vi INDEX. Manufactures, of Pittsburgh,.. 39 Oil Territory, ".... 189 Metal Dealers... 217 Reinerie, "... 193 Metal Market.. 5 " Illuminating,".... 194 Machinery Dealers,... 2.15 " lard,........ 194 Machine Shops, Table of,... ( " L,inseed,........ 194 " (Co., Westinghouse,.. ris " Producers,....... 1 "Wlood Working,... 12 l'ittsburgh Advantages,.... 18 Meat Chopers....... 79 Mineralogical Position, 19 NManufacturers of Steel, Their Opin- (;eographical " 18 ion of C(apacity,\.......2 " Ianufcit(r'tg Advantage, 20 Miscellaneous Alanllfactories,. 157 I Power Reception,.. 21 Mathematical Instruments,... 15 Distributive Facilities,. 21 Mattresses and eddin...14 rogress, Population..... 31 "Wire Woven,.... 165 Population of Pittsburgh, 1784.. 34 Malt Houses..........17... 4 1788,.. 34 Mercantile Interests,.... 17,.. 34 Millinery Goods,...... 204 " " 174,. 3 Men's Furnishing ( ootds,. 214 opulatio Inrease of,.. 37 Noted (.it,....... 1 Population, Increase, 1880 to 1885, 37 Natural (as........ i Population in 1890...... 38 "First se Pittsbgh, 7-13 I'opulation, Ratios of Increase,. 37 "How Formed,. ittsburgh, iMantufacitunres ol, 39 "Iepth of Wells,.. 10 Irn Wrks, 41 ntinuatio of,. 11-10 " Steel Works,.... 85 "Sand and Rock,.. 0 " Transportation Facilities, 26 Analysis,. "... I Railway System, 27 "14 River System,... 19 "Manner of Use,. 14-15 lanislhed Sheet Ir,n,..... 53 " hilael... 1 Polished Shafting,...... 53 " Packing Ventage,. 14 I'ittsburgh Locomotive Works,.. ti earnes.s of Glas, 16 Porter, H. K. & Co's., I,c,motive SW orks,......... (;7 P'low Works....... 92 Nimick. Brittan Manufacturing o. 4 Pitturg Glass Trade,.... 11 l'itts)burgh Glass Trade, 101 Navigation ofl' 1ittsbtirgh,. 1 l " CoalTrade,.... i 1 Naval Arsenal........ 14.1 Steel Trade,... 0 Nickle Plating,........ 17 Coke Trade,. 129 Notions,......... 214 " Boat Building,. 13. 6 (Optical Instruments,..... 1" Song o,...... 4 ()il Tanks. Tin,......... 1 (; Pioneer ('haracter Boats,.... 1.I39 " Trade, Pittsburgh IPetroleum,. I P3 I'aints of Lead,....... 152 " Statistics, Ictr,letun,.. 180 9-19i A " letalic,...... 154 " First Retined, ".... 1~ S i lating,....... 157 - First (btained, "... I. a Pickling,........ 1.3 SI'TT7NI) lTlIIS I?PROGRELSS, Steel \laqufictu'ing ht P ittsbu l.l I ll' pogresi s of this himustry at I'itsb:urglh is fiill of triumphs, no,t only over the difliecilties of its pri,duetion, but over foreign nianufactories in the quality "of the product. If republies were grateful, or it was in the oil loman days, when civic wreathl s were votedi as marks of distinc:ti, and (conillincint to public benefatorts, littsburgh steel manufaiturers would be thus decorated. For here -and by them has, in thie establishmIlent of the manufchture of steel, a great industrial nd conmmnercial victory been won. By their pluck, perseverance and business aclltellen ithe country has been emancipated frot l de,pendence upon foreign steel imalers anil placed in an independent position, so far as the supply of that artic!e is in question, whether for the arts and utsazes of peace or the sterner demands for natioMlal detlece. l'The mauiActure of steel was for' mny years a matter of experiment at several other loc:alities in the UInited States, as well as at Pittsburgh, and while at that city c(.tain q,ualities of steel were, from about 18':33, made with ilmuchli succesn, it was inot until in 1S;0--1i that a fine lquality of cast steel was made. The efiwrt to make fine crui'ihle t,ol stbiyl had about hIeen abandoned in the I uittd States when l'ittshiIrgh m- i fmetlmf.cturrsi ackimev.I a success and produced an article with whi, h they were aide to enter the market in successAftl competition with Englii -:iAkers. To-day Pittsb'urgh steel is ii' steel of the Amnerican market. Th exunct date at wlhiihi the making of stwel was rst atitemn,ted at Pittsbiurgl, is nlot (in rco'rd. in 1S2S:80, hlowuever, it is on record that an Enllishman, by the:luine o"f hBrouidetmdow, built Ia conuverting furnace at Pi'ttsburgh and nmade sonic.cl.'hle artIlec l,lc ed was poo r, and tilhe enterprise dild niot succeeld. It i-:: of record that aI lirln ilutite.' the style of Wh\iitnll i& I hvens mlanufactured steel in 1S;;2, but ol what iquality d<.s not tappear. ALout 18:- Messrs. (. it.1. 1I. M.iheu,nbergcr bieg;n making hli-ter steel with one trnilace, converting about twentv-tilve tuns every three wucks. In MI'mUsbu,gh and Ah ]uly ih ther (iktenni,iil Yiteir it is remarked: "The introidluetion of blister steel madue at Pittsiturgh was attended with consideal" diMiultyv. O(,nstunt s ciuld to,t ie nutde to believe that ile blister steel of P'ittsbur_h was in my may elqual to that i m ight mncris the Atlantic, althouglh exlpert wotrknen were stent to visit con-umners to pr'ove to them the hact. It was only tftcr l'Pittburgh 1li"ter steel, which hliad ibeen ru.ted by throwing salt water over it, sY us to nm.ake it atpp:ear ns of Euglish manufacture, was sold to consumers that it was finnd to be all that coldi be desired." In 1S-l1 Patrick ani.Jamnes I)unn began making cast steel for G. & J. If. 'hoemInherger. Tile wurks erected by then, had some twenty holes, or furnace. SOi) Manufacturing View, 49th St. and A. V. R. R. Steel Works of Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, Limited. - >-- -"-: ~"-'- - 8~:?Il":iaa h~\ qQ; Steel Mill. -I; ~Td W>Bl ~)i7 - Windo. Class. S-"0 - Muck Rolls. Group of Pittsburgh Industries. r' / i.~: Wrou,ght Iron Pic. , fllle. I:-b i i r) ..: I l:,I::.f jir. .,._. ~: ;~ "#k All X 1, Srt Steel Works of Hussey, Howe & Co. ZvflrA~~Zil'dA~d~kzYrk I -.- - -, -L rrr r~ Copper Rolling Mill and Smelting Works. C. G. Hussey & Co. A-,jI71,7,7aI,T,Ih'7 L )~ :1 kBP Hardware House of Wolfe, Lane & Co. 2t / ,:.:'....:,'. ~...:,.,,,,;. .,r' ".9 :~~ View in the Thirty-Fifth Ward. Steel Works of Singer, Nimick & Co., Limited. K.Y 81 but six onlyv were used steadiiv. Tile enterplrise was aalnalloned in the course of a year or so. S, mewhere about this date a firm under the style of Tingle & Stugden began making cast steel on a small scale for their own use in manufacturilna files, in whlichi they were engaged. In 1845 Iaac Jones and - Quigg, mller tihe firm style of.Jones I& tti, built the Pittsh1rgh Steel Works and began thle manuifaeture of 1bl1ister spring and plow steel, in which line (Coleman, llailman & Co. at tile same date embarked in the business. Fronm about 1844 most of the iron manufacturers of Pittsburgh made blister and pIlow. steel, but Coleman, I laihnan & Co. and Jones & Quigg were the only two establishments that could then be classified as "steel works." These establisments in makiing cast steel, although producing it to a considerable extent failed to make a first-class article. The isolation of Pittsburgh from labor skilled in that line of treating metals and various other difficulties, made the production of a bar of good quality more the result of accident than skill. Though the producers of steel then anwl for a considerable period afterward made occasional batches which nearly approached a first-clhss grade, the chief quality of a good article, reliability, was wantilg. That quality is now the great characteristic of Pittsburgh steel. In 184S a new firm, Singer, Nimick & Co., now among the heaviest steel producers of Pittsburgh, was formed for the tproduction of blister spring and G(erman steel, and in 18.53 turned their attention to the making of cast steel, for saws and agriCultural purposes, and having largely increased their works began the manufactlure of the finer grades of steel. A Year previous to thiis, hiowever the firm of MclKelvv & Blair, which retired from the business in I.S:i4, nale hammered and rolled steel, and introduced it into the eastern markets. This firm was formed in IS80, to manufacture files on a large scale, and began the imakilng of steel for their own tile works, but as stated, in 18;54, entered the field as makers (;f hammered and rolled steel for the general trad:e, andl retired from tinanicial causes ill 1854, Two years after, when Singer. Nimick & ('o. began the production ofthe liner grades of east steel, I-taic.J,nec, the luccess.or 0'of Jones & Quig, also commeiinced makingi it. From 1851 uI) to 1S0i0 the mnanmfactu're of the hliglher grades of cast steel for saws, machinery anl agricultural prposes occupied the attention of the P'ittslburgli steel manuufa'lturers, although iii these classes of steel great success was attained and a reputationl for those steels made for lPittsburgh, vet the conviction was stro,ng am,iig t f irmis (tcurrYing on the business that a vet higher standard was to be attainecid, and'itthbtirghi become a formidable rival in edge tool steel to tile n.lish manuctiature. This feeling led to the fornmation in 1860 of the firm of llussey, o Vells & Co., now II ussev, IHowe & C o., for the express purpose of manufacturing cast steel fior edge tool purposes,:and the firm of Singer, Nimick & Co. at that date turned a part of their t;'rce of steel makers into the same direction. In 1(862 the firm of Park Brothers \X Co. was iormed for the same object, which firm has continued in the same line and style until recently, when it became Park Brothers & ('o. Limited. The,;e were followed in 1865 by Barr & Parkin, now ~IND'7 1 ) A I) I1E,W) l (7~. Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, manufacturor,s of hii,h grades of tool steel. The rest,lts have been a c, nmplete victory,f the P'ittsburghi steel manufacturers over ft,reigi makers, and t,-day P1ittsburgh steel is the standard of the market, anod ha,. ~.lpplaitedl that of English imiak in t!e et:Y tool factories tof the Iinitcd States. Thie very best qualities of Vinglish tool and cutlery steel being more thal equalled iv that pro'uced in tile steel works of' IPittslurgh. To what vet higher perfection tile making of s.teel under the use of gas fuel will he li,,tlght, under the enterprisei anl anllitiinm of Pittsburah steel manufai'turers. is yet in the future. It is demonstrated th iat no such fuel as natulirnl gas fiOr ,poeI'fttin a the working of metals has beiire been emptloyed. Pittshurgh steelmakers are but, as it were, just finishling their (Aucation in that art, and laft.er twentv-live years' alprenticeship are gradulating as master workmnti with high honors, and at a period when gas fitl is. as before observed, giving g'reater theilities fwir the wperletion of nletal working. \VWhen sil.ii successas Iias k Wen recordWd wi!l be put intm its n"c,msition I, tihe. skill and per.severance of' PittAmrgh's iialuti i'actuorers. The prtwgress of twenty-five yetirs, frolm having t,t create sales ,,' low grades of blister steel bvy causing it to appiar of foreign imanulteture throuigh rusting, iup to eontrolling the market in tlhe very hiighie:t too,l and cutloryv steel, as well ais all lower grades, is a fair earniest of what the Pr'gress if, l'ittsburgll illn steel-inaking wil lIe iin the futirte, and suggest that having, l,nqtuered the hoe market they may smcissfullv contest iin freign ones iu Ille t future. In the tabulatetl list of the steel wi,rks of lPit-burgih their capacity and variItOs other statistics are given. That a fuller idea iof the power anil capacity of thles estiablishments may be presented the following extracts fnmi,i communiicat.ii,ns from some of the leading steel manufi'luturers of Pittsburgh to the ('on-ressional: ()rdnance ('on ission in response to a request for inlbrmation as to the abilitv of Pittsburgh steel works is quoted: The opini,ui of Mr. William iMetcalf, of Miller, Metealf & Parkin, is elsewhere quoted. Singer, Nimick & ( ., in a brief letter, nmake the appended pitq, sition: " WVe can roll a plate of steel 78 inches wideW inches thick and 12 feet long. 'The dtaily capacity of this train of rolls, 24 I hours, oni plates of that size, woultd be about liftv tols. The Slpanig Steel and Iron (o',i;mpany also send in a tersely wi,rded ofler as follows: " In reply to your inquiry as to the aptl,ity o,f our mill to prtiduce armor llates, we are Iltetld t say that qlui<klyt we coutl supply' plates-say, at the rate of 50 to 75 tons lailly. 17) to 18 iltche-s thick. 9u; inchtes to 100 i11nches wide, and, -vay.:)0 to 40 feet 1iitg. Shoeltherger & (' C. give the fbllowin,gt statetllent: " In reply to your inquiry ats tl he tetaeity of our la"rge plate mill, Nwe would -aY t hat our ill1-s are'!12 inches hlong byI:1 iches in diaieter, and tihat we can II TTSB UPGR III'S PROGRES;1. .V) I'TIPs I N1 RES) OE'0 (''N. roll plates 10 inches wvide by 200 inc(hes long, and turn (ait 1'0 tons per day. Shwuhld the g1,veirnment desire armor plates, we can roll thern fronI a steel ing-,t :2 ini tk do to thickk down to:y t hik!iet.s desired." 'l'h following ofler was siubmiitted to the (Commission I)v Moorheadl & (',..,f tI his city: " e are prepared t, filr:nish illmme'iatelv, or within one mionth from receipt of o'delr. p'hate wholly of charcoal haniniered bloom iron, otr af steel. i,mogecneaus in (haraoter. or of corminel hard and soft steel. as may he r'quired, say uill to1( 7 feet in x Mith and 12- iinclhsc in thic'kness. and in weight up to "().(t00 Itotind va,'h I. In vid,xInce. it' ne'essa'v,ry we furnished plates f ir.'in to the inited States i'hl'i:Ci a Dp's' I elaltmenlt darin'i the years 1S;66 tv, 1869. iiclusive, of 6,, s alnd 12 incht inl thiiickness, which \werte i-ed tirt experimental aseninate targetr, derd bhv t(,neral- Barnard, X\'riglht:nd ( ilmore. tests of whia'h were mIade at IFortless M.rat',. l"rts D elaware and H lamilton, the laltes wexiling, tfromn 20,o)')( to 30).iWU p],i,ls ea'ch. We azr',.!!o'.v pIrelaired: to deliver.at) tons of plates of thile al,ovax .los', & L:nighlil, in a sitateuient tlhri'gh Mr. B11. F..Joieus, the senior nielm"her. say: "I i ty jludgment ther, is no be'tt-' nlae in the I nited States to makel arnmor plates and Wriance thou I'itsbul'gl. Th'le' i'st ie:imaterials in the country and the most skill'l mchalfu hanies i the,.\riti are:ttwrai'tied here. The asui'titwe of profitaide emiplhlyenwt of the ro.luired works iw all that is nec.scarv to insure a s'ipply S in,I" vthing, that has 1e'an,w c(' 1e ma:1de l'f iron or stel in a very shorl tinie. I have examined Kru'p'.- amid ioher ceelerated Mmrdinuiic and armlor-plate wor'ks "aroal, anl I do inot hesitate to say that they cannot nly he niatched, but i ailn be si'llripassed inll thi4s ci)lotrx' to s t'eant anll extent as tlex ln)NwV ex'ei ill(' samlle class 4f works liere." The Pittshur-h 1lesse.tnr Steel C,mlPanly, no%w'Crne,i'e, Philip,S & "Co., Limitud. -ays: "The platle mill we are now bluiildig xwill contait a train that will riall plate4 ialf)1t. feet wide alnd aiy reasotalde length. As to thickness, it'rill take an inonit 14 inc'hes thiTk and't'edtice it "i any thickness downi to i inch. ('apacity per dvay, 1)00 tmns." Pa'rk, Ii,. & ('o. make the tI,lhix)tving reply: "tur large hlaitnier is a 17-tin hatnmer IlIw is, tlhe( piston rod andl trip wei,_h 17 tons, and it drops with a 1i.rie about doluble that wei,dit. There is. how'ever,'connected with the lmnnmer a steam Mvlinder, aid when driven t1i the utnimost a b11w variosl v estimated at fram 123 ta 1A) tons tazn he struck. We can east ain i VC,t weihlaing:10 tons, andl can w\,rk such ingot mundler this htainier. ()1ii1 plate miill has roldls 115 ino'he, hlmr,:inl we etn iinish plates. say, to. inch in thickne-s. 1014 iiliches wide, and say 30 or 40 fie-t loni.' The P'ittburh, teel (C'asting'Compaany submniit the t'ollwing with regard to their calat'ityv: " We canl silu'cessf llV cast it gun ingot of steel up to 100 tons weight, that wo,lild ineet all requireiients fnllv as well as any of ftoreign make. This wxould r'p',ire a longer time than the nasting of the 44-toni ingat, which we affirmned ('011d Ih e,'mnpleted by the lkt of.July, lssi88;, bPut it c,uld ble done within a year. "T'he largest v.asting made to this late at oir works is 18,000) pounds, andl as to larger "ize it is only a qulistilon of dollars and cents.'" VINDEX. vii Paper I)ealers....... 213 Steel, Bessemer Works,.... " Wall,........ 214 " omestead Plant,... 87 " Stock,........ 213 " Springs,........... 89 Powder,......... 209 " Mould Makers,..... 91 Pittsburgh Tar Chemical Works,. 138 " Agricultural,...... 92 "Supply Company,.. 216 " Nails,........ 95 Planing Mills,........ 198 ".Wagon Skeens,.... 93 Pittsburgh's ('ommercial Interests. 200 " Novelties,....... 9. 5 Produce Trade,...... 24 " Shapes,....... 95 Produce (oniission lHouses,.. 238 " Boats,....... 141 Pork Packers,........ 212 " Castings....... 95 Printers' Supplies...... 21- " Rail Mill,....... 97 Sheet Iron Planished,..... 53 Queensware,........ 214 Sprins Spiral89 Rolling Mills, Table of,......50 Eliptic,....... 89 " Statistics,... 52.\A. French & (o.'s Works,. 9 "l"irst,.... -44 Scrap Iron,......... o212 Ratios of Population,......31 Saws,............ 93 "(i;rowth of Trade,. 43 Shovels,........ 93 Railroad System,.26 Standard Under ( iround (Cable Co., 232 "Spikes...... 54 Steamboat Building,..... 138 Railroad Mill, Edgar Thompson, Pioneers,..... 139 I)escription of....... 97 Steam Pumnps,....... 76 Rivers, Navigability,..... 140 Stove 1'ounders, Table of,...62 Railing,....... 157 Steam Fitting........ 75 Rubber (;o l,..... 215 Safes, Fire Pro,...... 76 Reflectors......... 160 SaddlerY I lardware,..... 76 Rooting,......... I GS " " ealers.. 217 Roasters Coft~ee....... 211 Silver Plating,....... 157 Show C('ases,........ 157 Song of Pittsbllurghl..... C Sabritv of Lucati....... 4 Sewing Mlachlines,... 166-184 Salubrity of Location,.... 24 Statistics of Rolling Mills,... 52 Slte, Manfaturers... 159 Steel Mills,.... 86. Scales,............. 218 Steel Construction Works,... 70 Spring es,....... 165 " Manufacturing.... 80 Skylights,........167 "MSanufacturin.Pie.. 216 " First Made at Pittsburgh,. SeN er Pipe........ 216 " Gradual Progress,. 81 Soaps,.......... 167 "it G lStreet Lamps,...... 168 " Pioneer Firms,..... 81 " Pioneer Firms,...............Switch & Signal Co...... 170 " Communications to Congres- Salt 1 sional Committee,.... 82 Salt,......... 191 " Mills, Table of,..... 85 Standard Car Ileate........ 170 " Crucible,...... 81-86 " Bessemer,....... 87 The " New lera,s,".... "Statistics,.. Trade f l'ittso,I 1r........43 84 t'ITTSB URGII'S PROGRESS, This terse and decided testimony fronm the best authority that could be ied as to the capabilities of tilhe steel manufacturers of Pittsburgh, needs nothing tae at the pen of tile compiler of this volume. In the 24 years since thie eftirt was made to manufacture cast steel in the United States to any extent, the facts show that our manufacturers have secured nearlyall of the American market, and that the quality and finish of American steel is conceded to be fully equal to any imported. In the article of homogeneous cru cible cast steel boiler and fire plate, that made by our Pittsburgh manufacturers is unequalled. Shipments of this description of steel that have been made from Pittsburgh to railroad companies and steam boiler manufacturers acros the Atlantic, has been pronounced superior in every respect to any produced in Eu rope. In the progress of steel manufacturing in Pittsburgh the low duties on steel were great discouragenients; and even with the amendments that had been made from time to tinme it is questionable if, without the accidental high tariff produced by the increased rates of gold during the war, tie manufacturers of edge-tool steel would have succeeded. Pittsbturgh manulifactlirers-at much toil of mind and body, at heavy expense in experiments, and through a large investment of capital have established, under certain fortuitous circumstances, the independence of the American over tile foreign steel. The fact suggests the natural inquiry: If the country aflfords the material that prodhices steel that has nothing to fear by com parison with the best sent from English works, and if, in attaining that point, labor has also been educated to a degree of skill that insures such success, why not give Amerian mantrertheenefiterican tanliactirers, tie benetit ot the knierica:n market, and the ores of the country the alvant:ages of further experiments amniong the great variety existing? Is there any reason why the art of steel nmaking, having through numerous difficulties become,one of the tixed facts I,elonging to the resources oIf the nation, should not be encouiraged to greater e(li,rts? ()ur legislators if they would find the ipolicy best adapl:ted to spread prosperity over the land, shoull e arefillvY take ill the histIories of thie indtlstrial pursuitsof the American people, and learn how the fostering of them by protection has developed the resources o,f the nation. an;d iven employmlent:L11d honmes to the people. Not ()nlv that will be fouiind, but that in all cases the result of home competition has been to, reduce the coust to the consumer of thlIse articles where protection against foreign manufacturers has been accorded. (Cast steel is an instance, and in proof of this fact, Pittsburgh steel is being turnished of equal qualities to English steel at rates much below what was formerly paid for the foreign article. There are now in Pittsburgh 23 steel works, of which 8 are strictly crucible tool steel works. The reported capacity of all of theim for the lproluction of steel is given at 215,700 tons. As this virtually agrees with the returns of the same mills to the American Iron and Steel Association it is plrola,lay correct. This is exclusive of the Bessemer plants and rail mills and the steel casting works. Crucible and Open Hearth Steel Works. . - N.1h,,r \\'Ci W r,. S St I C, I. il.lic. v. z. Sh.lli hl.*............ Singer, N im ic.k C4 ('..........'82 W atelr............... Is Is Silge r, N ii iick &'o................ 1-10 .......... uss v \,.......... 17th st. nd l Pennnv... IIY- I lu sev, W e\\ ls (o............. (; 2 1-251... 1 7 11 1 2 4 Is,( 1hlack Ii:am ond.:... Park liros.,i& Co. k...............,4IS G.2 Park Bros.VC......... L.a IHBell.: i............. ~t ith l.i)r. & (o................. 2; Ilid e av............ 1 8I; li itcr, IlarIIan a& Co......... 1-:; 2-12...2 21 11 12 10, DmI) liq sn'.Ht t......... I.in t,"t -iPillg.Axe' CI'., l'd1. prllc' alld 1Markct..... b Coleman), i &................1...... 2,500 l tl......... 31iller, let:lf Parkin...... 1:-I I.'irt a............... IsG. Biarr & Parkin................. 18) 19, rt'ilt...............;ra, l.i i.:........ 7 W ater..............s.., 11 s,' (;ralt & Dull................ 22 8 s 7 0 10.000 \Va iic.................. row I.................. 11th....................... 1-......... 5 192 7, ......... itts,ur l C i g Co. 2(;Ih a: d lIailrc ad...... 1: 1 Pittlsb rgh Steel Casting Co. 2........................ 7. 2 4, .t.rli.-I. I (n., I iC it Id.i l am ilt n lltilhlin.... 1a7l,.,Jonel s, lligohlt ~& o.............. 1... 2...... 5 4'2,) Pitts'illur h.::........... \lld'i sol), 1)u,lpuy (o...... 7 )\Vood................... 1 2 Allnderson, l m)Bj..y 1& Co 2........... -1 1.5;; 130 I,o I,i l n.*.......... l vind n Stel l., C i itd.. ind1 nSta., ll..11.Il I.S2 L,inhAi n St,.l v 8Co.,.im iited..... 1- 1...... 11 3... 20,001 ('arlcgie, Phipps Co., Ltd. Is Fifth a................. lS47; Carne'gic, P'hipps & Co., Ld....................... ,1u4ni,ata................. Sho, llbn ern,_ r,& (i o.::;............. lI,th and EI.na s1s....... -1',24 P cr ISho)(m1 rger................... 2-12................. 12,000) .,.inn & (.l............ (17., IIs, i & Co.............. I............ I 4 ""lN..................... - v,.::::............ S lcontl a v...................".................................... 7,2 00 N rvlis A t I k.'.... N(llis {Coll;p il~.......... E l!c cca street........... 1.7..\..1. NJ,llis & (...................................... 6 20' 4`i~s........ 2....... 6))))))c......... I\ allm ia H nl ll:loi,ld. ( i1., I, (',............ ~.cc }lld aLv............:i:::................ 2............. 6, ( ioit I;itt Fountiry. N: kilntlosh, Ilm,phili & Co. 12 t1l ItrI'ct.:::............ I-ss42 M:lackinl osh, 11f I lphill.('4........ 2-7 S )li\.r Br's.:\ I'iili,........ 1.-th ka d BIigh 4al4sts. 1SS:: li\v r l ros.& hili )ps, ltd............... 2 1 1...... 45,000 II:rim an S el: 4 cl'o IIartIan I..],Co.. I;l iic,d i; Fifth av.................. iS:; ia f iall 0'., LtA4..............................3, lp' tlt itectl'Co..... Spamn: sict.,I, Ir,ln i o., Itld. 7To $:ult,k\. Alle,Ih:.. \.1 Sp nlL steel N Iron C o., Ltd.... 1...... 7 1... 15,0t0, W\': t Pe' ill.; t.........clillillg's, l'aI'le & ('............!:.'i'th a\.................. Ic.,ssl ),l ph i4. l(ai....."............... 1..... 2 1... 9,00 1l,::Aahlishi,d to ma.1ke linw clruciblh, slt-PI (Ily to meet thi, market kir the hiUhder grade tool stv,-I and English iniliortations. fts-heAt stcel. Now huil ii g. ***S(-v l l"indr I-it"s teol ca.,tilg. 11*Fine too! cruilcible steel. 1 Clapp4iri:lith prcess stuel. fttManulfactur4e only springs and axles for carriages and wag,ons. Inornuatio ref'lleed. *:,ee rolling ills. m 4-4 Pot steel melting furnas. 4-5 *'o4 steel meltniing f'urliacCs. 1L'roduct tused1 by firm for shovels. tie Steel Nails, h:1lapes and Novelties. ~sil,pecialties, drill rodls, nleele wi're, ti44e watch spring wire and steel. I171T1>4? UCGI'8;', ItIU;"1;, T'i'le c('1 Pllie sttistic s of this class of'itt iL;'iil ill1 i'-trie'. cannot be here givenC. s notecl iS n thel i table, one of the lar,e" cri,iblh w,r- i declined to give any sta-i,,ti's and ivthrs would o;lY furnish partiai (,aes. ( )f course this arise, fthan a reasoonble and natuial relumtanme to open ill) the details of their busilne. to Ie tl,und elsewhere as well as at IPittsburgh. From suh data as comil he h tained the figure of an aproximlate esbimate is given. In the matter of the Io, duet of criicible steel givres given show that in round numbers some 41.00M) net tonls aret tulr;e,d oIut, the capacity'reporie Leini 102.(011 to!s-. Itv tile st:atiste (ollated froi th111 teel r ntalllf. et lrers hVN tile A.\lmerl;i;,n Ir1 and1( Steel.\As,ociati,l 42,1E". net tons of cru'cii l steel inlgots is giveni a the o,itl)llt of 1 5 ll. In 11:at, 1: in the data collatedl for this volume, there were lpr,ba!ly declination,s to fiurniish informnation. In either a-'e it is fair to asslim 1. that the Iprlduct giveni is below the actuality, altho,gh it ne('essa'ril varies w\\ith the c(',diti(iis of trade frllm eanr to year, and the capacity of1 the wo'rk. is the best factor of their possible output of steel. These Iluc'tuations are shown by the fIollowing figures from a report of tilie .\nierican Iron and ISteel A.ssociatmion. Wy)e(:.e cited, a1d, nuiay he the result of vanry ing condlition.s )i' trade, or tile reluctance beiorle noLted to give details of business. From that report it wohld appear that tihe make (,f crucibleh steel ing,t- was fol 1S74... 17 1 tons. 1S S.... 1917.. 7,S6i tons. SS2.. 5. 9.59 tonr l IS75... 2"2,942 " 187)... 40,142 " l,:... 59,12 " 18W76... 25,009 " IS, o... 52,1a; " is... s, IS77... 24,747 " l,. I... (1,25, " lS ... 42,1:1 " From thi., it wNould appear there was a stewly ino'east, fi, nine' e:1.r, of t1w tw.lve eited, illn which time thlic re was all iwc;llic:ea (s f eI" licaril 0 - per. cen'lt. In the two suIceedin12. ye-ars a dcecli i,f n(,t quite:) 1cr cent.,:iI;l in -he II,-ee di p/ I,. at (leerease of iearly 1e (lr n.,,I shovwin.'l of d1ec(line 1 of outpil t 1:rdl.a'iiv llttri 1t ablet to trade Aluma4m,ti aws, an m twre mrAbbly'ca;;ed hv;iwl,iplet rs it's.' this notal)ly tIie,tatist ics of t]I ~(,witput for I \,.. as (,ll tIn I e r thi-'dolu 11C. arl. WOOarL( but as thcev are in re,'.sonable sy Wltthv with th-4e of the 1r1-6 and Ste~,,; AssoCiation report it is to be a.-:,1:.nled that tile -nlw (aluses w,ork in its 1!l;t. These statistic,, it will be noted, are only those (f cru,-i!le,ieel. A\ reprt of MIr. Gilhert IFollanshee to the ]ureau of Statistic's of the Tlrealsur v D)epartmeiet give the whidlie lridiut of st1el at Pittsburgh in 1"2 at 21HM.17 1ons, of hiihli 189.07; tons were leel ridls and 71344 to4ns other tforins of seel, andl the value of the product for that year i:lned at glS,37., 3. The reluctance from fcar of exposure of de.ails,f private hu.intess, as,f,le noted, to furnisl: the data desirod t,'f6 this exposition ()f Pitthlurn,,'h Progress p,events ahbsoh,l data of the values of the otnlt (d 184s. Taking, however, tlie 45,000 tolls crucible steel as previously n:uned the vawle woddh be at prixent rate,s from $7,U000,000 to 7,5(1100,000, and proporltionately greater as thie actual outpulit is to the alpproximate data oltained, of crucible steel on ly. In the taliulahited list of steel works and rolling mills prodluin,,g steel there are several whoset statistils if hiands employed, wien. altrei, vallue' of plant. etc., a're illIlN US'TILES -I ND) 1ESo U('1E,. cluded in the data of the iron rolling mills, and should int be here repeated. There are inl the exclusively steel producing works recited in the table, whose statistics are not in'ltded in those of the iron mills, an average of 4,500 hands employed, whose wages will average from $83,AAH).):!o to.y,e0(()r,U()0 yelar. The area of ground covereil by these strictly steel works is about 65 acrl'es, and the value cf the plants, viz.: ground, uilmding and niahinery, is estimated at between $6,000,0 0 and l~'7,00()0,000. Bessemer Steel is ianother formi of steel whose product and the works engaged in its minanufatture are not included in the foregoing statistics. There are now at Pittsburgh the Adl iowing" establishments having Bessener steel works erected in the order of their naming: Edgar T'lhotson Steel Works.t First blow 1875.. Three 10 gross tou converters. Carnegie. Phil,ps & (Co.. " " 1881.. Two 5 Pittsburgh Steel('astinhg Co. " " 1881.. )One 5 *liver lros. & Phillips." 1884.. Two " " " .Jones & l.aughlins.... Building 188.. Two 7 " " " Shoenberger g & Co.... ()ne 7 " 4 And others are in (contempllati,n. This ftArm of steel takesitcla it tle from the originating iantufiacturer. It is a hoimoguencou;s metal similar to open hearth steel, niore ductile than eciRible steel,:il'I is rapi~!ly sulipplantin,g, iron, being a loiw;grade of steel es(pTcially ad;:pted to rails and b rildges and siiliiar uses, it having 201 per cent. mi re tensile strength than iron. In the aking,f thi. grade of.teel t:O.-*i.rllsage f cdarlin is elinii iated ty heavy la es s and p she a ioii' tsss of' it!i r,,dlucti,on arl. Iapild, tih ietal I'eing unider the heavy blast p'es:ts at the colive:lt.rs itro,felmd i, fr.om it t'ii V O t twent-i ive lllilllts. 'The' I li-onwsltead wk. ori:iilallvy tbuill Y the'ittsburlgh!lesseinemr'Company. and no,ow wn I,l byv iarntegie, PIils & ('.. ire a viry coiml,!ete x,xainple iof this 'lass of' steel worlk., and justify in thie rapidly inireising lruloucti,n of' lessmier stwll at liltsAnurgh al brief description. It is divided into a conveiincrti, departiment, a Iblooing depairtnent, rail department and a structural departmenti. The converting departiment, which is 72x115, has three cutiplis for melting, iron 24- feet high alnd 8 feet in diameter, two ieuulos for melting spiegle 24 feet high ant d.4 feet in diameter. The molten iron is conducted fromt the eupalis by wrought iron Slpouts into iron ladles of five tons tapaiity, of which there are three. The Il ales are coinvevedl to the mouth of the converters IT hydratulic (-rates (it six tons. () these converters there are two of five tons ('altnity each, with a 1last suppli ed by two No. 7 liaker tlowers. The iron after being converted into steel is pI,omed into ladles of five tons (enpacity and carried,y crivanes to the moulds, which are in a semi-circular pit of twenty feet dilameter. Fronm this pit the moulds and the ingots when poured therein are raised ht cranes of three tons calp87 *Clapp (iriffith process. +See also,.Account Ed1gar Thommon Steel \works. IY'I,!SBUIIGJ'S'IW'OGTA'SS. acity each. In event of tile jnrgit stickinig in tile niouil the mould is placed by a Ih v(draulic crane in what is (.lled an ingot extractor, which is operated by a hydraulic cylinder 2 inc in diameter and 24-incli stroke. The hydra:lic s'stem throughout the wo.js is operated i,y one \Worthington duplex pre:sure punip 20-inch cylinder, J,--inch stroke,,ne 12-inch cylinder, 10-inch stroke, one Knowles pressure pumil, 24-inch cylinder, IS-inch stroke. To crush out and rlind refractory ores a B'lqke crusher is used. The mixing mill is a brick hiiildin g 1:x0; steamni is iil,livd fir the bIlowers 1,by 1 two filue steel l:oilers 44 inches in diameter and 1 feet long, placed in a building 180x55, with stacks 100 feet high. The bloIomin delmpartment is 18 0x 72, with an annex 50x25. Into this department the steel is delivt,rcd in snmall itroI cars which are raised by hydraulic cranes and dplaed in the fhirrles upright. The ingets are drawn front these converting fllrnacs and phI:ced on the roMlling tables. which are a series of cast iroll and steel rolls, which are kilNwn ais blOOmini roll-. of whilh thIT,i areae eighiteV. Ironm the rollsd lie blooms ae cinliit toI ti gearing talde to, e cilt to lenlgths. Inl conneCtion with the bloonllng mtoill i a 10-to,1 steanm lhallillictl sedl inll t1(' Tlanitfature Of hlieavy slabs and f(icei2,s.;inhteen at r 1111 1:1s weigllin, 1,5;)0) pcound~. each are used to tran"p(Irt the i,on frtm is mill to Oihe othe's. The nail department is;uGIA)xS4, with two win'gs, twI of lx0Y04 eachl, iione l)(xl.25, (on 71, one 4x2i. Te 4ii e tl Thliii. delivrei, at this mill is treaitl i,n ix revrheratory furnaces 1.5x17 each. There ale six billet rolls, nine riouhiiing rolls, lifty-four rail-tinishing rolls, h11rec splitc 1lar rnlls and six angle r11W in this department. driven *v an en(_ine 12x IS, with a Mit-ton Ivly wheel. From the fillnishing rolls the rails are ca(ried tO the hot saws to be saVwed t length.i The gearing table againll delivers the roll. to a curving machine consisting of two small horizontal rolls, and this ciirver delivers the rails to the hot beds G;Sx25. In tlhe strlltllural depart1ment there'Ire three rollls for blooms and sl:ab, three r1 ughing rolls, three intermediate IOills and three finishing rolls fr i making 1n5-inch beams. These rolls ave ihandled lIv two 15 -ton stealim ealies and the mill driven hv a 4(x(( Mackintosh, li hmphill & ('c. eniginle with a 0-ton ll v-wheel. In thiis brief sketch of this I.Iesscmcr plant the metal has been l1,wed fromil the ore to the finished lIdlct. In the exhibition of the variety of miachiierv "used and its lwiwer an,I a m.,siveness it shows that man of "to-ily i mt f p 6n boiilyv powers inll eomll:risonll with the filled Titian- of old, hinrling mountailns as lthe modern athlete,ase halls, has Imadc machillery supplemcnt hi,- l,owcn~s until it exeutes tasks that those giga:itic monstelrs of the old-tini failles woild have hesitatedl at. The producti-m of ,tle,'m,I:~r tvel in Allcadhcny county ha.i increased very rapidly. If the facts lshowni in the metal tinalktr of P1ittitsburgh in this v"lume awd al! the C,tl,e,. manuf:tlt,ril)I facilities.of the city arc co, -idlercd, it will,e the u?lt but natural that suceh should be the ca e, and that with all thIe ladditional advallta.gc- of the gas; ftiel that equal if not g_reat,.ri prrogrei s shouhl be made in the fiuture. The absolute statistical data of the progrress ofthis industry is not vet reachLNDlITSTRIE'S ANI) REOE' UIIE.. able, but the increase has been as large as it has been ral,id. low rapid is indicated by the fact that it is of record that in twelve months ending January:1ist, 1881, two converters made 130,694 gross tonis lessemer stclM, and in the teni months succeeding to October 31.t, 1881, they made 129,2S4 gross tons. The output of Bessemer steel in 1885 apl,,roximates over 30:,000 tons. In a report of the " Iron and Steel Assoeiatioin," the make of net tons of all other steel than crucibl,e, including Bessemer ingots, is given as in 1874.. ";,000 tons. 1878... 