to
$2 a ton, then to $3, then to $4, and finally to $5 a ton, at which Frick's
biographer says 60 per cent was net profit. Before the end of I879 Frick
was shipping nearly a hundred carloads of coke a day. On the evening of
December Ig9th, his thirtieth birthday, Frick reflected, as he comfortably
lighted his cigar, that he had made his first million.
The Carnegie Steel Company, which had been meanwhile achieving the
same dominance in the country's steel trade that Mr. Frick had acquired in
its coke trade, was the Frick Company's largest customer. Thomas M. Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie's brother and partner, was constantly brought into
a close contact with Frick from which there grew a cordial mutual regard.
Mr. Carnegie became strongly convinced that for its own protection the
Carnegie Company should acquire, if possible, a controlling interest in the
Frick coke properties. Negotiations were instituted as a result of which an
agreement for the absorption of the Frick coke properties by Mr. Carnegie
was reached. The agreement was announced at a luncheon given by Mr.
508PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
Carnegie at the Windsor Hotel in New York while Mr. Frick was on his
wedding journey. After the stock in the reorganized concern had been
allotted, Frick's partners, E. M. and Walton Ferguson, held 23,654 shares
and Mr. Frick 1I,846. It was a good deal for all concerned, as appears from
the fact that in the first I4 months of operation by the new company nearly
I,000ooo,ooo tons of coke were sold and net profits were increased largely. It
was in January, I889, that Mr. Frick acquired, with money loaned to him
by Mr. Carnegie personally, a two per cent interest in Carnegie Bros.  Co.
and became chairman of the firm. This interest was increased by the same
process at various times, finally amounting to II per cent. This equaled
the holdings of Henry Phipps, who was in size of interest second to Mr.
Carnegie himself, Mr. Carnegie holding 55%/ per cent.
The most striking incident of Mr. Frick's keen judgment in the years
immediately following his promotion to the chairmanship of the steel company, is held by his biographer, Col. Harvey, to have been his acquisition of
the Duquesne Steel Company, rated as the Carnegie firm's chief Pittsburgh rival.
The Duquesne Steel Company was incorporated in I886 by William G.
and D. E. Park, and E. L. Clark, competent and successful manufacturers,
and its plant, three years in building, was the best equipped in the country,
with new and improved machinery adapted to superior methods which could
not fail to produce first-quality rails at a far lower cost than could be
attained by Carnegie machinery.
Mr. Frick was awake to the menace and made a tentative offer of $6oo,ooo
for the works in I889 before they had been put into full operation, but the
price was not satisfactory and he bided his time.'At the end of a year Mr.
Park, harassed by strikes and handicapped by refusal of his partners to
furnish additional capital to meet the cost of expensive construction, evinced
a desire to sell and Mr. Frick promptly raised his offer to $I,ooo,ooo in bonds
of Carnegie Brothers  Co., which had then become, as a consequence of the
first year's showing under his management, gilt-edged. He probably could
have obtained the property for less money, as the company was confessedly
in difficulty, but, having thoughtfully procured a market for the next year's
product in the event of being able to supply it, he perceived no possibility of
loss or occasion for haggling, and his offer was accepted.
On October 30, I890, his thoroughly trained organization took over the
splendid plant, with young Thomas Morrison, a relative of Mr. Carnegie,
already cocked and primed to take full charge and with arrangemenrts made
in advance for connecting up by rail with the Carnegie plants in record time.
Results were amazing. The net profits for the first year exceeded the purchase price of $I,ooo,ooo; when the bonds fell due, the plant had paid for
itself six times over; and surplus earnings were "ploughed back" into the
5o9PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
property to so vast an extent that io years later the plant had attained the
enormous capacity per year of 750,000 tons of pig-iron and 6oo0,00ooo tons of
raw steel, with adequate facilities within its own area for turning the entire
huge quantity of raw material into finished products.
But further consolidation was required to perfect the organization. The
firm of Carnegie, Phipps  Co., which had been formed in I886 to take over
the plant at Homestead, was still a separate concern. Its ownership was
identical with that of Carnegie Brothers  Co., and Mr. Frick was elected
a manager in I889 but took no part in administration. There was no
antagonism between the two companies but the fact was evident that actual
consolidation was highly desirable for economy's sake. The real obstacle
was financial. Working capital had been obtained by discounting notes given
by one company to another, as buyer and seller respectively, thus providing
the "two-name paper" required by banks and incidentally funds for whichever concern stood in need. In these circumstances, it seemed hazardous to
extinguish Carnegie, Phipps  Co., but happily the H. C. Frick Coke Company's credit was responding so strongly to steadily increasing earnings that
Mr. Frick felt justified in writing to Mr. Carnegie:
(OWN HAND)
February ioth, I89o.
MY DEAR MR. CARNEGIE:
Referring to the condition of our finances, and looking towards
consolidating C. B.  C. P.  Co., I find there is outstanding $I,I85,ooo.oo of paper made by Carnegie Phipps  Co., to the order of
Carnegie Bros.  Co., $86o,ooo.oo of paper made by Carnegie Bros. 
Co., to the order of Frick Coke Co., the proceeds of which was paid
to Carnegie Bros.  Co., $59o,ooo.oo of paper made by Carnegie Bros.
 Co., to the order of Frick Coke Co., for the accommodation of the
Frick Coke Co.
So you see a few months of such earnings as we are now having
will enable us to get along without the necessity of taking paper from
C. P.  Co. If anything of the kind is needed, the Frick Coke Co.
can be used. Had a talk with Abbott who favors making one company.
Yours very truly,
H. C. FRICK.
Upon these confident expectations which were abundantly realized during
the period allotted by Mr. Frick, the merger was agreed to by all of the 22
partners, to go into effect on July I, I892, through the sale of the physical
properties to a new company called The Carnegie Steel Company, Limited,
capitalized at $25,000,000. It was duly stipulated in the Articles of Associa510PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES   5II
tion that the entire amount should be "paid in cash" by the subscribers, i.e., the
partners in proportion to their holdings, and so indeed it was-from the
treasuries of the absorbed companies and the proceeds of the sale of the properties at valuations made to match, No new money was contributed. The
transaction, in effect, was a mere increase in capital from the original $5,ooo,ooo to $25,000ooo,ooo000 through what amounted to a 400 per cent share dividend.
And it was a modest capitalization at that, for the simple reason that
the second year of Frick management, I89o, showed net profits of $5,350,000,
an increase of $I,8io,ooo00 and more than 20 per cent upon the entire
$25,ooo,oo000.
The "subscribers," as of July I, I892, were:
CAPITAL
Name
Andrew Carnegie......
Henry Phipps, Jr........
Henry Clay Frick.......
George Lauder..........
William H. Singer......
Henry M. Curry........
Henry W. Borntraeger...
John G. A. Leishman....
William L. Abbott......
Otis H. Childs..........
John W. Vandervort....
Charles L. Strobel......
Francis T. F. Lovejoy...
Patrick R. Dillon........
William  W. Blackburn...
William P. Palmer......
Lawrence C. Phipps.....
Alexander R. Peacock...
J. Ogden Hoffman......
John C. Fleming........
James H. Simpson......
Henry B. Bope.........
F. T. F. Lovejoy, Trustee.
Original
$2,766,666.67
550,000.00
550,00.00
200,000.00
I00,000.00
I00,000.00
100,000.00
I100,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
33,333.33
33,333.33
25,000.00
I6,666.67
I6,666.67
I6,666.67
I6,666.67
I6,666.67
i6,666.67
12,500.00
5,555.55
I83,6II.Io0
Total............... $5,ooo,00ooo.0oo
Increase
$I i,o66,666.66
2,200,000.00
2,200,000.00
800,oo000.00
400,000.00
400,000.00
400,000.00
400,000.00
200,000.00
200,000.00
I60,000.o00
I33,333.34
I33,333.34
I00,000.00
66,666.66
66,666.66
66,666.66
66,666.66
66,666.66
66,666.66
50,000.00
22,222.23
734,444.47
$20,00ooo,000.00
Total
$I3,833,333.33
2,750,000.00
2,750,000.00
I,000,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
250,000.00
250,000.00
200,000.00
I66,666.67
i66,666.67
125,000.00
83,333.33
83,333.33
83,333.33
83,333.33
83,333.33
83,333.33
62,500.00
27,777.78
918,055.57
$25,ooo000,0oo00.o
The above figures are taken from the Harvey biography of Mr. Frick
(authorized by the Frick family). In comment upon the figures it is pointed
out by the above authority that Mr. Carnegie, Mr. Phipps and Mr. Frick were
the cash subscribers, the remaining partners owing the company for the holdings allotted to them and eventually paying for them over a period of years,
itb most cases out of their share of the earnings.PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
In I89I, with the fateful negotiations over a wage scale at the Homestead
plant in view, and with some of the partners fearful of the intentions of the
4,000 workmen there, it was decided to give Mr. Frick as Chairman of the
new Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, full authority to act. Mr. Carnegie
although the controlling partner, and Henry Phipps, the second in interest,
withdrew from the scene and on July I the executive reorganization went
into effect with the following officers:
Chairman, Henry C. Frick; Treasurer, Henry M. Curry; Secretary,
Francis T. F. Lovejoy; Managers, Henry C. Frick, George Lauder, William
H. Singer, Henry M. Curry, John G. A. Leishman, Francis T. F. Lovejoy,
and Lawrence C. Phipps.