106,948 tons. 182... 258,500 tons. 1875... 15,4S8 1879. 110,781 " 1883.. 346,402 " 1876... 54,467 " 18ss. 169819 " 1884... 298,376 " 1877... 82,401 " 1881... 247,315 " 1885... 364,405 " The growth and the present bulk of the steel product of Pittsburgh seems almost incredible when we recall how but a few years since the steel of the l'ittsburgh mills was struggling for a recogniti,n eveni among the mechanics of the city. Sufficient has herein 1e en written to enable a satisf'otory idea of the progrcss to he had, and an opinion to he formed as to Plittsbiurgh' greatness in the future as a steel-ul,nrdueing cventre. Its:,resent value in all its departments Of steel manufacture is from 2i,M()ii,(i 0 to 822,000)tI),ii. and might possibly suni u1p yet more if full statistics (Could Ie had. The manipulatiin of the steel from the ir ilnduing works'veates other branlhes of business in the city. Among them the making of Elliptic and Spiral Springs fd all deseripttb n is an impWort:t industry. This is pro.,etuted on a large scale by T1il" A. FIZIENCH SPnN ('o., Li TErrx. being the success,ors. of A. FItENc'i & ('o. andi the CCULMIu: SI'lnN(o ('o. This specialty was orig.inally started in dhis (it v 1,v Mr. Ar.\ oa(n French in 185, in a small shop O,n Liberty street.,pposite tli I'niion DIepot. S-iiome years later a partnership was formed l v Mr. Vrench with Mr. ('alvin Wells, under the tirm name of A.\. rench & t(o. Thal firm continled the,manutaCtIlle of Elliptic Hailway Sp,rings only uitil.July 24, 188,i. The ('*tu.il-: 8i x; 0. was started in 1873 for the purlIose, of maniihi't;ring Spiral S arinis, ani they continued the business until April. 1 l1, whei they wee bo,ught t, hv th parties who tfrmed the FIut:N'ii Spinit (..;u (to. i;rITii. l 1 This P;nmpNv i.,niti,e, 4ut il.iulv 24th, I884, when they firnlel tie inmpamony," T: " y i. n t l StNRI; (A...iMtirr:r. the earlier company'lv f A. French &,Co. lTing- also -nielr-e,l in the tnew coiip:mny, which was firmed to mnuuithNtre spiing' of all it a-: ions, iand the Iresent p)rosperous condition of titI works;ndicates tLhat the comihinlation was a stepl in thle right direction. THEl A. lFRENCH PiNt l., S.PIr-IeN" is:l elt, dou htless,' the larest,olcern in the world engyagel exchlusivl.v in the mnim,i.tuIre of st,ringtts. It has double the capacity of:iny. imilar c,'lern in the 1-litel Sta:te.s. l,vini g three mills. I, sti Hi Works of The A. French Spring Co., Limited. INDU SI' IET.I I_"1 R 1 tSO 1 1ES'. are shown in vignettes in the illistratio n,f the works o on opposite pa,e. iThese mills are fitte.d up with the most expleniive alnd late,t imprioved nmachinery,. which Lives great facilities for not only rapid work but perfect tinish. These three mills Ocv er an area Of of lver two tvres, and are models for tile purpose for \whlich tllheY were desig.ned. The company have a ipaid-uip capital of 5()0,000; they employ 150I hands, and have a capacity otf 1,000 tons of finishlied springs ier m nnum nearly all the asseiinger cars in the Vinited States are equipped with springs made , v this concern, aind the reputation of tile product of these works is n,it allpproachelc ,v atinv other similar company ill the ounitry. It would appear fromTi the industries mientioned in these pafges thait Pittsbur,_,h furllislhes not only tile springs fotr the a:rs, but also the rails for the railroa)ds, tilhe locomotives that haull the ('arz, tile brakes for the safety of the passenigers, tlhe electric and autoimatic switches for the tracks, the couplers for the cars, the glass for thle windows, the hardware for tthe firnishing of thle (ars, and various )ither details of railroad equipment. Carriage and Wagon'Springs and Axles. ThIe LET:;(:TT SPRINt; & AXLE 0('., LIMITED, corner of Spruce and Market streets, Allegheny city, is a steel manulfactlry which] works up their own product illto, the above goods. It is the successor of ('olenman, Ralihm & Co., established in 1S45, in this line of manufactures. They produce all descri,ptions of springs atil axles for vehicles, and is tile only establishnlent in the city whose ldant is exelusively used for this descrilption of articles, anl ranks seventh in tile inited .States ill its technical cliss. The works occipy all area of about two) alnd-a-hallf ;;(Ies, * itd, with a capacity of 3,O(t towS of finished 1)1'0(11('t, itroduce ahliot an avTi';lne of 2.500( tons a vear. The ~,irks (imploy an average of 225 limids, i\\+;'w \a;t"es;itmotlit to $125.000i aInnlly-d\. Steel Ingot Mould Manufacturers. T'lhe makinig of this imptrit'tan item of the equipmeniit of steel wor,ks is a sipe1i.itv of L. MA. Moitius, Twentyv-third and P'enni avenue. (Chieflv they are moulds fi(r thle use of the Iessemier I lants in casting their steel ingots. Tllese inmoulds are incidetntallv made at some )of the other f,liundrv-mnachitie works of the cit?, hlut tihe establishmeiit of MIr. Morris is the onlv establishlment in the VInited Statecs whelc there is an exclusive departrtient fotr this wiork, haviing a separate fou1ndrv especiallv desiglled and fitted therefor, and itn which ino other branch of work is dotne, a;md where the inen are all selected tfir their skill inii this iii d!stry. The'1 wirks turn out about 7,0 0 tons of these moinldhs a yeart, which:ire shipped to all set lions of tlie country where Bessemer steel is made. An average of 45 hanis are emi1loyed in the works, and $30,000 of wages paid thlem. The record of thile extensive foulndr'v for heavy castings, which, in addition to this, Mr. Morris has, is, emnbraced in the general account of the foundry business of the city. 9I PT'IT7ND 1 R(;I',S' I'PRO1 (;IJE1S, Agricultural Steels. The nmaking of these is to a large extent am-ion g the Iroducts of tile steel-making firms like SIN(;iER, NI.ItIC (' Co., who make it a special branch of their manufactures, and some other of the steel manuftctuorers, but there are two or three whose exclusive business is tile forming of these goods. Among these is the PE:NNSYLVANA Di ) 1ol 1 ING (Co., Fayette street, near Tenith. This company was established in 1875 for the purpose of malmfauturing agricultural steels of all descriptins. Tile works occupy a space of s0x360 feet, and employ 50 hands, whose wa:ges will average about 827,000 a yeiar. The works have between forty and fifty lpieces of machinerv, hammers, drop presses, &e., a1( their product is about 1,500 tons of plow blales, mould boards, Mcolters, &c., a year, thle valle of which was not 10obtained. Agricultural Works. C('ief of these is the manufinetre 1of pldows. ()f this class there atre two-the ittmi: PLo,w W\V(oK and Till: ElMPlieu:. The ( dobe is onle of the lar1gest in the coluntiv, V,t was established in 1828, nearly half a tentwrv ago. The' riginal ftetory was a one-story frame building without a f6unry. The present works o(.upv 270x21)0 feet. two stories, with at f,oundry floor of 1I0xl2), and a (cupa:lo of 2,000 tonis capacity. The 1-1:ksmiitl slops and finishing rooms are two stories, 0x270, andl the smorer(om (;0x230..\n nverag,e of frnmi 100 to 120 hlands are emploved, whose watge:~ will rmi up1, to ollite 81o0, ))4 a Yeazr when fully employed. The valuei of thi, plant. in machiner-. grounids and buildings, is al)boitn.200,0)00. and the outpult in plows, cultivators and similar agrieultur:il implenments, about w500,01. Thei Emipire WIrks oec u,py a lspwe,f 10Ox 144), employ 0 hands, ianiufact iring abouit 1,5040 plows a yearl, and 7400 tons of agricultural steel shapes. The plant is stated as of a value of,4;o,ymo4; thle wages paid will average, when running full, frout t3-5.0()t to S-10,0140 a year, and information refised as to any Other statistics as to) value of output, &e. The N.:rI.s.\t.i;s ttLTlAt W utKs, 222 litcecca street, manuf:,eture horse hay forks and plows, and other agricultural implements; also pimitice igricultural steels and irons. The plant is stated as If a valiue of 8140,00440. aml (wetupies I spave of 240x3100 feiet. There is emiploy.ed in it ml average of 100 hanids, whose wagIres 1amiou1ilt to frollnt 50,0t00 to.I4,)4)jm a vear, Il111tehv Ile,( frolm l 1 )00 to 1,7400 tons (tf iron antid steel a year. The:.e wvr ks also numMaCturet ornaentatl fenciings and railinigs. As near as could be arruived at thle value of thle outpltUt ef this divi~,0in Of t ie business of the city tlpproximates si, )(4 }).. Special Tools. The Pt rr,t-1it T), To C(. is a erlhniation established in 18 f,r thle man)itfaturle )I special stnall tools tfr ilachinists' use. It is -iltilar in thle charauter ,f its produict with those of New Engdind wirkslih, qs for like,lr,o-es. It is the only ef1t:11lishtl,et in Plittslirghld of its kinld and pr oductive design. Before it was (est:)lished it wn, niecesslary to send t, Massa.husetts wheln Smle special tool was IND IS7TRIES AND RlE(JO (RCES. required. Thie factory occupies an area of 250 by 60 feet, and when running fill employ 90 hlands, whose wages will average about 840,000 annually. The value of the plant is estimated at $80,0)00, and the works have 20 lathes, 9 turret head screw lathes, 5 milling machines, 2 shapers, 1 planter, 5 grinding machines, and other neccssar v drill presses, etc. This corp,ration manufwatures every class of standard and special machine tools, twist drills, reamers, hand and nut taps, dies, milling machines, eight-gear cutters; also, as a specialty, light automatic interchaingeable machine work. Steel Wagon Skeens and Tubular Axles. The nmanufacture of the above article was established in 1886 by STEPIHEN.sON & (Co., and is a new industry of Pittsburgh, and is the only establishment of this description in the city. The factory occuplies an area of 100 by 100 feet, and there is from 30 to 50 hands emploved in the works. This firm also manufacture a new form of axle, designated as Tubular Axles, being imade from wrought iron pipe; which, while allowing of an axle of greater diameter, avoids the weight of one of similar size if solid, and gives greaiter spring and elasticity. They obviate the use of wooden:xles, and are much more durable f,r ordinary agricultural purposes. This firm is just preparing to nianufacture these two new articles of Pittsburgh industrial Iprodluct, and as yet there are no statistics of production. The works and oftice of the firm are at the corner of Craig and Kilbuck streets, Allegheny. Steel and Iron Tools. This is one of the manufacturing industries of Pittsburgh, which, in an exposition of the,progress maule, can claim the aristocracy of age. As early as 1803, "angers, clhisels. planing Iits, drawing knives, etc.," to the value of 81,000 are nientioned ill "A View of tile Man,nfacturing Trade of Pittsburgh" in ('ramer's AUlmanack,f IS04, and in 1808 in a similar en:imerative " lronunongery," as the terni then wias fhr axes. IIhmniers. l,oes and such articles, is mieniiti,ned as being tproduced to the value of 1-,5.00(;,.nd in ian aCtcounit of the manufacturer.s of the cit y in 1817. "cllected L dcirecttion f t il. tli (ihmicii.' tere are six tool-niakers recorded, producing 613,100t wiorth of t,ols and emlhloying eighteen hands. There are now eight extensive manuf:wcriing liltuts for the manufacture of wNhat may be tlec-hnieallv classified as " tools," althoiwui there are several others nakinig splecial articles in a limited w:iv, some of which are reported in these plages under special heads or are parts of wNorks, wihoste main business is of other classes. () f thulse that may be classed as manufacttuhrers of Axes, Saws, Shovels and Cutlery Tools, there are five: Firm. Oflice. Estab'd. By. tubbard &'o.... 4Sth st. and A.V. RI. H. 1847. Lippincott & Co. Klein, Logan & C(o.. 8. 13th;and Ireed. 185(..J. C. Klein. Iuhussey, Binns & Co., Ltd. 27th st. and A.. 11. 1. 1874. HIussey, Binns & Co. Iron C(ity Tool (Co.;32M st. iand AX. 11. It. 186G. Kloman, Park & Co. F. T. Lippert.... 626 Grant st.... 1875. James Lippincott. 9"; ;c" cc h:: e -J: i 1 t---l-1 ii C s r' o.:I 3 3 -I cI L Jc: I ,4 ~I. k C L r IL: = -Y 4 -7. z-. S... h 1~L~ c 1' 14 C 15 C c, 3. I r, , c s = s = j: ~1. _, I: s25 L7? S ;'~ 94. ()f these two imanu I facture saws, IE'. r. Lippert and Ilubhard & ('o. ()f the- - thle nmost extensive and the oldest is the firm of IMAnIN OC (b'., known intil lately as Ilhbard, akewell & Co. This tirm have two very larg.e work-,,one:a Forty-eighth street aiid Alleglieny VaileN y z ailr rad and one at Beaver Falls. lhe re-putation of the firn for saws hlas lon been staldlislihel, and thev make circula, mill, eross ('nt, gang and any deseriptinn of all up to cirh',ladrs tf' Gi. feet diametl(. Axes are also a specialty, for which they are famious and for which tilhey h:av\ a capacity of t20) dozen a day, and they ianiuficturie severa] varieties andt grad,l-' The work-4 ot this tirm cover o ver telln nres of ground atll tlle plant is itat'tld;I (,ta a val,ie of {-: 0,((). In the making tof shovelsn and.hot, there are tw, establlishments. lIvts..: HI}x,is & ( o., Limited, whose slecialty is thie ma:tking, of a solid east steel shovel and loconmotive sc,olop with soc-keit and strap compl,lete, eaclth shovel t rt~1ltght front:1 single steel ingot; also Iit aiiRD & ('o. IMef;re mentioned, which ilirn m.I a r.apacity off 0i( d1ozen of shovels and hoes:a day. 1K taI-, L.,a & Co. make picks, itattoek- and similar articles, and I lhe i;,,); ('Arxy Tioi, ('cei'.o NY what nimt lile technitcallv ealled "Cutlert to ols." Thes live estaIblislillents employ anti average a: l it 7.5t i hli:iils, whllOs(;i:l are a o!:t t400ii,000 anmnally', and the value of their output is fronmt 1,i(000,0(10 to.i'l,2iiii. The Verona Tool Works, M mmi-i', P.OtL & (Co'.. is an estaIlishmient whose b:hsitess is conlined excluslicIv to special railway supplies. These works were cstlahlishedl inl 1878 for the lurIpose of manufacturing tmi-ilnroad track to,ls, and is the only establishilent in tle, world that nilkes a solid eye steel pick. These are nude from at piece of bar st( of a suflicient lengthI for at pick of anyV size or weight. Tihis bar is pa sod tthrou),I a series of ldolkinbg, fmmring, roughiktg and linishitng dies. in tle i o'es, nothit; is takeni frOm this piee d of steel. All the origikal stock emailis co=inpvsed iAm, a pick, sliid steel and solid eye, and guaranteed implossible to ibreak, esmpecially ini the eye, by any usage a pick nay he put to. The tirm make nothing but solid steel toods. The 0aitory, whicl, as before stated, was established in S,;73, is locate,l in V\eronal boriuh, aboult twelve miles from the city, the oflice heinlg on thecorner of Second avenue and iSmithiield street, city, fri omi whence ti, the works till, liri'm have a private telephone. The oriJinal iworks wetre burned down in 1]$l and relbilt otn i lariger scale with all the best machinery, andi is now one of the most complete establisllnients in the cin)ltrm for its Plurlj()se, tile original caplit:l having been int'reased frtnm 8.-0,0i to 100,0i00. Amtiong, tihe special articles mad( bi these works is the'lEltI. Nit isr. )f these the firm t haVe solhi i .1 anuary 1ist. 18sI;. 8t,001,0i-57,;nid by the 1st of Jainuary, 1857, will lhave itcrea-eld the st(ale.s tt over 100,t00.000. lt The fiin supply with articles of their llanllufactue over 270 railroas, and the most of their goods ire sold direct to tilhe consumers. They eiploy an average of about 10) hands, and the wirks occupy anI area fl eight acItles. '[1771B 1UR(,'JFS PRO1RI1E17. INIS)'STRIES A.IND?RESOCUR(CS. Steel Nails, Steel Shapes and Novelties: It i hbut natural that in the p)ro.esss of evolution in which steel is in so many uses supplanting itron, that new departures in the manilpulation of steel should be made among the steel works of the it'..\As has heen the rule in these pages to mention special branches in any of the classes of Pittsburgh industries, the product of the articles classitlied in the caption of this section of the matter is noted. The II.n.s nSr:~F:. ('Com,ANYs, Limited, already tabulated among the steel works of Pittsburgh, have made just!'ih departures in the using of their product to manufaeture se.i:tlti(,. Thev have just complented a large structure adjoining their steel department for the purpose of manufacturing s:rEEL SIGNS. These are to be made in ornamenmal and fancy deesigns for street and lamp signs, house numbers, guide-hoards fi,r railroads, anlt all such uses as require durable signs. These will be made exuclusively of steel under patents controlled by the company. Under the same patents they have erected new and valuable machinery for the )urpotse of (drawinz. steel to spec.ial shal's and formn;, which prormises to become a leading branch of tLeir Ibsiine,ss. TheY have also egiiun the making of a unique article, -rmin' I iI! i)tj1 MAr s. They have also a steel wire nail mill, hbilt in 1.' I, for the production of this description (of nails fr,mi steel made expresly l Imr the variou grades, best suited for each particular purpose, and Li.\k i.:'is are als, a leading, feature of this departmicnt. The buildinr_,s alone of thi.s firnm'ectuily.eight anres, and there are employed in the variou.s dlepartments at this time about 80f ha:mn,s. whose wages will approximate $4I00.0io. The work, of this firm are at Beaver Falls, branch office at 48 Fifth avenue. andl also a ware,hola-e at 72 Lake street, (hicago, and their works connect by the Marginal Railh'cad, which they operate under lease, with the Pennsylvania and Vanderbilt systeni of railroads. Steel Castings. The making of castings from crucible steel is a special class of the steel business of Pittsburgh, and there is but one establishment at present engaged therein. The PITT'rIsR(;tu'IEEI. (S Xr'lNS ('o)I' Y, whose works are at Twenty-sixth and Railroad streets, was established in 1S71 for the purpose mentioned above. Starting at first in a mod(est way to make castings of steel under a patented process the company has grown strong and is now one of t he pr muinent and important steel works of Pittsburgh. The works now (.cuipy five acres of ground and the value of the plant in the buildings, machinery and ground is $4t0t,000. From a start of a few crucible tires the works have increased until they have now two 24pot Siemens furnaces, one 24-pot coke furnace, seven annealing fiun:aces, and 72 pots can be used at each heat, and they have a capacity of 4,)000 tons per annmni of steel castings. They make as their specialty castings iof',ein,iw fine crrcib! sirel, capable of handling, forging and temper drawing, and which are as fine almost as any material that can be run into i,,Iulds, with sharp and perfect edges, smoothi surface and capable of corcing, hollow and interstice w(,rk, and vet free from blow JITI'BNIU RIFS I'S I?ROf?IESS, holes and saind mixed spotsli. Thte conpwalv clainm that their castings are of a su1-r~'io' seng' ith. Capabie of a ]li~hl polish land not,porous as steel eastinigs are when ma:ie ill anvyothler way. Thi- c, mnipany have als,) ereted works fir the produetion of refined ( esselier billets with a ae:pacity ofl 201) t(ns a day. The entire works of the coilmpu iy eimipl,,y an ave1a1e,f ahout 200 han,Is and distriilte wagesannuallv to the:amo,nit of,11tiI40. Tliji es-tal,lishmient furniished a portion of the work for the eelk-brated I )lvis Island I )am, all have also made steel castings for thle Navy V D'partmenlt of tile I'nited States (wovetrnnieit. They have been "sllcessfuil in omaking their steel. eastin-s ul to eight tons, and caneu ake of any w1 eiglht required, as by their coinu nnieatin n to thle Ordnance Conmiission elseIwhere quoted. ot )n that subje't tlier say further, tounhing the easting of cannoni, in the makiuni of whIich Pittsbi rgh has a preemption claim dating fromn 1812, and the guns made for Perry's Fleet, and re-h"ined by the work of the Fort Pitt canno1 fiundry i)n 181-5, elsewhere given. Say:vs the Pittsburgh Steel Casting Company in thle commun ication spoken of: "- We send youm a 1l4ie of turning lut from a long strip to show the ductility of an uni tbrged rolled casting, as it was taken iroin lthe mold, this being the one your attention was dire-ted to when 4you were hiere. The elongation of the unflwrged steel eaAting is not less tha!ln 25 p'r cent.'I,Tensile strength, 80,000 pounds; elastic linmit. 400)1 I pounds. If heate-I awt fort,ed vertiealiv it would no doubt make a g,n witli very great itensile sl'tISlli "t aeI elastle limit, and free from external and internal stralinsll. We Ibelieve thait better results can bie obtained by these metihods than have ever be-n reached be:ire. Knowing tile great interest von take in this s.bie't. o M1r Mu1. Ilaisw 1.rtlh mnlalkes, soimie sulig2e.'tions flor you"r c;nsideration. in order to give all our manuniot-iwrs la Oe l1h in t' he c,,nlietitioi, being convinet lh:t if.Am rian geeniuls is allo,we! full t','ope ouilr country wou(ld take the lead in this i)lllkh of naln: if;l!tu'tc a;- it has in n::n1v other:. " 1n:ec-i a s as the large ste.l Ilioa;1 iifa r -t I t th-I o is (.o;4tiiry are willing to undemtake tihe imunUl'of Wavy'ast st gu-ns, ptvid\'hed the ( iov\'rnniltt filrnis!ws suWiiint money foilr thle experienil, now inll order to do alway with all jealohn-y l paW l'ivn talk ahot, Hiyq- and thvo'itis:n. thile 1(llw ing phlan is pl'n,posed: " ixt the g'ein oelt ole:" thrl- u prizes. i'ge i-tI gh to) enlist th i contlideniie tf nlll all;'tw ures-. to be 1,i"en 1 I \ l-' who, eeo, ill makin.u tile best 6-inchI ea-t ste(.l [nls, this ize Iwin.l:thil tho limins of "'e-ent capacity of nladly all ur steo'l,l:mls. Tkrve orize:!1!-, 12-ini'b M O O m t,n h Im O le A)h e sMITesMfl com petilos for the ltrst priz/. Chits pla,n wo-l)d >ave millions oi t dl,lars to the;-govern Imn. al MY 0", Wi attinNlQ remilts. ieA thp guns le made apcording to the m(lthol dece ed tieil w t by thi e'nat t r-,. all t;. gutills t hIe subillitted to the Sal)( de(struiclive 4icsl4, nid cl--.~ id:.wt.i' inm_, to 4'1ili'rance', a:s 1, 2, 3, eti. There shoild b Ie no ell)rt 4:Tvle I) keep o).i1' n) ~m ni,'s tii hin he eirele of the experi ment-s ofthe ( Itnglis-. ('(latl or 1 retuh,:lt leave them free to act as the-v think.: best: andi in liv i vfar-." tim'. the t-isuhs - obltined \vill show al progrc-ss in thle mian lifattllr-e otf hea,,x,4Ial-e that 4,,uhld astonishi the world." ()n this p,int the iirmi of N! 0,', o-it ltr:ttuiia. & " Co., who also make castinis of icsteel, say. in a r-o uniinlicatlion to tile salie Con1umission: " We propoe thle llanitfittulre of a cn:inwr o-f large C:liber and great weilght by tile lpr"Cess of steel casting, Iy dleparting from the usuali process of casting in a1 sandl ml. suibstituig a. ase of sheet iron riughly atpplrnxi,ating the contour If Ithel gun.:illow\valce Ie ing 1a, fior the tinishiing; trainions being cast with the 96 Smithfield Street Bridge. Point Bridge. ---i--Fp-i I; 5r c~ Bi .z; II J _u'--ii: f.~ r~ ~,I~--~a-L~E; Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Bessemer Station, Braddock. ---;';1--r------~ ----I jl: "" p' I ----- I L i)NDUS TItlES AND RESO URCES. gun. This case is enclosed vertically in a flask or iron cylinder, and the spaee lietween the flask filled with thoroulghly dried sand.'l'his s:n' backing is cunp,leted by jnrring. the flisk with sled,es, thus supplrting the case in its position. The tindien steel is then run into the case. So far this is the ordinary proc.ess )f "canl in t:' casting. varyinu, -l,wever, in making the case alrirlch tie cq h h ntouir'Of tlie gun intiv'd of a lAiin c"vne'.:ias ihas been thie iornotie herntofre. A veryv long si"nkjing-headl is i,lJe (ei tihe cse to feei the shrinkiLage of the steel, and also to ,r,nilalt the material by the pne.surie of thei hIlghllt of the (wheliiin of molten steel. That the pressture froin a long sinking-hlead will eflectually comiiliact tile in:terial in the case, we have conellsively proved by niany instainces of shafts and roli; as lIre as 24 inclles diameter, the casting coming out perfe('tli free from bliw l;les, sirinkage r:ckls, or d(ifeets of any kind. The steel ingot after iecorning cold will be taken th tlie lathie, rough b)ored and turned, and( then put in an alllealinll firlnace and thotrogihly annealed. By thioronghly alnnealing suich castijlgs a rema;rkable lchanuige is etlc2thd in the strlcturile f thle material; lwhat was a c,)arse open grain beconies a fli,e, silkvy ne, cioual t,o wot lianiiuered steel, anl its touihnel,-s will ibe vastly in'r,N-si. -i this mode of iulantifacture the cost of a large gun: will be reduced very nuiclh below that iof a coiled or forged guni, and we clatin it will be fully elual ill strength and soiini,ness, the former being secureld by the thoro:gh annealing, alllti tile latter by the ressurelle of the sinking-heaild \lhile ithe liatcrial is inl the loltel condition. We thlink tlhat tile prevailing olpinion that a seI l ingot is ill iwrovetd iv h:lnmmeringi or teolliNig is a inist:ken one. and derived fi,nm the experien:e with wrougiit iron. whcirek heave reduciions and repieatedl rcw\\-orkings liiluit'stiom,nily be,netit tile lwi;tcrial, but the ci-es of steel and \ivlithl ir(Ii are futnii:iienitallYv tidferent. WtV'gh iron always (i(nains Imme or liss tireigni altter, dilt, scales or cinder, which w,uhld greatly iijiure tihe finislied( nil,. The-e are dlriven ou!it ov tile rewoirkimni or reductionlls I,ut in the (-:se iof st i tihere are no sih ilmiities in he olleteni nialterial, iand aill that is requirelI is that tih, density ami tlite- ghn ofi the nass le aittainted, which is complletely aecoiplli lid kv thle hun Si nl. ig-hiea ci n tir ing'.e This brief sketch oft' the steel iindlustries of the (city of Pittsbln'ri -c:Iiliinot Illore fittinlily close than wit h a lelntion lld descril)tio)n of Pittslburgii's itiitiiense and f;it ii us Steel Rail Mill. Lo",c,ated on the vciv r,.ri)inld wxhere IBrhddock,!'s dis-s-trous battle was fi,ught and the Engli.,h soldi'r. t -11 eetire the atta,k of the W\ierican Inlhn,l thie ideah irresista,ll llcreients itself tha:it on thmeaioe b~itlte-nro,untl one of the equally flieree eonti,sts of comuinerce is being cai'rried on. ni! bietween Englisi and Americ'an forci-es z!tiin. F,or the \whxlopl and yell of the Indian tie hills echo ba,'k the shrill voice of thic stc:ini whistle and the scaie I)ipipe. AVWhere tlie clink of steel and tihe rattle of nlilsketir filled the air now rc.iounmls.lie clash anl clank of aclhinery, and the checrfu'! s -unds of voices'ius" with thie managenlelnt and workingt, of mavihinery greets the ear whlere, onl " Braddocl'k's direfuti diy," the aingry shiouts and conllniands of contending warri(,rs ir,se and fell Awith the varying fortunes of tile battle. These works, standing thus on the very area of a fanious frontier battle, are a striking illustration of the ceniquests of trade, the plrogress of civilization, and yet ilriore so of the progress al gnrowth of Pittsburgh. No grander monument to the growth of the nation, the progress of the eity, tr the triunph of Anmerican mianu 7 97 fietures and of American lnechanics, eould well be built than the conmplete and comiprehlensive industrial plant of The Edgar Thomson Steel Works. "Trhe above-named works for the prolduction of steel rails is a specialty amonlg the steel works of Pittsburgh, being constructed and worked solely for the making of rails. They are situated at Bessemer, eleven miles east of Pittsburgh, and are connected with tile nmain line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with the P'ittsburghi division of the Baltimore & O()hio Railroad, and the main line of' the Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Yioughiogheny Railroad. Through these connections they conmnmand for transportation facilities tile entire railroad systelm WVest and South, while the Monongahela river, on which the comllany's grounds front for 3,000) feet, gives facilities of water carriage to( and from its very doors over tile whole Ohio and Mississiplpi system of navigation. In their location these works are a most admirable illustration of those receptive and distributive facilities enjoyed by Pittsbur-gh lmaniufactories, which are stated in the chapter of this volume treating of tile manufacturing advantages of thile city. The whlole area of' grolnd is 133 acres, and the buildings now erected at Steel ID)epartment are:-C(ONVERTING MILL, 165, long, 86' wide; rail mill, 400' long, 100' wide; bloominilg mill, 60' long, 90' wide; shlearing and heating department, Wli lhogn 78' wide: rail mill annex, 120/ long, 90' wide; boiler house, 112 lonllg, 52' wide; boiler house, 300' long, 50' wide; plroducer house, 180' long, 50' wide: cullpola house, 107' long, 44' wide; engine roIomn, 44/ long. 54/ wide; ladle house, 80' long, 50' wide;,hottnom house, 80' long. 50( wide; mlixing house, 30' long, 30' wide; blower house,: (/ long, 40/ wide; tank house, 84' long, 22' wide; electric light house, 42' long, l' wide; punmp house, 50' long, 35' wide; puIil house, 50' long, 50' wide; engine house, 45' lomg, 40' wide; carpenters, niachine and blacksminitlhs' shop, 200' long, 60' wide; office, 70' bY 70'; store room,. 45' long, 22, wide: st(re room, 3' long, s2' wide; store roo), 36' long, 62' wide; forge, 62' long., 62' wide; brick shed, 120' long, 25' wide; brick slled, 120' long, 25' wide. All buildings are wholly of hrick excepting rail mill iand,producer lhouse. which aire of iron, and all without exception have iron roof framnes and (coverinugs. The machinery of the works is in full keeping with the size of the Iplant and dlesig,ned to facilitlate all the manulnlfcturing proc.,ses. The Io N-IvII-n N( MAlIIINERY co(Ilprises thiree 10I-ton c(onverters, live cupohls, two 10-ton hy dlraulic" ladle cranes, live ydrauilic ingot cranes, one hydraulic dumrlp 0rane, one hYdraulic ladle house cra1ne, one Sl1ie(el ladle crane, one ( hottoml house crane, two, me1I hani('ll agitators, two 20" Iportable lbottomn jacks. one ( )tis steam1 hoist operlated by a 9'' by 12"/ hoIistinIg engine, one engine 5/"x9" for spiegel ladles, one hydraulic ingot pushir. TilE: BLOVINI M\ltINI-:HY for (Converter and Cupl),las is as fRllows: 3 bIlowing engines, steam cylinder 142"', 48"' stroke, with 54"' air cylinder; 1 double blowing engine. steam1 c(ylinder )(;'" diaieter, 5i" stroke with 54" lir cy linder; 4 No,. 10 EIaker blowers for cup!)ol:i,. PIT7YNBURUI;'F PEOGRI', INDI) "?TRIEN AJND IEL I'lS (,E,. TII. IL-ii. MILi,L machinery and appliances are as follows: 7 Siemen rcgnrativye ingot heating furnaces for heating ingots. ()ne 33Q1, 3 high blooming trailn and tables. The power for bloomiing train is furnished by an engine,:(" x(i0'" cvlinder. The tables are operated by an independent double engine 9'' xl2'' cvlinde rs. Next in order comes the shear operated by a 14/"x24'' engine. The tables of shears are also operated )by an independent )/x12''" engine. Near the shear is located a 3 ton chipping hammer. For reheating the blooms there are 7 Sienien regenerative heating furnaces. The blooms are charged into and discharged from these furnaces by means of a hydraulic crane and novel charging nachinerv. This machinery is operated by a 12//x15" engine. The blooms are rolled into rails by a 23'" 3 high roll train provided with the latest hydraulic and automatic appl,liances for rolling, and all operated hy "a 4;/"x48", engine. The rails are cut to proper length by a hot saw operated by a 14'"x24" eng'ine. Other machinery in rail mill is as follows: 2 hot bed engines, 9"x12'' c(ylinder. 