The story of the Homestead strike of I892 has been told in a preceding
part of this chapter. Before the strike was settled, Alexander Berkman,
a madman with anarchist obsessions, shot Mr. Frick in the office of the
company on Fifth Avenue. Rioting broke out at the plant with fatal bloodshed, and on July I2, I892, the entire Pennsylvania National Guard of 8,ooo
troops, headed by Major General Snowden and Sheriff McCleary of Allegheny County, marched into the mill town and restored possession of the
mill property to the company officials. The attempt on Mr. Frick's life,
which created intense excitement not only in Pittsburgh but throughout the
country, occurred on July 23rd. On Wednesday, August 3rd, while he
was still confined to his home, an infant son and namesake, born to him
less than a month previously, died. The following morning, only I 3 days
after the attempted assassination, Mr. Frick arose, ordered breakfast,
stepped on an open car in front of his residence in Penn Avenue in the
Point Breeze district, Pittsburgh, went downtown and entering his office on
the stroke of eight, called for the morning's mail.
"Those who hate him most," wrote the correspondent of the New York
World (characterized by Colonel Harvey as Mr. Frick's severest critic), "admired the nerve and stamina of this man of steel, whom nothing seems able
to move. He looked a little thinner and paler than before he was shot, but
the change was not as marked as had been expected. There is a mark on
his left ear where a bullet passed through it, and behind the ear is a hole
stuffed with cotton in which the bullet buried itself. He was particularly
interested in the hole in the ceiling, made by the bullet when Mr. Leishman,
Vice-Chairman of the company, knocked up Berkman's arm, thereby saving
not only Mr. Frick's life but his own. But the ironmaster was not worried
when he was attacked, nor yet while lying in his home during those terribly
hot days when his recovery was anything but certain, and to-day when he
returned to work less than two weeks after his injury he seemed just the
same as ever. There was no body guard, for Mr. Frick does not like body
5I2PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
guards. When he saw the detective who had been watching the company's
office ever since the shooting, he frowned and the detective was sent downstairs where he remained as long as the Chairman was in the building."
The severance of Mr. Frick's relations with the Carnegie interests was
the result of a real estate deal. Mr. Frick announced in I899 (this is Colonel
Harvey's version of the matter) that he had recently acquired certain properties above Peters Creek which he contemplated putting on the market. Before
doing so, however, in view of Mr. Schwab's opinion that the Carnegie Company would need the property before long, he thought that he should offer the
purchase to the board. The board with Mr. Carnegie's sanction voted unanimously to buy the land, but subsequently Mr. Frick felt constrained to
impose an unacceptable condition on the transaction, and shortly afterward
sold the property to outsiders for $500,000 more than he would have received
from the Carnegie Company. Mr. Carnegie felt that the Company was
aggrieved and reminded Mr. Frick that the latter had repeatedly said he had
no desire to retain the Chairmanship of the Company a moment after a
majority of the shareholders desired him to withdraw. Mr. Frick nodded
his acquiescence, and when on December 3rd, a majority of the shareholders
signed a paper requesting Mr. Frick's resignation, it was promptly forthcoming and was accepted at a meeting of the board on December 5th. With
this incident began a permanent misunderstanding between Mr. Carnegie and
Mr. Frick which seriously affected the relations between the Carnegie Steel
Company and the Frick Coke Company and embarrassed a number of the
leading stockholders.
Mr. Frick interpreted the contract between the two companies one way
and Mr. Carnegie another. Although Mr. Schwab and Mr. Phipps endeavored,
as far as possible, to heal the breach it is said that from I9IO- until I919,
the year in which both passed away, neither of the men ever again spoke
to the other.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the H. C. Frick Coke Company on Monday, December 4, I899, Mr. Carnegie showed his power by
increasing the number of directors from five to seven. Messrs. Frick, Lynch
and Lauder were reelected, Messrs. Bosworth and John Walker were dropped,
and Messrs. Gayley, Moreland, Clemson and Morrison, to whose names
qualifying shares had been transferred by the steel company, were chosen,
giving the Carnegie Company a controlling majority of three. Mr. Lynch
was continued as President, and the office of chairman, previously held by
Mr. Frick, was abolished by unanimous consent.
In due season the buying out of Mr. Frick's interest in the steel company
became a moot question. As Col. Samuel Harden Church, President of Car513CHAPTER X
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PITTSBURGH'S INDUSTRIES
The City's Industrial Greatness Foreshadowed in 1804 When One Thousand
People Supported Thirty-seven Industries-The Problem of Diversification-Cotton and Woolen Mills, Boot and Shoe Factories, Tanneries,
Vie With Glass Factories, Nail Mills, Tin and Iron Mills in City's
First Half Century-A Brief Account of Some of the Lost Industries-Enormous Development of Coal and Steel Industries Results
in Tonnage Production  Unparalleled in History  of the WorldLatest Statistics of River and Railroad Shipments-Official Classifications of Pittsburgh Industry in Latest Reports With Figures on Capital Invested and Value of Output-List of Industrial and Commercial
Enterprises in 193I Which Have Been in Existence Not Less Than
Fifty Years and Some of Them for Nearly One Hundred and Fifty.