4 straightening presses, 4 drill presses, operated by a 18"'x24'" engine. In lithe rail mill annex is a straightening press, 2 drill presses and a 12'"x20'" engine for operating same. In the rail mill are also 2 cold saws operated by engines 11 /x20'*. The hyvdraulic machinery comprises I pressure punip, hydraulic cylinder 7'" diameter, steamn cylinder 18"' diameter, 15" stroke, 1 coml,ounid duplex pressure pulmp, 10'/ plungers with 3("' stroke, steam cylinder 21 "x36(;" diameter, 5 duplecx pressure pumps, 9s, 9, Ingers. 24" stroke, steam cylinder 25" di:uneter, I pressure pump, 7" plungers, 1S" stroke, 1.5" steam cylinder. All pressure pumps are (onnected and operate all the hydraulic Imachinler"'v at the works. The feed pump I r boilers comprise 4 pumps, pluhngers 7" diameter, 12" stroke, steam cylinder 12"' diameter. The supptly l)umps i comiprise 3 cOmplolundl duplex pIlimps, 1 1 ll plungers, 36"' stroke, 22" steam cylinders; 3 pumps, 14'" plungers, 1(0" strioke. steam cxylinders 15,' diameter; I hose pump. 5"' plungers, 10") stroke, 10" steam c(ylinder. T'.: Sr'E.t t lilN.(iy o.umprises 16 boilers, 1.7 long, 7 diameter, with 40 4.'' tiuIws: 16 h'4lhrs, 28' long, 3;'' diameter, 2 1'" fInes: 14 1,uilcrs'. 2' long. 54' diameu.r, 2 18" flutes. At present n1tural gas is ust-d throumhout all tke heating furn'na(es. The prIo du'ing plant, however, comprises 28 gas producers. InI addition to the machinery enumerated may be mentioned the mixingi room contaiining a cruIshe'r md 2 grind ing mills. operated by an''18"x2'-"' ngine: the skull bireaker. with S8x'2" en gine; engine tbor drawing cinder cars,. 8"x12" machine' shop cngine, 1 2"x2 I " carpenter shop engine, 10'xl2'; I2 bloNwers I*'r'ventilating mill, olperat'ed by 12"x24"' engine: S-ton steam lianunie'r at'urge,:mand 1-ton steam haminer in blacksmith shops. "Tm.: l'ux.\: I iP.'t:IT 1of the Edg.,_ar Thomsoi n Steel \Vorks comprises -,Blast Furnaces, A \. 1,, (1 ) and EI: two more furnaces, F' and ( i are now being built. Furnace \ is the smaller, being 18: feet diameter of I)osh, and 65 feet Iigh. All the 4tthler fiurnaces are 20 feet dit:meter of bosli and SO feet hi-gh. Each tlir nace is provided with four hot blast stoves. 21 f'ee dialneter and 75 feet high. E rT?1 r *,i c -I, - i~ I:1 -r % C: ~r i. j L T: - ~II ~ = = I-F=-". i: s.-~ -J or r j c 4 - r-- -r ~J. -,j -r. i - j -?e =:, -:J -r; 3; - N = 4, tT. " Lzl:r, ," :.r CjZ-J c; to: s: j (51 r 'i ri j , 3 U i 3 i i i "i O 3 -C 3 O j "." ~ _+ . -,( y[ "-i., jU - S " "S +-+, % -, ,m, } -z, + t ~ -' \ ".'" 1 /. L ,_.. = S;< ":3 5 -- -- i -I i ~ 3 .u i. L ^4 i ~, -~ r - ~"' i~ " "'i:e c.E " " ^I -I z r -% . % i ~3 i;7. " -3 4;3C_I - i. i. OI;I ; r I "I I 3 ci r-- ~r i :~. i. -- j ,~ - ;r - - ~~ ~ i. -? i "= -1 -I :i ~, I i. -r i ~-~ j -,1 I: 3'\ ~ I ~, - I: ~ .. . c.,., .-+r... _Z. 5 -'- - -? I - E > c- -": .-?_ 4,.. "S '=E' ,: I1N IJTRIES' AND RIESOURCTh. SIs PI rade of V-ittsbur!1. I IhIIi'e f f!'ittsburg)i h Glass in the future seeims likely to suripass its repiuta tion i ln '.'e past:ts'reatly as its beauty, clearness and 1,rillia'ncy und r its "p.r,v I t, n,ih i tl " fuf'l will it inish and qnualitvy he'eAtof e. Al!iouti in thc lm.'.n t prog,r(, " had been nole n in all feldparti'T,'ltS of glass llanillft,I.;'' tI:,!'ift-!,lV.:!. f a fpirit of'11ulati on, f'd 1- 4 'if i. s,,f' e(' iiif, invited iqr,vt f: i. 1 1c' the i 4i 4lifction X g'as filc' hat nl:(1 mucf.h ].'>.ilhfl wbich heremire co l"T, 104 I awly cxii g in th e mm! f' l' fel 141.' diil'ill. WVith ih"'purity S. f:ol na; c.lelial lperv'er,ni,''otu's are.er,nmt i, and, a 1 "-'ibility ta quaIlity, 4VI; fW,,, \' it' all th:1 is beuf ltifl'l itn 1ftlat F',i:I:'li') f 1:l!v ne I lll i'tndr Id y.as11s. he mi:lllluf t'tre ft gflf' has' I: f ('Ii ea n,,,d i ldu-ll r c f v ( i~ sl:',: 111 I,-day t ~(: i'l'l1ic "id,;f llHil (,l'.q are ,fvst il'(r,lsi':hle re'put' tion of Pit'ttsti r"gj)h g'lass ial edi icatineL;1t' gunortI,'e e'aitftl ill tO:t11". "Ilhe intural' desir'e for wealt'h and the fii.rl.'hition,i' 4 trie] are ntli'-tif i a (ll t f!(- ihl (rit d:.ill ft1' nfinelt y ulrs' pr1 fl',i"al,duc''14 in lasiit S iakil a: nld,!:is i "fe s. \lwith the ai' fI g y tfel' it i4,) jo)l,O.:'y. but a handf v,- i l,n td,. wh ail. t) say thl:lt P';I'slt,'urgl is dte1incd to 1e tfie controller of Sh-- tIra'le t,I' the nuid Sta4, and m'. 4tro4ably off the NN'ld. The best narket f,:ounall \ di ltilm [, If he 1t-:'1, andl thlie i'. 111m'.ket is'. 1lt where the lmoi t dk-irahie o.(d, and t1wff lmvwu4st c',4;t,comlihite. \ larg-elyv as tlhest, f:ctf rs lhave in tl'he past I.:tIdc Itltsu'ti':1 thfe'leadingf market for gtass, tle illr'ttased pml. r her niew 4u1l .v i-ll Oxla' d the i,4 ( of Plittf,ur4 i a:, at dIt mlini tin g,i:ss co'entre. T l;(, i:.ilt-i,:Ii,! g'rowth o4 la'.t.ill~ at the cad"valers 4,1" tile ( hi,b is '1 1 vI' at tt ti4, h oel ('it!(,' I f1t!w l th hl. to 1 il:' reci tal!f ft,t 1e Xl re 4s f'itts)li rgrh, 1,o,v vX r. f nw ff,w st, i-i,f re pr(per as mile st t 't s.'. indi:'it' vc Q.f the -,pved with w}hich' hi< "ra'h It i t't il.bh4 ill ul-rit f i., I-f'.'. Window Glass i -h I'.''li,. ft ir,, i'. (()t con icled witlh the his1t' v of this i.ndhstr'v at I'itts u Niic..i ty vu v:4 a,._ thi e~,->ntial to dwelling hmims. vn was tirst m k!c. in this vicina;' e, tu:t' (fi,irated \l ert I;I allatin'"ti I l slf in " 1 i factall r14 1'" ir is k I'. uCl',i,! at telv.' the c,itnf4 ttht'.l river, sixty mil''- ailm,' itftvcII. in 1797. It 1a alvways 64m, anvinp I dit this imtviT' was biil in 17S7, huw. Nir JO(,seph I). \\_euks, iln 1prpa r'in,g;' is repor't for the cen.us dtepartmn'ti t on olas, established theI f4act',.f it uwas tel' i'ea:'s later, in 1797. Two ( iermians ff th4e nanie f Kramer and a Mr. "1icho.sonl wer", asso(ciate'l with him. Trhey obtained fr'om.'14 to $20a i4~ tLANew Court House, Pittsburgh. .' 4'" S.e";-.- ii,i:o .d~~-, Old Court House, Pittsburgh, Destroyed by Fire May, 1882. 1...mmrxrTm. I. 4102 box fior theiri g;ss fo(r s,iome tiime, but tile price ldec lliing to,S they ldisconttinuied its iYnuftietcture. To tdese i.ighi prices Mr. (a llatin was adversK, wis)hin.,. to puit the rate at 84.50 a box,,iving as his reason the desirability of odisC,'o in comnpetition, whiich the high price then obtained would foster. Mr. (;allatin's financial l,i!lity and business accunien has long been noted in coinectinii with the history of the Treasury of the (niiited States, but it seems that his instillncts as a monopolist, thus crudely slih )wed out in the desire to suppress competlition), did not, fortunately ftbr Pittsburgh, hear fruit. Anild tie position of thei city ais a market the window (glass is the result. "In 179.5 there was a sniall window glass factory of eight pots estabilished on the west side of the Moinngaliela river and known as "Scotts," which made thr'e, boxes at a blowing, using wod tibr fuel. This is by some disputed; but it was stated as a historic fact to the writer, thirty years ago, by William Mc(Cully, the founder of the present firmn of Will. McCully & ('o., who was a practical glassblower and learned his trade in the glass house of' General ()'liara. There was un confusion as to the tlet or (ldate, Mr. Me('cullv- being then a comparative young man, and was very decided in his statement. The window glass house of General O)'lara is generally cited ias the pioneer in Pittsburgh glass works, but it was not in process of construction until the summer of 1797. From a letter written in .June of that year by Major Craig, it seems that lie was then negotiating for the lots upon which the works were to be built, having purchased sonic from Ephraim Joiies and was desirous of obtaining two adjoining lots from Epl,raim Blaine, presumably the father of the Iloii. James (;r. Blaine. It seems noteworthy that thus the window glass trade of P'ittsburgh should have linked with its history tile names of two noted American statesnien. The location of G(knetral O()'ara's glass house was nieart that of the "Scott" works-of Mlc(ully's recollectiont-which, with the fact that the O)'ara works was an eight pot furna(ce, and also is on record as producing "three boxes at a blowing," has given the ilmpression that tlihe were identical; the present windtow glass factory of Thomas Wightmlan & Co. is on the site, aind practically a continuiation of tile O'Hara Wuorks. In 1804, the statistic is given in ('ramer's Alniana,k. publislied at Pittsburgh, that the annual product of' these works was in window glass, bottles, jars, tilue glass and decanters, 12,500. How much of this was wiindow glass is not stated. It is pro,bably, taking the price to be $8 a box at the time. that being the point at which tIhe Geneva works finally ceased to make, that the window glass did not exceed some seven thousand dlollars in valule. In 1807, the prolducts of tile O'llara works were valued at $1S8,000, but there is no record to show whether that suinm was all window glass valnes or partly caused by other glass p1roducts. In 1810 bottles and window glass were made in three works to the value of I(46;,000. In 1817 there were three window or green glass factories, as they are called, producing 8130,000 worthl. Int 182(; it is of record that O'llara's two works, and one entitled the "L firmning:lum," (. Ihmsen. produced ten thousalid h)oxes. At the same time the " New All,any," at mouth of Red Stone, Benedict K inuber at Brownsville. " New loston " at Perryopolis, e- A/' I PITTSBHURGIFNPZORES I[) I N' III'S'.A1 ND 1EI.S1 I l"(',EN. 10. " Williamslport occupied by W. Ihlimse," and the' New (enev\a" wnorks of Ali,ert Gallatin, producedI 17,000 I,,xes more. The value,f this l,roduct is not stated, but -Niles Register, in 1825, gives the value of window glass product at Pittsburgh, and impliedly its vicinage, at $135,(000. In 1831 there were four window glass houses,, these,with four flint glass Ihouses, are recorded as emplloying 102 hands, andI usin,g 7,)00 c,i'ls o(f wood, 150,(000 bushels coal, an( producing to the value of 850)0,000. Hlow lmuch of this was win(dow glass is not stated. In 1s37. there appears to have been in Pittsburgh seven window glass and )ottle fac'tories, emplloving 220 bands, producing about 8210(,000 of window vlass, vials and bottles. This is probably an incomplete statistic as the increase of products is not in ratio with the increase of factories and the statistics of 1831. It evidences, however, a stea(dv progress in the buildin. up of this industry. In 1856 there were nine firms manufacturing window and green glass, having 22 factories or furnaces, whose product was 5601,600 package, of 50 feet each, (,f win(,ow glass, of a value of $1,123,200; and 131,700 packages of bottles and druggists' ware, of a value of $329,250, and 80,000 demijohns. of a value of $,32,000, in all $ 1,484,450. At the date at which the malnutfacture of glass was first started in Pittsburgh, 1797-1800(, the population of the city was 1,565, or about four-tenths of one per cent. of that of the western country to which the producer's of glass would look for consumption, which was 385,647. In 1857 the populati,in of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and suburbs, was 124,000, in round numbers, and the population of the Western States, 10,367,132, as near as (can be estimated, the census of 1860, showing 11,489,138. The sections of, thie West and Soimthll-west, containing that population, was the natural market of' Pittsburgh. An increase of business of any producing centre, with the rates of growth of its inatural market, shoutl be indicative of tile vitality of its Iprgress, and commiercizallv satisfitetory if' it hel(I its growth in relative pr,Oportio,ns with that of its market. In 1800, the po1))pulation of l'ittsbulrgh being tfour-tenths of one lper cent. (that that if the West and uSouth, its window glass products was equal to two, cents pI''/,l'it. And about four dollars perI' cr'lpita of the population of the town. To exhiit A Steady Progress with the population of the South and \Vest, and its own, the sanme ratios of product and sale would be satisfiactory as showing increase in due ratios withi its market and its own labor element. Where those ratios of increase are in excess thereof it is not only indicative of commercial energy and enterprise, but also in the test by any special production of superior industrial facilities for securing markets through elements of trade pleculiarly indigenous. These pages being not ronly designed to exhibit the industrial progress (of the commuunity it treats of, but to fo,recast its progmre,sive future, a brief sentence or so in comparison of plrogressive ratios of populations and the windo,w,glass trade may be pertinent and si;ggestive. In 1810 the pol,ulation of the community was 4,786, nine-twentietlhs (of one per cent. of the West and South, (or oine-tweltiethi over the per cent. ratio of increase required to keel, pmee with its market. The pIroduiction of window glass is stated at 101 $40,0!', Iablilt 4 cents pvr. c01t1 of tile I),)pultitliAo f it mlarket andi about 8 per Ca,piw of its own stpopulation, havng exvceodd 10) lper cent. its required ratio. In 1820, the population beinth 7.241 t, it busitsll- of th t.i-ity was inll a ruined -(Ifditiolnl !,sequent upon the reaction fr,mn tihe war of 1812-14,. duriu,-' which Pittsibu,'rh was very active. At that timnie tile gro\wth tof her population was but as t1 r-ee-tenths instead,f tlhe four-t,-inth re,lireId, bhult the statistics,of the..lasi trade shilow that in 1817 the Nwi:nl'w and glt.e(il gIls- trade was tof a value of ~1:0,00.)0 That is, vould to a p-, cTpimt df liHvv (cnts oni lhe lnqmlmti Amf St,he nrk-t, and of over - 17, r r wAHt,I that of tilhe towl. Il alblnce,lT stwt,tiscs of the v Iile 4)f the winvtd w and ltle ll fal'torics from,:,I to dei- i.,c iviit ers it imlp ):siblc 1(t tllrat. ill liki i: i: iis at,n1r1. tij, I d, (1 I t,(it tllari10(i: at sI I ch e'1s as s'atistic.-!, d ltil ltr it O, h. a. i11 1c n i t- h, pll Ia'i tion l f Pitibsr lgli: a Ilil Nva vyudustl in4w lim l Wt id( ewr o it-rI of that Hk the W ei t, rn an,1I,~tt l e 1.(1 I ( -t[ -,, ( ) I vt r 1t l Iti s l.. c I I 1. v i It' a Is, tI ila i: s I e,IuirI, I to keelI its')ti'.- ),w t h. I H 1-CO theI! ](, I A,'i11 ), lI,'!~ ((,m1f niT v , i i, t-b!r1 h was Na U~ l I(,. a(' 11c-:h i per'ent. n a t} l ),! O.e so lim " "i hich it is ild,r hcr e c: a.,- 1 l -i.:l s l r ce lt. ~v(,Iulld I','' h n i ra i i it li ncrea,lliil 1,o,111 t to its IIt t teI n n-trtl t t. I - i.5; Tl, II:lcv1 oC ItI l indoW and:', 1 kia~,, i,',f (d -!, r i, rec' lrde, h a! l.,5L". i,or ' il,'6. " " li,lt I,' (,i:ti *l,4 the Scu;h and XW - alld al"uIt S12 pIve y,R: fAw her onv". In isjo t!I ( 1, l:iti,' .1" e i"va,"it\' t,tual,to o1le and;1 i( i. 1 -It h-. ich, ()C \:t,'VC st and! -:,m th. III 1, 75 it is r cemded', tlhatl 1huiue Wal ithe 1r0iMc t of wi"Wll anvid -r,lal.s fita('( ies w)Is:--,'iL, -t;{( r 25 cents ]),, " 10 (f~ of itli t,,al i,n, f a dr. ts:holn:.19 p,I. cf,!,,'!,t of" lher (r in. l.:i e sttif tiils i litl the f,'l t th,i t it' tle \\ llih,v. t la- s tradie of Pif t'.- urglh t:l i'creaI ,d ill et I:Ili ratioi vil h ihts S 1 iIhI.r and NV sClf I t1, It til'kti-ts its lp'oduct would have nfed'ed to have I'en Int equal 0) tw, Cents I/...I olpita in that n,,a.rket and 04 Ine,"m,' of her own I,suslaint n. The statistics sliow that it has increased 5:0 per t. m(sre thanl the r(,p,!ired ra!i,. Fwr a ci.iy's popula,ion or tr. h. to,w g rl-,r'i,nxtvly wiJI it, illarkes i, evidence I," hI' tl h ind,:slrial powers and f,iits, but Mlen su!lch extra'sni;nary gains il spplying are ,ho\vn it is conl.lusive that lho., i,l, ~:1trh's which sl such progrcss must have inhereil and Su1 erie,r rcsolircs l c,,n0 l tile m1:1kct. i sucn, has been the In4t himmo- and.-alus 4t tile \inb,N,w class irlk, of Nitlshnvr h N!hat may not be al'i~.i!pated 1 l,1 er lhe 1:ro Iod tion of' that:irlicl, Ly IN. fuel. The p~l/gcs,:f this v(,lunill ill whi(-h the s-11;o,d " llural g:>' i: wri: cn of,m ainis lm v.lln as to) this fiel that. however pertil'lni I' ) the mzlt' tl,l fivt lre of winldow glas', Nosouhl hbe hut:, retw litiml I's: aic;.rl lis,u h r Tl r'e are s,mC faetF,:earini,- up the tywnhin "Ca ON amumph,f,t halt l;r,le menIion i1 l., ic il iiwlccastinc what II:Iv lie thc of,rrss Id" he N\ild, glass trnde lnder tlie use o X natilr: g,.as. The best Woods at the ]ow-ent cist Us Wemi dlsu\v(re stated as (Tenting the m,,ot de,irable market,' purchase. The statistical ratios heretofore shown aie c(snrlusive that such has been the status oif the window glass trade of Pittsburgh. I'ITI I I'll, G;!!'.S P'",M;, LINDUSTRLSI N) IFYDRESOUl('E. It may v e claimed that that which is the best is the best, but the best window glass of Albert (Gillatin or 0'1lala's glahs factories of niniety years since nmake poor showing with the best of the product of our leading Pittstirgih window gl;lass factories of 1881;. Equally Ivoor in comparison] will the best of 188:3 produc(ed under the iue of coal fiel be in ceomnparison with that anuifat'tured with gas flcl. Actual Visual Comparison "is n.-.esSnary to understand the great improvement in trans;parency and brilliancy that has been the result of the use of g,as in the nmanfatetuire of window glass. Unlder it blown glass el(;sely applroaches the brilliancy and clearnles of plate. As fateM in the chaptler on natural gny tfis is due to the a osente f sulphur fiumies of coal, which in the,low,ing and annealing,were burned into thie glas. Naturally a glass cylinder ihas all the polish of a plate sheet, ibt in the maniula;tion of the blower and tnnnialer:tbsorbs the suliphur fumes f the coal lites and grnws doll and tinged. This dtetrimenlt of the lat was str'on i lY illustratedi to tie writer hY actual, practic('l (om)ilarisons Iprevi,usl-y alludh d to in ('hapter I. ix sheet, of mnore th:an Naera,(e t,uality ofi blown wintdomw las1s m1ad(e wilth,coal fuel wrce placed to-ether, tllhriouit:th ti-h it was nott iossihlk to distinguish:anythi: i.learlv. Thrice the luanity ]T sheesl of Igas fiwl glass were sinimilarl iunclihedtl al the orlitra,t- prinied nunter Ofa o m ew r muhd Qt easily re,i trtou!h them. In 1 a col, parison o f th. c,,dlish the "cMal gtass" lim a dilll, unlrilli,nit sutp.'Nu:, while thel glas, maile and ilt:tenedl Iy gas 1ires--ted ta i' bor'illibn,-v anid polish of 1'renthi phute. Steh is tile v itdow glass thit the fheWies o i' Pts-ii rgh will Lhreafter protduce. and that brief staI'teenit tIreshadotttWt- not only a eontillaIlan;ice of the progress in homie " 1m1akets tlu:t statistics in tils h'apter indtliate, l but I-so a tontrol oft markets for Pittsi,urtgh window' glass everwIl cere. Thris is supporled bc the fat lthait the productiion of this glass is rather cheatij,'ned than othtl rwist iv tIhe :adivatllntages of gas fuel, while the samne faceilities that in tihe past has naule Piatsmuriig so prost,ressive a window ghlass prodithing -oint still exist to give all its; facilities to the aid of ithe at]V avtatge,s of its new fuel. A location to beconime a great anid controlling tuaiufawt-'ri- t 1i),int trunot atta:tin firce fnrom the Iossessi,n of nyv one (r two reluisites: neither can it I(ap into broad sieciss, mx itt mtt aittain its growth throt gh year's of aNwa'tul:tion of skill wa-ti,.alv ol)tai':ed. While it mrVy Ipossilv l be that a sufl.ie v of "as fulel rtav Ihe ound othlier pla. thitan in the localitv of Pittsbutrgdh amtt its vicinity, th:e ar,i 1mulation of three gc(rratitis of pra(ntieall skill na:w i i.-,elouls i, Potts!'ur.!h will te of dow co(inc-entration elsewhere, and iddli the th n tt p o: a s-1ore ntf vei-: ns hetll"e record ithe n:!nufactu-riing prtowth of the iountry will -, d,dqt e1ve mWntion 0t make of other gKlIs pItruCing -entris, ithe statiti.cs will shwtw no falling off it Plittsir:rgh Progress iln her glass trazl. t% *ttpetititiol may dcvelop ect(tmomries that mav redlice prices, and ]i\alries inNvitl- atemil;ts at superiIrities in qualities, but at Pittsburgh all thwt will keep tht glass trade of tle city in advance is more !}~,ssihle than at any other l(eation. 105 View Corner of Nineteenth and Mary Streets, South Side. Phillips & Co.'s Glass Factories. rJ = 4 1 --:5 ";-.-- - II: --'`l't-~c, 107 There are the following: Window Glass Factories. Fi,'ir II. Who Bv. Thlos. Wiglhtnan & ('Co. 43 Wood st. hmnisen Glass (o., I(td. S. 14th street, S104:(1 10(6 WVm. M'Cull & (o. Vod street, S. McKee & ('(o.....;. 8.1 & ('aron HI. ('. Sclhuertz & Co.. 13(0 lirst ave. A. & D. II. Chambers, 6 & Bingham 1). (). Cunningham,. S. 22d & Jane, Wolfe, Howard & Co.. I11 \ood st. Stewart, Estep & Co.. 2221 Jane st. 'T. Campbell & Co.... S.21st & Mary Phillips & Co...... D.I)th & Mary Abel, Smith & Co.... 70 Carson st. (;eo. Wanhotfl,...{ 69 Water st. O'Learv Bros. & Co... 18 AWood st. I c. C. Schmertz,.... 130 First av. 1797 1S810 1824 183654 1S34 1841 1849 1859 1866 1805 1866 1867 1874 1880 1856 (I en'l (O'Hara,.... ('. I sen...... IF. Lorenz,...... S. McKee & ('o.... Win. Eberhlart,... IAnderson, (Chambers & Co........ WV. Cunningham & co. Wolfe, lhoward & Co. 'Melling, Estep & Co. Page, Zellers & Dul;, Beck, Phillips & Co. Knox, Kim & Co... Iron City Window Glass (Co....... O'Leary Bros. & Co.. - Wells,....... These fifteen firms employ 1,675 hands, whose wages will be about 81,350,000. The area of ground occupied by the works is 48 acres, and the value of the grounds, buildings and machinery in the plants is over S2.000,0(00. The iroiductive calpacitv of window glass is 900,000) boxes of 50 feet, having a value at the present time of.1,S(),()000, being the produ't of 286 pots, 29 factories, and weighs about 24,800 tons. 40 wagons and 38 horses are used by these factories in the hauling of their material and product. Table Ware is a tradle term for articles of glass which, in 1807, were known as flint glass, at which time (George Rlobinson, a carpenter, and one Edward Ensel, established the pioneer fiactory at Pittsburgh for its production. Just what articles these individnals produced does not appear. It is only recorded that owing to disagreements in the firml they transacted little business, and they were, in 1808, bought out by Messrs. IBakewell & Page, by whom, and their successors of the Bakewell fnamily, the busi|ness was successfully and largely prosecuted until a few years since, when tihe estates were wound upl, and the firm under any title ceased. The quality of glass made by this firm was even at ano early day fine, so much so, that the term " Bakewell's I)iamonds" was a plpular expression by which, at Pittsblurgh forty or lifty years agi,) was characterized imitations of diamoind jewelry. There t:ands before the writer, as he records this, an old fashioned cut glass decaunter and wine glasses, the product of the worknmen of this firm somei forty year< ago, that bear 3 1 2 3 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 10 20 26 4-1 10 "20 10 20 16 10 10 10 1 2 5 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 IND 1 8 1' 1. 1 1ND IaswO Rc" 1: h1,. Oflice. Est ab'd. wlitncs, to the sui,erior quality of tilas: Ilpr i ed a the - ill of the,.taliss -cutters; e1hulatcd po.siliy under a MrI. Eichha:ll, a ( 4,1r11al. v.-ho is Im ntioled in 1S10, in a gla- cnt ter to io,ui, XVI., late Ktinll,'of France. The: ame article mentions tlie prism- s Iof- six liii,hit chandilllier, tlit by this yrs(-on, wi-ich "we have ri'lasOln to ,llw-iv- i.s thi( lim-t ever ( lit in the I'nite d Stat--." The de luloter (1and gil-s.e in V(,ivles, b1' its i tnoal yleseice, tihat the itablhe war (, it's-hro-h. was, nearly lh lf ;1 c'tUrV aIt aI thbiy i of h t. I ~csiral)ll, as,\vrc the products thcn. y.Y if,i'l,r E,,ich,1;:!:1n alld his:Ipprlentics cw,ll "ro: ist thie iilimlses of tm m1,ile l l" (lt.h w i- II t i l We:s('l w lre mlade hV, thie lto,,i,. (f t l n that riv!dl h,s, i t,u tin. Not only tlat,!ut if the lixI:ra lor- a~"' i ~" Z'o i V clwlial l >. \,ill:is ri' iit alld co-ily v-:l]ies. wet, o p)ay:! spirlti l vI i it lo h j i l. t.:'f'I th 0 0!lc wI arl e 1m1 n1ti it,tirers o)f Pitti,i r', tillev ",volid hlhl it k "V niii, (if (,ld" had l - Ir d all h,'r t1"aI t,..s into thIll(. Pilt.!,1 - w:rer o0,s. a l' -!a d a,(dw,t ", Iw a. ll:(e trifle of vali l ih amicd for dillh wIN,-se lints and,-)kn.l-)i, rival.,hl d V licc'" co,tiv va;ies atli cup~). itt-hub 1 " tii l) d l I,-1 i of itah"li---:lrIe hast.!: kept I andl i-.llwi dcl r to sh(,(J,hld r with it it;I h'' rivd " l. I S II, i- t I:. da!(. in w Lichl t1 17 i cias:< X" nt l uli"I,tIIri 1 t 0,k r )( t at t itls.r ho t tnt! I, II lit )it- -, 1 sI,,)1 I1:w h I ri -ti,l -d h:l.ttrtwn. )t,l lv ll lws 1hich to adllive ll e It. (. luxuri:n,e (,f Ille:, w,. tit(. artistil, t1al(-i t ah:i t r-e diIphlyedl in itl irt uct,i r thi ( elc y that ha h dt vei, iT. ed tle, ir(, -lIctioxn to i,x p! x,cnt (mnit - Intil il cit vy )r ltown, ill h.:ln itl(, e(stly 1:ansilill or 111111hIc (',it in ever v'-cctioll of the I "l I;wd:.tiltand:wr( -, the Sea:t the i l e w",,f Pittlsl,i,rgh ft.t.;:ics lwaul lie. Iht oll~,t elld P'i shurgh Pr()-rc,4. in this hra.lch f dher n,nuf;tirc~. hits lievn well earnr l.df,r while enriching" tIhe ciit I asd it-,.,r,Ih't.r1 it 1,as ), 1 11( 1 k,,r,,st frIm; tl,,' I I (. -~ t I) N". hich th(,v have ricd(.d (""- to have healtlifll l!i:ts 6,r their h,,ls,ehlohd l,sc.: at a trith. of ex ei ditcl "l. WV lilc in kccping u1) tit(';:ttraiwti.~ns of their go),(Is thkh,* a'rC yea'I- adding!ew vctilws for tIhe earnldw- "If "()Ill. dl:',!Iv brl(ad. In I tit. pr)r,hIct of 11'. a l,-s;t lit:.a:al iw recorded!. oi, a vall:e )d .33.)(Q)O(). s,,I,,l,,t" 1t1is w as l,o -i ld. v i:,r ia r!,I' t (I,!,.%. T he so,t ti th. ()~ tI IX avl pro l II,ct'f t:1 i. v w ~l e ar. R.'!:int. 1,~ i,i! I:,iI a:1,,horiti - (-tI,-a;( cd IIn,!ter tite o 1I7 I.:',, nt,If t I. n ifi1'tuIIrt,f t i, it:. 1(, tl tIel I vb ( -rdcr t]Ie 'ilt )i,ncil. I,z! i.nnV s two 1i5t la- f::g't,ri,.s, umph ylin 42 hawls a rnd l oducing W1.'(),(;0(1 ()!' projil, o i. Thi: conflicts wiXil:1 rnv,..r;s late;its P-2, which giv s tHie liint "l: product;it #;;.(0. it is l),.-Ill)i that thi. 1\Z.- the t!,l(' Narc product of IS17, the l,alanc(. 4f the whN,hl'c vaille then given ).ing indo(w, 1,tle, ctc. In I1'29 M A'ullv & I tavs, now ( )'I lara (; hlas ( olmillany. limit( d. establi'-hed:1 fai t< rY fir t I manI i*:Icturi I,.( tid.I;IO warm: in I = ( ".Ainm,& rive. now ])itW ridge 1II7"1'7N1 Vl HIS' PR(W]" P ~sI, IND) UI'771E,s A N) R;s'O UIR ( ES. & Co'., c,himiiney n:nufacturer's, ano(ther, and in 1831 Adams, 3ia,c'klin & ( o., nIw Adamll & (:,., anothtt r. In 1.'17 th,er' were six flint lass Citn:torie-; producing al;out 1 0,l,){ w t:, artic'h, ml)st I y talle I:!re. Ini tlhos e lie r (diivs c,m'sIderable vn Il r t1' i-: w re wa~ nzde y, the table w ri. l,ri, and it wa 1 )1't Iluntil a later dait underi the n:itio1l, i'ri.c'sa(s of ltimW ev.lti)nh that vial kI,uss W)amne:a seqpaate'lass. aln't thl' le lllm:h tlltrerls od[ tl:lll'1 INct-lrc' ~' Ol il: i,C''|l..i',_'f to the( "evel()pt C,ei/t of its pr,'ducrti l inilt') the' "'le' a:t'' whichi it hI-; Tom r'all N, bI.conme. Front its lfirst (',-a;Ilishnilcnt:t Pit t>louw Ih iutil tI it,hini the ipa4t tlhree' ()r four yeaOr' the etiorts of thel' imanitln')ifa l'tu rers- t ('t'll' t(o it(,pvda 4 i'' -:-'A cloar, tnd sharp IpnTss,.dil ('ri stal o(r pure white ware as pt)-ssihle, midl gre.t progi-s,s inlde. Posibl to.I:ies B. 1,)f, 1 tt. l'ts{it (('liala W;:ss Colilpanly,'co1edit is due for inciting, the ivalries under wl hich ti1w ~,!t w\h;t, cr vstol wai,'r' \ in beauty. In 1SI7 tlhei re W ikT t e'u mahki,C, table, r. inl Pitt>l.urth. Ei;ving, 1l50 ){Ot-, whost, j)rI)(i.t \,s Va l Vz!h:cd nt S.147,541. In IS71; there were f,,urteun irins ir l1ucig tablie w tre,i 22 )p s of' a valu,f.2,2,I0,000-anii inf'ra-e c' odnearl v' 1100 er ce t. in t twc. yt rrs.. This o'.es if t' trale from 1ItS1 1- I.:(e wo)Ik of siXtV,\-six y rs,:Illd sit,\Wn % o a' -e i, that'line of:lboutt tW ) ailn( a i(juarter m illi h i) f dO lti. _1;,kiog dw.:ni calcullltlion Iv sta)istical 1-tii<,;1,, in tithe \ill.i)ow l-- ) l iewi ed t'. 4-, this w)ouhl sh1 v tha:t w'itere, in lO10, tile per 14n t a',%-;,11 th) p 4p4l ho - I I t it f'C, an 5.) th, Iit. ('l' itan N'": ;ti,! with tOw po)ui.ti,,n 4 ) C i..h;)Olout six 4lo i)r:s, in IS,74 th,'aii), were, .with tht!,.c.s4 (o f 7i, I",,it'1, 1 ('. e ll 4' /,4 4 1`piti f1or thile pop) htillation f the S)oltt h1 tnd \V' 1t, ai ld:t, tl-; t lt1viev-n Ihd htrs,of the t,tlA"lation of the Aiti, iW,i'at intl,', Inlh,er thi" ( i:, zt;(ut the s-:line ratios of' progress as in thIC Ni%dA w 11H%l c, l~d the szIlict /,1, w rati( t t ton.s. In Ntalh w;1'10, ) "N(I 4 is i,n v )! 11-thor )) rt:(.!s of Pittburg.h i t. t e, Cri-1i 1'44)4 st. > ta:'Ie t b 1 1o i)' 0 llOn lc thoe ga.o 1i'i ent..As a fte)l. O.tielCl, thl +se ' t hte lie.ilac:).,ti;o 4 (4,'1)4,'4 1 i i'l )a,i'. i"a 1 1cl in tito 01enturi) slich gooi(..(D 4werc (.ither d'(,Ilc tin 1 ri i4. 44,' w ltl'r, the prod(iu t 1 0) <)4 tia s0 t pS. l.e.>tricted il their etit:',yn )ti)n, i thi,'r )'4>t, t1m thle (>, f' the wea'lthyv tlci; s:tle wvas c,,n1,ed1 to, i,ilirItcrs. h:O)W) tt its wI''l 10 ltic.' n id h.v e'44 1110 1_L1steri) -.'it't, ies t() siI tuIhiIll1 e bujl t'' t.,'' t 1)to.) I ui t c,ten, t. W ith the spre:aul:,nd i:crease (of' liouseih l'l d(c -,aiive Ill)s I 1:, 4t:m.'hc uas Crate't l il thle puiblic I 4in d 10 r beaitifill "able V\ar,.:lit! (.~-pcc;;dlly ATr artistic gaiss; I=ti as IwAore oisurvet i. the 'o~t of s(,-c:IllvkI ],li+ialtn X%arc fl4orbtde pluclm.s(,.,t by those wi!h plethoric ptirsus. It I.C.inAiwi l 161" the (nn:ttuPrs f iitt,d nr.jh " to, -et the world:~gog_," ati(l entalle tli.ose of'd e liom i otl(.d rte iteans to gr&1yti thL ir -ates Ar table deonatioll, aml nwku the net-yrt Xf their daiWY ltuls ~,uch as prniccs inight once have envied. "To tie Phwnix Moll" )[:n.ifa'ctuiii)ng (Uonqi,v is freelyv conceded the gelneral introdue.imit of theit Iinsturp'4 ",l (Itlred table wmv1 I' t' Pitt-mburgh. Tliis (olInpan. begain their i expt- ients Wo W'll! il lv yttr' S sincl' e in the ol' dutioni of a qtalitq of eo!ored glhss in ri valy of the so-( allud "Bohernian (Glas-s" imported froWin El'lrope. 101u PIT7ISBURGII'S P'ROGRESS. While the history of their experiments are full of interest to tile glass workers, the scope of this volumne does not permit space for their telling. That they were successful, after tile expenditure of several thousands of dollars is the main point. It is said that some of the products of this factory were for a period sold by a leading New York establishment as " Bohemnian ware." That they could be it needs but a look through the sample room of this firm to believe. Be that as it may, to them is due the credit of an advance in the table ware product of Pittsburgh factories. To-day the show rooms of all the table ware factories of the city vie in SIeir glitter and tints with Alladin's fabled cave of jewels. New designs and daring forms evidence the culture, taste and business enterprise of theananufacturers. Hardly had this fresh departure in the product of wares obtained a footing unil the introduction of gas fuel enabled it to he produced with a brilliancy of lustre and clearnesss, and delicacy of tint not possible with coal fuel, and which will cause ultimately Pittsburgh glass to surpass the wonders of old Venice and the Bohemian's best work. The sulphur fumnes formerly destroyed the brilliancy of the material-now tile ware comes from the "lehrs'' with a brilliancy before iinmpossible, and the colors glow in all the richness of their natural lhues. In white ware the fla.s-l of diaimonds is almost rivaled. To what heights of artistic excellence the ambition of the manufacturers nma :Ispire in the produetion of ornamental glass is now hard to say. Not satisfied with a rivalry of the Venitian and Bohemian chef de woere, they have turned their attention to those of Japan, and the celebrated eighteen thousand dollar peacli blow vase has been successfully simulated and is now made in a Pittsburgh glass factory at less than one dollar each. There are now at Pittsburgh the following Table Ware Manufacturers. Sti e of Firim. )'I ara ( la.ss ( Co., L,td. Adams & Co...... lirvee lI si......... McKee B'ros...... Atterlburv & Co.... ('amlpbell,.Jl ones'& Co. Kingl', Soln & Co., Ltd. )ovle & Co...... (Tleo & bio.c..... Se). hmimean & Son.. Crystal (;lass Co.... lolchestcr'iumbler C o. Brye, Ivligee & ('o. Phinix m lass'. o.. ()tlicv. Estal'd. 30th& A.V. R.R. 10th & Williams, S.21st & Whartonm S. &l Binlham,11 "1st and ( arson st. 43 Sixthl avenue, 18th street, S. S. 1 0th &\Vashinig'l Sth and BingiamI 10th, near (arson 16thlO\Vashinl." 9) 1Lilhrty st. 023 SmuithielId st. 4-3 Sixth avenue. 1829 1851 185() 1850 1860 1863 Is 60 1 860 1872 I SS0 18,<} Mlc(ullv & Ifays,.. Adamnis, Macklin & ('o. Bryvce, MIKee & ('o. F. &.I. Ml'Kee,... Hale, Atterbtlry & Co. Shephard & Co.... .Johnson, Kling " ('&o. D)o-le & Co...... it,k-y & Co...... IHipl.y, o...... ('r'vtal G-lass (Co... Iloclhe.ter Tunmbler ('o. Bryce. Hlighee & Co. PI'lwnix Glass Co... L.argest apacity,f any talle ware factory in the world. 