The development of the industries of Pittsburgh, the city widely known
as "The Workshop of the World," from the comparatively insignificant
proportions shown by the first census to their present magnitude is one of
the most interesting chapters in the story of the machine age. There were
hardly I49 people in Pittsburgh in I760. In I804 the population had increased to I,ooo in round numbers, and it is rather surprising to find this
little population supporting 37 industries. Among these there were enumerated I Comb, 7 Cabinet, 5 Strawbonnet, 4 Plane, and 5 Watch and Clock
Makers; 8 Boat, Barge and Ship builders; 13 Weavers, 2 Potteries, 7 Tan
and 6 Brick Yards; I Spinning Wheel Maker; 2I Shoe and Boot Makers; 4
Hand Wrought Nail Factories; 6 Saddlers; I Bell Maker; 5 Coopers, I
Factory for Clay Smoking Pipes; I Cutlery and Tool Maker; I Rope Walk.
Before another decade had passed, the industries of the little community
had been increased by a Linen Factory employing twenty hands; a Flour
Mill consuming 6o,ooo bushels of wheat; 3 Carding and Spinning Mills, with
an output valued at nearly $I5,000.00; six additional factories for hand-made
nails, with an output valued at $50,000.00; a Button Factory, and Io Hatteries.
It is from this lowly beginning that Pittsburgh manufacturing industry
has attained an annual production valued at almost $I,6oo,000ooo.oo00. In the
year I927, the latest for which complete official statistics are available, the
number of manufacturing establishments reporting was 2,523. These 2,523
443PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
negie Institute and a close friend of both men, says in an article in the Carnegie Magazine of June, I928:
There had been an old agreement that when a misunderstanding
occurred the partnership might be broken by giving the retiring member
the book value of his interest. There was a difference of many millions
between the book value and what Mr. Frick thought was the real value,
based on earning capacity, and he brought suit for what he believed to
be his rightful share. Henry Phipps, who next to Mr. Carnegie owned
the largest holdings, openly sided with Mr. Frick, while Mr. Schwab
and some of the other partners were secretly appalled at the situation,
and the firm's attorneys, Knox and Reed, refused to take any part in
the litigation, but Mr. Carnegie declared that he would carry the lawsuit
through all the courts, regardless of time and tide. Colonel Harvey says
that after all the publicity caused by the filing of the suit by Mr. Frick,
Mr. Carnegie suddenly withdrew his opposition and made a voluntary
settlement which was acceptable to Mr. Frick. Colonel Harvey does not
know what it was that prompted Mr. Carnegie to end the controversy,
nor does any document yet published disclose the mystery, but the following letter, now- printed for the first time, and written just when the
newspapers were publishing sensational reports of the filing of the suit,
exercised a controlling and definite influence upon his final decision:
"Pittsburgh, Pa., March I, I9oo
MY DEAR MR. CARNEGIE:
"The sorrow which has fallen upon you has filled my heart with
profound pity.  Nowhere do I hear any comment except of deepest
regret. People do not take sides, some do not read what is printed,
and all look upon it as a very great misfortune for all concerned, including this community. The affair is as delicate almost as an estrangement
between a man and wife, yet even so sacred an infelicity as that of the
fireside has been relieved by the true touch of sympathy.
"It is a melancholy reflection to those who love you-you, whose
heart is filled with benevolence and sunshine, who have worked so hard
and ought now to be at play among those things which your love of
beauty and of life has gathered around you-that you should be called
back to hard labor, to detail, to drudgery, and, worst of all, to face the
friends and partners of a lifetime in the angry controversies of a lawsuit.
"I remember last winter, when we all went to Homestead to dedicate
the Library, that you spoke of your aspirations and those of your two
friends (Mr. Frick and Mr. Phipps) to do a little good in the world,
And then you expressed the hope that the three might long be spared to
514PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
515
continue in well-doing. And now-it is like sweet bells jangled, out of
tune and harsh.
"And it is such a hopeless thing. A lawsuit, like a snake, drags its
slow, winding length along. It was one of the things Hamlet cited as
a ground for suicide. The decision of today is appealed tomorrow and
overruled the next day. Passion usurps the place of reason, friendships
are shattered, the public mind is excited, labor is inflamed, the lawyers
fight for reputation and profit while the substance of the contention is
destroyed, politics is alarmed, and legislation is altered, while all the
time there is neither triumph nor vindication for either litigant.
"It comes to me as an overpowering thought that you are indeed
the only man who can master the whole situation-certainly none of
the rest can do so. You are Czar-yet not quite Czar because your
will is disputed. A compromise would settle nothing. To pay people
off would leave the same offenses in existence. Compromise would be
surgery, with constant bleeding and pain. What is needed is healing.
You alone have the power to heal. You can put all things, all rights,
and all persons back in the old places. You can restore the severed
firm, just as one would restore a severed family, with amnesty, with
forgiveness one to another and each unto all.