3 3 4 2, 1 -) 4 2 2 20 2 368 -4 3 37 4 t 2 1 20 2 24 2 14 1 27) 2 "21 2 "20 2 ":46.4 21 2 20 2 110 "+()pon pots. IND USTIR[Es AND) RESOURC I'I E. These fourteen firms employ an average of 3,000 hands, whose average annual wages will be about $1,275,000. The area of ground occupied by the works is 22 acres; and the value of the ground, buildings and machinery in the plant is valued at $1,580,000. Tilhe production of table ware is about 23,000 tons of glass. The value of this product could not be absolutely obtained, for reasons that have been before mentioned as to reluctance of firms to furnish statistics. Estimating the product by those who did give absolute values of production, the sales value of the table ware product is probably about $3,000,000. Chimneys. The petroleum of Western Pennsylvania in creating a demand for glass lamp chimneys has established their production as a distinct branch of Pittsburgh manufactures, and made it one of the more important of its industries. So wide is the use of the refined petroleum of Pittsburgh, and the consequent use of the glass chimneys of her glass works, that they are too familiar an object everywhere to require any words of comment. Heretofore, and still, made by the millions in the Pittsburgh glass factories, in their clear white condition, this article now scores another progress of the industries of tile city. Appreciating the demand of the public. for decorated wares the Pittsburgh chimney manufactures kept step with the progress of the day, and converted tile useful but plain lamp chimney into a fireside ornament, by applying the decorative art to the beautifying of their goods. At a little more than the cost of plain white glass a chimney with artistic designs of wreaths, flowers, landscapes and marine views, painted on transparent back-grounds, can be had. These goods seem to be appreciated by the public. The firm of Thomas Evans & ('o., of the Cresent Glass Works, the largest mnanufactory of chimneys in the world, producing 12,000,000 a year, state that their product of dtecorated chimneys averages about 100,000 a week, or over 4,000,000 a year, and that they are but one firm engaged in their manufacture. Nor is this ornamentation confined to chimneys. Lamp shades, lanterns, and many articles of table ware are thus beautified. Int this, as in other rivalries of trade, competition will call out and nurture talent, a:nd it is not venturing much to say that Pittsburgh may become as famous for her glass paintings as she is for other products. The craze, as it was called, of two or three years since flr cihina and clt,thi painting partially ediucated many young ladies of l'ittsblurgh in the ridiminents of art. When the Pittsbiurgh manufactures undertoA,k to produce dlce(,rated chinnmiievs and lamp shades there was already a home force of workers prelIared to take ilhe initiative. These, though limited in numbers, became teachers of others, and today several hundreds of young women are earning comfortalle inconimes in e(asy and respectable enmployment by this art. The one firm before mnentioned eimplI, ing from 75 to 100 women, whom they have had instructed in tile art by tlohse who having first acquired it as an amusement adopted it as a reintierative emitloyment, some of them obtaining as high as twenty dollars a week. The work is leamn, quickly and quietly done. 111 Window Glass Factory of Thos. Wightman & Co., Limited. Site of O'Hara Works of 1797. ;;--;i - 112 1I1T7NIUVA;H%II' -PROUP Y,S In hlookinI dolvin the 20S feet long" de(corattinl; room of Messrs. Ttos. EVANs & ( O.( e wVO)li,-if it were ]lot f*()I' tr the q(;lltiie; of chimnlleys oil the tableimagine they wet'-r ovto'hoking the stildyv hall ofl a young, ladies seiminary. The -,. (Id,cor'ators work in jlin', one appyluig' or n,rt coh(rs: iwhile the i,other iinishes te desio.11, Ith.o'' 1oi 2 (4) t1, hi'. wr nwr' e col4s to ta-ch dec1 oration. not includiih' the hialywc.n, whit is a sqlaaLe task. ( the simpler desiigns 1t50 dozmen isa, p4l day's mwrk fAr t1o; theien ta otr and MWre eXp' elsive designis that MIe-lifth of, h:l n11111 is as;tl' Cl e l n~,s expert pnit. ca,l finish. In I thi t tie 1)f,.l i-:.ain ia !'o llnlon t'ma ,r. tih qiialitv of the heat thereh lg!mz i- the,r1 in1' 41',v('0 h,i' n,u all tho hbrillialnv of thle colors. whix.h the ('coal fuel' dc aden or cha).l:n.e thr(,u.1h, chemical atlinities 1,etxveen the pig"mients and the impl,rit*is o'f 4 he (',):t! healt. li i< )1r:1(d to sa. v what nail,tl'al gas flel will not develop in 4i01uitn' h, imil it is e omlllv s) t0) Aresee what gdass decoration inl Pittsiirgh mtay eveno tllatl in. It is, howcver, satl' to s:ay that any demand in this way that the p hlic may mke will indo the gas's m:anfacturotrs (of Pittsburg,'h ene cprisin" cn: -l! to ha"t, and 1'ittsh,ingh ves,mrvs equal to thie oct-asiol. Ntefe:rrinl- c, l ht':4 sti,mnt that ls lamp chi,,neys were m1ade by thl nmillion in lPitlls!)hni ), 0 1,t n1t 1 he 14 ilhout intere-t t o haVe Pres,l'nt(d a data that woulld form in tili nlini (,tie idea,f the dielinite hIulk a few million of chiniinevs make.'Lakinit Ike I. dict (of' thle 0acl'to elY re referld to as the largest ot,f its kinl in tIe' world,1, l'.'. nd that their )production, laid in a line. would reach 1,l il miles:' i up as;. tIn lo t h1 H w soi\v1 it \v(m1l!rm: chillney over nire miles hig,;; a.11.on(c.tll-ated itl(.lid square co!unnl (J' the samne diliensiols, it wu, t (w( o I lilh in licight. As this i-, hilt the mcas'i-ll encllt s oi*!he Produtm of thi-,.ne vhiw,lcy ia ll:!I'.ca,1r-y, s,mo,n ni.ntal vi~i;a-.,an he had of the bulk of, tw nvililvt, h-. p. a't,df the Piittshlll-th!'Zlctorii~s. Tim:' are in the vity tile f,olh,winl," Glass Chimney Factories. lI ri( a,, 1,..', - inat. n >.. l ) rlii~~z,, Price... 2 2 2 " Exc(.! -io l.Fliwt A 1; o. M ill,) 1s63 Vx(visi,w 1hio (. ~.:"5 2 F ahus. I-a s 1 -Ih! i < t; l Lvall. & o.,1;; (2 A.. Mt' th & l'0. 4 ". )Ith & r. 12 KIeystl ne V. M... 2 2 2 ine14,p nd't a1141'. 1 l ll, 1 1 h m... 1' 1 l' hnkel k t "o 4. ) 1 10 1 Mcxel' 1,-.,4 ~.'-,. I'h,' I in ha4, 1."'05.J. & F. 1M cKlee,. 144g,:. I''I"vans 2 2 4 1V. 1Sephi4 2 1( 2 *11w h. rv,.-I chilm'.I, fac!''ry i! th! w,,rl. +Make h.ad.lass ehim m.y-,nly. 'Scv lahle war. fat-l'',I i,S. l'Ilis firm mak, J |.,cialty of erystal,las frilt jar' air- ighz'.gi l ss tO1 ). These firmis employ 1,465 hands.'i\hose wagcs will avera',(e firom 511o(10,000 to $TI00.OW) annually. 111( oom0npy seven lrel't's of 1rounlOd wNitlh their w)orks, and the value of thle grwi'ond, builii.s12 and ma,h'iner.v of the plants is stated at,":500,000. LOWER WORKS. Views of Crescent Glass Works. Largest Chimney House in the World. Capacity, 12,ooo,ooo a year. Thos. Evans & Co. UPPER WORKS & OFFICE. A, U, a, 0I HI S 4,; 6 U N, 0 .Y (d H S C3 r: IND U'0;'R,I1' NXI) LAND,) L(1ES. 1 They turn ut an average of 30,000,000 lamp chiimneys a year, beside a large (qiant ity of c(an(ly jars, reflectors, lantern globes, &e.; and the tot:dal value of their product is aholt l 1,10lil0,00, and represents about 5,000 tons of gla~s, in the packing (,f which about 2.500 tons of straw and hay is used. and the expenditure tor hboxes, harrels, &c., for packinig will approximate over Si)o,000 a year. There are also four Flint (Vial and Bottle or Druggist) Glass Works. FiinIl. By. t P P'ts C~ ZZ: WVm. McCu(lly & Co. * 104 and 106 Wood. W. II. I lamilton & Co. 20th & liailroad sts. Agnew & (co.... 152 First avenue. Ti l,by ros.... Sharpshurgh, .J. T. & A. I familton. 26th & A. V. R. 1R. 1855 T. A. Evans.. I8;3 \VW.II.Hamilton &C(o. 1Sli(i.J. Aonew & Sons. 1866 Tibby Bros... IsS0 J. T. & A. Hamilton "*`Se wiindow glass and green glass. These firmsui employ from 7.50 to 800 hands, whose wages will average 8475,000 vearlv. The works occupy an area of abouit eight acres, and the capital in the Iuildlings, ground and machiinery of( the plant is stated at p400,000. The prodlict of the w(orks in all descriptioniis of drggist ware can only be aplproximatcd for the s6rame reasons gi ven in other divisi,ons of business, and is probably about $800,000 to s850,(i000. The same facts as to tile use of natiural gas applies to this glass pro(duct, and it is tile fuel used in all tile works. The imakiu, of green and black bottles for beer and other liquids, fruiit jars and similar articles, is the Iproduice of what is technically known in tihe trade as green glass works. In this branch there are the following firms engaged: Green Glass Works. Fimin. Office. i.st ab'd. Thos. Wiglman.i. 43 A'ood street. S. McKee & Co... 62 Water street. A. & 1). 11. Cham))ers." 6th & linmhfmm. Owniiniham &( Co.. 26th and Mary.. W\ormser( i lass ( o.,Ld. Lau'hlin sta., 1)&). Win\m. AMc(ullY & Co.* 104 and 106 W\\ood. I). (). C('ulin'glhm.. 2211d and.Jane sts. Ihmisei (lass (Co.. S.14th street. 18371 1836 1 s-ll 1,49 1854 18:"3 18 19 1 Si. W. McC . Mecket ('hali he ( unning By. = Pot.: ully... 2 12 2 e & Co... 1 7 1 rs & Agnew. 2 12 2 ham & Co. 1 10 1 J-......i.se i' rt_ 1.. E. ~,s,orinser x kO... CWm. Iic(ully... W.('unninglham&('o. ('. Ihmnsen.. 1 2 1 1 0 15 8 *See Window Glass Fact(In, -. These firms employ about 950 hands, whose wages will average $375.,000 aniually. The capital in the iilhlin-gs, machinierY and gro,mids was stated at about $65,) (,r m 7 )1 l,000, and thle wNrks occkupy from nine to teni acres of groutnd. 2 20 2 3 30 3 1 11 1 2 20 2 2 23 2 1 2 1 1 113 Office. Estab'd. I'[T'INBUR'G"I;'S IR W;RL, The value of the product of these green gflass houii,es is as near as coil1 he,)ttainIed between $A5).000 and I600,00), representing the naniuft'actu re ()f 19,0tit tons of glass, the,prodilt (if 8() pots. To the Ilagnllitdlle of the forlegoingl exiit ( tll pro(duct and labir, of the live divisions of tle glass trhade of the city has T lrownl in nliiletyi years, reul'csentintg 79 factories, run I)y -1i firis, who emplh)y,.1.00 lhands, ti whomn they play over "-l,()()0f(,) of wag'es. The ac'tories oceeulpy an area of i)-) tires of groutind, and the valuheof tie plant:i in ground, builindigs and niachirl is r ate i is t S:,, 818(,(it1ltt0 About 70,000 tons of glas (if all d; criptit ns, the prod(tulct uof,s,u pots, are yearly nimae, tlie sales valule of which is at lthe li'pr.ent extrelime low rates ruling, and in the hia-ndling of which the firms emiploy 105 waigons iandi 122 horses, is allot it $7,500,(000. Stained Glass Manufacturers. The pr,roess that has been made in glass manufacturiiug at Pittstlrgh, in ill the varieties of taile ware and i wQindlw glass, w hich it noted int tile a-countsI of' those indistries tof the city, is sharedt in by the produt'erT, in P'ittsburgh, of staindt glass windows. While the terrm nianutl tulring hais grown to lie the genleral designation of ali\ny ant: all utork prodiiced yI induistrial,stahlishnilent, and in itS. print'ry sense lieans articles imade by hand; it is in ihe iprodut'tion of stain,el glass windows litrie nearly deserilptive than in miist cass: although i it is almo.st at miisnimter of work that is realy more largely art lIhnor than imechanical work. The stained r,lass windows of the CathedI ral and ipailacis of Eirope, thle work of the oll maIsters of tlhree or ft ii cientiries since, aire renow'-'ii lcd aniong other art, trelasures of thte oil world; ani it, nlmahqbi, jdiltg'fr Ioll the pro'(ilgr.s that lhili been mnade in Pittshlrghli in the lpast ten years, in thie designingl and artistic Nvorkmnianship1 of stained glass windows, that this product of her \%orkshop.s will bIring her fnime as well as glai. To-day, Pittstiurh has the largest (it,,,it in the Stlate outside of Plhiladellphia, for thle designing of this art prodi:etion, aind mtost (coplete workshlq fAr its tinished prioduiction. Stained and tinted glass fir windows has Ieen made at littsburgh since 1I52, when its ianfallhture was establlished by Win. Nelson, and inll 1856 about..10,000, in value of the:article was made at his works, giving iemployiment to fiir vworkmeen. There are to-day v three e.tahlishments for the prodnuctioni of this article, and thile i'progrtss h:ts (tln greater ill tlhe worknianship than in the product, although that has increased lloarl.v:1 thollsalld 1per cent. The iargest of these establiishllents, and that untitioted aove at s thie most colnprehenlsive atl tiomiplete, is that of S. S. [ iA iii \I. i,i &'.,;2 Cedat'r avtexue, Allegheny citiy', ethalished in It;S,,v Marshall. Stiel & (. The Iatient and skillfil art lalor that is thercin excrted to pr,,luce the bhautifiul wil'd,lws mnade in this (',tahtlisihmicnt i, ni"t ctitlots " itd itle'esmtinh to withns", wit to mtu - lontgedt in its details to lnRit of det'sriptimi here. I ortv wirkmen lind emlh?ymnent in its various deptlartilents, nanyiv (f wlhoni are artists oif grealt mnerit. A.\boiIt $100,00(0 of work is ttirnei ouit a year, principally wiindo%ws ft,r churnches and pri114 ;: =?; = t C1 = z: J %, i ; = ==-, = i-'1~': r =. ;C -I, =' c 3 :-li =3% r c I 1 = -~"=-:: r i; ='? r~?i= ~I C; L: Z r =- r:' r: = =;t = r- 5 C;-;= -- -B L'B'C1r: %"" -~ Z z. ;L = C_ -: -- r: -: = T. =. C= F= 1= = _ 1 f r- = -" =-= n:_' = -? ,, P -I " C" 1 3 Z. I; = (. " -~ =. " r: I. C, - _z S s -. ~: = % = 3. r; s =.: C =1,e 4-i;C C. C; -=5 4 2 " tt;r -c-I.I?.!f; 4 -- r- t. -~ ; 2 r t: -t~ = ""'L- = -~ t I =s, i: r =' r p, I= ='; t - S = r: =;t 1 = -I= " r, ;r " ~1. l~L-1 3 1: = ts 3:1. J LI.-. 7 2: = =L r:: = 2 c=;- r ,-1 97: L40_7 L-;% ; =: = ~ %. 3.'1 " L i =----I?- ii=5 --.3: = B; c L" = T: 7---. - *~-- 1 5~1 f- ^: F -;~:i ? -: " =. C r: /j ze "li Z;i,? J g c S r: P1 r: -I -_ =- " =,=- -!, =-c I - -- 1. I ~'~ -- " I" J = " = r;~ --= t I = = ~, = -.C r z-; r: r = ~; r: r. ', i = T r:-C:. C:7 *-L L~= =?; S = = _ i ~1.'; = C i: I: C C 5 C 7 "~ ~: ,5.^r ---q,ls-'tSS'"' OiFI=ri ~II f2 --Z -I % I~ I? (r j - I~ c " 1 =; = ~~" ;~ =- = =- = =~ =- I -- J % ~? L Vi r 5. _ j'I?. r % " r ZI 7 =--r r: I; 7,;r -r -e "- J ;/~ -= ~,.'I T:?=lc = i.. = S: = X =::1L- t: ^ f ;C' r ---- ilL" 34 4C = r: = r i"--= ~ d % r; 1 -r. L E " n ='X 7: 2 1 ~7.1. = -" I~ F' s. * 3~ C ~, cs/l L.?Ii~ C r c c r, -I: F r:'I; F;C % " Sr ,~< %,. r: Cr c CI", %' % -.I; S r, ~' o r C e % rr %; C; c, C 3: ~ ~r c s C: 3 c -- " ~r s,= C = -I r. r::1 = J C C r iS 3 %:j r I "3, r YC TC h ~e? I: -- --'.... 4.-' C. -. -- 2... -. -. - " 7 - ee "f. V. C Z. Z-. et 1IND'STRIES AND RESOURCES. 0oh1 rI ade of iittThu'gl. T' has been estimiated that thie immediate bituminous coal field by which Pitts bunrah i surrounded and from which its coal trade is (dra\wn is equal to 15,000 . square miles, and its money value at live cents per bushel is equal to nearly -eventy-live Iillions of dollar's. In other words. seventy-tive millions of dollars annlally could be realized from its sale for a thousand years, and then only exhiaust the upper or so-malled ittsbitigh seam. lThe inmportance of tlhis mineral bfor all tihe lur,osi s of liit is too well undertood toi require wordis, and it seemis almost i.ncre(lille that, as historv re(ords, a human,eiut, shiould le iunmed to death for violatig an,nili aw law prohibiting its:us, ind that laws were enactedl in the reigns of the first Aiward and Queen Eliz<llih priohihitiing its use during the sessions of Parliament as injurious to the health of the Knighlts of the Shire. 'I The introduition of natural gas as a nianufaicturing fiel would seemi at a first gilance to threatei a deci'lence of the coal trade it is not unlikely it miay in-rease its consumiiption, and instead of decreasing the values of coal lands anmnd IP'iittsburh rather enhance thelin and the returns theirefrom. \Vhile natural gas has allll-'t entirtlv supplamtned coal as a nmanufattuiring i fiel at Pittshurgh that is a possill' tLreriunner of a greaiter use of coal. The adIvantage, in the use of gas as a fuhe! f' iw nallinta'turing t,ii'p:s are already so great that even should the sipply of natiural gas exhaust, the world will not retro,7rade in tiat direction, but require g.'as froln some soiurce as its fuel. For thle prodouction of ian artificial gas the coal oi" the Pittsbiurghl seam is so far recognizedl as suplerior to aill others. WVhile the misi vwries and resolurces oif nature for mian's uses is but a slowly unf1l1iing volicie in which it would seem as though page After page has turined but as iro-ress reqtuiiretd, it does not now seem as though Leyond gas there was any further developiienis in fut to lihe miade. The cheniical qualities of natural gas for mianufacturiiig uses hive alrmAdv bevon,l any otlier c(nsi(lerationis male it an essential to slpriotr ualnIuacturiing products. The ga- from the coal iof the Pittsburgh eCai!i is in thilt respect similar. The area ill whichl natural ga:s is to he obtaiilled in d-iral co, iiuniie for profitable:ses is as yet a iootcd questi''l to lie determiined mnll Iv etKpl irations and time. Between gas and petroleumi there stis 0to be it hoinigeni sity that siggests a siiilar characteristic in its natul smtorWag. While petrlniiius are to )e hI ald in various localities oil the cairth Western Pleninsvlvailia seems to be the main natural storage tank in the Iunited States, althouughL in a few other sections somie mnioderate flutctuating suipplies have been had. A similarity in Sthe tinl " of natural gas is also sot far shown. From this standpoinit the ulise of natural gas under its best and cheapest supply woutild indicate that to libe most pro117 ..... -_, -:.,..... ~ -,_'..',. ~ ~ ""~ - - L fr~ -7. w r' ", - "1-'z ..- - ww :: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~7._tf... -"-._. _ ~~C r7' A.;.... -.,, -.. _. _....=.: _. _.;: c: . =._ . S= ;:...,,. = -_ -........,. =_...=.- - - -. - _ =; - _ -.- :.t_f-: -- - = = -: = T " - -= =_= --" "-: = -- =7 S" --.? = .. - _ _: =..... =. = = _ -= - "- .3 -, L -- = -: " -:- = = -' - - - ":''- =: " " "t - tk, -: .......L.' - -; IIND I;'RIES AtND RESO URCFN. ducts is of a value of 830,000,000 or three dollars per ton. The chief of these being tar, sulphur, and ammonical liquors. From these annmonical liquors is obtained sulphate of anumnia, for which there is an almost unlimited dlemand for agricultural purposes, and the c)1or industries utilizes almost all of the benzine, solvent naptha, anthraceie and naplithline, resulting from thile distillation of coal tar. The value oif the colorin-g matter thuis produced from thliese by-products of' coal coked for gaps in the United Kingdom, is given by ID)r. Siemens as (ver S15,000,000, and that of the sulphate of anononia obtained from the amunoniacal liquors as of a value of neairlyv 10,01)(),000. These figures arec on tlo word of the highest authority. It needs nlot many wvords to show that, as thie requirement for gas for manufacfuring purposes grow, sectionls where natural gas is not found will seek artificial gas. If the coal of' Pittshourgli ca tihus, being ce(unfly rich, if not richer, than the English coal on whose use the foregoing fiiures are derived, yield not only tihe gas for miiufai('turinlg ('consumliption, but leave tihe coke, worthli, for fuel purlp)oses, in many of tIle Western States, double the value of coal in the lPittsburgh market, and its water carriage, and furtber the hy-prolducts of a value of thiree dollars per ton, its increaseiI translportation to all points for distillation for gas fobr manutacturing fuel will result, fbor the nmamifactllrer would thus not only o()btain his gas fuel free, but be able to realize a profit over the cost of his raw coal. Thile figures on which these results are given are not theoretical hut the practical results of thile saving of by-products in the gas works of the'nited Ringdoml. It is practically impossible to transport natural gas long distan(ces without such cost as forbids its use; but the gas tanked in iiail (':n be. as shown v thle foregoinig figures, and will bear even railr'oad carrizige into tihe interior frim river i points of unloadingr, and the ia.llllfa('til rer he enabled to Ilmake ggain from his fuel instead of expense. To say this will not be done is vetulrin,r' mu1(h more than to say it will, f,r every day res:lts are shi)\owVin thalt gIs muist be the tIn:IC I a1turIiin fuel o(f the future, and where natural g:as cannuot he hadl artificial will be. Pittsl1nrgh coal, with its unsurila:ssed gas yielinig liiualities and the facilities witli whiech, by 1,.)000 miles of river lnaviga:tim), it can he chenaply delivered in from 15 to S18 of the States, is the grand reservoir'tilinu natural uas whiich must be resorted to. Not but that other coals and sulistanctes will yield gas. but under such a happening the best article will from all the'consideraitions ie soulght, andl the reputation of Pittsburgh coal for gas iiurposes is of the highest. The profits from tile by-products, as shiown, from use of ('coal to obtain artificial gas bars the use of other substances where coal can be had, and the use of inferior cozl is well. The progress oif the coal trade of Pittsburgih, while in some respects slow, has been steadY itd large. In a volume of the scope of'" IlTlitfl-(I's PROG(iF.rs, IN SlI'rt,.ANtsi t iiES('\" liwhere so lirge a field is to be covered and the story compreissed in a reasonablle numter of Ipagess a detailed history of thle various transitions of the c'oal traile is not to e thliouglit of. It is on1ly to be indicated as its years increase and its present volume c('ontrasted with its statistics from period to period. 119 "Pref torv. ITTSBIUI-i(1II stands to-day the most noted city of the world. Its name is fre quent upon the lips of the eager eyed speculator on the'change, in tile mind of the capitalist in his counting house, and in the conversations of the ambitious mechanic, amid the noise and grime of factories. The story of its progress, industries and resources are of interest to all to whom the activities and gains of business are a necessity or have a charm. Upon the staying qualities of a horse or an athlete men risk fortunes, and from their thews, sinews and record form their judgmients. In the rivalries of communities for financial gains, the advantages and resources of their localities are the thews and sinews that indicate their staying qualities, and commercial progress their record. The presentation of such of these as pertain to the community of Pittsburgh must be of interest to all who wish to embark their business ability and energies in the most promising locality. Of the retail trade of Pittsburgh this volume does not treat. The domestic wants of all communities are similar, and naturally, as the polpulation increases, the home trade shows progress in proportion. While to the aggregate bulk of Pittsburgh's commerce the retail trade must necessarilv add greatly, in a population of 300,000 within the boundaries of Pittsburgh and Allegheny cities, with quite as many more along the two rivers and twelve railroads in a radius of from five to ten miles, purchasing their daily supplies,-yet the particulars of that trade have little or no interest to the world beyond, for whose information this work is designed. The retail trade of one city is as that of any other in the proportion of its population. As the depot from whence, not figuratively but literally, a thousand cities and towns draw their supplies, and many foreign countries, even to distant Japan and far off Australia, obtain "Pittsburgh manufactures," the products of the city, its capabilities for supply, and its resources for production, are the main points of interest in a story of Pittsburgh's progress. To an exposition of them these statistics are collated. It is not, however, claimed that a perfect balance sheet of progress is given. This is prevented by various idiosyncracies that obtain in other communities as well as Pittsburgh, which render the collating of statistics difficult from the indiftlrence or averseness of individuals to furnishing them. While by the masses statistics are voted "dry and stupid," yet they lie, in some form or other, at the base of all business enterprises, and, properly studied, are prophets of the future. Of this, in the matter of Pittsburgh's progress, two statistical publications similar to this, touching the industries of the city, which are quoted in these pages, give noticeable proot; and it is believed that years hence 120 A, is stated in the,o,ining ImnWagraphl of thiOs clhampte, the bituminous m'al field, by which Pittshirgh is surrounded, is estimated i at 1,000 square miles, of which two-thirds are literally under the feet of Pitts-tugh, or at leas at i her very door; and upon which she has her miners working, her capital employed, over a scope of from 50 to 60 miles East, We-t and South of her streets. ('oA1 trains ruinning, coal bar'ges floating, steamt tu-, towing. The approximate value of the mineial they are thus dlple'ting is statedl in the begiluinn of the chalter; and it forces an eMnnlnamtioi of wondert' on the mention of the lait that, a little over.t hundred years ago the ienn's uaid Ibut ten thiousand dollars fOr thle whole t-act. To the younig hoy one lhundred years seeim cnllpalrative eternity, to the sI'ptotnarian as nothing"', and there are mien now active in the coal traile of Nintshurgh who have particilmated as man and boy in it activities fcr quite ti-o- hiirds of thle ears in which this coal fieldt has incrt,a,ed frollm its tenll thlousand doila' cost to its lp'esent hardly comprehensible value. Pittsburgh ihas reason to ie provid of her' al tradet', hIlop - fiul of its future, and lproud of the race of',:Il kitngs that its atiivitie. have developed. Ilarod workintg, self-reliant mien, the architects of t' lheir o-n l tullet's, self made men to whose energy and induiostry the coal trade (f P'ittsiui'gh o\wes its development, and they in their rtLu, to its g,roth, their t*'6tulles. It is an' ceptcd saying that he who imaikte,s two lades of groass' grmw where' there was hut one is a benethaetor to mankind; and it tmay well nie a pelted that the men t vho firnishes lah-or l)tr twio men where there was lbuit subsistance ti,r ine is equally a henefactor; and those who have hIuill uiv t,y their perse'verance the great tindustry of the coal trade of Ii tstmbugh, hit h its emtl,lyhntt for t'houqan"ds of imen. desrves to be so lionmored. Like all otther of Pittirg-hi's t'o-eat di'visionis of ksltinesst, The Beginning of the Coal Trade , was in the small hloal consumption of the little village from which lit'he great city S has grown. In 1784 cc"al was obtainedI fom tihel hill inimmediatteltv opposite the city, a lprivilege heing obtained fr'om the lPels "to dig coal as far in as the per pendicular line falling firo'lm the summit of the hill."'' The y gra'ntiing that triv ilege Ar ~)30 a lot..J. kbtton Wall, in his reolt for the State'eologital Survey, says: "A'cording to an t old tralition, the coal wa:s tied ut1 in raw hides and rolled down hill to tle river Iottoml." In the samne relport it is inientioined that the'oil with whiich the )en.' latla's works mere' supplied was taken from a pitt Ialr tihe top of "('oal Iill," n, I\\ t lo Mc lnt Washington, Thirtv-s'tecond ward. ( it,. of Pittts burgh.) "The coal was hauled down the hill on a sled cIa, made of two oak sap lings formed as shafts, iOr the horse to work in, antc a Ihox tfstened oin to tile oute end of the shafts that wiuld momYain ah,out fifteen bushiels. The road was made with a Irut ut on each side, aboult ten inches deep, wt' the ents of the saplings to run in." The oal or the Shilas brewvry, at the jIuncttion of the Alleglheny and Monlongahela, was supplied by a -\Ir. Mossman in 17;" with'coal from Miners ville, now a part o(f the Thirteenth ward of tihe city. In the report of J. Sutto' ;-Arthur Lee's.Journal. I'ITT.'< 7/I"', l, I 1;llPRO,G I.l'DU'Q'I'S AND REI.SO'UICE',. Wall, before eited, ie says: "' William Robbins infornis nme that his grandfather, Brintwell 1ol1)bins, wiho served as a Lieutenant in the (Connlt ecticut line of infanitry during the Revolutionaryv war1, settled in 179)0 at a point on the east side of the Youwhiogliiheny river. since.ailed'obbins' Mill, and now known as IRob)ins' Station, oi the alltitior(le & ()hiio Railroad. lie built a mill at this place, and in 1791; lie discover'ed c'al of tie Pittsbur-igh seant in the hill tfiaeing the river on his lirolperty, opened a i1inei( all( commenced to use coal for smithing and domestic purposes. The ship Louisiani. of 87) tons burden, oif which a further account is given in the eIhapter oi boat buildin-', was ballasted with coal, which was sold in Philadelphia for:7. ('centis ia bshel. This is no doubt the first transportation (itf Pittsburgh toal bv way of the river to a market, although thie tir.:t flottating of coal in flat boats froim lPittburgih down the river to points oin thle Ohio was Lv'T'lh,mas .Jonles in 1817. (George Shiras, Sr., in a letter to William M. Lvyon, dated.Jitle 8, 1884, says: "The fil't lersion that I knew to take coal down thle ()hio river was ' Pilot Toi'. Jolet.s, soni of Thomas Jones, who ran anti owned the f-rry fromn tihe loot of Libertyv street to his landing oni thie lopposite side of the M'MOnolt,althela river. Their pit wat not ft r.lp the river from ( )' h ara's burning- pit. The coal was brought down tile hill on a'sled ear' driven bYiv Piilot Toim, and ilaced in piles oil tile bank of the river hiring the winter,'Ind in the spring when tlhe Siat btats" arrived from - French (C'reek,' Jones woubl pur(chase a pair, hire f6tr or five stout young jrishmell. mid have his coal wheeled into the boats,lay in a stock ,,f provisi(ons, jump1 a;oaird tllt boats with onlYv the steer'intg ours at how and stern, ,'t loose, and not attempt to landl until he reached Maysville, Kentucky, where he first commentcetd to make sales; and from this place hlie would take a fresh start lr ('incimiati." (in l.ouis Sweenyv was, aCeording to Dl)aniel Busihnell, also engagei in floating coal frIom Pittsburgh at an earily day, anid, he thinks, at the same time with Tihomias.Jones. "The first coal transpolrtedl from the vicinity of Mtonogallela'itv was in 181 ). The eoal was mine,I fromi a pit under the pIresent ceinotery, hauled iby road: wag,on- to a point at thie nimouth of Pigeon (Creek, andI loaded into a hoat ownled bv Eiwa rd Kearnev, after whiceh it was floated to Pittslburgh. lThe boat was built hv Isaat' and Abralaum Vanvoorbis, aInd mneasureil forty feet in itn gth by twelve 1fti ill width, holding about seven hundretl bushels."" This niethiod of takint cotal to the markets'at poinits oni the ()hio below Pitts1ur--h wAvS the wfnlv ont' for seveo_;al years. The "French Creeks," as the bcats were ca'tlled, frot; a t ributiar'V ofi thi' Alle-it'nY v he're tlheY wer c' ilt, were ](.aided with from four to six tliwi-sand bushels of coal. Th.ese ioats were lilsheed in pairs with'ropes and hallte(l ( t market iunder ici'an-e t of a crew iof five imen, ih(e chiefl 'a%ec tf thle boat!neln bein, tit) keep thelt' hIats in thle roper chiannel of the river. Evtc i under this 1primitivc method of tran-iportation lthe' o(;;l traide of Pittsbuirgh cmilnued to itlcrease and (.,);!I lands oin the MAonon-aihela river in the nt-a;i vicinate to aidvan,'e in \ahilt'. The tda., Itoxvever. uarrived when a few enterpri:ing men beegan to dliscuiss the fc:siilii of !.1..ut V i s l,r, h,;, hu,al su vey. ls t<ol W. u...... O IL.,.. _ -.:. Towing Coal. Ihe Nwriter rev',llects well hoNw tlie proposition to to1w the unnwieldy " Frencit vreeks" vwa, re'eived by thie "coal boatmen" and was ridiculed. The term "(icrank " ha:d n1ot then been coined. but those who talked of towing. coal as a feasible'hing w re at that day spoken,f as such under a more coinnion name, anm co(lservalive Ii,Ines,s mien slodk their heads wisely am] smiled ditibiosly. As the coal b,,a:Its had to be fltated to mlark,.t oni flood waters it did t, those actquainted withi tie r:tapil 4icurrents of the ( )hiio in the spring' aind all ri,ses and the June fre,hiets seen'm t d lan'-erlous business to atlempt to to%w those uhl'e 01 ieh-ldv bhulks of :coal illn:lt-hottmilcld, bo.x-slapi,tdl bnats tllhrough the c'ro.ked c'hallir;els alnd "sharp hndls,,"o thfe river. I,ut in 1S4-, ID aniel Bu-hinell be_,an tow ing'oal d4,wn the (Mhi, with a s44all st"1n-wheel lomat alled the " M.ahetr F(irwv:rd." maiking a trip to (C'ininnati 4s aln exper(i'ntl with th -re co:al flats loaded with 2,001( buheleakh'iI. Il th y'ear d.1Jde T'lhlmtas 11. BIird t4eLgall towVil41 ('o;l] to Haging Oh4k, )hio. with a ide-wNheel boat allt d the Hlarlem and Iw\ " Model" bargeS. bringliig back piL. mietal. In the fall of 149 Iuh Smiith btegan to tow coal ~to the 1,wer markets with the steam tow\vb_,at, lake Erie. Itring, 18419 I)aniel Bhiit,'ll bu ilt ilhe B lack i )ia;mond toboat t totow c4)al to (iiicin.lnati and to) New (rrlea1(ns in I,.;.-lW, fr'tw!llt whichl date tow ing coal, a-: it was -called. suipereded alt,gether the i!,(atiin- sysvte)m. "The teit n I wtolwing is miisinoiIer.; the boat.s alnd atries enlaininy the coal are propelledl il',tead of tiNwed. Although this is an old s4ang to Pittsburghlers and many along the river, yet to others it mnay not ie uniniteresting to he told that ai tow, as it, is called, is 1malde 1up) of,ie t4\vboat and fronm ten to flurteen barges, co;d hoats and flats, tand4 froim Ie to foir fuel boats filled with I slaik coal for boiler fuel d(iri,i, thle trip. These 441ts are all pla'ed in front of thle tovtbo.at, except one on eah -idl' f 4' -the steamer', all seeurelv lashed tog'ether, forminin" a,,I opac't 101,:about:.-)1 hlt lon1 44d 15i feet w(ide. on4d idda holdin irim 5MY,OW 1) 7tMUNtt"4 buish Sels or at."4': 4erage of 24e0' 0 t,ns, i being the yield of from lfive to seven 4wts ,f coal land ac'ording to the size of the " tow " so Called. (' suCi'h "tows" from eight Ito ten in a day in the coal hating4' stages 41 the Ohio leave the harbo' of' Pittsb urgh for all points beloNvw as far as New Orleans, andl there are now from 90 to 100 towxo4t4s, var'ying in cost fronm 8(8,000 to $.3(I0,0 00, employed in thus propelling v,,al, 1bein-, the outgn-owth in toriy vem's from thlie little " Walter Forward'" itihh her t hie Ht; It 14441ts hoIdin,( 6,000 hitsI ishels (or a Ilout 2240 tons of coal. .tN,xlIaiailttrv1 to tlhoie w1ho ar1'e n14t "to the nanner born" of the terms of "b"anrce." n.al boat" and "flat,." bcimL- the "pa lckagt'e,-," as the trade termn is. il SWhih'l the o4:l is carr'ied, a word or twi of description of these "' pa,'kages" mIllay he of intere't. ('4,al 11oats are built 1701 feet long by" 20 feet wide. of I -itinch plankw-ith ahout4, 1S i1('es rake at each end. They ca rrv t 24,T 0 bushels and dravw seven feet when livi adled. They iare only iused to convey the coal to its point of destinatio:n aild, with the coal in thile sale. They cost about -010 each. A barge is 130 fcot lIn 1 v tw1.lntY-fiv'e lfet wide, co4nstr.iteld,minew hat similar to the h1ll of a I'17YX1,?U171'S PL'O IUES', 6 - r. _ - - -. - -' j b-- U =~ ~ S,"' 7'-- -ti~ x?. -C~ - r- - p: -- -t S I. C 7 -t? - o1 C C -=- -, ~ 3 -~ tIIC- J~35' =? ~3-~~~ -ii? -. c~ CJ I: C -~ - PITTNPIU(Ij'l['S PROGRRJS, Thlie coal!hat is thuis conveyed from Pittsl1uri'h by river is almost altogether brought from out the fm,ur 0pools of the Moniomgahela river, the collieries of which are shown in the following tables; Table of Collieries in Pool No. I, Monongahela River, Showing: " Bush. min'd Ycarly Y early. Wagcs. Inmprove- Iv III(II ts. 2: 1I. B. Hays&.11mro.. Jos. Waltoln l ('o.f Thos. Fwecett, 1. 