"That great industrial creation, one of the marvels of the age, requires
the brains and the energies of the men whose hearts are not full of bitterness and humiliation. They are grieving their souls out, for there can
be no pleasure in a deadly fight between old friends. Then there would
be no spectacular trial, no further disclosures, no - cruel charges, no
rupture in the firm. The awful storm that'has gathered in the evening
of your life would be dispelled by the sweet calm of restored confidence
and respect. You could enter your home without an oppressing weight
on your heart, and sleep in the security of one whose house is not
threatened by any foe. The loved ones then would be freed from
anxiety. You could travel the broad world again, confiding in the skill
of younger men-to conduct your vast works to the best possible advantage.
"And this would not be an ignoble surrender, but the restoration
of an impregnable organization, made by a man great enough to forgive
and to trust; and the world would acclaim it as the crowning magnanimity of a soul that had earnestly struggled to do good.
"Lawyers can never do this, but man to man you can do it, and you
only in all humanity.
"Upbraid me for my forwardness but know me none the less.
"Your faithful friend,
"S. H. CHURCH."Mr. Carnegie replied very promptly and in a characteristic vein,
as follows:
"MY FRIEND:
"You mean well but I smile to see how you misunderstand the
situation.
"It's so funny to one who knows-see our answer next week.
"Your friend,
"A. C.'
"You make me laugh-rest easy, your friend's career and life are
beyond the froth. He's not troubled-never was so well and hearty
in ten years-and the C. S. Co. 32 partners never so happy, a
united band of friends rejoicing that the one element of discord is gone
forever-my kind of Brother friend, H. P. (Henry Phipps) he will
see better soon-he's misled. I love him just as much as ever. How
sorry he will be some day that he didn't play a Brother's part."
In spite of the evasive nature of his letter, which reflected a lingering
contention, Mr. Carnegie came to Pittsburgh within the following week,
called his lawyers together, and, instead of filing his answer, immediately
reversed his plans for fighting Mr. Frick. He told me that the letter
I had sent him came just at the moment when his mind needed to be
diverted from accusations and recriminations, and he at once negotiated
a settlement which became effective on March 2I, I900, under which
Mr. Frick, whose interest, according to the book value, was $4,900,000
and who had claimed $I5,000,000, was, by Mr. Carnegie's magnanimous
initiative, given $31,284,oo000, and the suit was then withdrawn.
The $31,284,000 mentioned by Colonel Church was paid in stock of the Carnegie Company, created in April, I9o00, to take over the Carnegie Steel Company and the Frick Coke Company, both of which it operated until March
3I, I90I, when it was absorbed by the United States Steel Corporation.
When the United States Steel Corporation took over the Carnegie Company and its great steel and coke properties in I90I, Mr. Frick received in
exchange for his interest in the Carnegie Company more than $60,ooo,ooo par
value in United States Steel Corporation securities, namely: Bonds, $I15,8oo00,ooo; seven per cent preferred stock, $23,767,940; common stock, $21,832,440.
He was elected a member of the United States Steel Corporation's first board
of directors.
Mr. Frick thus emerged from the position of a great industrial executive
to the position of a capitalist at the age of 52 with resources making him one
of the financial figures of the country. He retained until the time of his death
his mansion in Pittsburgh-still occupied on occasions by his family-but in
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
5i6PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES   5I7
I905 he leased an additional residence in New York City and in I907 acquired
a magnificent country estate at Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts.  Subsequently he built at Fifth Avenue and Seventieth Street, New York, one of the
most splendid residential palaces in the metropolis. He speedily attained
a position of financial power and was sought for membership on the boards
of many great railroads and financial institutions. He had been elected to the
boards of some of the greatest New York trust companies, but because of
the connection of some of them with the life insurance scandals he withdrew
and decided to restrict his directorships to four great railroads in which he
had a large interest, and to the two big Pittsburgh banks in which he was
an important shareholder, the Union Trust Company and the Mellon National
Bank. The railroads of which he continued to be a director were the Pennsylvania, Reading, Atchison and North Western. He was actively interested
in the management of the United States Steel Corporation, and is said to have
attended more than a thousand of its board meetings between I905 and I9I9.
His collection of paintings, admired by critics as one of the finest private
collections in the world, representing a cost said to be not less than $30,ooo,ooo, was bequeathed by his will to the people of New York.
After allotting about one-sixth of his estate to the members of his family,
the will made the following public bequests:
To THIE FRICK COLLECTION (Incorporated):-Real estate bounded by
Fifth Avenue, Seventieth Street, Madison Avenue and Seventy-first Street,
dwelling house thereon with contents thereof, comprising paintings and
other works of art, furnishings and organ, subject to occupancy by Mrs.