1). Hlisher, -. Munhalls,.. 500 4,000,000) 30W,-! 3,000,000'" 75 1,000,0t 125 1,2150,-?1) 162 2,011,0000 1 (!0,000 1:300,010 ""0 40`,000 40,)000 G;o5,(o00i 4(1,000 - 55 10 $120,000 S............ :'Th dis Crepallcies in amollll of coal i ine as comlpared wit Ii number of liands arise'froml some collieries -working greater miimber,I dayv an(I I ls Force, matking ita reater "out-put." tSee Pool No. 2. Table of Collieries in Pool No. 2, Monongahela River, Showing: Yi;u v. nin'd earg S Yearly. a\\'aes. ileilts. Jos. \\'alton & Co. Jos. Walton & ('o. Geo. Jonles Oc ('o... O'Neil & Co...... John A. Wood & Son,- i Jas. Lyvnn & Co. WDm. Stone's ]Estate, J. C. IHislier & Co. Geo. Lysle & Sonls, W. J. Sn{lr:>, Horner & Iloberts, ~John A. ,V,od & Son, Gumolert & Soi,., W. N. IolubiJi. (,o. W. I[. Brown s,1ns,o H. I). ()'Nell,... 302 3,000,000 "271 3,)00),l000 i20 2,000,000 25 3,02)0,00 ) "220 1,(00,001;0 2)50 2,00(),000 200 3,000,000 2.50 2,000,000 210 8,000,000) 180 2,01)0,000( 1(0 1,() () ,' i 170) 1,2)00,000 1111 1,200,)l)0 7),00) 12, (t000 911,100) 50,000) :-5,')000 :11.111)') 57,0)'{) :13,0)() 100,01,o 2,5.000o 100,0001 1,40(11 150.(}() 80,0(0 25,000 lI( l t)0 47)1)))) .6. 1 7 2 3 14 1 4 1 14 300 90 5400,000 10 s i0,000 200 20 240,000 "28 10l 60,00(0 GiO} 20 80,000 12 26 131,D00 25 20 313,500 14..- 7,0010 60 5)f 205,1000 1410 50 265,000 41) 7 22,000 ... C 1,S00 400.j 150 (;00,l00( ;:''Threl loco lloI ties. Firm or Operator. Firm or Operator. Value. "'0,000.<200,t000 ee Pool No. 3. Se'ool No.. +Sce PoI'o,,l No,. 4. IND'STRIE'SI AND R]ESO() URCES. 12 Collieries in Pool No. 3-t eBush. A in'd Yearly Improve-. Firm or Operator. Yearly. Wages. mients. Value. Phillils & Mittenzwci, 71 -.....:0,0) 10,000...... .t,eathe. N.... W.il,...................... 2.............. "S'.:. Jones,.... o1 1,200,010 4,0. (,0..... ,John (il nre,... 124 2.001,000 (;2, 00 12,000 2 10 10 7,000 Mileville Coal Co., 2(00 2.00 0.0M 55.)0( 19(180 1...... ,ka,.... 71 1,000.0(; 2,00 20,000............ S. I. II: es,...... 0 1,500,0 0 -14.000 22,000 1........... WV.. I wn's So,.. 250 2,0(00,00(0;2. 26,)00 -*.......ames.,... 133 2,0 0.000 59,(()00 20,00......... uis Stail). 19 2,500,000 80,000 ,000 1........... Li'!s-l N Mc(Cutchenl, 75 1,000,00t 30,000 1f,()00....... W. I1. lrown S.i,. 250 2,00(0,(00 01,)00 40,000 * .JohnIl L. (eorge & Co., 65 800,()0()( 25,100 10,000............... . Jordain S. Neel,.. 1410 2,((000,0) I 63,000 20,000 1..... Yolghi(lgheny (Coal (Co. 1il 2,000(,0001 58,000 30,000.............. ~. 1. Staitler,.... 100 1,25;).ti0() 40,000 20,00........ Jordain S. Nee],... 140 2)0001,00 55,000 30,)000............... AMoI g. i& Peters Cr. (C. (Co. 250) 2,630,000 680,000 105,(100............. llarvey Hlutchiinson,. 14 2,0,00 15,000............ .1. M. Ilisher & Co.,.. 170 2,50( 0,000 80, 00(................... .J:tas. S,killen Ems.,.. 40 5310000 12,0)0............ Gen. E. Itogg, 6(0 800,000 21,000.................. Ilodgson,... 150 2,000,000 57,000 20,000 1... *See Pool No. 2; also, Collieries on Youghiogheny River. **Boats, Barges, &ec., in Table of Pool No. 2. tSeveral of the Collieries in this pool have no boats or barges, loading their product oni the boats of other operators. 3 c c I= 3 c;' =~ cP'J F E:E; t:'O C3 c: ~* r' c ';;L; ~ 15 C, S i. r c: s I. r: c 3 % c ~I r r r ~ n 'J r r. -~ "% 3 -I ~I 3 F Tt ss-r j 4; J -. -~~ ncr: c, -- %~: c ~- " P, Cc I: ~I. c r:,., 4 z--~' -. e~ 7;- 1 ; r i ::= ~I. c r; -~ " r r? rC~; s %-C S i i. r ;I -- C: -~Z=': =~- r r.mn" ,'," t: 3 ~-~ If .: I- _----r, I: - 1 C =F'=3 -r 7.'1. / r3 t: % I---- c = r ~- 3 le 2 -r~ n :r - -I ~~?-=;;~ S - 7- C+ C rr / Z. I r 7 c::: r' " --i "' I- i -c. 3.. % 5,,^ -) li--==c2,= I; ..r (1 -~ - 1 -~ % F I=II;--. - 7c+'": - _ -- I. -i -I -~r-=l =';'_-5 r- -~ _e r % =r c 1 ti,, -i - I so 1= s r: r: -J c~ Jr ~r Irt;-% ~r 1 II. I e -r I 1 i I ~r L " - -': " -.'3 S--'!a e.. . - -: C. - " ~ " - "I. -!_;-":....: = 5?....... s-...' $~~~............ F. II ac[n s. C c 0 .o v, 'd o - C~ C~ -------- 233 . -: - -............. -: la t:.,,:,:: :::i ~i:::: -i:: i-:( iZ,::: -::: -: ( 1u hAL' I NTI?IP> l Nb J4'LNU (7 F.\ 127 the IIpt)ll).;t 14)e0 aver:l'age millilnlli prie. wv(,ill be not far Iromin 8,0,00.(000, or "an:',t!%ge of S(,()00))000 a year. ('onltrsltillg the mitnilur ex!pensv.s and the;imount realized, it weuild seem as if thi gainlls N\cre vervy ge:t t, biti it I liiOst bet he overl)oked that tHe vaile of the coal ini t Ihe licl is includid ill tlose gross lfiglres. as Well uas that of i he ((ist (of pa kages, s statedil i tlie aIciomint ofi tih kinds of boats tused for its trlnsp,, rtttiont, whicih:re liv-n away with the col; and, is 4 befiw' stated, the expelense of( tran-,portatioi and mai'ntiainanice l of transllportation toire.es andl t*aiiliti(-,. 1 f1 this trade its resunits illy I) well comipar!ed to a capuitalist, wlho, not sirmlply * isons l cosuming th interet upo1n his inv'estinilt, is ann1rally deiciasimn that i:mid eating ip, as it ivwere, hi siibstance. The collieries on (th Pitsiisirgh, ('incinati & St. Louius lU ailway, the Ikl!tim,re -v & t)lio. 1"ennmsvlvalni; and o ther rods coterino at Pittslmroh are shi,il llthe illwing tables. The cwi I fromi these works is chiefly broti.i-ht to Pittslnirgh; part, oif it is, however, shitplcid directl v from the miniies west. lTheii collieries on Ihis road extend along its line fltor a distance of 2;5 miles: Table of Collieries on Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway and Chartiers Branch. irm or 4 )periator. Iivid Steen.V Seon,..... lFort lPitt coal 4Conlipia... WV. 1,. So'ctt &'o...... Manslield Coal & (,ke I'o.. l'ittsbulirgh NaIt. COil'to., Ltd. l'ittsbltrghl & Walinut Hill (o. MNidway (Coal & Coke ('o. "4 )ak Ridge ('oal Co...I td. WVir. P. HIed & co. Iohlhins Blochk Coal Col. (hailiers Bltk Co:l l Co. (. lq i x ( ias Coal ( ).. Morris'MO(',..... trank Ari;iry,..... 'Innsit lvania ol ( co.11..t l'ittst,llr:+h (oal Mliningl l!.. "*l-'Ilth,nt of i" 2 11,.il Bn.A'. milled Ye:arh in No. "of Y,t rhY. I'tages. n l's. I," I". ~ ('olr.'. 160 , 1 i() 125 ;25 150 "8) 1,5( SO) 61 125 75 75 4;5,:84.04)0 1,i () i 4;5.0t0, 5,)000 90 22;',.i; I (; ( i, i ) 1 (. 00(,000 I,0i.- 4)(i 0( lt 1,5)4)4.000 I 1 000W,00 1,040,000 2,5400,000 ) 1,5)(0,w) S.4800,0).0 I, Wo t) i) 4),))i)i)) 450,000) 42 ),(.)0( 24,0()(0 24,0)0 "4(44i4()4 -(Q 40 -144.4) 04 22,000 *14 4,1)))))l 2,) 000 4,5004 2,4,)1 It) 2f 1,000 15.)000 25,00()0 15,)))F) 200 26 420 19 100 ..2 15,2)04 7,80it) 100.1)(0)O 11,400 444.(.. 4)..... tfon ) miaritier, lt.ttich. **The produict of sevrnl (,ollieiv,, who lea,' from this compan), wv hia,s a capital stock *l'nli,'.ed ohvl the seo orii.oel'aillrIi. n fiti tromi (Chartiers Blotck ('c)l ( iiompaly. 1 2T I.;-) i.I If, 7,{t< + i.lt ''7P'TTSB URGII'S PROGRESS. Table of Collieries on Baltimore & Ohio R. R. and Youghiogheny River. Firin or (Operator. Yowiio-gheny Natioial'(,(al Co(mpany,. \Wa'verly C(oa & (Coke (Compalny,... i'eni (;s (o:l ( imiqany,...... WV. L. Scott & (o......... \Vn. 11. r1.',wn Sous,....... YI,,ghigny (Coa l (ke Coillmpany,.IIIV N. J. igly........... , haner (as (aCl Co(nlpany,....... Os(.eola,................. Republic (oal Collip.any,...... Yoiighi,)gheny &. Ashlabluitla (o:l & ( Coke ennyv (ni ()a ] Co(l inipaiiy,..... "holis. I Nackott & op.,,...... Southwest ('oal ('cIOl V,.Ht...... 50 S300 ~ 400 0. 356 260 125 100 165 150 130 100 ::lII c)k(rics. 1,560,0)00 2.5(0,00)) 4,000,01)0 4,000,000 8,500,000 2,500,000 1,000,00)) 2,5170,00)( 1,5()0,)0(0) 2,000,000 1,250,000)) 1,010o,000 IYearly Improve\Wagcs. iiteilts. $ 22,50(0 75,000 70,000 150,000 123,000 75,000 ...... - 75,000 70,000 60,000 32,00)) 3o,000 7I,0)() 40,000 49.000) 5,00o 40,000 30,00o0 55,0))) 20,000 37,000...... 30,000 20,000 "tStck company. Table of Collieries on the Pennsylvania Railroad. No. (,f Vi I. )pcl 1ratir. I'. g.A l pl.- IW Value. r. al nints. Cars. tCars. Blraddocksficld (;as ('oal ( ).,. 8) lPenit Glas ( C) o.,.. 1,100)) SNlifion ls (I Coal: (Co.,.. 1()( W esi ioriel:( nd (l is (()l I Co.. 62 New York & (tleveland (I.. Co. 700, lalptoiili Coal Co..... 200) 1,(000.000() 3' IU(( 13 00,000 50),0(10 1,;(}0,00( 50,0(, )i 13,()I)0,()00 5((,0()0 13,(JO0,()()( o,()t,()() 2,5()()c,,0(( SO,(}O0 .9) _ 0))) 200,000 20,000 200~000 S......... 81 $ 8 32.500 1,0)()() 600,00() 125, 75,000) 1,200 720,000 315 167,400( 99......... Table of Collieries on the Allegheny River. Firi or 4 )pelra:tor. Arnistron-, l)ikson & (Co., l'ti!a, V t,uvius,-::.... Mahloninlg Coal Co...... loiiv l I linna'. ('oke (o.,. lits urgh (Coal Miiinug (i... livsr View (,oal Mining, ('o.. I Yearly. 150 7o 230 100( 1110 1,sO0,()0.5 4,;-;5(),),()() 1.0))3.2,0) 4,50.()(),)1 2,5) )00,000. )) 2.5()().)()( WVagcs Iprove- )*o. of 1r. i. Valuie. Paid. l1wlll S. ('ar1's. 50,000' - 0,000 45,0).)()M)) 2.0 70,.00) 6;).0)1)) 7. ) "21). )I) 67 836 8134,000 12,000 t *\',rkd.jintly hy those two r,lling mills for their own SUIIp)iN ce:iar.s of.\llegheniy Valley Railroald. hTw o hu.'nr! cokc ocns prodiucing 12,(1(10 tons. 12S Bush. mined SYary Petroleum Exchange, Pittsburgh. * I HIigh School, Pittsburgh. 4 & c yr~ ~- -i ,-A this volumeic will witness throughi its statistics that 11ittsimlrgh has continlue( to J)e, as she ha', been ill the past, tile most solillHv progres,-ive citvy of the U'nion. Upo)n this point it is e.peciadlly niotewortlhy what an initial point of progres's Pittsfh:1r-gh has been. Althtouih chliarateristicallv a conservative city, manaiy of tihe more mlnportant elements of the nati,,n's g1r(,wth have had their origination, or their suiccssild development, Through Pittsburgh Enterprise and Capital. 'The ~irst fnll. practical constriction of the steanmboat was at hPittsbinurgh. In 181), we find in " C(oramer's _,11tazie.Alh,ack",'' for trhat year, the following: " A company has been formed for the pl-rpose of navigating the river ()hio in large boats, to be propelled by the Ipower of steam engines. The boat now on the "stocks is 18S feet lkeel, and calculated foir a freight as well as a passage bIoat between l'ittslburgh and the Falls of the ()hio." The boat here alludedl to was the one afterwards known as the "New Orleans," c,nstiructed by Messrs. Fulton. Livingston and RIosewalt in 1810-11, althouigh from the extract given fromi " (ke,'s lma,n,ack," it would seent to have been built with the capital of a Pittsburgh comipany, as in the same publication of 1811, it mentioned the " Mississippi Steamnibot ('o.," also, "another comnpany for the Ohio river." BI the fiorner company there were built in 181:-14 two boats of 340 tons each, the " Vesuvius" and the "ltna"; the second,,at being, however, the "Comiet," huilt by 1). French for Samuel Smith in 1812-13. This was a "sternwheeler," abont 2- tons burlen. F"rom that date, in twenty years' time, 197 boats had 1)een huilt at Pittsbur"lh. The enterprise and'apital of littshlurtgh ni:mv. therefo)re, be cited as the founders of practical steamboat building, the efif(nts of Fulton, Fitch, Iivingston and others previous to 1810 being but inventors' experiments and tests. The following extract from the diary of James NKenny, a tralder at Fort Pitt in 1761, gives groiundl for even ulaiming that ait Pittsburgh the irs,t initial ideca of a steamboat was o)nceived. Says James Kenny in his diary "1761, 4th nm: 4th.--A younig miian called Wim. Ramnisey, lihas mnade two little boats, being squapiri at ye sterns, and joined together at ve sterns by a swivel, malke ve two in tformt of one boate, bnt will tnirn round shorter than ai h])(at of ve same length, or raise with mnle sa:'etv in thlls iand in case of striking rlc,kc: lie ihas also niade an enii',e that goes with wiheels ('in cll sed in a bIox, to be worked by one man, by sitting wi ye end of ye ho )x, and tredding ot treddles at Isolami with his feet, sets ye whee.ls igoing, whichli work secilhers or short paddl.,s fixed (iver ye gunnels turniwin them roiund;i ye inder ones alwaysv laying hold in ye water, will make ye boate goe as it two men rowed; and he can steetr at ye samte timle by lines like plow liines." If the "youni man called Win. IRanisey." had persevered in his idea, Pittsburgh was near to being the scene of the first expleriments in steiamhiloat building, nearly half ia centurv before Fulton. The idea of Ramsey being to propel boats with poles moved by machinery, which would soon, in the experinienting, have mergedl into ptaddles and wheels. 'I',B C l "I', (I I' OGRE'NN, View in Connellsville Coke Region. Coke Works of McClure & Co. i - i i: kl, -~; INDl) U,STR1ES ANI) I,ESU() 1(C1N. 129 Collieries In and Around the City of Pittsburgh. ilSrk.. Mliid Yearly Improve Firn or )pvrator. I ands. Yearlv. Wages. lens. Ilirminllah! m I oal Co p(' lanly,, Liilitei. -l90 5.i,00l.( 1 - n0. 0. 50,000 (;ravy & lil.......... 2l 2.01.)000 6(0.000 20.000 (;ra:'v & 1e11..il.........: -1.5 4-,000 12,000( 130,000 (;r:1n & l,Ill...... 11,(,00 31.00 60.000 I:Iartlev & iiarshall........... 2:( 5,000,000 125,000 4,000 Wettelt-cl & (Iirmly,....... 5,01,(!(),000 24,000 7.000 (astle Shlann,on. 1. (.,..... 10 1,600,000 40.000 226,934 John ('Carlin & c'o.,....... 130 1,600,011) 4,000.... Montour Railroad Collieries. Thlis fiillv e'luilpped road, Iroijected to dt\e\elop tlite coal field of [Montour Run, riuns lfiom Moiitour iJunction, at the i)hio river, (,n tile P'ittsblrgh & Lake Erie R1ailroad, is 1l miles in length, and rnis wevst ward upl MIoniour IRuin, paralleling for a portion of its length tle Pittsl)uIl1, C(in,-iinati & St. Louis Railway. T111: I,i:A, ('A, Co( NY work three collieries on this road-the "Patridge.'.(lif" and "lMi ntotir. They emiplvoy average of 400i men, and mine "fronll 7,1000,000 tiio 8,l(l)00 ilushel., or about 8:00,000 tolns a -ciar. The improveients r th wokin thee workin.L, (of these imines are of' a value (of 45().000. Thlie ears and locomi,tives for liandilin the coal are of a value of i 8.0, and the wages disbirsed average about S20 0,0100. Tom's Run Branch, Pittsburgh, Chartiers & Youghiogheny Railroad, Collieries. (On this road there are five collieieries, viz.: Jai'ob lazleton & (Co., Cornell, Smiitlh & Powers, I. P1. (ard, 1F. (C. Keels, iiand l-, (Loiler & (Co., operating under lease of thie Standard C ( al (oipallan'. (I11 t lie ls!:-:SEN ]il Ni('I of the same road thiere are two collieries viz.: Santbrd & Co. aiid lkeed linog & (o,. All these collieries are of recenit working, and statistics tlereof couild not be obtained. Auo(ther divisi,n of the coal trade of Pittsb-turghi is that of t he MlANUFACTURE OF COKE. ''The coke buiiiiss (of the cit.y (f Pittsi1r,-l is mainl thle proditict if what is cioinit,ll' k tetmlcid the "( itnelvil- e rL gi,.". li Ittle i',ke is nmade in the imllkdiaItc pl,rlicu of' thile (-it-, alti'ugh tlie (lli, (of:earl: illic o,i-( t coke coma]nie and i their lt;i1i'ial uisiuess is Ia part (itf its daily transa(tio,ns. ly the term ".(ike l1siness," whicuh is used as a opupilar exlpression, is imeant that pr)duet and di,ti 1nhiition (f i okcd lttinuino:s co:al whit,] iv the restlt of the working cokeries ow!ned hv inlii,h6 1 ls (, l ir s wlioe locati,no is in zthe city (it'ittsbtirgh. These 130o coleries, as Iclore O,bs- rved,;le almost exc.lusively lc(:ited in the ('onnellsville ftld. whichi while but I small hasiin stmile sixty miles Iot Vg three mi.lse wide, is tht great i,-ke m mniftw'turinl cem'tirt (, the c(,tim try. (oke is nmda t at (ther u, ints in Vutst(ern Pic jl.lvI h v lli and ae.r it.l|t ur..], I t., 1 c,rrkl 1. nt r.nk us high - lit t (it the uctnal b(:atl.nillj e Ia i, whi,.11 is Ithe -thn l,i e u th ll 1 c Unitied "ti ltes,:.lt( h lhere are coking ct e s in Al:1,rlwb, W \ir.ini l nd )hio. for \i%hich go'w,l blaIst'furmndic c fu cl tllalt i (iitims, -ti el. ill g.l 1 1,l st fur ce fnel 'n'im v, r i ilin i C( o li1int, I tIil!-d llss;In, l a Io -\ -l(t- \d,'wlo I.<11l, I struI c tirll. lrc Iequisit, All ti wl hict h in combination i ie 1 lC eemilet l *v 11 clutnr terislic. o(f 0nll(l.villc c i tke,:miid, it iall 1 jiticharacteristic (i' it',r i' i er et s.Qw. Althom ll.h c()k N\a-:i product,i" "\Vc~;t, rn Pctl ll .vis val.uia betw'i\ ll.ixtv and Seetly yeals nt g its gntl do"evf lmti en 1 an i i st r.Yi hirl s'i,(n wNlithill the pat ilfti'ntIl Oi t\ ei ty ti, llldlrin wh i, thi e InI-dictl i t ( t iltc, e llsville rei,,ti(,ll has btcoie i mai tter dl ntionll ni ilmulanm (t Vly ii thle firniie gusinliess ( Pi ttlshrgh ln. beet tl hrouglht ( it ti npret ent niagnit i'oe tin,] is to 1t carric,l to, pnii able yet grtlter mlilts. Fromi the l ldson t,io the Mississippi:uid thle mineral gti,ons beyond it is ina demlland t'ar snithine Ii piiostes. for which i it ivalue it Itto g t tihat it is carrited to poilits wlherl'the the st i f tralluitnt tatioin is teln hundred ild. over its volue at tile ovelns. Althoughl it is menti,ned in thtie I listo it of FaYeltttte (inly thalit coke witas maiide and used at tile Alle theny ll irnae, f l lair cou i Itl V, ill ISI1, alld ('olonlel IsaaCt Iteason it 1817 liused it in his luiimsotck refinery in Fa'vtOte county, and t ". II. ()liil rt dt in l36 maide aIt his Fatirtchatnt e fllliace n ctons hl i t ijuanitity of tcokt iron.`. yet its sitecessiIul t list, v which (onn liisville cok e eltgaln to assluite the nationalill importante it now haits nly li e daited in SlMi-, wilhen (WiYl Befiimett & (do. begaul to r1ln their ('linhon furnillae with coke fuel, from which tinic the coke busini,-ss of Pittsburgh has been stemdily Iwogressing toward its pre,ent inagnitude. Thie first aiittempilt lto takte Cnnellsv.ille ike to market wou seeiihl to haveilii been in 1812, when according to ill ac.ount given by'Mr. Joseph 1). Weeks ill his admirable special report to the Cnsus Depaiirtmlent on tilhe manufactures of coke ti MIr. Campbell took two boat loads of 8M) bushels veah to UhKinmi. Ihis wodl e eyu4l to iaboll t forty tonil., i inio(t quite as imuch i as is loaded otil \vo (-lars at tihe lpresent day, t f which hundreds hare nlow dispatched in t I day to various stections iof tile to'lllltl.\. TIle niagmitude of this indiutry is Iwes shown by tile I.iact that (juite 71i per wni.n (I the "ke inalle in the "nht4 d States 4 the Vnodm-t of tw ( Aomtl4sville disIrict, and a pn)prisl dii" li'lortion in oi,clls, and (It collr,c \;alle )f ilivestilicit ts, hands evllp'yvd and ~\-toe~,~ paid. The colke industr*v ()f Pittsburgdh, ill which is embraced tilte c(kcries of Allegliny, Westmoreland and F;ivettv couities, rn',Iresents a calital of botwm,t.n amltll,lt nd f7.j"NOMti [Or theVlan alonnl without alny e(stiliuatc ()f tile valhlt of the co:tl land. The product of coke wNvihl average oWer q ltt,iiI tolls, inder this ulnoripms mlput and the comparative restricted .ll'tc.a of this special basili, Whose Coal is of such especial qualitios for this high *J.,se p h 1). W ee k -, I' mniu l +iC t.Ill' d ( t," Sp ec ia l ce tl U s rul mt l. I'IT 7 I"'I,TS U " 1 Pll, (), GR, l 1 (l'.,~. IlVI) I'NT'1I1.11 I ND R I I( A 1S.'S. grade of c(dke. the thlight:!init ari~e of exhaustion. ( In that point it is luardly w%,rtl whiil,, for ithe o,lxt two or ti llrc generation,: o,f 1ietall:~llt.lttvls to worry. will furnish.1 it0j M tf, to i o0!:1 KqTly at the iwesent oitpat Viri lIl) years. The I'l, pr,cslses (ot' ii;n tlli. rit it, this (alo, while inter oesti "g mi smwe, extent, is lwt 2 1 i') the c ei't (' o)f' tihis h wk, w%,ic' is'Iithebr to tl'W('sent Sta tisti(%s iandi shiiow itilt;'(-so than dilate on l tc lclthod-l..\ view of teIl erl oke wl' it iof M c( klul I h t id, it. l 1011. Iwhih f!L e lt I( tilusterl 111,1f1 its voeniones kiI is voli, idea ofe citr' Ipearanc tie t oftke Pis vcn-i' hly abnild tir lc tlon is trcti. Ine the moke coole he oal i 1pni. a.ll nverat e char,ct fiw c i e Ven heing W l imshels, or zihwit 7.GWI j nuials. "Trllae of w ater thro it i t kilo n it the l e a hitvc, the r lri gii eit itd.1 e la (ot,' i:e ir Cowin. Ti~~t. over, va i'i-- from I It,, 12 fuct ill diallcter and fi-mil -, Io; itcet ill height. Th.f ct age i, fron al it, t p in:it the cro\l of thl(' (i d'Ileadl on Ithe l er tio an Vocn(s dti h I1 mwi ft et to I what is ati lled A IS-hor. co'11k:1Ilt , felet hei, what is cellie 7-h e. The 7'2-oIr c Tefrontl otapening ofll tite fovln fl'roal whin h the tcke is taken wheln lOt. liicli iihang beenis neairly clolsed vo,(ilh brick as nd llted with aoim. The heat of the oIvein t i its prev1 io,is coking loite, tile (charge. A.s the coking progressf s ilte alir is gradlli sho lt (if]' by it osiing alla ll oliitningS. tWhen the ()ke is t(,w'ioghly hllnlned tile dl(lor' is opened, the'coke cooled by a 'streani of water thrown lpon it with a hos.e,:i;ter which it is ltakeln oIt, and the Mhl of coke is flrom lt t.o 65 l(er cent. olf tlhe (coal charge. Inder this process of ntin"tf:ture there tlre enornions wastes. The one that meylsa at fitst sight the greaeste, inl the pjeislnt eli,c-h of gas fnul lfrom tle slupply hirnished hy gas wells, is the enornios alliollilt of gas that (.scapes front the coal in its cokeing- process and is lost. which if saved,. as it coulld li4,:111d piped:is lintnral gas ii;;, which voidl be dane, would relvresent millions in valtic. Ent, ill ndditWon to that, is whalt is tedne( tite- by-proiducts. In umll so rich i lAitnien ard g:i1s are til ha t of the nelsville bas(initr th vant ile' tllornols rcalte of thee ro are ret. "The process of okeing is simnilar to that of gas-iaking wtith i ed:( in kthat one. of the sounv(s of pl it is the tar aml a niWiwii;al li(Inor. lit-. An.rll 1s Siiith estinints thlat 2 pounds (Wf amiida are given W' in mvvcq ton o(f =:l take&l mid Dr. Sienens st!ops, as before quoted. in the "tal W!Tra&e- remarks, that estimating 9,000,000 tons of coal used il the;~as vorkls of" the I'lnited Kinl'h,don ualinlly, they produce 500,000 ton,s of'iar, 1,ol(KU( HW ls wriv ii i,l liofa dQuors and 120,000 'olS of silliour, and gihns the vAl"e of these:is abomt ~iG.000,00., or.3 0,011(1. (omilitin, (, by is iltdaw the valitu of the hyj)-Maii'ls fnq" tAv wis of cowl annnally used( hv the coke industry of!ittst)'h i!i making its poi-lnut 4) f Ili wouhi, (in tihe basis of Dr. Sienien's figri-es., be ahout 20.000J).00. The waste seets inCredible. bilt the jigun's stand (in very high anth(wity. While this has Wit little to d~, with dtw coke industrv of Pittshl3g-li or its past pIrogress I1mv it Inav have in the fiuture, for it is not to be sumlTmea thit in this age of nivinufartll'ing ecollomies and voinmercidl pnigrew that such wastes will alnNavs ooilitine when so large nidns are the result of Alir cessationr, nor that the eilornions e,,cape of gas in the distillation of" the coal \Vill not be utilized and marketed. 131 132 PITTSB (lRGII'S PJ OG'JISI1 Many Iutopias have been discovered in theories, but as statistics are the basis on which are built up industries, so from theories ultimately come practical res"iits. In all things connected with its growth and its perspective future there seems at Pittsburgh to be a remanrkable concentration of the elements of wealthl and gigantic industries, and the fig,ures here a,iven of the possil)ilities and valuem of the by-products of coal present the possibility of as great,t a chemiclal reputaltion for l'ittsburgh1 as in either iron, steel or lass. The increase of molney capital in the United States is creating a demand for avenues for its use, anld right here in the coke regions wo:nld seem to be a field where capital could find profitalcle work in the chemical opportunities cited. The following are the cokeries in the ('onellsville basin: Cokeries Having Connection with the Southwest Penn Railroad and Branches. Name of' ('kery. \ens Owners. 72 South -West Co 200 ).. i. Scho,)mm 170 MI. lure.& (o. (;).,. l. l-orr11'nce "2f 10.. (. ( verholt "W) \lc lure ( o. AG AL. I. (verhedwt 3 i airkhance 1M 120' aveute'oke (, 2-10) W.1 J. lHainey, W1 rcensb;urgC. 20 Stafler N% 1'o. "20) I lecla Coke ('o (; l isns & Marsll 500 ( o1l;dlsville ( ""No.2. 5.00 2S5 TA 470t i 10 orloet Steel ( Mnaml 3A. & S(uth-We-t (c A. L. 0herrl Nc1 lure & Uo I W&dsone Uok il. (' l l!e' (' 5,,iih-\Vest ( Ki r U& (o it - d ( oI al I .. C. ( )verhlol ke Co. itt ii0 (Cocnneti g I]. IR. or P!ranches. Sitation. r,th-\Ves)t e1.n. N. l. Storlerville. S ottidale I r'..,. P.1.11. i. iss i er. & Co. outh-WeNst Penn. IL. Movers. S(. I on en ly 1 r. S.WN. i'..1,. tIoner\vilIle ke ( o. Nuth-ti et - lenn. 1. R. Tarr's. Ve ( A' IT.. I 1 lwkeIe. & (io. Sn'ottidale rl.S.W. l P. Ile-simer. r. W'.. Kyle Ih% S. W. P. R. R. Fairnhance. 1i". Co.:-uth-',e:t Penn..'". P1. Oliphant. &. Co. f... luff". "I lley. )... Sewickl'yBr. S.W. I.t. ilecla. all, Kyle r.. W. P1. IU. I1. )liphant. . ( 1 ). pl sui fin Br. Le I ering. Vaince Mill l;r. of1 "1 cdstonte 11r. S.\. lute. P. 1..... ) o.. o Soath-Mvist in. 1. 11. Leith. A C. P,. hewiekl' x.S.\\. I'..l1. Mutual. ... D lnnei " Stnrville Oke Co. S icottdllle " " Mlorewod. k,. outh-W est enn..I I,. let nsv-ille. ...... cotidale lr.S.W 1P. 4.1. Ilessenmer. e (.. th est un n. I. I. lkr = w liehld ke . o( )po,ssum Rlin Branch. WickIlam oke Co. Siuth-\ est kim. 11.. larr s. }. ~. C oke Lo. & (C). ". 1.. Stonl rvill e. Sewieklkv yr.S.V.P.l. AMut. Scotut(ale " " ()vertlon. Youn,gstown,. 240 Youngstown Coke Co. South-West inn. 11.. StAmidbaugh. 4.922, Aineriearu., Alice,. Bessemer, ~ I)Donmnelly,. I). T.,& (. Enterprise, Emma,.. Fairci anIce, Fay'ctte, Ira e.. (. lIoi:e,.. ,vle,.. Lessering,. Leith,.. Mutual, May!ileld,.. NIiore wooi,o enn,-viile,. bi ing Siun, lie, i.-onc,.. Trotter, S. NV.( ke (o. lnii n.... I nii,.... ,. I vntun,.i I . ~-....... % %. ~ ~1~ 5. r 0 O 0 ,1 0D 0n 0 04 0 0 0t 00 0 0-0 50 0 0 0 0, S C 0 RO - -. Ir- -, --. I -i,. Iz -i . ".....,....'...".....-- -.. t.', t;:: i ~r -~ - ~- ~ 12, " i. -I r~c -- 'J /r~ I~ 12 3~ iT " =% r; u~ r.-.. 3 re -~/ ~ ~ ,... i f c -~ ~~ --- -- -- -- --- I- ~-- ~ -- ~ " r-`---'-- - r.,, f, r -- -~ c- - r. .....c~.. e.. c.- I-i r33)/iY%t-j CI, 3 r -- - i,T r' k-: %:_L~r~ -%-t ~, %%`/c ir* z f f - -~ '< -:~-* ~ L o0 o X. 0 CD 0 (D :rp v! 0 p, 0 0~ 0 0 wc 0 0 0 _s i. 4'I;-=== r3 1 c rz 1 k 1 1'7IS'' 1)"l'1I''l? lll(H I1',G " lltlO 11,.8s; Cokeries Having Connections With the P. McK. & Y. R. R. Nametof,'o.r'. )W(Iwner. Co(''m ctin, R. IR. or Branch. Station. Fl"irt I ill... ) NV. J,. -aai l('%,.. P. M Ce., Y. P. Iz. I):awsol. T tal...! Cokeries Having Connection With the B. & O. R. R. and the P. McK. & Y. R. R. N "U it: t,ik. N. NOMl'lC 4f N,.I 1'. ()llu,ctill,ng 1. It. r lranlch. station. ]ov( t)'tl.I.. 1M 1 1. C. Fric'k (C k c Go. 1Nt.P.A, ID.F. Br. olt. Nor. Broad Ford. Mor'ga,.. Ii "......... " org'ans. Sit S lIie'rrick. Engle, i... i......' t.... "heritk. Flludrl.... 74.. Summlit,.. M4. 3It. l., N. Y.& E.,.'BA, lit. B nr mit. Cokeries Having No Railroad Connection. Naiie of Ci'k rv. N.0 ( 1ens ( viners. ('harl,tte... 10 I'Amrlotte F"iiurnac('e ('o.,. ('ke used bY f1urnmcte. Hill Fal'rmi.' l i) tln l.r l" rnact ('o.. Total.... Ik IThese cokeriesi ripriseniit 10.7: oveni. anil, is:be'fore' olh.erved, a lproduct ot lietwe l,l-! ) ): )0 an(.-,)()).()(, ) tols (if coke, or the'(,-w ns l)tim on of ofl* ) ( ( hiliels of coal. or 7,*-1)1,-)()0 toti. it taking. ()itn at ave'ral'e one:m(l ome-half tto,))If vo,.l to pr(Olduce a. torn of c('ke. The stattiics blot.t'r citedl I;'ou'l,nts 0orr tI lie waste. T'lhe vallu, of this pro(m-t liha-; beeni variale. Vri'rius c'auss. IMr. .Joseph 1). \VWeks, in his'lxhl:tstiv' anlld vali:ile rtl,ort (oti c()ke inl tlhe Census l)el;tmentl11, g,1ives tl,.:Lverai'e solling price of coke in Peiennsylvatnia in ISso at $1.81 tlper o. alth,u'h in Jul.y, IP7'., it was'oiling at 51.1r to 41.20 perl ton. hat, adva:nci'lg ra idly, soh! iii tihe early part of 1I to.) er t(. Thliee flun'tiationls of valu(e'- are rn:1'"lits (f ( 1t1m:(lnd and Stti ly, a,d iln 1,, co!'v ke was so'Id a's low as 1.05 per toi. Mr. VIe.'-ks says thie cot,(t produ(ction, inllc(litng all tl!hings. lalorl, inateri'als, etc'., ati the lbest:arran,tg d works in the ('tielluslvillh regioni is $1.15 per ton; and says in his report: "The aibove calculmtiol is. if" anything, too low, as the investmenits iln ovens, etc.. is lost when tlhe Ccoal is all -one. and the (cost o(,f \%aorr'r'tot'itg aill incr'ca<e as the rnont "'oal iP u-.-d uI,. This caltculationi is based on coal that \\ill'lr:lin its',!I.:- tlie co-t wvill excee'dl t1is wheni drainage is IND ST'IIT'IES.A ND P?ESO I'l(7C S. 135 added. 1'ntil recently, most of the coal was brought out through entries, but now a number of shafts are emniployed." The actual cost of imaking coke at the ('ambria Iron ('olulany's ovens, at MI,rrell and Wheeler, is given in Mr. Weeks' report at i1.49, on which he connuents: " It will be noted that this estinmate of cost of mu:nufaituring coke is considerably in excess of the first given. These two estimnates frmni two reliable nian-illf'wturers are given for the lurpose of slioming llow dilifult it is to arrive at exact tigures." In presenting this statemenll of the manultcturc of coke as Ione of the industries of Pittsburgh, the foregoilng reniark of an accomlllished statistician an bell applied as touching nearly all the details of this industrial diviin. The nu1111ber of employees who are Iunder wages in the 77 cokeries in the Connellsville region, in all the varilous deimrentls of Wa0or therewith conected, is about 8,SM(Q, and, while no exact figures could hle hadu, the waages disbursed may be stated at over S4,t00tl,1)0. The ratio of tlhe out-put of tile ovens is, as elsewhere shown, of a fluctuating character, depending on Supp,ly, and chiefly on demand, which is governed by tihe condition of Iramle in all imatters of the conslllmption of such articles as result from the handling of pig-iron. As an approximation, it may be said that the out-put of coke of the.Connellsville region runs, under the present production, from 85,000,000 to $7,00(0,00 a yeam', as regulated by the causes before stated. The Summing Up of the Coal Trade presents tle facts that there are in all the divisions thereof, inclulding the cokeries, which are practically collieries, as they mline tilhe coal used froni their own works, 2(4 collieries, whi( h employ 27,18; hands, whose wages amniount to $11,13(,0!00; tliht the value o f the ill1provellents, exclusive of the cost of the co:a, is 81Q2,0,00N, and its sales value from.22,000,000( to $25,000,000, according to the ruling" market rates of the about 430,000,000 busIhels. or 17,200,0000 tons. mined annually. BOi t 1uildijg. ", "' l.'it.','h..ll';f,'. /.y 1;il (hp,, 11",K' strine t" Tty plmgvs are di voted to thle history and.talistics (f the u arlir i tory i,t' hiat I,'uihling at Pi'ttsit llrll h; and is it is, ill n t i-et ililipr,,l:lle that t,o the Igreateol" inm! lier i,f individials into \vll,ose hands that volillu e \%ent thi. voill ali,-:,. it wNould be but a repetitilm ti, liesenit the s:une historical rec~el a-i2' ini detail, alt1wl, ili sotie of( the pir,olin nlit Ccti'i are. There are (llbs fut lows in ill things iinild:1o, andl it was not to lie unexpected thi at in the first and cm,tinuiinl - itrilnll,h- i" ra:lilr('lds ai s carrir'is that travel and transportation by river \woutIl( decline. The l,romniinent chi:r:c.teristic of the busiines- coilmiillity of the country i t w th:e p:!,t tli iy vcalrs ha- I.Iin the eli' t it, oi.rowd the w(irk of a lifetime into a,l w ye\:ls, e ianld travel atll carri.ilge yl stealnlhiats lslt Sinew hat if it- clrest ie witlt i. tih lnlreci'll wor. The Iol,ilding" of bioats natiitrall, to somile extenlt, -lliltid al a Pittsllghli inda-try. li is, li,wever, lotew IrthY ill t hi., cAnlectioln that to-da it iis w,t,ni Y claimnc,. b:1t,t' pro,li tl;hat ierehandise is delivered by ii.at;its liaviattitll_' the )iito in shirtler time ind oittre telia le thO n by ordlill:try frcillit lin -,f rail,avs. This i-: not a micrv elaim., iut fact, so tar a. the ( )hii, river towns are in ju-tion. It would be sominething thtallyv fOreili t the shriewdness ani entertiise oif busi ness thoughts it' swh granid translportation N itis tas the wailtr highways of the country sh>ulh remain overshailowed iby railrnad l-restige. It is not even suppos able thilat in an iage of suchl wondterfutil iiechlnical inventive Iwver,i a- this, that spIeed upon the rivers alprioaching to that of thle railro:itds w ill not le developed, nor that suchli appliances as will oniserve greter coinitnuius dcltls of niavigalle water w-ill not,. thriugh en,Jineerini" skill, be secutred. In thle wonderfully inreat.sintg iulk reiquiring transplitaitiion the facilities of tlhe past cannot ie used as reliable certainties for the futiire. anld to the lionwers of rail ways there are linits, while to the increa-e of pol,latiin and their transportation reqouirenilits thetre are no iounids. ( )t' all hurden cairriers vwater hihwaivs are the most expainsive aindt least sultject to exhaustion of power. There is iiit a dioubt that the growth of thle countrv iln population, prodictet- and truluport:itiot n wanlts will necessitate the f illest use iof the rivers, and all thiin-s requisite to give thenm their -reatest power will be dev-lowedl. Plittlslur ih stanlds at tile hcald i)f an tiun rivaled svstein of internal mater carriage, anl has been in past years renownied fotr her boat building skill and tlfatcilities. SIte is so still; her skill has not depa,ted, nor her facilities shrunken, althoiugh the railr,ad may have, tfor a timnie, to sonC extent, suliersedIed the rivers as hurtden carriers, still hundreds of boats of lPitts burgh build patrol the rivers of thdie \est, and many carry with theni Pittsburgh's ID,7'ITR IES IND RESO?( IS. reputation Ar koat building ais they doat upom the rivers of foreign nations. TLere is no locatioin that can rival Pittsburg-h is a point for the (construction of stealmboatits, either of wood, iron 1r steel, all of whilh her meduhanies have constnutted. and most successfullv. For the detailed narrative of boat building at lPittsburgh the reader is re!'erred to "Pi'tsfm!t1,h mo4l _411'ey1wiy il, /hec (c,it/1,1'l0l )4ow," elfore mentioned. A\ i-ondenied statesti.AlR history of its liro'ress asa link between thle p'ot and present is here, however, iven, as showing the city's resources in that brani,h of niamlfacture, anld her advantages inll the fultille. In lFebmiary) 1777, fourteen carpentters and sawyers wer,e -et at work, fou,rteen miles above " Fort Pitt," to Wlhill boats, and conistructed 30 boats, forty feet long, nine feet wide and thirty-two ilhes dleep. This iay be lonsid('leredl as lpacticially the Reghinning of boat buiblin at i ittslul",h. In 179S two) ar:inel h(uts, callid "g'alel.s," for 1ise I:Lg~ainst tilt, Sl,:ania., I on the lower Mississippi, were buiilt lr thie I'nit,l State-s at l'itlsllrgl. In P01l, a slhooner of 120 tons, and a brig of 240 toins. twere built. In 1WOl2 a brig of 20' tons, and a ship of;'00 tons. In 18iI3 a brig, of -1450 tons. In 1P04 a s1ip of 4)00 tons, iantd a s'hionler. The l; iwin l fr,iOm "'//.14,i'h 4,,, 4 //'! l h / / t,/. i (,o,, i' 16'" is.ot-tedl a,4 historicallYv interestingi as to the earlier ship hiiililiug at l'ittsburgh: "The Ibuilling of sea-g,oing vessels was established ait lPitllt'buirgh by a Vrellh geltIlei1ant1, Louis A\tastasi;is Tartaseon, wli,ho emigrated frtom itr:ne in I79.1, i-stalllished himself in Phila"cl,phia as a merchant. In 17')1.11 he,wnt two of his cl.rks, 'harles lIrugiire atnd.Jaites lerthoud, to examinei i thi course- of the ()flio and Missis-sillppi fr'om Pitt4mburi to New ( )rheains, andt at'c(rtain the practicabilitv of -,nlding ships,:n1d.l1- aring, themn ready rigged f4 rout PittiIsI-uzgh i 1, lE2o,pe:11l the West lndic~. The two peqUlemen reIsortad NtorablY, and Mr. Tarasomn a,-,.iated thenl, and his brother Joihn \nthony, with hilse-lf, uniler the firm tof'tJohn A. Tarascoti Brothers,.Jamies Berthoud & (Co.,' and inniediately established at Pittsburgh a large wholesale anl retail sti(,e and warehouse, a ship yard, a ri"g in 1 and sail loft, and anchor smithshi(,l a block ni:nufatetory, and all othlier things necessury to Icomplete sea-going' v,ss-ls. The first year, IN)II, tlhey built the sch,ooner St11/it.' of 120 tons, and the ship l'itts/m,,,!/h of 2.50 ton-, and sent the former, h cdleid with flour, to St. Thomas, and the other als, loaded with flour, to Philadelplhi,. from whence they sent them ta IMMdeaux, France, and b,rought iback aI c alrzo of wine, lrandvy and other Flrench goods, l'.part of which they. sent to Pittsml-l,it. in wagons at a it"riage of froiml six to eight Inlts a pound. In 182 they biiilt tile brig X\o,i,,,, 2.-) tons: in I -( the ship Lwiisieow, of 300 t)ns; and in 1804. the ship IIfst",r,',', of 4414 0 tons. iThe s,h,ner JI' nol"Ob, /t'1 I,',,,' 1. - was built at lElizaietl bvy a compilany iof ship carhpeiters, wh,o were broul'.lt out in 17.',7 from thi:iadelphia, b ('olonhel Stephen liavialr. Slih wa. owniod iIv the iuihblers andt trinl'ers of the lneighbfihood, who loa1ded t cil w'itth a ca( (it'if fl'r. mald senit lher vial New ( rleans to New Y,r.k. Thie brig 1,11.J1/, was huilt in s180(), at Elizaheth, for tile Messrs. Mclarlaine, nlerlchantis, and was of -150 ton-s bu,rden. She was loaded with flou and whisky,' -lsailed 1to New York. This lbrig was one (if' the tfastest saileris of Iher day, and was rimn libr somine time aIs a Iatket ti New urieans from New York. " The sumsoquent ctri-r ie f these vessels. and thle adventlrells therein o,f thliose who sailed thenm, would, withoiut doubt, i;rin a pleasant clhapter, ijut there are no 137 The first ri,ling mill in the United States to puddle pig iron and roll bar iron was established in 1817. at Pluni:cwk., Faette ('ounty, Pa. If this was not within the then town of Pittsburgh, it wa': witH!in her nmiutilhetring hailiwick, as Pittsbarglh was the base of sulipplies, andl possiblyv the ch;ef distribuitinl point. Although a furtvace and forge was b1ilt at ".ac,b (reek," on the Youghioghelny, in 1790, a blast fur'nace was completed in 1792, by (;George Anschutz, at what was then "Two Mile Eun," now thile heart of Pittshnrg.hi, and thereifore most possibly be,gtin earlier, so that in this Pittsburgh can claimi to have been pioneer in the blast filrnace enterprise west of the Alleghenies. In glass, though Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, in his a:hnirable and exhaustive report on glass to the Department of the Interior, shonvws that in the I'nited States there had been several attempts at glass making previous to the revolutionary war, vet they do not seem to have been very extensive or snccessftul by Mr. Week's report. A.\fter that period, aIlthotuhi several efborts seem to have been made in 36assaclisetts, New HIampshire, New York. New Jersey and Connecticut, yet up to 1797 no great progress or suecess was attained. At the latter dl:te Pittsbnrgh enterprise and capital emnlarked in tile business and the city has become the prelonderating glass mnarket of thle United States, and in inany glass prod.tellts a formidable rival of the old \ orld in her own territ,ory. fIn steel the same story of enterprise and nerve is to be told. Twenty-five yea rs -ince, while some " blister " steel was among A.\nmeria products, fine cast steels were not nmade, and the country delpended uion Engiland for its crucible steel. Again conservative Pittsburgh, in this important metal, to the prosperity of national manufactures, as in others previ,,usly, assuimnd the aggressive in its produelion as against iiEuropean skill, and to-day Pittsblurglh controls thle steel market of tlie I'nited States, and Ihas almost driven f,reign steel friom the counitry, and has, besides a dozen others of great size, the largest crucible steel tphmt in the worhl, and thile largest Bessemer steel plant als,, ill addition to, a half score of others. In copper, Pittsburgh has la w,ell-,l-unnded claim of being thie pioneer in the 'copper mining industries of the country,.as the nimileral treasiures of the I-pper Peninsula of Michigan was obtained from the aborig-inal lIssessors ibut one vear before iCharles Avery, Curtis. hI hissev and Thomas ML. I Iowe. with some associates, began the development of the copper i,res of Michigan, resulting in the opening of a unumber of the mcst important mines in the world. The hIiseholds, not onlyv of tile I -nited States. but of the'world, owe to Pittsburgh enterprise the banishment of "' e old time tallow dipi," with its gloomy eflbrts to make cheerfill tile evening iieal or the family sitting room. The late Samuel Kier, of I'ittsburgh, having a well tllunded clainll to having first refined petroleum into an illnuminating oil suitable for lamps. Tle little still in which, in 1859, lie first tried his Experinients, being preserved by his lfamildy, and fromi which grew and has steadily progressed the great petroleum refining bi.siness, witl its millions of traffic and its comfort and blessing to the world. ()ne can barely conceive of what P'ittsburgh enterprise worked for the world in establishing, the refining of petrolenum until they try to conceive of a cessation of that iroduct, and the hunINDUS17711I'X AND P 1VS'O UP ICES. records of their voyages: only a semi-tradition that a ship arriving at an East Indial port was, when visited by the ('tistomi I ouse officer, in danger of confiscatin., Wheause the W,llier did not know, or would not believe there was such a port of entry as Pittsburgh, froin whence. aeording to her papers, she cleared. " [This pmr%bably grows out of it statement made on thle fl:or of Congress by Ilon. Ilenry (la: "'o, illustrate,' lie said,'the coniniercial habits and enteprise of the A\nliericaln people, he would relate an anied,)te of a vessel built and cleired out at iittsburgl for Leghorn. When she arrived at her place of destination the master I,resented his pape,rs t thlie ('Custon IIouse flicer, who said to hinti, ' Sirt, your papers are f6 red; there is no such port as P'ittsurghli in the world, - yoir vessel must le cndiscated.' The captain laid before thle otficer aI map of the "United States.,1irectedl him to the (;ulf o(f Mexici, piinlted (l out tile imouth of the Mississippi, led hill a thoullsand imiles up) tot the mouthI (of thle ()hio, anl thence another tholisaull 1up it to Pittslburgh.'There, sir, is the point fromi whence miv vessel cleared init., The ast,onished loIli.er., befre he had seen the iniia, wonful a:I readily have believed this vessel had been navig'ated fr, ml tle ollon.] " ID)uring this timie Imany trading Kiats and siniilar craft were constructed, as well :a the sea goin_g vessels ientioned. As naturall as Pittsburgh became an iron centre, tbecause i,f her ir,i,n and fuel, so did tile localit bcemine a boat building ,mhint because i,f the timbvier, thie nmetal mnaterial!, and the navigation. The skill of ma is wonderful, and t lie forces of nature are all p,werfuil; and when, at any given point, tile f,reesi of nature and the controlling skill of iman combine, great resnlits are consequent. Pittsburgh is a result of natural awlvantages and accunitlated skill. Whilh' tlie advent of the railroad era increased the iron and steel dlevelonlments at'"ittsh,iirgh, it, to soime extent, diminiislhed the building of boats; but the skill and natur:al advantages are as owerfil as ever. In the future devehlpmient that imust le of the water hiighliways the natural advantages of this point \will re-assert their tilce and make her a great stcaliiln,atit constructii l,oint, not only of \\w(id,. Ibut very largely of steel and iron. Thiese Pittsburgh is and has been buitliiii since I1s:I, as well as those of tinmier. "T1, return, however, 1to tile comlparative record, it is in thie'year of 1811 that Steamboat Building was Begun ait the city. This was Ibut ur years after Fuhlton had imade his first semi-seceessfitl exlweriment with a lt,)at,roil,elleld b steam on tile 1iiudson. Inl 1811 the "New ()rleans" was built and launched at Pittsburgh. Front that tinie construction of steamiboats becane a stated industry of the city. A stealnll, at of 75 tons was built in IS12: twoi otlhers, of 34-I tons each, in 1813; and another. of 45, tons, in 1814. Three, with n aggre.ate of 240 tons, were built in 181;. In 1817 flive steamboats were built; in IlS!8, seven; in 1819, eight; in 1822, two; in 1823, five; in 1824, three; in 1825, nine: in 1826, sixteen; in 1827. seven; in 1S2S, sixteen; in 1829; tw enty-five: in 18TI, twelve; in ICU1, sevewiteei; in 1832, eighteen; in 1833,2 twelve; in 1s834, tell; in 18:li, nineteen; in I 3t, sixty-one. Fron 1835; to 1M4; the writer has no statistics b,ut that in 1837 thereerewere sixtythree stean ml: ts owned at Pittsburgh running inl regular lines, of a valie of 945,000. In 1S-16 there were built at Pittsburgh and vicinage sixtv-three steamb,ats, besides keels, harges, etc. The tonnige of tile stea:uboats was 11,084 tons. PI1 TTSB TR GH'% PR () G R ESI2, 1 T, INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. In 1852 there were built at Pittsburgh seventy steamboats, in 1853 seventyeight, in 1854 eighty-three, in 1855 seventy-two, in 1856 fifty-nine. The total tonnage of the boats built during these five years was 83,490 tons and their value $6,890,700. In addition to these there was constructed forty-nine barges and keel boats having a tonnage of 2,635 tons. In 1857 there were built eighty-four steamers of a value of $1,680,000. From 1857 to 1874, a period of eighteen years, there was constructed at Pittsburgh and vicinity 649 steamboats, whose aggregate tonnage was 155,253 tons, of a value of nearly $22,000,000. In the same period 518 barges and 497 keel boats. 113 canal boats and 26 ferry boats, also seven propellers, two schooners, three steam canal boats, also four dredge boats, having an aggregate tonnage of 154,386 tons, being an aggregate tonnage of over 285,000 tons, and a value of over $23,000,000. Many pages of interest touching this era of boat building at Pittsburgh are to be fi"und in " Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the C('entennial Year," to which the reader is referred if desirous of more detailed infornmation. From that publication, however, we quote the following as showing the pioneer character of those boats constructed at the inception of' boat building at Pittsburgh: "For instance, the' New Orleans' was the first steamboat to navigate the ()hio and Mississippi. The' Independence' was the first to ascend the Missouri. Thle'W\estern Engineer' the first to reach Council Bluffs; and the'American' is nmentioned in Niles' Register in April, 1825, as the first to ascend the Monongahela. The'Enterprise' the first to ascend Red River, and to make the return voyage from New Orleans up the Ohio.' The "New Orleans," asL before stated, was built in 1810-11, being launched in March of tile latter year, anld her cest was $40,000. She descended the river to Natchez in D)ecember, at whichi point she took her first freight and passengers, and left that port on the 24th of that miontlh for New ()rleans. She ran between that port and Natchez until 1814, in the winter of which year she was snagged and lost near Baton Roouge. The round trip between the two ports was made in ten days, the rate for passengers Ieing $25 up and $18 down. The Independent, which was of 50 tons burden, was constructed for tihe Yellow StoFne expedition. The Western Engineer was built in 1819 tinder the supervisilon of Major Long, of the United States Topographical Engineers, for the expedition to discover the source of the Missouri. The Enterprise was built in Brownsville 1813. She departed from Pittsburgh the 1st of December, 1814, for New Orleans with a cargo of ordnance under the command of Captain Henry M. Shreve, and was for some time actively engaged in transporting troops. On the 6th of May, 1817, she left New Orleans for Pittsburgh and arrived at Shippingsport (Louisville) on the 30th, being the first steamer that ever arrived at that port fromu New Orleans. The citizens of Louisville celebrated the event by a public dinner to Captain Shreve. The following, also quoted from "Pittsburgh land Allegheny in the Centennial Year," is pertinent as an exhibition of the justice of the claim for Pittsburgh as a site for a great National Naval Arsenal, in view of tile navigable depth of the river therein 139 140J PI'V7\I; I';'r's I'10;1E'K. exh ibited, anll ii c('onnetimi withl the actual construtcion by the goverlnnlnt, else-where mentioned,,f war' ihipis t here. "LThe Vye:. of 1ISi; waIs an excl,eption,l: ye:ar in tile hIdrauli(s' ( the Ohio. The river, by reas,on 4 extremne low water fiom May mAtil D)ecenIbern au.l iv ice from llccellimber until F:ebrurlv. }ein alng,,st entireiy unnavidl0e. A. leter ad dressed ill I1;) Ih' a 1co:inilltie appointed by tl;e citizens of l Pittsurg, in reply to interrom.'atonies pilpounded t t y Realr _Ad:lira! 1Davis, clatirnmaln of a naval. c'l mission t& rinnunicd a site fOr a western 1:vy y:Ird, in response to il~'lrr(,,ation 1 th.-' For how nml m,vivths in the year nin a Nont drQwing (10i ten i et or less ptass lromn Pittsb rgh I,; the (;ulf of Mexico,' tllatc:''e 1findon exalination that, in 1860. the:re were I:I, dasl t,h: Iyo:,Iin-eal el;' when m':11t eoubl pat.lss >,,felv dwv,,n thie liver fllr this j"'W ct to l' t-issi-si', 1'I not ir ] t ltet at-r l In the' alar 1861 there were 11S da.t.s wNveI c i e ll, ai mlic de,pth lr',i, til,' p,,rt,0' t Wns w\ e,r ,ixhl i c ltl; ic 1 a.2 f.re 0r lle e I doll.ts il lth a e el.uts:. e! in f 1c'l s'an ill Its;:'ithlere were 27 ldays tl hal thl s:l.unI e I iim i le t t: 1' a'l l t'. -Is ini 1~te' o-l, el.f' The ii v ll i11ther -t~le:,'1.\11 11h "gu h co:'tain sutai f I'is,i\0 en' how!.!:'l t 111 r ov1 er tIne-third of th' 1 yea, tler, b,s:-le from Meitm-,Urp"h t, riv 10,h urgii- i W vessl: d'. i," fr,nil ~i.ht to lon: vt. thLere is nl U ".r,,'e t m: wng Mks t4111u:o11 thV v, ar in whicil stw 1vo dLawin,' t (v,,, 5, , een rto t c r(:t l il {i,, wN,ter!,(r,nav'i/l" tion, v"ith 1le, rit'lesheis oil xhiS.h v'c-.-,i1:4,of*!!Ct(ol t,, lwontV feet draullJlt can be dwo ed t) t!,e sea:'oard.' Ill thi:s ~ o,et i it I. prolwr to say th:t tlelre:,r Years ill u',, for three-rwi:trl', the fres..l- ]t' lW in " l|onm el/,1 Iv, tel n et o,hl'ind pi,iell. oC, Nalcr::,1 thalt ii' tle ve:: elt w,!hY,:ts they o' ~i.g t sho hld, apply l,!a s::lva:) lest-d to o!,jLIizinl" 1"n111 maintainll g the water of the O hi,), t!,.ere v,o,ld,,:, i'u >,s an; wd:' e -,;:,n the." " llind. .nid li"an s::, i v ll. I -";, NNot!il clk:ir i'lronl it r., i:ldeln with Pitts1wrgh 11er.rrill', to tile rk.1w"rks inide previmisly as to the (o" ]inatihm 4f skill au i ;mtural a, I v;mtaI es, as P oi i,.ti,ve C" great re,liIts, the foreg.oin ng slatistica! reco'riI is lErg-~y con,.ll sive that as A Boat Building Locality Pittsdurgh is a more than pr,minent p Alt, and need. but that the rivers sh,lu ru sume theiretinilibrium force in the lra,1,jrt:ltio,.n of the 0ountrV to be the s('ene Gi, -!n activitv in ship llil,Eng ral s!,rpassin. those indicated bY tihe r,co,rds given. While proximity or suitable material i,r the complete construction (,f' ship or -teanllol- ts is a fact(or to succes- therein, yet prl'uitrily i, the exi-tence of navig.abl waters into which they can he laumlotd a, navigatcd to their (hcs!ined 1wint of delivery. Thi- is a imr,e of nalime," whivh`ittsWl':A is in fAll plosses..ion, as will he seen fNmI the extrawt from the report Wn:e Lo a govuenuent cmnnissionm by its 'eqa-. l-ready quoted. in aWt itb,n to this prim:ary requisite there is within easy reach and heimp carriage of PElu-urgh a:undaice,If the finest o:tk al1o1 other timber, and her namutaeturers ~'.lrni-h all other -equisite~~ for tile complete colistr ctioA l of Ilily vessel irom t he armnowed war'lip to:1 burden barge. U-nder the mse of steel or iron, which ha.s so largely obtzli:led in the past deNade, in the vonstruction of stemlwOats and ships, Pittsbur" h is without a peer. In the past tel years many steel boats have been constru-te'l at Pittsburgh for`orei,n coultries, and the industry bids fiair to INT 1D',1TRIES AND RIESO URCI'ES. 141 ilcrcase; there is ni m'c:on to the (uon(rarr. NNo where wan the material Ile mork. chleaply had nor a litter quality iniaile a:; l two denades of experience in comstructinl swillh 1wtts is eylally potent ill I-lildo-riil" stecl and irol boats;I lcadinl' iudn ist r-v of P'ittIliuri'--h. Tlw ti"t+ i' nm kt:t k;ilt at Pi(,sJ,Ilt'r l wa,- lw 11,,ll,'/ Y Vfwl,. 4)f;kl:,Ilit 4HO tonl,. i I!, bv li,, in ion, 1, 1 I k (' I. From t mh t tlla iio,l t, i'. I-, It') 1 Xtere (t.'-1 i ieltI. n im,n Mli ts i(ui it Iat littsh' i l' " it: ii f iti iI ii,w iiere wail r sl hip.. "ti them " There I s bli e n i I ilt at ii: n I i il IIll c f i l ic.n oI1 eightf n ii roll (of ( li.ii nit. Il t.'i war vi -s-, fw\ \( t'. wItf t trulll at!ic Vi t Pitt' Vou" 11 dlr wY,rks, f:1inll(js f;r i, nim i falill'actIl l,, + ii. W,(T ile,(, \\t l erk- uiti i ll1il, i. T heYL \\ir c,:w' i 21.i i. I t kl l. I.(. l ( -,,:]lil, i t-. i -, C t d -pt'i; (Tf hold allo. n o ll sliIl. Il I t f ir n,u I v i i hI ll, A NIo'-I l Ii I,, t I r x-il iitt it i, u ll it' ilt i I hiI I -k Iltsk i( f t i, thw d,I, i; \v, - o\.. u i,'riit 11 t i r ll, t:'i u Ic iliaia t fildl trliin - p tl' ed t[l ( c( l ) -, lilti( i I, i t, I 2, t i n I.lv. I( I i c1.;1 1 h'1 i i i. it i'l.s' Ij.tl. I s-lti l-'VIitry i ll I illi l'l,t, ii o,i.:li, i,-; still ill scrvice. T I, t ItuIr "\\as cal(.d tIlc (,',,,. 11.:/ dtc/,,:tf r itl, td wilh..ckr \ (,I Ilwc N:I\y. TIle Bild, :! 11s nu t. tch l: tl' il, t ii \:;1 I Il t v(. i lll[ Illl'lit. n!i, l it V l i st ii l t i;, thell ;li +JI t[,i,,. I,r,.t:I-- -,:,ndt + is ~till iill ~,rvic. Ti',c + tw o 1\ \ t t ( i V' i ll i i iik lg. i i i't ti 1' I/.l I,';1 ir:.' n w 1 it. i' Li t iti the iIakI,: i- iI:ill:it 1iii- It. V t;i.g.,i upi 1 m p(ii i oi l'ih[ hl ai t the .l1iliti 2' l ii I i til ltt!'i'lt:1- L-rtv liit.t (lccopicli i lWl "iri l l' ard - a iii s tii'1.l1.' I -ti it. (i i l;im ~i l iti it l t; l'lll i ti, it(l hlk- s.;/m l th ren plit t'-et.'-; lill it, i1. T ]'ilt - ir lIt i'l her \it i- I li,'.ii t..]ic' i l Ili t'' lit l I t ii, MI il. t.1' i. i' l, l <\: ( i.. flli-W l! ir I jl lIlli lt' L; bht- I mtt. t Il ltl' ita is ttii 1ilh.t r it.i (Ia I,f ii' i wlis t ils l i oll' i c't"- tirll' i lt of tit, -s' l. i l' (iX111 t c]t' r \1,' els \%c, r huil i ti i l' rt.l d lil ti- N inj i i ii i 1i t i M ilk, (d irw l fm.]J,ii l;:' I l t)s+w I,r. l it,'tc M.,.,,/,. \as:1 llliT it ship, a:r,. wit\ ith, i\\ tP n ic i.i: l!ls. H cr lci)goh m: is 22 1, ~ w:. -!?. f( ( t; il; 1 ihtes. dcpth' i' Ii,dd 12 lie,.,iri t,!g l it o tlf t\llt. r 12 fct,:il: i i l- I il di:mu ilt.r id' hter ttirr' l 21 fc. T ij;, vhY l' \l.- i''' i i i < l vii It'' I li: i%:l!'lI a:I l l11ist :Idil al,lkle, il:il r:61;Ift. I) +-alc in a oulld i, wN rht.wLd The;,hdir, v-alhed Illc I'l /op "l, "\a-, a lji~-li.cr +: t.;, i f~,r Ii", -r ~,i,rvi.,. 1:t. l - t+ " \vot-~!, or Nivi-:,(. h'd l , \\ e!,, l, rlv c:ll < i _ lll w ilr. It, il~ l v - 2'27, If(-tt. Iti,h.15 6't 1,6t1 6 - i t!1 ii.], l,;,, ,.\ i i'; iic i,s \ al q. Tl t' lici<_,ht (,!;w r t.l ill'l-t w i ~. it,(.:nld it s iiih-d dli:imeter 2 )l f,~ct.,-I. was a:il' lI w ith (mc c,!c%.I ill( 1! "mi iiil <( e lo wmdir< { fif,y pv l,> icr P:lrrn't ritle pll. I'llt (rI \Ni - 1- d ill ill,- 11 -tl i Mi n i t!' I .1/,,,' i;,:1a 1.2-i,.' t(m s I f irul,:l i ll thal (0 ti, I', f, 1"'. T! iiki X t6w it nlrrc!, it--' e e ilwshl p:1r1 in' l th ll lillwl s n p'at('I'. T he il(,,l ( i)s or h:ills Nv:ls fr(mi thret-fim ri i, m -l:ll' I. ii, thic l].... )t il >e "w ---- Nvi lt t4l':s 1 I,v witv, f th( (i Ii l(,.11. ii i i,+rs. T w, w ll.l.r wN,r fws,r the [lliitcd l:q-t % v N.'; Ic:11-,), ('p-! l u( w d:t1 1'iii- d, r i, ~lil -1 7,. ( i11. \\:I:- I ilw,ill r1'(-V4-lllI(1' C;Iicr. t,i, l. N',It,..:,!!,dl. a lic liw ri fiitm,d ck. call!~d d ihe .AR/,, M indli of w A ] l, t i},, h pal'W":ii. 1W IGul are slill in -,-rvi. lit S!;-I -, tl e rc \\ l-: {I,: s, l,11i l 1,r Ilit<, (., i. l,. irw l, 1!,. l,,.1,, V I! l:11 i'l,.,. i tdadl l i(,I n I(,, ii(-.. -, f,i;l~ 6ir I ( w -: 1!S'i - of r(a,iim wI ct ll,Vc )I.q 1..ui)q c t;i. r,!i C111 l; ~.v.w il!, t (w d' tlle~t', Ilo x\ l in.i: Iill - h';; i', i l i \s I rt. u lv )~clw\c, l,. Imuih i;ill.-1 (d %l:! irl' -l:i ls J,r j t i'l g't I I wo li -trict ha:, in the p;ast iwt,.. l i> n miclt<, Iit~f th, _ n: mli in l ittl } -r. IJIli I'I " lRI?, I'N I s I )'P ni',, While e,rt is inlP in this- voilme to exdmlk, nYqht Ohat nmy Qe considermd a 1!u1lation of' an' tir i. tvet ii: nmatter (ao' reeord it is not at all time; possihle to exI(ude In:ies. In the rlecord (Hf ihle p)l',es. in Pittsburgth of Steel Boat Building, thIe m nti cI i' the lirm tl h' 'lA e k't erprise this i indlistry ]Is 4,-c,i largely deIvelod in 1His heit V i; n:ile:Ias:I mitter' f manufactuIrinC,tI' history, nhot:ea a laudatnion.,I tlhat point tdlir w,ork!, are 1a1llicient. To.Jan: cs U'ees'.z:<(,Io of Pitt;hurgh. oolow,, the h,1alr (Tf e'a"strictinlg tilt( lirst,I plit ste:ao t lllh,n tl. ( l'tt!ed it thle lVnited Stae s: to iln-Isey, H iowe 'o,. that of fu':rlishing tdw st'el 1,Wl ne d mOl,,th r sl( -0l cutering;into its constructi,:uil to, Pit!s1mr.:Oh II,c!;::-tif4ane h cre it of ithie wNork- a not e-,,rthy honor flr Pittsburgh enterprise and sikill. It is also li orth y oifl notte that a- collipallll V in I' ir'eivin Country gI'ave th'li contracl't to a cit' of aI srtrong protective tall1 nati,o11 a.s in compeltition with explerieenced hnilers tf frt, e-tradle:advocntinlg, people. It wi,liUl seem tha,t ginhl wages toi mvork'en, i s at result of protectioln, was farl fro;l w,akenin u ability to enter other th;an holle markets with the prodoct of their labor. but rather to the reverse. Thiis vessel was the lFrancese'.co Montoya, iad built in 1878 for the Magdalena: Sttnn N;viati,n (Company, of S4auth America. The boat was 1.50 feet long, 30 feet beam, and 3 feet hold, with 28-inch steam Iagine, 15 inches in diamleter. 5 feet stroke, with a wheel 18 feet in diameter and "22 feet buckets: two tulb"lar boilers, and a full Wabin, Texas and pilot house, similar to those of:all Wet sern stenii'mers. The construc'tion of the boat was with angle iron rihs, 18 inclies apart, and angle iron deck beams and steel plated hull. She was constructted with nineteen water-tight comlpalrtments. the method of' making which is tnder a pItent ittained by the'nstrusting filrmi. While the boat was co(nsLI'uting'l, the iparties f')r wh'N1m it was being lbuilt were constantly tprotesting against th te se of steel instead of iron, alleging ltWit she would be liable to snap1 and break in two when landing hard, tor if strikiIng a rotk or bar. W'ith lan untinching (colitidenee in Pittsulrghli steel and the worrk of the firm furnishing tihet plates, Messrs. Rees & tins gvaranteed the result, and asserted that steel woult better stand a shock and resist,lmnture than irim frbm rowks and snmgs, with whieh the river on which the boat was to run abounded. Their faith in Pittshurgh wor'k was fully sustained, in several instan'es of the Wt.idents febared. In the rapids, of tfie ).l:'dalen:l river during a freshet. while the boat was goil", down str-cam. the engine and ridder hadl m, control of Otu "mmements of the luom, and she was tlhr,wn n1vil some rofks while mumiy," at the rate of thirty miles an hour. as tlhe captatin and engineers reported to the owners. The shock broke nineteen of the iron ribs and hent some of tdi steel plates from six to eight inches, Lut there was nf,t a ho(lel punctured and but little leakage. The speed of' the boat was all that was required, making l her trial trip uil) stream twenty-two miles inll two hundred and three mlinutes; beating the fastest time ever made on that river. I1) ('N,, IIES.1 NDC E,U,'NOUREX. 143 Tl'h'sc detaitle Iawt are giveln a:1 a n:attitNr of historical interest solne day in the future, when steel boats will,e largely a:inlng the m Inufatures. of Pittsburg1h. The saille fconstrctonrs built for the salie eollpany, in 1"790. the Victoria, 1;57 tcet lo,n. i l Ifet beam. I. (e-t lold. (111 Kt1. s.S11)n plai: al<o the Rob, ert() ('alist,,. 11H leet lot.g, 22'eel heanm. teet hlob aluo.'teamner (',)muta, 1:0 feet long,:0 feet )eaIm, and; fe0t hold. This b)oat is, \iiih 7) tons load, tie lightest draught 1oit oil tile river, and has 1 a speed iof txelve miles per hiil. l'hse boats IhWve dmelllonstrater d that thtsCe of that c,nstruc'tin are behst r,l thlio(e i\-ers, the repair, not reachtlitg (one dollar in live of whal is put fon Enllislh ir,n boats, and not one in teln onl woodenl h1lls. These boats were all erected here, then taken lapart and shipp,ed to their destination in pieces, tile Messrs. Ilees sendling a ('1upl (,o' skilled men to superintendl tilt re'construc(tion of the lboats on tihe Magdlalena river., emlloyi.Vg thIte native labor ill the work. That Pittsburh shops pack nails in kegs, steel and bar iron in bundles, and ships to distant ports tumblers and other glass ware in boxes to Eturtope, reflecto,rs atnd electrie light al:1rlatls to.1Japan. and a score of' other des('ril)ti(ons of her alllnul'tres to lla ftreign parts, is ofSO'constant ccu(rrence as to have lost novelty. That a whole steel steaml,o; t should, Ihowever, be iipacked like so niuch' tin plate and thus deliver,(d to the purcha('sers is I matter of sillnula:r, interest. Verily reat is Pittsburgh and skillful hIer worknen. The Mlessrs. l-ees have also shipped to the samie sectioll of cIontr v t tree wooden boats anld constrnetetl a; steel (cantoe in three sections to, be taken aplart andl bhlted together as the cir.umnstan(es (f its use require. In Is80 the saine firm built the steaminer \enezula. This boat was constructedl entirely of steel, being the first in whlich .teel was used in place of angle iron. This boat was built as an experimcent, it being claimed that no boat could be built to navigate successflll thie river for which it was designed. Tile boat was not ti, draw ov\er twelve inches light. It w\as 120 feet long, 24 et ea and 3 feet heanil d feet I,Il, and when ct,np1leted her draft was 7 inches forwardl and 11 inches aft, carrying 60 tons or St0 bag's of coffee and one day's fuel on lM-inch draft of water. Sinlce t1wen thex' have also constructedci the stealer ('olumbhia and steamer America, o,f the salie dinlensi,ns as the Venezula; also in 18SI the stetnter Irura, 112 feet loig. 22-foot beami and 8-toot hoidl, to run l o the tSan Juan river, Nicaragua. It would appear from the record that not only did these enterprising Pittsburgh niechanics contract to build steel boa:ts, bilt a Is(, guialllted that tl'hey would not only meet the req(uirements of the na\igation, but they also uildertook to tuche tihe p)eo,lle of the South AIrmericean rive's,I where they were to runI, t,how tio u,e and h1andle these Pittslburgh built boats. The younge'r A,r. Rlces going out with thile boats, and with tIhe assistanee of C'aptafin Wash. ( lark, of I'ittsburgh, Cdelonstrated thle Ipractibility of navigating~ the river. ('azptain ('lark rtinaining thlrce years runnintg the boats for the (ompany fi who\\ni they were Ibuilt and teach itg the native crews how to handlle stern-wheel )oats. The fame of thle "stern-wheelers" o(f I'ittsl,urgh attractetf d attention also in Ilssia:, ant1 from tihe shops of lPittsburgnh slhip-yard s wient the dlrafts and specifica144 tions and the niechanics that inau:iigurated upon the "Volvga" and the "I)neiper" and other rivers of Illssia the building of those stern-wheel steamndoats which now navigate those and other streams in that empnire. In the crle o thesof t Oese pages has Ieen frequently noted the donminating force of the city in its indu strial clhar:ter. Possessinjg the larg'est clhimlney factory in the worli,, a t:lde ware factory of the reatest capacity in thlle world, the largest crucible steel ilant, the nost extensive Besseiner plant, the greatest coftee hliuse in the worldt, the vreatest fiour hlaise, produclin over one-eighth of all tile pig iron of tile I nitied >-tates, nearly three-f tortl h of all the coke, two-thirds of:a11 the glass ware, and two-thirds of all the crueilte steel, Pittsburghl is truly a city to bee proud of, ani in this record of hoat buinling it is beyond all question the greatest steel and iron I it biiilding Hpoint in the I nited States, and her unboat builders are shown as aidin-g in thle building upi by their skill the internal transportations of two great cinpires. Yet it seems but ain ()'dinarv industrial conuniunit to thei average Pittsblrgher instead of a city to le proud of. Natural advantages has forced its growth to, its presenlt domlinllating position in ls lSlt nany of tlie divisions of the natiion's cootilirciee and nimanf'cturing products in spite of the apathy of its own l)pe )ple to its facilities andi o)'p wrtunitie('s. K:eturninl'g t( tithe clisiderati,ii of the lboat-building industry of Pittslurgh, it. is 1pro11r again to allude to its most adndirable location for A Naval Construction Arsenal. Alt h'itugh tile Nworld looks fior-walrd to a time when swords shlall be ieaten into plow shares iand "tile nations learn war nii more," yet, until that time comies, jeahlisies and tisnttierstatdings will arise between governments. Peaceable as is the i licy otf thle 4nited States, alnd as little as she desires to minntgle in the territorial almbitions or personal piqucs of foreign natiions it is hardly possilde that the countryi will esape froni was. As frnm inuay (cmuses such wars, if they arise, will e chiIlyt ftioughlit out nii the sea toasts and the oceans, the imiportance of a naval depot whiere facility of constructlion colimbines with security of position is in timne of lwtpeace a sueleet of serious consideration. Where could there be so desirabtle a Ivoint as Pittsburgh? The iron, the steel, the imiods are there: the foiundries, lir' the casting of guns; the mills for armor plates of any thickness or test; the henip of Kentucky, for thle cordage; copper and brass f i all ipurposes. axs well. and a re,erve of skillful minechanies in all departiments of wxirk at all timtes avAilatlde. lhtilt. antuored and fitted out ill every hmrtic:tur in set urity froitm attack, thie sIhips ould des,cenld in safety to the Gulf for such ~crvivcc as the h1iur requiired. )nII t lis p,lint it has been said: " li thie cssels id war itniti(,tedl as coniustructed. her tmwer in that respect w:as fully tested, while thle ease with which tlihose ships descendled tlhe rivers to tilhe tceean, (I' we're trlltporlted in sectitos and put t(,gether at other points, miakes its (twn1t 1argoltnlt:I toI f:acilit v. No'xleintsive g iveirnniental works were in any of the instanccs reqtuired to le built bet're proceeding with thie work. The mills and mchiic slih,ps in daily use turned out thie iaterial as required, and the mePIT7BU1IGI'1 PROGRLSS, IRON WORKS. Jones X& Lau8hlins,Limited. ~.4 i COAL PIT MOUTH White Lead Works of Beymer, Bauman & Co. I) I NDUSTRI' AND REO I,SURCES. clianics of the city found themselves perfectly competent to fashion the hulls and complete the ships. When this facility in the niatter of iron vessels is shown; ablility in wooden ones, tested for years, when the security of the position is considered, and the faciilitices of sending vessel after vessel, of ahl:ost any draught, to thle ocean, apparent from:atmial tests,-anld the great suppiv of all inaterials, whetlher of woods or met:als, or fablrics, malnifest, there seems much reason why (overnmllent sholld find it desirable to locate here a naval construction yard. Is there not also much to justify the belief that, in the future, with increase facilities in inavigating the ()Ohio, that Pittsblurgh built ships may become n;!vigators of the o(cean, as in past years, and their construction Ubneo(e of her prominent nm;nufactuires? The dal:y for thle full use of the ()hlio and our other Western rivers has unot vet fully dawned. When it does, the great facilities Pittsburgh l osi e-ses of materials and skilled workmen will keep her in the front, as heretofore, as a great ship yard." " The construction of boats at Pittsburgh has, of course, not been in the iimediate plerlieus of the city, but at the various ship yards in the vicinage, although all the iron ships from 1839 to the present late have been constructed at the immediate wharves of thle city. In the report before quoted from, to Rear Admliral Davis, it is stated there are eleven ship yards inl the vicinity of Pittslburgh. "While these have not increased in number, they are still of the industrial establishmilents of Pittsburgh. The product of these yards are, of course, not reserved for the boating interest of the city, but constructed, as other of her manufactured products are, on orders from other sections of the country. The tonnage of the (ity of Pittsburgh at the present time is 1,359,972 tons, being the Custom House measurement of 3,200 steanm, passenger, tow and other vessels of various kinds used in the boating business of the city. *" Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year," 1876. 