Frick during her lifetime, "for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a gallery of art in and at the said house and premises above described,
and encouraging and developing the study of the fine arts, and of
advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects; such gallery of
art to be for the use and benefit of all persons whomsoever, to the end
that the same shall be a public gallery of art to which the entire public
shall forever have access, subject only to reasonable regulations to be
from time to time established by the said corporation."
To THE TRUSTEES OF THE FRICK COLLECTION (Mrs. Frick, Miss
Frick, Mr. Childs Frick and Messrs. George F. Baker, Jr., J. Horace
Harding, Walker D. Hines, Lewis Cass Ledyard, John D. Rockefeller,
Jr., and Horace Havemeyer and their successors)-$I5,ooo,ooo in trust
to collect the income therefrom and use the same for maintenance of,
and additions to, the said Collection.  
"SEcTION 6. I am conscious that, in asking their acceptance of these
trusts for carrying out my wishes for the formation and organization of
THE FRICK COLLECTION, I am imposing upon these gentlemen a dutyPITTSBURGH OF TODAY
which may prove very burdensome, and my only justification for asking
this advice at their hands is found in my belief that they will undertake
it because it is a public service.
"SECTION 7. It is my desire and purpose through the provisions of
this Article of my will to found an institution which shall be permanent
in character and which shall encourage and develop the study of the
fine arts and which shall promote the general knowledge of kindred
subjects among the public at large.
"The devise and gifts made by this Article to the said corporation
herein directed to be formed and to be known as THE FRICK COLLECTION
are subject only to the condition that the said gallery of art shall
at all times subsequent to the termination of the estate in my said
dwelling house devised to my wife in and by the first section of this
Article of my will, be maintained under the name which I have directed
to be given to said corporation, and in and upon the premises mentioned
in this Article, and it is my will that such of mny paintings and other
works of art as are herein bequeathed to it shall at all times be there
preserved and maintained."
To THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH-One hundred and fifty-one acres of
land (described) as a public park, free to the people, and in trust the
income of $2,ooo000,0ooo for its maintenance.
The public institutions which shared in the residuary estate were the
following:
Educational Fund Commission, Children's Hospital, Allegheny
General Hospital, Home for the Friendless, Kingsley House Association,
Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, Pittsburgh Newsboys'
Home, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Central Young Women's Christian Association, Uniontown Hospital, Cottage State Hospital, Westmoreland Hospital, Mount Pleasant Memorial Hospital, Braddock
General Hospital, Homestead Hospital, Trustees of Princeton University,
President and Fellows of Harvard College, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and the Society of the Lying-In-Hospital of the City of
New York.
Although circumstances required Mr. Frick to reside elsewhere much of
the time, he retained his citizenship in Pittsburgh and never lost interest in
the community which had contributed much to, and had profited no less from,
his success. Not even his liberal donations to educative and humanitarian
services will live longer in the grateful recollection of his former neighbors
than a relatively trifling but very fine act done by him in I9I5, when the
Pittsburgh Bank for Savings closed its doors and he promptly telegraphed
518PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
to his bank to advance hundreds of thousands of dollars to pay depositors
in full, "so that the children shall not be deprived of their Christmas funds."
"He was always on the look-out for a chance to help anyone in distress
without being detected," writes his private secretary as of that time, who still
recalls a few of innumerable instances in these words:
To go back to the days of horse cars: One day, in coming to the
city, he found himself without the necessary carfare and accepted the
loan of a nickel proffered by a workingman who was sitting beside him,
asking him to stop in the office, and when he came, he received a fivedollar bill, not by way of charity, but as an expression of appreciation.
Perhaps in referring to this side of Mr. Frick's nature, I should have
first mentioned the long list of persons to whom he sent monthly checks
in such a way as not to make them feel they were under any obligations
to him for the money.
Another thing that impressed me was his sympathy for the sick and
afflicted.
In coming from the club one day, he saw the Mercy Hospital ambulance pulling off the tracks, with iron tires on the wheels. When he
reached the office, he immediately asked his bookkeeper to telephone the
hospital to have rubber tires substituted, and send the bill to him, which
was done.
Another time, in walking along the street, he found a poor family
being forced from their home, and their belongings piled on the sidewalk.
Upon making inquiry into the cause of the trouble, he learned that their
rent had not been paid.  A check for the amount was promptly sent to
the landlord, and the furniture was replaced in the house, which continued to be a home.
A blind man, living in McKeesport, wrote Mr. Frick about a broom
machine (giving him the name of the manufacturer) the possession of
which would enable him to make a comfortable living. Mr. Frick, finding the man was what he represented himself to be, took the greatest
pains to look into the merits of the machine and receiving a satisfactory
report, he had one sent to this man and later had a most satisfactory
letter from him, telling how he was providing for his family-not charity,
but a chance.
At a time before the Salvation Army came into its own, and when it
was not receiving much sympathy and financial support, one of its workers came into the office for a contribution which was not only cheerfully
given, but the amount of the check was so large as to almost stagger the
recipient. Mr. Frick always appreciated the work done by the Salvation Army.