10 145 4 dreds of thousands of liiomes n,ow burning it rel-cg:rte'l back to the glimmering dislnality of tallow dips. To leave the great staples in whose broad introduction Pittshurgh has been pioneer, and enter into the field o,f l-er mechanical branchies wNould h,e interesting, and there is much material for the telling, but the scope of this volume restricts the story. It was from Pittsburgh, anod by P'ittshburgh's capital, the first western railroad reached its iron arms to gralpple tile -griowing c,minerce of the wc.t. and from Pittsburgh and by Pittslourgh's enterlprise the telegraph first sent its electrical currents westward; and it is to P'ittsburgh's persistency, enterprise and capital that the problem of practical iuindelrroi nd telegraph wires has been solved. Where but one hundred years aggo stood a cluster of only 36 log houses, one stone and (,ie frame house, and five small stores, is now the great world-famnous communninit of Pittsburgh, standing midway between an empire of population on the east and an empire of population on the west. Standing a giant athwart the head waters of the ()Ohio,-glowing with the blaze of Iuildreds of turnace fires, swart and grimy with their snmoke,-Pittsburgh, proud of her past, and looking with confidence to her future, may well sing as the The Song of Pittsburgh."' I'm PIittsburgh, the city of iron and steel; The forces,of earth lie bound at my feet, Where the might of muscle, the brain of skill, The powers of nature in harmony iimet.l. I've grasped the ores of the mountain side I've seized the vapors of prineval earth Myv skies are red at the mirk of night "With fires wherein the world had birth. I'm patron of labor, a father to toil, W'itl my miles and miles of furnace and miill, Where nerve of steam, and machineries strengtih, Are doing myi biddillng, w,orking imyv will. I reach to the East, I reach to the West, Lay hands on the North. and grasp on the South I Mv name is ever a household word, In working men's thought, in capital's rmouth. I st,od a childl on the frontier's verge, When the red man ruled the tree clad West: I stand a man of a hundred years, "With glove of iron, and steel mailed breast. The metals of earth they come at my call, To feedl mly giant furnaces grim; Mv1 ships go down from my hills to the sea, And machineries roar intones myv hymn. PITTS,111-111G'HS 1(;t1',% II"~);RI1S,, Manufacturing View on Allegheny River, Allegheny City. White Lead Works of Armstrong & McKelvy. I I'I'J RIEN AD 1"N'E,( ('lCE. 147 iinfxtu eof OTeld, 4rKS Coppet aid Tin. HIE l'NNSYLVNn IY: ADi ('o. whose Ailice isat 61 Fourtlh avenue, is the one ta'lblishnemnt ill this (ity that )produces Pig Lead. To the enterpriise oJ. E. S hwartz the city is indebted f6r this important iliistry. The compiiany al)o\ inoleA was established by Mr. Slchwartz am! ass"hoiates in 18 75 f th Ihe purpose of iro(ducing leado fRoni tihe res and base bulliiM brolight to Pittslhrgh frolml Colorado, IUtah, Montana and Idaho. There are empllloyed ill the va:ious plroesses of the works 120 men, whose wages wil! average $1(0,000 a year. The freights on the ores and base hulllions:!lone amounit to over $500,00(( a year.'iThe product of the;v-orks is given at from i,000,000 t o,(00()0,000( ounces o,f silver a year, worth, at lresent prices of:Ailver, froin $3,000,000() to ~4,0(001,000 a year; also 22,000 tons of pig lead nntualiy. worth 82,000,000. The product of lead is dil,posed of to lanulfttuirers in New York, lhiladelldia and 1Baltimore as well as l'ittstblrghi-. The larger part of the silver prdlnuct is expiiirted to lI,mioni, E,ngland. The works use al,out 9 acres of gronld in their operation, and the laint is stated as of a valnue of $15F0,(0M0. These smelting works are another exhibition of the magnetisim of Pittshlurgh as a cientre toward which all metals seem to be attracted. Iron. copper, lead, silver, all seek her fluel. The works just noted, although yielding. but few statistics, is productive, it will be seel, of' great monetary iesults, the value of its realizati(ms being fronm $J,000,000t( to ti(6,000(,000 annually, being possibly the greatest in the value of its returns of any one establishment in Pittsburgh. As a further manipulathion oft pig lead the manuiacture ofi tihatl metal int'li what is coniiniiionlyV known ias White Lead, is thi l most imllu(rtant fiorm of lead working in littsburgh. This is amonlg the pioduits of the industries of the city that rests upMm the arisliir:nev (t age, havin,i iten anlimng the earliest of " Pittsburgh MaInufattures." As early as 1810 ther were three "Red Lead " factories in pditti-ni',ii liridting that article to the value of 81:.ltIii. S i'cXoNdi,lii lo aa local cenit'.; of that date. In 1813 there was one white liad f:Ictorv (B,-aclin' - );:iid inl a report to the ( ounii ils in 1817, one white lead factorv is reporte(i a- et,iliyinig 6 hanids and produciniig S4t0,000t worth of leads. In I <7 there were 8 lead O!iwtories. whose produ'icti 74,496 kegs of lead, val:ted at 821tt1()00. In 1857 thei'i( niere!ut three firms manufficturing white and red leads, biltl althiowgh there is a tlllhig oft' of' ive factories in the numt)er, working, lihe three factrwics of 1857 pridced 2,754 tos iof a value of 8443,000, where the fIQ1TYW 7 T'/IRFS 3 PROGRESS, eight factories of 1837 p,rodcced but 90)2 tons, being an incr,ase of over two hundred Iwr cent. In 175 there werwere six lfrmts engagedl in the manuiicture o f whvite and red leads, using 5,00) tois of' pi0 le(ad year, occ0p'iii1g:mn area with their ftetorics of threCe acres, and eino'i'g 175 h:ands. The C~!ilal in mahinol'ry, Ibuildini',s:1and1 gloundl waii:4- 1(),u i(), 1 tha' tihll the v iC oft' the' P1irodhiat 157, while the o1i!p;1t has incrcas(~(! al, lit, ) 9 tpok ("""It. In the past de-:ale this F-in,tr hs, as well as othes, W-ae smliviled and taken onne niw deiartures. kAnm q- tlhe is a baclih iechuiiallv known k s duction liv w hite lead manll:('t ers o, ti:t city of mixd i(or iiolpepa ied!ai-,s. Tr. II. Neviii & (Co. in 1877s imkihng tis new dpartiure i! the w hite lead busitnes by the intriiuc'tion of that is known as the " Pioneer Pileparedc Paints," aid were soon after fillowed bv Armstrong & McKuelvy in the s:une line of p)aint goods. Ten years ago (colors wNere ri"'ilmlly Illade in New York, but few being made in l'itttiiurlirh. ulit nlow tile cit is a leading" markett t" these goods, andll furnishes he,- fair p1op'ortion of 4he trmde of the countr v. 1)i'Y ('OLo1s are especially nrdme biv M. IB. (Y,\: ('., -17-I ebecca stieet, Clle ne ( ity, who has an e"tablishment e1seio,lly devoted t, the g6riElng of wQat is termea "dry col(,rs," ar.d is the oniy estalAlishniet I etween "hIla,ili[.i and (leveland producing li v color of every descrilption. \\'hat is cm nnominly known aii " White Lead W ork;" are, a s 1arried on at Pittsblirgh, to ie divided into l.ree clasis, iirst atlniong which is the Lead Corroders. producing vw,hite lead by corroding pig lead and preparing it in oil for sale. f these there are six: liirm1. O licei. Est a'd. by. Armstrong & AMIcKelvy, 115 Vool,. 170.) A rm-trong & MecKelvy. Beynier, Iailimiian & Co., 301 11amilton lk., 1;7 tBey'ier, liiuman & Co. Davis, Chatnibe,s & Co.,. 35 Tenth,.. 18s6 lDavis,Chabekrs & Co. Fahuestock White Lead (o. 957 Liberty, I.t.!L. Khnestock. Suydamn, M.,11., & Co,. 474 lebeecac,. 132 J. Schoomnaker. Wells, ('. F., & C'o.,.. 70 lFiftlh ave.,. 1844 1. A. lalhnestock. These six establishments corrode ahbat 12,000 tons of lead a year and use ab,ouit 300,000,,iallons lini-ieed oil tll aboun t am la,MUR0 pImunds i e'tic i, l,and the Iwoduct is abot 1..A)00,it kegs of twenty-live Iudls each of NIliite lead. In:addition to the above lroduiict of white lead they ianulature Oxides (if leaI, viz., red lead, litlhalrg'e,and (al ilge mineriiial, 2,000( tons. These i'cNtories o1;ly a sp:.re of'quite ten acres and t1he vAlne of the'dlant, ilding- gnud and macl linry is statedas in the neiihborhoodl I& l,0',00i itn rlund ilmbers.';GThey llloy:l:! hands, whose w:1ie>s annualvly are nearly Qw,'s;ot. Ahlho:gh the Iprodct f lihe white lead is given ii a cmpiarisin of 2.-o,muni kegs it is n(t all so pack1kd, but kegged in 25, 148 -- co 5%.,a~ S IITI Manufacturing View, 450 to 474 Rebecca Street, Allegheny City. Works of M. B. Suydam & Co. _Jnnnm ir ,,.,, I1)) I'ITI:"..J; I 7i?(;JI'2~ IW')(RE.SS; Q0, so and 1I)00-po ndt kegs and some iar.ger''k:,es s 11 tlhat t. nuimller of pa.ka"es lised is less thall thi e amout:t,of 2--,-pw inl i,'4 of prodm-t 11given, zi. d1 Ceal lot 1be gnvien in niumber. The zniount of the cost of the pc:kages is, however, sm.ething over $100,(000) a year on the,eftre given l:r',duwti.:1idul t vah of the'ro"lead and tie nllfatlre of whi,e lead ha,s e110(w aVnIVIU t,, - a! ( t ", Pil l4,-urgh workers, and is. as well'as thie skill s,o e'uliarly n11.4 her- in thc 4'4or4kil4g1 of iron and -glass, one of the Iliir!'ooms des,cen1et,d'i'm a tlhr'1 to 41on ill fhIe 1 lead falto'ies of the cit. The white Wla of the WfWtor of it4i.urg'h arel s"aniAd:'. quality in the mlarket zlli d(esa:veil so. .\ further Imaniiilatiol 4 f tho l i letht In id its,1,r1'4 1n1 and m:,ufa1turi into while lead is in the I'-el)ara,liw)' f' Prepared Paints and Mixed Colors. \ deade ag4 o thie I,wilaring of pdains and thu, mixing of colors 1wa4 lI')vin-im of the painters' skill. To, day there are in 1'ittsburgh ie 6irms whh 1, s lmranlh of thelir white lead insi'lss, ('arry on the lprepaling- of Ipaints and miixed colors and i,ac.ki1ng them in cans of variluls sizes;,r swiipiment to all sectio4n)l of thIle country. 'These firlms are:-Armllstrong & MAeelvy, 115 Wood street; T.. II. Nevin &d ('o., :Grant St. 1and W\elster avenue,' [. 14. luydanl &. ('o.. 474 1l.ebecan St...llegheny: W. W\. La. wrence & 4Co., Wate:' sttreei:mld1 Penna avelnuei. ()nl, of these, M. I. Svlamn & O('., havin a slc) itY of gr i,ing "d(' (olors.." akes a f1h1er divisionl of the lea'! trade, a' re'fer-( d 1 o itt:a few 1tr,-agra"dhs 1r,i,edii u,. ad trd oduce ab,,ut 7, J,) l, l,und.~ o,,l,,'- of cv,-rY,e. ri,ti,n y':'l.. Tv..e! ll works pre re I'( ( 4(4tw.x ell:4111 000).;"",d 1.000,000 po4)i' 4lC.'nd, mixcd p;1int i 1 lli',l'. !*',,I wh'ich ili:lla.Wet is 11;1 11 e'.! I a, ll 4 l4 So tll. Ther e! li v" i!i ldi,ti41,I thle linldst ell1hracc( ( in thl' wlii' %N.,'rk.-: a ou) l s44 (\',V',lt-ltvY 1jv,l.',i,,l' (wagcs in addition to these g;vun Illeil' t, 4i1l he sl44e Q7.q, 4 ). Metalio Paints and Mineral Colors. This l1 4in-sc has g'ow ll ill iPit s hr l i the past ten y.':irs. Tile paintand iohi&s are the prodncit of rwcs cri;shed i1;, hy roastling and tr'.'ating. After being l'redu"ed to'd they are ixe with oil, an ll th - ft'ortil paint. lt'he variAmAl. (Ulm4"s Iare're's:u1A 1.' ii.,'eit hyio-i'Mesa p sn or mixing a4l4 tm'eaw4l4'. The areare''o1'.h( fl 4 4 \4 ioli- s> ions 14 of tho co1t4lin('',:4,4 d 1,-od f"ron) SI'-ain ald.! E) ll. - :land. ThOe aking of,1" " ( g4 e!Minn 1, a lsilless \~ itIl 4 onc' th'ree or flot; iin. 4ut o,) their ~tati-i( 1, > lltav il)f','lliation c,, dl'Lc, ll:A. 'lTherF' a4:s4' t!' e,4llre ir'i -: i, bl'1.":!- v: arn* 4:44.:,!' -\,h!'-l 11no satistic.s 4coul be 1:4(','.''. It s"'' is a litL.,i:. i:i' ilo st:i 44h i-ri--at care should be t,akell b.'v -in4 s 1i"4ts ". to pr'event t" 14,,, it,,a', 1.1,wi' whlat thIey are d14in1,g', t0 I Iatl I 4I4,4( ar'e sl'-h I;I ol''!;1 1-i l s'. I,'s, i:..ell 4I4I ill Pittsburg.h. or" is si" Ah seC't'eti\:t s nl to 44 44',: iI ii tI! i'' cla,i,,!" ".' t'h.:.l,- ar utI- o41 11 -1 INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. which are utterly left out of this account of Pittsburgh's progress, because no amount of solicitation would obtain other than an uncourteous. " I)on't want to he imentioned.' Lead, Pipe and Shot. These are three additional forms,f imanufactures from) lead. There are three establishments making these goods in l)ittsburgh, Bail1ey, Farrell & C'o., and the Berlin Pipe & Lead ('o., anl F. W. (lerdles & Bros. IThe lusiness is a large one and add's a handsome total to the aggre,ate of the trade ot the city, but no statistibs of any moment could be obtained, and therefore the facts as to this industrt'v is necessarily omitted. The Berlin'ipe & Lead Co., have a tower 178 feet high for the 1manta111cture of slot, whith a ca.nacity of 10 tons of shot a day. Copper. There are two copper rolling mills in'ittsburgh, which are the growth of an embarkation in the copper mining lbsiness, in 1S44, l ('. (. I lussey, ('has. Avery and'lThos. Mf. HIowe, mentioned in another chapter. The first of these was established yt) ('. (. Ilussev & ((., about I S-1, on the same site which it still occupies. The sect-ond was established by P'ark & ('o., a few years later. These two coipper rolling mills are: Firim. fllfic(. Estah'd. By. C. G. Hussey & Co.,. 49 Fifth Ave.,... 1849 ('. G. I ussey & (o. Park lBs. & (C'o.,..:10th & Smallman sts. 1 859 l)ark. Me('urdv & (C,. These two establishments Illdce copl)er in its various rolled frms. and enlploy albout 100 hands, whose wages will alqwroximate 075,(H a year. The value of the manufactured product is frotm 5010,008( to $()50,0()() a year. Madle from thie pure copper of' the Lake Suplrior region-, it is free from foreign deleterious matter, and is more ductile and ()f g'ater tensile streth than ilte c lpper of (Cuba or South A\meria, which is 4mr' r less alloved wit0h foreign substances. The space occ.upied by these works is between three and four acres, mand the value of the plants approximates 8250,ONttT. While there are several mills, in tile I'nited States foi the rolling of copper, there is no Ip,oint at whAich miuore is proiduced than at L)ittsturg'hh. Wrought Copper Tuyeres. Tins is a specialty manluihetured by the PCirrst,i ii S? l:.I'i'I ('(o. under a patent i,t)ained in 18S1. The tuyere is made of tblughy rolled coloper instead ot being c(.:,st. It is claimed for it that i! will loutwear tay bronze, and caun be ea:sily and c(hlaly repaireld. Thev are in use in the luc'y, l'eaur Thomson, Charlotte and othlr furnaces. The statisis of hi. Ibrancl.1' of itttburgh iiltltantufa:tulres aire ineluded in that o)f the litttl)urgh Snmilting Co., under its pronlw.r c'las-ilicatiotn, under iron r ul(ders. Copper Workers. There are two firms wh() miak a specialty of copper worik. viz.: SchluederIberger & I'errot. 118 l" ir't street. \llegheny. and W\. L. Stender, successor (,I I)aeweritz & ('o.. 51l First street. 151 PiI'TSBURGII'S I'ROGRESS, These make a specialty of the copper work for breweries and distilleries, besides all such other constructions from copper as they are called upon to make. These establishments are what may be termed copper smitheries, and the one, \V. L. Stender, making a specialty of the copper work used in the fitting of distilleries. There are from 18S to 20 hands employed in these two establishments, ', hich disburse wages to the amount of from $8,000 to 810,000 a year, and turn out work of a value of from $60,000 to $80,000 a vear. Brass. The product and mantiufacture of this metal is among the "old time" industries of the city, being mentioned asamong the products of the city in 1810. In this, as in various other of the metal industries of the city*, the growth of the trade has Awrought divisions, and is still creating others. Taking precedent as the oldest class of the brass industries of the city is the Brass Founders. -Namle of Firlm. ()lice. By. A. Iulton, Sons & Co.. (1 lFirst avenue. A. T. lMcKenna,... 82 Third avenue, Atwood & McCa!riey,.50 Third avenue, ;est, Fox & Co.... 77 First avenuie, hailey, Farrell & ('o.. 619 Smithfield street, A. W. Cadman,... 608 I)lquesne Way,Thos. Carlin,.... Lacock and Sandusky, J. ]1. Sheriff' & Son,.. 68 Water street,.. G.W. & B. F. Greene & Co.i 41st and A. V. R. It. Keystone nSmeltiug'Co. 3.3d street,.... Mansfield & Co., Ltd..57 First avenute, John Fitzinimons,.. 1st and arson, Woodworth, Evans & Co. 122 Third avenue, Sauer & Bro..... 96 (Chestnut street, Elpping, Carpenter & Co. 2411 Penn avenue, l'ittsb'h Snmelting Co., Id. Itlh and Pike streets, 1832 1856 18 65 1884 1840 1863 1864 1878 1876 1861 1861 1880 1878 A. Fulton. A. T. McKenna. A. T. McKenna. ibest, F;ox & Co. i( eo. ]lailey. (Cadinan & (Crawford. IThos. (Carlin. Sheriff & Loughlirevy. G. W. & B. F. Greene. \W. S. Bostwick & Co. IMansfield & IFitzsimmons. Mansfield & Fitzsimmons. W\Voodworth, Swartz & Co. ,John 31. ('ooper. 1ittsburgh Smelting Co. These fifteen brass fiounders occupy an area of between 3 and 4 acres. They employ an average of 250 hands, whose wages will average from $175,000 to '200,000 a year. The value of the plants in buildings, machinery, &e., is estimated at from $150,000 to $175,0(0; and their product is about $6;00,000 to;700,000 annually. They use about 450 tons of copper a year, 300 tons scrap brass, and 100 to,ns lead; also use some 1,600 or 1,700 crucibles a year. The statistics of this branch of business could not be delinitely obtained, as several of the "brasseries" are connected with other branches. The product of these brass fmuldries embraces all descriptions of brass castings, brass valves, fittings for piplc and the entire list of ilumbers' brass gocAds, of Owhich it is not here necessary to make an individual mention, as most of 152 INIS'TRIES AND RESOIURCES. the articles produc(ed are household words in use in every dwelling, factory and wherever naclhinery runs or mneclianics pursue their avocations. There are several special ties, of whichl one is Brass Spinning and Brass Goods. This is a classification of a special industry of Pittsburgh which, while in some respects similar to a brass foundry, is dissimilar in that it consumes all of its own brass castings in the production of special brass goods, such as faucets, air pumps, brewery work, etc. These works occupy a building 49x80 feet, three and four stories Iiglh. They give employment to about thirty hands, whose wages average $15.000 a year. The firm carrying on the works is A. & T. MIcKenna, No. 82 Third avenue, who established the business in 1855. They make a specialtv of hydraulic air compressors and also of brass spinning, being the only firm in the city doing this latter kind of mentioned work. Artistic Brass Goods. Among tile new establishments that the gas fuel has attracted to Pittsburgh is the PI'TT-IBUR(;Hl IRASS COM'()IANY, LIMITE:). The scope of these works is in a different atmosphere from anything in brass work (-ver intro(hiced here, and is for the purpose of producing distinctively "artistic brass goq)odls" that will meet the higher requirements in brass work, for tlhe supply of which Europe has heretofore been so largely drawn on. This establishmIent proposes to make a class of goods never before produced in the United States, and will have in their emnlloy a corps of designers and workers of a higher grade of talent than has heretofore been employed in the production of brais goods in this couintry, with a view of meeting the advanced art education of the people in household decoration. They will also have a special department for the designing and manufact,tulre of inside architectural work. Although these goods have been ull to a certain standard, heretofore produced in ('onnecticut, yet it has been fiom Europe that the more elaborate goods have chiefly been brought. Throuigh the enterprise of this company Pittsburgh is to be brought into direct comllpetition with European manutheturers of these artistic brass goods, and thus another advance is made in the products of the city from its oll-time reliable but "simniled filrms of ilanut1fatures. This advance in the artistic direction in several of PIittslirgll's I,ro(du(cts has been noted in these pages, and as in the working of metals tilhe gas fuel is opemninlg possibilities excluded under the "coal epcl,ch," that, as in tihe establislinient of tile firm here mentioned and others noted, will not only make tile city "a ('Curiosity Shop," as it was entitled by a party of scientific tollrists, but ultinlatelY an art studio in artistic metal works. lNeturning to the establishment under notice, thle works occupy the building of tilhe old Eagle ('ottian Works, whiclih have an area of 150x200 feet, and are three and four stories inl height. They will employ from 100 to 150 hands, and distril,uite froim $70,0t0 to $St,0(00 in wages a year. To the building as now occupied they proplose addinI a rolling miill for the production of their own sheet brass, 153 154 with It view o(f g.ttinll a luiality of 1ras1 tesplecially a:idapteJt to the piro:littion of their artistic' novel\ties. Among the good.s that this estatlislnhment I)n)lose making is a very artisti(c line of library hl:mps. easels, orn:lal)ental vases, f'initure trimIlins, fire sets, aldirons and fet-lders. As It-re Atated, these anld other goods will he designed an1( nll(ade froiii:t adval('ed art i,ti(c staniidplit of iiianluilftutre, aillI it is I -oposed- to rival the liesti brass work (of' tle fllliuous fa:tories of Ellrop(ie. III the iIli:llll',wtuilre (o,' ('clas., of ietall f,r ie ii n ti he n olllll g of i:achinery Pittsbuirgh li hli ii irinii, with \vhm thlie iiiakhtiig of lroinzes. is a lspe(cialty, as fillows: Climax Bronze. This is a nietal i,iulrtietireid l)v B est, Fox & Co., 77 lFirst avenile, who began its iiiilutifactnr-e inll 1 4. It is iailde eilirelv frlo( p)i e illgot copper anlld Sich other iiigredieot- ai., irod(itce I)v their colthinllation with the'k-opper a fliteal \ hich is.lainled 1xv it,s ni:i wtiii lirer- is a aslperior brollnze', where reistiance to neid,- or se\vere he:at i. reqilired in its 11-(, or toll:gillt.ess or d lensity ei'-:irv. The itittifitlIurers r;lke sevxe-al grides to St it tile tliss for whliichl it is dlesignel. A special grid(le is Illade ii6 tlletres, ltoshi lilates alld spiecial eastinlgs for frllne iise. This e ntt~ablisinll-iet lises afboitt 2.00000 poIui( s of meital a year l in the laiiilltfaetilre of thlis broIze aind enilhlioy alt average of' ( hallnds ill its iprodliiltion. Damascus Bronze. "This blilla of )brolnze is iiautif-ietiie"llr! iby the I)amnlnasellt ]:loiize ('(iIIlmny. 4-01 ])tique-iie WNiY, ait-i w-as! first pll:ido( on the market n tmhe WestiWigehihse Maehine Ciiolipally it lli8. It i claiiiled that as a bearitig miietal it will niot heat or ctlit S.joillrial. Thle lii el(liiloy 9 lallllS iAn its pro.l('tionl, illd state at thiltv pro(hi1,o1cte 1,ak).)lt poill(1, a Ycar, c1Insll innl- HOU 00 poli,lds of' copper and oither nit terials. Phosphor Bronze. This article of Irune is. not lot llut.t'iilred;t aIittUlb:nrgi. Tlie hixveitioll is dihe tot tlOhe (\vers-oft tile lieliani Nicklt \\Works.'Tlie illvxtltioll was platentelI a ftw vetirs tao a ion the I'itd,l States, tnid is iiiade by the Phosiphor ltroinz-e Simoltil)g Works, Liiitiled, of lPhilaolelpthia. It is isohl at Pittsburgh ly Atwood & MeC(affrex,, 50 Thirdl aventie. who are the exelisivc agetits.'FliThe bronll- is iphosphliiorized allOV.s of tilln aint(l coiipper, aind tougliness, rii,idity, hlardlte,s 1id great elastic resistaIRV (nm clalietd for it. Delta Metal. Thlii isi Ilnew bronlie num:limtAtifau-tl-tl lv Ithe ITT~tr-r ItMMIt SM: I:.IrIN; ( bc A\, I,.rriTi':i. It v,~:s givenl to the pillllic iOt over ( itwo yearI )vtilt.- a:l: hai giaillCed a Nvide 1ep]ill:!11''ln in h shlort tihIe. ('reattir resittttllc', tenlacit alld ela,tiuit v atre the oitbjectiiv- pAints -t its (laim orf sllcrioity o.ver dtiltr lirotz,s. Thie Freltitch alti' - l,l.iiii igt\-xertlint-s have ihopted tile lDelta niietal in tMhir gotxvertilnentnal xorks, alter severe tcsts hy the Acadeiet.' of Arts aiiI AleIiti,ns iof tihose coluntlries. It is to vemw me of the llicts of t pit pOlur"igh, as here statted. '17",~B H l JG]I', RO I R;IESS, IN) DUSTRI'ES ANI) B.ENSOURCELS. Tie four bronzes that have been here noted present a choice of q".alities to suit most any use, and possibly all uses to which bronze is applied, and as a Silll,ply point thereof Pittsburgh in this article, as well as in all othilers, is a full market. Pressed Tin and Japan Ware Goods. The manufacture of these go,ds is largely carried on in three estal,lishmilents, I, whomi is inade all vaietiets of prevs-ed tin goods and japaned wares. They:are: kirm. Oiice. Est ah'd. By. Flemin" & 1larmilton, 1.. 1 Third 1 ve.,...1S.7. John Fleming. Iu.ncan, Wilson & tCo.,.. 97 F"ir,t ave.,.... 1880. A. J. I)icnean. .John Dl::nlapl..... 114 Market street, 1839. John )Inlalap. Of thliese the firm of l"leming & latmilton are very large nianufaeturers of what is known as Japan or Ilaquered ware, which is with ticim a sspecialty. Tihe quality and beauity of the goods produced by this firm are of more than ordinary staindard. and canniot hut ladd to the retl,ati(:l into wihich l ittsllhurgh is gro\win as a producer of aratstic and dccorative articls,:is has been noted in the mention of several other (classes of producits,of I'ittsburgh's w\orkshol,s. The Japan goods fo.mi this establishment are without d,Ibt the iinest miade in the United States, and though that is a strong claimi for lPittsburgh proiducts in this line it is borne ,oit hby the facts, and the further l,roof that the house-furnishing establishmnients of loston, New York and lBaltinmore are hea'vy orderers of these goods,:aiong which are very finely decorated f,ilet sets, cusp,idores and such similar articles of holuseiodM use. They are 6,a:ltiul goods, and it is deserved that l'ittsiurgh. should ilus h iv a special mentiin of (tlem have crtlit for su,'h Iroduets. The fiHr of D)uneao, VWils,o, & Co. altL:iouii'hi doinii laInqre, i inork make the ill:liinl'fture if' press'edI ware aind h,xes alid ca,ns their spe'ialiti's, as well as what iay be termied iicvelties. The l orksc of this fiiiil are litt'(d till'ith s cl,ieal imllra ifneii l r spinning wiring and lcittinn, aod sinilar KI ocesscs by which the xorki'l cain e done cheaper than iby hand and newtr, and thie ex,cint of their wlrks justifies the cointrailItilng or anly description of tin work. These three establilm ent s emplkhy an av'erag,ce of 175 hands,'whc,e wages will amount to fio'i l51,0((0 to -I(i 00 a yer, and the vlue of thhe xale of t e proiduct is froI,o $400,000 to S450,000 a year. The planmts in grouild, Iuimhldings and nmchieryv ire stated as being an investment of capital approximiating $10(0,000. The tninufacture of this cl:ss of goods was establicshed in 1ittsburgh by John )uniapI in 1839. at which time the pi'o,Ints were entirely nad' bv hand ti ols, the word imachineryv not a p,Illy ig III the,' -imlh'rI iilstIIruIIIents IeI frty y, r ar, a0go. Now alnost thleentimi xwx'k isd,ne V nmachiner v. T:ere are several small tin x%orkin,: estahlisliments, wx.hose ipioduct is almnist exclusiv'.ely for lcal cotinsumiliption, but whose hcprohducts wiould add fronm.20(0,010 to l 2,( 001 to th ie grtss output of this ili s of biiisiness, land iing the total value of this branch of iiianiufiacturing to the ni.iilihborliood of 7N, (1011 alnd the Oital ninber of hand, ecnjlovyld to alin axerage oif 20(I. iand a total awbus x dWtiwu ieM no' iVn"ly wt luite M1Yi.i. 1.5W IND) USTRIE,.' AND RE,S'O URCES. My oil is lihliting ten thousand homes, Frorn tile East to the West of the earth; Mv coal is glowing and flashing in fire, On thousands and thousands of household hearths; It is driving tile whirling wheel and shaft, At the lakes, on tile far prairie lands; And speeding tile locomotive swift )Over the railroads glistening bands. My iron constructs the trusty bridge, That arches tile torrents of rivers wide; It builds the boats of tile troplic cliimel, For ( )riiinoco's treacherous tide; It forms thle walls tof the warehouse tall, And fiastens the roof of mansion or cot; It clothe!; the feet of the toiling horse; It circles the wheel, and tile cemetery lot. My glass conveys to the fevered lip The cooling drink or the healing draught; It decks the board of the rich man's home, And glistens within the Inborer's cot. It fornims tile cathedral's windows tall, Of cottage home, and of mansion fair, Bids stars, in misty space remoitely dim, Ioill'fore tilhe students vision clear and lare. My steel is the teeth of the biting drill, That pierces the mountains rocky side; It cuts an1d garlers tile olden grain, And shears thile sod of the meadow wide. It plates the side of the armored ship; It carves the meat at the festive boa rd; It fi,6rms thle road fir the rapid ear, Thie bay,nmets p int, tile edge of tile sword. You cZan hear its voice in the woodman:'s ax, Tui, whirring ring of thie cir(-ling saw:; Th'le delieate springi of the c,sitlv waztch, Is 4chihld if Dmy *nil, as wei;pons ofi war. l'i PitishInrgh, the citv if ir,n and steel, Thie citv If crucible, tfrge anid nill: 'll'he mlin. if thle worhld my treasury is; "'lie trees of earth is slave to mv will. *George Henry Thurttoi. 156 PITTSBh' I GH'S 0PROGR ESS. Tin Cans. Trhie Pittsburgh Tin \'Ware Company, Limited, is a tin working establishment which confines its product exclusively to tin cans for,paint, varnish, lard, oil, fruit, etc., manufacturing only for the wholesale trade. Their business is exclusively to the South and West. The works turn out about 3,000,000 cans a year, employ thirty hands, whose wa:ges can be estimated at about $12,000 a year, for but limited statistics could bIe obtained of these works. Brittania Ware Manufacturers. Of these there are two, Collins & Wright, 185 First avenue, and Lang & leuster, 202 Madison avenue, Allegheniy. The p)roduct of these factories are chiefly confined to the manufacture of trimmnings for glass ware. They (imploy an average of 80 hands, whose wages will amnount to bet\weeu $835,000 and $40,000 annually, and produce from $80,000 to $100,000 worth of goods a year. INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. 157 ;\,li della1l eou 5[htrlafi Ctul,. Wire Goods and Railing Factories. \Vhile tHere are sc,,veral small establishmenits in the city whose wvork is chiefly for dolmlesitc s!:ppli inl wire goo(ds, the esta,li,4imenlt of TAI lol & ID)vAN is the the only fl(tory ti;hat makes the hamnltlinug of lar'l:e orders spet,cilty. The olfice of these woIrks are at 205 Market street, and thle fa:tory occll,ies ia area (,f 1300 by 100) feet, and there' i( emllI'lioyed thelrei, aln:Ive:rge of 40 hands. 