5I9Two elderly women, who would have spurned the idea of charity,
but who were obliged to make a living, appealed to him to take some of
their fancy work, which was the only thing they were able to do. This
he did, paying a good price for something for which he had no use,
as it was not suitable for his own home, and at times was put to it to
know what to do with it as he soon found he had become a regular
customer, but he never failed to make a purchase.
I regret not being able to recall more of the kind and generous acts
of Mr. Frick, for they were many, but what always impressed me most
was the spirit in which everything was given.
Proud of his thriving city, Mr. Frick could always be counted upon to aid
any movement to make it appear as prosperous as it really was. The William
Penn Hotel was built largely with his money, but his most impressive contribution to the building progress of Pittsburgh was the great "Frick Building" and the "Union Arcade," two of the most striking and artistic structures
of their kind in the world. The site which he deemed most suitable for the
building bearing his name was occupied by St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal
Church, but by paying a handsome sum for the land and moving the edifice,
stone by stone, and reerecting it in an uptown location, he accomplished his
purpose, as someone remarked at the time, "to the glory of God and the satisfaction of all concerned."
H. J. Heinz.- During the gala week in October, I929, when Pittsburgh
not only joined the rest of the country in celebrating the Light's Golden Jubilee (fiftieth anniversary of the invention of the incandescent light) but had
a jubilee of its own, celebrating the completion of the Ohio River canalization,
four men were by common consent acclaimed in the public prints as outstanding symbols of Pittsburgh achievement in the half century.
These four men were Andrew Carnegie, George Westinghouse, Henry C.
Frick and H. J. Heinz, all of them great industrialists.
Mr. Heinz had as little advantage as any of the others in as far as start
was concerned, and yet succeeded in building up a vast food industry which
at the time of his death was actually known in every part of the civilized world
and which made him the possessor of a large fortune, much of which he
devoted to the work of social betterment. The trade mark of the great Heinz
plants, the famous "57," greets the eye of the traveler in Asia as well as
in Europe and there is no need of explaining it to any intelligent person
anywhere. That ubiquitous "57," however, stands for more than business
success, for it equally symbolizes industry conducted from beginning to end
with a loyal devotion to humanity.
Mr. Heinz, whose sons have splendidly carried on the tradition that he
handed down to them, did not value the title of multi-millionaire but felt
PITTSBURGH OF TODAY
520PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES   521
a pardonable pride when his fellow citizens hailed him as a philanthropist.
Born in Birmingham, now the South Side of Pittsburgh, on October II, I844,
of exceptionally fine German stock which had for many generations cultivated
vineyards in the province of Rheinpfalz, Henry John Heinz graduated from
the Lutheran Church School in Etna, a Pittsburgh suburb, and later took a
course at Duff's Business College. His father owned a brickyard, and young
Henry helped there but was from the first interested a great deal more
in the family's kitchen garden. By the time the boy had reached I6, he was
managing the garden (now increased to three and one-half acres) and gave
employment to three or four people, having developed a market for three
deliveries a week to Pittsburgh grocers. At the age of 2I he purchased
half of his father's brick business, and three years later formed a partnership
with L. C. Noble for the manufacture of brick at Beaver Falls. The year
I869 was a big year for this young man of 25. In the first place, he got
married; and in the second place, he formed the firm of Heinz  Noble to
grow horseradish. This was the beginning of the H. H. Heinz Company
whose business now girdles the globe.
In I87I the firm added two products, celery salt and pickles, to the first
product, horseradish, and now counted three on the road to the famous 57.
In I874 the firm had 25 acres in horseradish and Ioo acres of fertile land
on the banks of the Allegheny River, a- few miles from Pittsburgh, in other
vegetables. In I876 an unexpectedly large pickle crop brought financial
reverses. The firm, which now had warehouses in Chicago and St. Louis
as well as on Second Avenue, Pittsburgh, was reorganized, and was known
as F. and J. Heinz, with John, a brother, and Frederick Heinz, a cousin,
as partners. The wife and mother of H. J. Heinz both became members of
this firm. In I888, after phenomenal growth, the firm name became the
H. J. Heinz Company. In I905 the partnership form of organization was
changed to the corporate form under the same name.
On the death of Mr. Heinz, on May 4, I919, he was succeeded by his son
Howard as president of the corporation. At the time of Henry J. Heinz's
death, the company was employing 6,523 people, and using the crops of
Ioo00,000ooo acres. It maintained 952 traveling salesmen, and 55 sales branches
and warehouses, with agencies in all parts of the world. Great as the growth
of the enterprise to those proportions had been, the growth that has occurred
since I9I9 has been quite as remarkable. There was no change in the fundamental principles of the business when the founder passed away. The Ioo,ooo
acres used by the company in preparing its products in I9I9 have grown to
200,000ooo acres. There are 25 branch factories in I930 in the United States,
England, Spain and Canada. There are 253 salting houses and receiving
stations. There are 86 sales branches and warehouses in the United States,
England and Canada, and more than 200 agencies in other countries. MorePITTSBURGH OF TODAY
than i,400 traveling salesmen are constantly on the road, and the persons
directly employed number more than ii,ooo, while in addition about 200,000
are required to harvest the crops that move annually to Heinz kitchens and
factories. A sketch of Mr. Howard Heinz will be found elsewhere in this
history. The purpose of these present paragraphs is to record the lasting
impression made by Henry J. Heinz upon the community life and industrial
welfare of the great City of Pittsburgh, and to bear witness to the stimulating and traditional good will which exists between the H. J. Heinz Company
and its employees. TI'he character of Henry J. Heinz is faithfully reflected in
these model industrial relations.
In this huge organization there are no caste distinctions. All meet on a
friendly footing as members of the "Heinz family." All the important
executive positions are held by men who arrived where they are by a long
series of promotions. Every member of the board of directors grew up with
the company, Sebastian Mueller, Clifford S. Heinz (son of Henry J.
Heinz), W. H. Robinson,* and N. G. Woodside are Vice-Presidents. E. D.
McCafferty is Secretary, and H. C. Anderson, Treasurer. They, with
Howard Heinz, President, and with J. N. Jeffares, W. A. Kober, C. E. Hallen
and W. J. Shortreed constitute the board of directors.
Mr. Howard Heinz, who after his graduation from Yale University was
trained by his father for the leadership of the enterprise, is as zealous as his
father was in studying the welfare of the army of employees. A number
of employees have been made stockholders. Pensions are granted. All are
given life insurance, and they have their Mutual Benefit Association.
Henry J. Heinz was one of the world's first industrial leaders to establish and maintain restaurants, an auditorium, first aid hospital, dental clinic,
medical assistance for employees and educational classes. He led where
others followed in considering the welfare of those associated with him in
his business life.
He realized the necessity for protecting the health of the public by
guarding against impure foods and was a leader in the movement to enact
the present pure food law. He placed the standards in his own establishment
above those created by the law.
Mr. Heinz was a world traveler. In extending his business to every part
of the globe, he became interested in all nations. He chose the Sunday
School, among other agencies, as a medium through which he might help
them to a better life. He was a Sunday School scholar from the age of
I2. For 25 years he served as a superintendent, treasurer and teacher. He
became president of the Allegheny County Sabbath School Association, member of the executive committee and vice-president of the International Sunday
School Association, and chairman of the executive committee of the World's
*Mr. Robinson retired May I, 193I.
522PITTSBURGH-CREATOR OF VAST FORTUNES
Sunday School Association. He carried Sunday School work in its truest
meaning into the Orient, and only recently a delegation of Japanese traveled
to his mausoleum in Homewood Cemetery to leave a wreath there.
He accumulated valuable and interesting collections of art works, curios
and antiques, some of which are in the Carnegie Museum.
He supported charitable and educational institutions in a liberal way
and served on their boards of directors.
The Board of Trustees of the University of Pittsburgh, in the resolution
of sorrow. for his death, said:
He cared for art, for beauty, for education, for good citizenship, for
civic betterment, for the well-being of people; he cared for the great
business of which he was the creator; he cared supremely for his family,
for his country and for other countries also, but the real passion of his
life was religion.
One of the most interesting of the buildings at the great main plant
of the Heinz Company in Pittsburgh, which covers several city blocks, is the
Heinz auditorium, dedicated to employees, which has a large stage, a pipe
organ, and in which the employees frequently assemble for high-class educational, theatrical and musical entertainment.
Another mecca for sightseers is the Sarah Heinz House, built by Henry J.
Heinz as a memorial to his wife, and now operated and maintained by Mr.
Howard Heinz and his brother, Clifford, together with the Covode House,
a smaller institution. More than a thousand boys and girls are in training
in these two houses.
After references to Henry J. Heinz's willing service to a score of
charitable and religious organizations in Pittsburgh, and to his labors for the
Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society, his biographer, E. D. McCafferty
(for years his private secretary), says:
He had small fondness for political quarrels, but he -never shirked
a fight when one was called for. One of these political battles was for
the annexation of Allegheny to Pittsburgh, in the Greater Pittsburgh
campaign of I905. The political machine that ruled Allegheny was redhot against it, and it had power which Mr. Heinz did not underestimate.
He knew very well that the location of the Heinz plant in Allegheny
rendered him open to reprisals in all forms, from oppressive taxation
to other punitive measures. Despite this, he took the chairmanship of
a meeting of those Allegheny citizens who favored the Greater Pittsburgh
legislation, and amid menacing objections from adherents of Allegheny
office-holders, he succeeded in holding the meeting together till it had
adopted a resolution calling on the Legislature to pass the bill. So well
was this demand fortified by the names of prominent business men that
523