1ron fence railing" is also a ranillch of maIlll7c.1tu.re to which a dkepartmeIct of these works is devoted. The 1r.d%llict of this branch of business in l'itltburghi, inmludiniig the several small establislllhments mlentionied, is ahout:2201,0(00 a year, and tie total numIer of haInd emtploved, 5, whose wNages will avenlrage J:loult 1 0,000(:anllmaly. Silver and Nickel Plating. This b,tiless is cmarried oin at two esta,l1ishments in the city. Tic ]ITTSB RG 1'.LIE: (' Co., at No. 1:3:'cond avenue, established ill 1878 by (ooke Bros., is the oniie \whv:e (exteIt and variety of product that is the best exemplar of this butiness. The estalishml nt occvil,ies a floorage of nearly 7,,000 square feet, -nd manufactures all vI liei s of plated ware, such as Slpoiis, forks, knives, (astors, salvers, fruit anll cake baskets, bottle holders, glass (lish holders, and all the long list of plated goods that are ill hiousellold use. There are 2.5 skillchd workmenl employed, and tile character of tlie product is equal to that of any silver platiln works in the country. The same is to be said of the nickel work of which plating is done in as wide a range of articles as the trade demanids. While i this as in maiy other products Pittsburghl cannot claim to be the only supply point, it (c1an claini that at no otiher point can any better workmainship be had or more attractive rates. The other establishllilent is that of IWNALTER E. J IAGUUE, NO. 522 Wood street, established in 1869 by him, in which all descriptions of iickle, gold and silver plating is donle. These works are more especially contined to platiiig, not manufacturilng. There are 35 Ilhands employed in the two establishmeniits, whose wages will average ammIIlly to f)20,000, and the prodLet of the works is an average of from $65,000 to $70,000 a year. Show Cases. Althou-gh these articles of store furnishli,ig are sold ill a small way by some two or three firms ill the city, in connection \vith other goods, theyv are Ilintllfacltured by 0oIe estuallisil hmelnt onlyv. This factory was established in 1870 by T. McNulty, and is now carried on by tile Pittsb;,rgh Shoew Case Co., whose office is at No. 54 Ninth st,reet. Tile factory is 63 feet by 43, rand three stories in height. In the 7!lanlflt1actunre of these cases, the firl emiloy 22 hands, whose wages will amolnt to $12,0010 a year. They use ahout $6,0() of glass and $3,000 of Gernian silver, 40,000 feet of lumber for the botlomis of the cases, and as much more for packing boxes. This establishminent makes any style of show case desired, and turn out an laverage of,;5)00 per year from: to 10 tfeet in height. The value of the gross yearl business could not be kgiven for obviolls re:1sons, Galvanized Iron Water Conductors. "Thle Sohle.rless Staldin.g" Seam ('onductor ('Co., is tile stlyle of a firm mianufacturing tlis article at No. 163 l.:iocl. street, Allegheny. It is a patent article and it is ellulloIrated aIs:!limng the m11:1111fat11ured( articles of Pittsblrgh, though any staTistics4 as to its works or business c'oillot be given, tile firm declining to give theni. Burial Cases. The I:Xcelsior ('Cofin & (Casket Works, which was established in 1864, is the o<ily v intiuifatorv of thle kind in Pittsbuiirgh or in Western Pennsylvania. The works are at the corner of Rtebecca street and VWestern avenue, Allegheny city, and thlie oflice corner of (Irant and 6th avenuie, Pittsburgh. The works occupy about two acres ot floor sillrh,e, in two brick buildings, four and five stories high. An average of 175 hands are iemployed, and the value of the product is about $400,0^0 learly. ()ther statistics relative to the business declined to be furnished. Optical and Mathematical Instruments. There is lut one establishment in thle citv that is really engaiged inl the mninufacture of these goods, althouth there are several who deal in them in colnnecticn witlh other nierchandise. This one establislhment is carried on by W. E. Stierell ait NO,..44 Smithfield street, lie having estalislied the buisiness in 1 64. The principal wO,rk of the factory is sturveyors' and engineers' instrlcuments, also microscolpes. There is an average of eight hanulds employed in the factory, but all flr'ther statistical details were declined to le furnished. Artificial Limbs. There is but one establishiment in l'itt,burgli especially devoted to the nianufta(turintg of these aids to crippled liunanity. The establishient known as the Artificial 1imli Malnliactluring'onm lpaniyl, with office at No. 909 Penn avenue, and ;was estallishied in 1869 by the prresent proprietor. This establishment is widely knowii ad has I a trade reachinii to all parts of the Vnitled States. Its specialty is al ad iustablc laciig. socket, hy ime:ins Of which ais a limnl shrinks or intcreases the socket can hie adijusted to it. Th,eyv i1aillt.tuIre lundrelds of themI yearly\ but detailed statistic-s could not be obtainlled. Sewing Machines. Thlere lre. as there is ill everv city, algencies for the sale of sewing imachines, but the I'ITT'PSh'II GII'S I'RO(;RESS, 159 Love Button Hole and Sewing Machine is not only one of the intilfactring products of 1'ittsburgh, but the invention,f a PittsburlherII. The Inulhi,e was invented by Samuiel Y. ILove in. After securing his patents he suglht to inter(est calitalists in Eastern cities in the inventioll, but not being successful returned to Pittslburghi, wher Ie he ound appreciative parties who moul set the value of the machine, and a eonVp,any was organized in 1883 br theiir manufachture. Their peculiarity is that it is thell nly platical button hole machine for fillil v usel., easily changed f'im - lain work to hutton-hole miaking by a simple movement that requires no more time and skill than the opening of a knife. As this change in machines heretofore has been a comiiiplex mechanicd contrivance the simplicity of the ",ove" sewing machine has brought it to the front of the market aind given Pittsburgh a noteworthy falctory in this line of products. The building used in the lmaking of these machints is two stories in height, 150x180 feet area, and the value of thlie plant is 845,(o00. The fatcory has a capacity of fifty machines a day, which requires the work of albout 200 hands, whose wages will average 1150,000 a year. It is said that the machine is the most comlilete now manufacitlred. Some of thile points of superiority claimed for it are that it will make two seams in one operation, either zig zng or straight, being adapted to either one or two needles, and the zig zag stitch is nilade by the same device that makes the button-hole stitch. It makes a perfect hlck stitch and is self-threading throughout. The needle is self-setting. The length of the stitch is regulated by a thumb-screw at the base of the arm of tlhe maclhine, which working on a guage shows the exact number of stitches to the inch. The oflice of the ctonimny is at 702 Penn avenue, Pittsburgh. Manufacturers of Slate. The only firm in thie city which make an exclusive business of the nianuffhcture of articles of which thie material is slate is.\Aii.:x & ('o., corner of Liberty avenue and Eleventh sltreet. The firm established this business in its preisent comprehensiveness in 18S1. The uses to which slate is applied has in the past decade or two been greatly augmiented from its early application as a roofing material, and the tirm, lihereiintroduced as one of the indulstries of 1'ittsburgh, nimanufactire all articles fi" \\wihosc (c-nstruction slate is used. Among other products, the firm make a specciaty f' fire -pllae im:tels. PIrevious to the establishment of this firm the dealers in this architctlmral requirenient obtained frl'm the Eastern cities their supplies, hut lheir prodict in Plittsburgh has been by Aiken & Wo. nuade a sc.cess, and dtrv turn out fromi their factorv about 3.00),( antels a year. of artistic foris and hw(aitliful liniih. Wash-tuibs, step risers. and a variet' of other articles are also Imodnicts of their workshops: and for the,etter supplv of the raw material the irmi have theuir own quarries in York ciounty. Pa., they being of tile celebrated Peach Itottoilli slate, thlie kind bst adalted to the foregoing uses. This firm also nmalndiacture:a r,olin fromi the refuis-e of the slate, worked ull in INDUSTRIES AND RASOURCES. 0PITT7~B URGtI'S P1 OGRESN, their s,hops, which is ground into a powuier for that purpose. There are 75 hands enmployed by thie firm, and their wages amounlt to about 835,000 a year. River Pumps. This hydrnalicd implemient is manuf"ilctrled by Samuel Henson, at the foot of Iluibecea: street, Alle,gheny cNivy, the wo-rks having bhen estailished by him in 1852. Their s"eiic use is in the I,umping of the coal hoats. There are 6 hands emploved, aiinlt 75,C00 feet of luniaer used, and pumnps to the valIue of $10,000 WOi (e. Clothes Wringers. 'These urticls are madhebly the Sterling M[anufac'turing Comlnllly, limitedt, and is the only fl:tory of thl: kid.l in the city, and confine their ho-in(os to the mnutcture (of " Wringers."Tlie p)rodut of the factory is shilpped to all swections of the I-nited States, and tlhre is nmadle i- the comillany all average of 30,000 wrim,gers a year, the value ti thle pi,d;et being $100,000. Reflectors. This al'ti-le is manuf:nict red in Pittsburgh by the BIailey RIeflecto(r (iCo,pnny, whose ofli'ct is;iat No. 113 A'Vo,od street. In tile manufactulre of the Lgoods some 15 hands are eniliq),yed, whose wxig(s nmount t(o i8,000 a year, and 1al si-zes of relleetors foir lighting churches, stores, and esleciailly pullic buildings, are nu(le. These goods find aL market throughout the United States, andi even in Japall these reflectors represent Pittsburgh. Leather Belting Manufactures. HIartley Bros., No. 400 Smithlield street, are the only leather belt ranulfactorv at l4ittsbulrgl and west of the M,untains i l'ennsylvania. They use About 5,000 hides a year, tanning the leather in their own tannery foir the special purpose of manufacturing it into beltiug. In its pl,rcdctio,n the;y use the latest:nd IUest nmachines, antl manufacture all sizes, up to -12-inch double, worth $7.00 a fa ot, and employ 15 hands. Baking Powder. There is but one manufacturer of this irticle in Pittsburgh; it is known as the "Banner Baking, Powder,' and was CstalblishlCed in 1865 lbv JESSE 11. LtirPPico-orT. There is an average of 15 hails employedl in its production, whose wages will amount to from $4,(000 to $5,(00 a year, and they priduc(le about 450,000 (mcans a year, of the various sizes calld for by tie trade, and the value of the output is approxilmately estinmated at about $50,00U. Twine and Yarns. These goods are nmanufacturo.d bI Bentley & (erwig, whlose office is at 1301 Penn avenue, Iand their factory at New 1Iriglhton, otcel:lpying nearly two acres of grouind. It was orisinally tie l'inueer Flatx Mills, estallished in 1850. There is $200,0010 investedl in the works, and there are emplo,,yed by the firm 150 hands, 160 INI STRII,.1 RENll') I'l( 1,N. 1 whose vwages amoiunt t:) 440,000 a year. There is used in the works from 2.50 to 300 tons of raw material a: year, and 200 tons of twine and yarns annually made. Brush Manufacturers. There ~tre thre(, tI't,ries ill the city, whlo employ "5 tatnuls, whose wages will amount to $2;5,00( an Imially, and the product to 115,0I)0. Carriage Manufacturing. This,lsilless, altiough carried on in thirty-two establislhients, is more of a local traile thian m1:anufacturing for sliipnments to other sections of tile country, a:thouigih very fine work is turned out. There has been, for some cause, a falling off in this It'rancth of Plittsburgh's industries, as well as in wagon making, altlough the ]home c(onstumption keeps the above numbeihr of establishments busy, and about the samte u11t111ter of wagon manufiatories. There seems to be an excellent fielt at Pittsbuirglh for the titantlfa1ictuire, on a large scale, of these articles: the iroin, the steel, the woods, the leather, the springs, the paints and varnishi, all )eiing articles of Pittsburglh productt; and thle water and railway facilities for shipping to all seetiouns of the counitry admnirable. Tie estab,lishmients now here occiupy about 20 acres of ground, anld empoloy an average of 320i hands, iwhose wages will amount to $175,00() a year, and thle value of the outlput between $500,000 and $600,000; and the capital in the plants albout S300,000. File Manufacturing. The pri odTcti,tn f these miechianical implements is from four establishments, viz.: Fredericlk Eglisdorf, corner of Twentieth street and WNrih-lit's alley, who makes notliing but hliand-cut files; Eagle File C(nmpany, corner of Twenty-seventh and Smallman streets, and two smaller shops. The two more important file factories menitioned emplloy an average of 15 h:ands, and the wages disbursed amount to about 87,5 0. The business is at presenlt a small industry, but it wotuld seenm that Pittsburglh was a promisinig point fir progress in this brancht of products. Crucible Manufactures. Thliere are two establishliments producing crtucibles for steel manufactures, viz.: Illussey & (Co., whlose ollice is at No. 49 Fifth avenue, and McCullough & Co., whose works are at the corner of Thirt -sixth and Railroad streets. These works employ;in average (if 5-) handils, whose wages will amotunt to about i35,000 a year, aind thlic pro'du ce crucii,les to tile v:tlie (,f s:50(),000 a year, is nealrly as could be arriv,d at. Glue. 'lThe firm of W. A. I loevler & (Co., Limited. is the only establishment in Pittsli1rgh niinuftIc'tri,ilg glue, antd is tihe oinly one iii Westerni Peinusvlvania. They ihave two works, the clpacity of whiclh is ei,qual t,) the produlct of 4t; kettles of 120 bii-iishels each. F:cti,,rv No. 1 is lo-cateI, t atI tBoquet Station, on tie PWest Penn lailroad, and l Factorv Nuimber 2 is at Spring(ihle, on the same road, thle general 161 +_Z. 7 + o ~~~~~L O I:., -,: 7: = =..,- n ?. = +.= ~;U = ~ " ~ ,^m = - ~ c i CJQ C c3 +" ~ ~ -- - =~ =' . =+ +" = " - -71 _--. -" - o- tS + ^" "= . -~ -.- r.. - -: I:,.-. . -.: = 4 - _: _=.. = =_-'_ --:-.=- " _ = _ -. - - - - -. ='... + ~-. c -1.- = ..f" INDU\'I.'IT~ AN1D ll ( I 1"U 1'E. S -;2T20,000 a year, and the outp1ut of wood-workingg:lachinle. is from $60,000) to Pickle and Preserving Works. ''101'1 are t1)wo csloiMhlenlts in the city t:at comie m(h.r this cl.a.s of t4indu:irv. F. &.l. A -inz. 195 FirAt aveNue, e=Wbli-hed in 105 by II. J. I hin, awl the 11nn -vylvalia Virkld and Vinegl.ar VorksI, AXVat.on,. 1 111n & ICo., 63 \VaItr street. es -)ai- -ed hy tilk. saille firin. (K the first-named fitI,l it i,4, lailed that they h:tul!e dotl,lt' the al; lli llit of lany otier similar establishni'lt in t:he Unitcd Staes, osintIhe p1,oi'dllct of over 1.700 ares of Oland in all kinds of ve'getables. In these n", cstallidhntIInts 25) hands are e1mployed, el.i,;sc \\lagxes will 1\ve'rag..e:1]ii)0:00i) a 'lle. vall w i s of ill' prodlict was not givell. Broom Manufacturers. ''lilt ri' ac,' three i'ns whiose sliecial Insiness is tie iin iNl' ctlur' of ) Irootis, viz.: The 1.. 11. Sillith'Woodlle Warn' C(jinllantv; McElroy & ('Co.. No. 80 Th'ird :Vnlil'.e, anldi l.alI- &'Co.. No.:3 1,ibertv street. Thlcse firlls eiill',y an average i SI) to 1 h) alla, i lsoe t1 labon t o00) ton1 s )of )1,ii 1 Vli earii,:4 and pr1'dice froln tt50.000 io 200,000 do~,en brooni!4s a yar. Cork and Bung Manufactures. There are i.\o lirls niaitit'acutiring corks and ltun.s--.i' tr, g ~>ro:. & (o., Tw nt.a- ndlrth Hal d{:ilload st-eets, and the ( -cc(llc Cork.Mannltctllriili7" ('1:111tmly, Fort]y-lirst streett and.\. V.'1. E. -No jtatsics obtained beyond the mIllher 4f halnds cployed, wilich:Iv4r;tgv 1)et\v ell)00 and:1-5(0. Encaustic Tiles. "I'helre is li establi'-lint-lt in Pittsbl.rgh who make tfli, their ex,,h:sive brsinKs.& ulner Ihe irin litl nf the Star lkean.si Tile (o,lmin. M'ey n:nufia ture ornamental tiles tor heatrihs. &c., to luite a l,r,e exieni, ilani I> i: colst olid hi e ohtailled,," their plroduct. Lightning Rods. TFi.es' eoods are nIade 1by.1. \V. 1111111 & Son, No. 10 MI'.arket street. The prod111cl is variable, tlut 11:ver'age of' 20 hands are' employe.d, ad siome years:as high as',10Ml,OMl! foot have weet ina:ue of iron anld nqqweN-,l). Furniture. "1',. nlil:lllllilclrllilIV Io' fll-l. itiure lis not ext-nIsivcl. y pl)l,c~il,c d as a bnu iness 6rl Ile supply of dealekIs. There ar'e a nlilbtir 4) iirn. \hilvo, d(ing a large retail IrInde in!e diIlcl, of, tile local demand for homsehold fuiniturn. eniploy a limited i1lil1;ir ot,' hailds inll the tinishing and nmakiig of a fbw especial:articles of the goods rel'ir'ed in their t11ade%. 1mt there are no conpllreliensive nlu:ttlflacories of furniti-re in:1ll d11 part1e'lllrlnell alhou(h there are one or two in some of the class articleos 'and one liar-e esta4lishient tht 1: ianiuletUtnresall descriptlionsof flrnitnire. except 160 164 tables and chairs. This is the establishment of, M. Seibert & Co., who employ 175. hand,4 and was established in 1850 v (C. Seibert & Co. The wo rks of this firm occupy a live-story brick building, 50Oxl00 feet, and use about 1,000,(100 tfeet of walmit and popl,r lumber a year and $40,000N worth of hardNware, paying, about $75,0100 a year in wages, and iniluft:uturing, one year with anither, Q2)0,000 worth oif flirniture. There is also the firm of Ilagermiaier & Albrecht, manu1:tacturing parlor furnitre oly, theon a, t out of 87.5,(1710(, and emlplo"ying 20 hands. Also, (C. ( hettle, making chairs only, to a valile of 840,0100, and employing 1lt hands. Also, the Marietta Chair Company, No. 1018 Penn avenue, pr'ldueing chairs, jarlor tables and bedsteads to the value of 860,000, employi ig S haInds; and Andrego & HItsmer, employing.30 hands in the making of tables only, of which they manufacture to the amount of.1(),0100 yearly. Also, the Duiques:e Furniture ('ompmni, mi:nmufctluring Iedsteads and chanmber suits to the value of $30.000:a year, employing twenty hands; the Stevens Adjustable (chair nompany, making a: specialty of invalid, reelininig and rn ler chairs; andl the (. (. I Dunnell Desk anl Seating ('mnipny, who any excliusive attention to pews, pulplits and chairs mor churches a:nd seats for public halls. 'lThese eight especial manl1factories of furiniturite employ in thle a.Ligregate 3)00 hands, whose wages will amount to t150,000 a year, and the value of their products to $.10,0100 aniiallyv. As stated in the Iheginning of this mention of tile flurniture business of the city, there are somie very extensive retail establishments who have a number of workmen at all times finishing up the goods they sell. Of thlise establisliment,is there are tbrty, employing about -tI00 hands. The value of their sales is about $1,250,000, which added to the above figurmes of the shops nianuf'taaing sleciality, wculld nake tile total values of this class of business about SI,01,), (,111, and the total hands employed 71)0, and the wages $8;50,000. Mattress and Bedding Manufactures. The makiing of mattresses anll bed garniture has grown in ith Ip iast ten years to le a di,tinctive class business, embracing in its etalogue of articles I~ot onlv mattresses of various kinds, but also sheets, comtfrtsis, pillow, pillow ctses, sprimgs, and, in fact, all the littings of:eds. There are in the city tw" wh imanufiture exciusively vfor tile whi\lesale tri-Ide, viz.: A.. L. (AN & Co., No. 1:1 Second aveinue, e-taldished in 1857 by loenigk & lHoberts, 1(d: \(. Tit ottv:, No. 1019 Wood street, ctabihli hed in 1,-s hby Wm. Taylor. These two litis t si trictly wlholesale estahlihiments, and nmtuttflcture hair:s well as hi1k t1ittt s-. TI(ev emly Yomne -i) halis, whose wages will averaige'18,s,l 0 n, yn ar. and t on- te 20) tons of husks, 15 tims of curled hair and l141M,i iards of id kinig, of 1 val"ue of 31 01, Iesidos other material, as sheutings, jillow -cvsir,m ton,f4}t niteKiAl, c(ttoln ba:tting,.c., and their sales tveri,e fltc,(nit.-100 t):-lc(.ii l a frar. Thcre are also three o,theri-Thonlipsoiin 1,., A. E1. V'ells \: C-.,:tiAl ain & I)ashitach-wh, conihit-e \wholesale with retail ard i,ther furnitihig busiitcs, and PITTS1: 1I (;II'S 1,116, IF,S IND US'TRIE,S A ND I;SO URVCES. who employ 70 hands, whose wages will amount to $30,000 a year. They 11-e in the imaking of mattresses:;50 tons of husks and 50 tons of hair, and about 200,000 yards of ticlkini', to the valuhe of anbout $;5,(t000, and their sales annutally are from 8120,0010 to $1"0,00( worthi of thliese g ods and other bedding materials. In additioni to these, there are se\teral cstablislinicilts that are entirely retail. Woven Wire Mattresses. These are made by S. J. ('arson & ('o., 51 \Vest Diamond street, Allegheny, who established the business in 1870, and make tlie only filding wire mattress umade in tlie United States. This firm pay ont some 83,000 of wages a year, and c,Ilnstille 20 tons of wire in the manufacture of tliese imattresses. Spring Bed Manufacturers. A spec'ialty is made of the inanfacture of tile above style of 1)eds by (. W. Fis1t i:iuzsa., No. 121 Second avenue, who established this branch of industry ill 1883, manufacturing as their leading prod(ict interwoven spiral spring 1:eds. This firm are tile exclusive owners of two patents under whiichl they oplerate, one on a c1,iling macl!ine for making springs, the other is on a spring bed, whicli is known in nearly every State in the IUnion as tile Interwoven Spiral, ipatented Ajpril 10, 1883. The firm also manufacture woven wire nmattresses, enmploying in the factory of the estalislihment 16 hands, whose wages amitiunt to $8,000 a year, andti using 100 tons of wire annually. The amount of sales was declined to be given. Equitable Gas Machines. This is a special gas making machine, which is manufacturied by the l'iersmlo (Ii Sitr''i.Y Co., ILrirTD, 105 Wood street. The gas is forimed by this niachine friImi gasoline by the use of a dry blower, and is the only]\ machine of the kind made, being manufactured under patent controlled by this c,mpany. Many ob!jecti,nis have from time to time been urged against the use of air gas machines. The pr,wess of making air gas consists simply inl forcing aitr, by meians of an air pump, thirotiugh the carbureter, where it takes up) tile requisite amount of Ilydrocarbon Vapor, and thence throtugh tile pipes and burners. WVhile this is al,l,arentiv a small matter, its importance can scarcely be o,re'stimtte,. Ti e great objection hithcerto has been the variable quality of gas made. D)efec,ts have been fouml in the various methods adopted for forcing the air, and in the co,nstruction of the CA P ti- rIt:I-' to vaporize thie'asoline. When water is used in thie air pump or blower, it n1must be kept to a certain hI:ight; thle air comin-ig in contact witli tile water whille passing tihr,)uh thle ltuml)e lIcnomes saturated with l qro',,s upl,', and in cold weCather the viNoume of "as will' r\T,i"'NTONSE and F.IEEZE, callusing the lights to be.omne dim aind at last (lie out. In the Euitable, a dry blower being used, this is avoide:,. and also thie defect in hlie tCarklireter. In the loquitIabile the CAlIUIIiTErI is so co,nsruictedl tlhat thle gasolince is supplied friom a reservoir to the evaporating mal(terial in the (C'arbuireter AALr.I'ri.\/ aY ais fast a:is used, and in prolortio: to the q!iantitY of air which lpa,asses thlroughi the ilower. lIy this mnethod IG-) __ ___ M 1) 0 "clx r; -r/1. C, L~ iT I- i) ~,. L-L= r=' S " DCe,C Jj, c So' "; j3h C Cc- " 3 i C~ C j i d5% -r rj cr 6S: ICGY C a, - C -~ O U v j r i ~ r;" j~ 35e " wjCcr;r: i =-= s Y o T= IC1 C S " c " Ice -~x O i. 3 i ~I~co Y Zc-= - o ,, c, er. - c _ iu% r i.; O 'I ~- - " C' c ~ C, c." c ci cl sc C rc% - o T= ~I C 3C I 2CY .I:C'JCC -~I i 3_ i r- i ; O tT. S i ~I. ~ " D, i ~= r r ~3 V r( r C~ i i O C,~'" - E: o i" 3 c: i C c._ i, 0' Cj T i I 53C cr r= r ~ r %, 4sjii i ~~ " -I. C~ -~ CC c ET. - ,, o ;'j ur/l Cu iOTg Ci E C o I c= i i -- c " = "r,2 z ~- - C' ='" O -I.; i. -r L= =" ,= = =Z =- j.-. .=.?- r L':.: _ M. -,., ~ ,... -= =;.,-. 7"_E i x C, j - ~ c V r: i Cr -= " v C. " '' s;r ~I: i ~r: c, I ~.= c - - tr; j i e ii tr, I-= r i i - - c i' c :~C3 i % -3 i %v i ^e 3 ct 0zr 0 00 -0S E0 0 0 .0 0 ~r clc"-~ ~ -e e ~ ~-~ c Y - _I -;; i r, s j c, -o -- -e. ~10 Y'= " 0~I. 3 "; -J a r 3 Fl O E'- ~" .. 41: LI 7: r: I j c t: ai ~I, c;jC c "J-1 a tl J ci r: -- " -, 4 s c-= i L 'oo ,, :: 3'' ;i Y c =3~''3 i ~u ;oc r- r -1. d, = t~I. -- j -I. - --- i C 3 " ~~ -:.. c c e s; - tr ~ - - -- I i..- - CC = rr V r r - 3 i. tr. -zs ;jcr i =E r;r;~-O i. '1. P'I'"TTNBUR; S I I',PROURJL'S. the b Idy of gtasfline is not exposed( to the evaplorating process, s,tht th h, /last!tllou is " t''.sfionC f'v(ariy tI" le l'rst. po] woi('/ i/'o /th1 liceiiwo, e the lights are always of tilhe sale rillianicv. Excelsior Oil Tanks. T'lese are tile slecial nianiuttllltre of t he lxcelsi,ir N;muflti'tctlluring ('o., t only estabslishment in the city producing' this class of od,s. whliiii is a tank mnadle o,f till or galvalized iron fi, the llholine an hat ndling of' oil in toresn o:' tactoric-. They manufacture tanks of a valli f ( l )00 a yvear', and also, as a specialty, nialkrepoiusse shaping and niodelin.g, and also line sheet mietal work of every discription. Boiler Feeding Injectors and Gauge Cocks. These goods ardei adev.y. h. Sherif; Son & Co. ulnder several patenlts, and they niake a spe,cialty of the,business, which they established under their patents in 1Si86; also (Cha'llllin, Fulton &., wh. are also the Illanullfil('rers of thl:e Bingliham (uan.age C ock under patents. This latter firm also mianufaiture sypho,ti pumips utnder s'ole speci,al patents, and atls: -;everal other specialhies in brass goods. mnl;ade under patents held by tlie tiriim. The firm of [Rees, Shook & (Ao. also Imanifacture Ford's Patent Funnel Feedt Water Ileater, which prevents the eracking of the circle seams, caused iby feed water of a low temp,erature et,ning in c'ontact with the heatetd plates.-t- he bi:rninl, anld lbagging, of tlie plates iinlnediately over thile grate ars,-also, tlie oxidntioni of the inside if the staindl,e or ldriu. The statistics of hands, V\.ages, pro,duct, etc., of these speciatlties are emllraced in those of the classes of b'isic-s of wlhich these articles are special items. Cotton and Wool Waste. This article is i:li,e Iv o)l; olle estailislhineut in the citv. If. L. (iiil,s & (Co., No. S Suithlikeld t,tr'et!, nd w11 a esta!,li::lshd thellm in 18;77.of whitch ilte' sell aihout 2,000 ((1 hls. o(f -i! i lI,-. each. annuallYl. Paper Box Manufacturing. This ildll,ftrv is ohliowed hv six finnm, who employ:in average of 20(0 lihaiid. whose wag'es annually are about ~0,(c i) aindi, produce pap!er boxes of all descriptions to the value of fromn $125,00(1 to Sl.t)0(000 a year. Broom Sewing Machine. This is an ilvention of a i'ittshurther, ew'-ge Fi. 1c1,b d, tu i- the nli minwhine iot the description ini the Inlited St:ates. ha\ing been pertfec,tel in 1878, bt has "ily been since I< n the oiMarket. It is n)Idoe L) li:ir &;/azz:ii. 80 Third avenue, andi t,here are n,w ot oif the nacnhines wNorking in v"rious broon factories of the Unit d States and ('Canadas. The need!, in m ing the stitch works autonuticall v. (i that t clans tli stitilch to neet tile le.seninii. or increa-- ing thickness, the Ni ri1. N, -t:aistics of ploduct (Ir \7lues (o.h1l he had. IND I NTRIE'S A.IN) I ESO URlC SEN. Glass Melting Pots. The making of this important part of glass fiactories is carried on by the Pittsburgh (lay Pot (o., Limited, at 120 Rebecca street, Allegheny city. The firm employ about 80 hands and manfiaclture from 2.1000 to.3,000 pots a year. The value of tilhe output is about $80,000 a year, and tlie wages of the hands about $35,000 annuallv. The works occupy a fl,or space.f nearly three acres. This firmn also make a s,eciailty of Shalped Fire Brick f;,r filrnace construction, and are also importers of (;ernmn clays. Hard Wood Mantles. The r:nanufcture of these architectural goods is carried on byn Kramer & I edmlau, 95 North avenue. The factory occupies a umildint.i 100xl10, two stories in height, employing 20 hands, and producing work to the value of $40,(000. Woolen Factories. There are of these, two in A lleghen- city, viz: Alleghieny Woolen Mill, (:. Rleel & (Co., established 1842 by.C. lReel, nlanufacturing pure woolen blankets. flannels, satinetts, jeans, yarns and wool Ibatting. Thbis factory is 76x36: feet, two stories in height and has 200 spindles and 5 Imules, with a capacity of 25,000 lbs. wools consumption a year, and employs 6 Ihands. S. Bradley & Sons, have a factory for the nuinufactlre of blankets which occupies a space of 40x-130 feet, three stories in h,eight, consulling about 300,000 lbs. of w\\l a year. )ilt of which no statistics of pro duction could be obtained. Woolen and Worsted Factory. Th is is anlothier of tile nliew establ ishiments that niark the progress of Pittsburgh industries. It Was stalbilied ii 884 bY. tE & - xSoNs, and was built for tile purpose of manlml fatcturi_n sof! t iishid \oolen rl,, oods oil thle French principle. There are lbit six estullillmnil,nis slmilar ill the I-nited States. This factory is ,)~xl001 feet aid four stories hiil,i, fitted iupi with EIn,lish macihinery of thie be.t tiscription for tlie luproduction of tlse goo,ds. An avira.,e force of' 100) workers :ire empnlo oyed, but fulrther sitatistical details were decliined to be furlished.'The works are at tlhe corner of River avenue and Balkam street, Aleglieny city. Sky-Lights and Galvanized Cornice. Thelre are two firms malnufacturing tlhese,,Loods, 1asner & linger, 101 Alarket klreet, Pittsburgh, iand.J. WIN. Irwin, 11 I,acock street, Allegheny. They employ 6() tlanl-, whose -;wages:inoutnt toI) 5:,0) a.year. They consumle about 150 tons of gilvalized iron a year it the mnillluficttring of corilce, and the value of dheir plohilets will average about 1 1,' 00 i0) tO S1".0.)Y) a vi-. Soaps. These:are mna le ill some seven so,lperiesin ilittsbur-ll and A lleghenyi cities. One establishinent. W. & 11. Walker, Allegheny city. taking a specialty of fine toilet so:lps. These f1tot-rics employv froim l t 1(i t) han Is, wlhose wages will 167 PITT'I"11 I7I(FII -,'l, WO;1i1S. anmunt to from 4.()000 to 5_()0,000 a tyear. and the value of the soaps made is abo!l,t 860,00{0 a year. Galvanizing Works. There are three of these industries in the city, viz: Fimrm. ( tice. Est ab'd. Bvy. Pheix ( alvanizing Co., lt'd, 28 Penn avenui. 1884 Ph enix t. Co. VtOlta Iron Co., Lt'd,-'lwi Ti!fth and Pike sis., 1879 Volta (G. (o. Moorhead & ('o.,* Secon a.nd a d an Murph~iy. - Moorohead & C). *These miake a spociahy df galanizing sirhect iron their own make,iik. the Ph nix doing n rali worik. Thes-e three emln,loy in the l,roesses:n average of 75 hands, whose wages is about;-35,000 a year. They will use 2,0)00 tons of spelter ainnually, and 800(),000 pounds of acid. The plants are stated as of a value of S`70,000, having 20 laths. but as thie work is, in two of the establishr ents, emlra:ed in the statististics of the product of sheet iron, no exclusive data as to the statististis of the output can be mlade. Steel Heating Stoves. This is in article which is nianufaetured byv. lorrow & (Co., corner Market street and ]First avenue, the stoves being made of steel plates, for householld uses, and has the obvious advantaoges that arise f'i'(rI the use of steel instead (,f iron or other metals. Street Lamps. These are made by two tirnis, viz: S. Morrow, 112 First avenue, established 1872 by S. Morro,w, who 1ay eusle'iial attention tb laml,s for the lighlting of streets, and have a trade as far west as (California; also, Jlames Irwin, 1i63 Lacoc.k street, Allegheny. There are an average frMm i1 to 15 hands emndloved in this industry, and the pIrohduct is from $15,000) to 820,000 a year. Roofing. Thie various forms of riooifing as nanufatiuredt at 1ittsAurgh emibrace material 4f iron, tinl, slate and similar substances. That it imay be conipact to show its extent they are all given uinder one head instead of being sub-divided. They are as fo!lows:-S. Morro,w & ('o., 16 Market street, "tin roofs;" Aiken & (Io., rcorner Liberty and Ele\venth slreiCets, "'slate ritoiu;" G(rnvel Roofing ('0ompany 1004 Penn ave.; MeGaw. 141 Nederal street, Aklleghenv;. N,irthorl1 & co., Twentythird and MtIary sts., " iron rooling;" Edwin l.are & Co.. I aimond alley; Louis I lahn & Co., I'ifth avenue. "gravel;" I Iasner & linger, 101 IMarket street, "tin;" Thomax W. Irwin, 161 Lacock strect, "til;l";W. B. Iml,ton & ('o., 1012 Penn avenue, "-s late and gravel." These Wirrm enmloy from Wi) to 150 hands, whose wages will average fromt $40,000 to 8.i,()(10 a year, but of the gross pri,d'ucts of these establishments no statistics could h e had. It will probahly a:iount to about $800,0l00 a '-trtr. lA'l) ('N'FRIES A Al.' RENUt I I>. 'lecti 1 pp cl. T is safe to say that PittshUrgh has within thle past ten years made more rapid strides in introdlucing the practical appliceations of electricily to the various indlustries than any other city in the Irnited States. It is not meant by this that the city is in advance of all others in this field, but have reference Imore particularly to what has been acquired in that time. A brief history of the growth of this science into a filly miiatred and important industry is interesting and worthy of mention. Prior to 1878 there was iothing here in the electrical line save the nr,ltinary telegra systems. itt h has always been an important telegraph point as a repleating station. In 1878 MI r. T. R. A. IDavid brought the Edison telephone to Pi'ttsburgh, atnd in the same year the Bell system was introduced. The merchant,, were slow in seeingt the advantages of the telephone, as is proven by the amount of business d,,ne by othfi companies at the time of their consolidation, lEdison ('Copanyv having tiftv instruments and the Bell albout thirty, or a total of eighty. whiile 1now there alr'e bewteen two and three thousand instruments in service. In 1877 Mr. Eugene Ing-old hrought from Cleveland a fur-ligliht eletric light machinc for the Ipurpose of introducing the light in this city. The app,aratus was put up on I )cluesnv ih.ights and operated for a week. Then the lampis were ilounted in headlight reflectors, and at night the light rays were shot fronm this point over the city. This attracted attention, but did not develop business. In fact, two years were spent in securing the first sale. And this was a six-light malchine to James Park. steel manutfacturer. Shortly after this sale an improvement was made by whi.ch sixteen lights could be operated fromi one machine. This attracted general attention, and its superior adlvantagei: as an illuininant for mills were appreciat(ed and they soon eanme into general use. By 1SS2 the electric light had securt, the l confidence of thle public, anid Mr. George Westiilgho"ise and asso,'iates orgl:izedl the Allegheny County Electrie Light Conipl,any and lrchasid the rghts of the Brush patent. A short timle after!Mr. Inigold organized the Pittsbltrih IlEt lectri ( Compalny al, seelured the alge,lcy of the Edison ('CoIniItIy fior ill(anlld:('(t lic(lting, iand the Thomni,on I luestI,n i ttmipany for:ar' lilgiting. This lri,flyv skletches the introduceti, n of the use of electricity into its wider conllinercial ui.''s illn Pisl,iurgh. There are several eq:t,lishineots in Pitts! urghi that deal in electrical goods and also ina:ke specialties of eletical co:nstru-liions. THE IITTSBUil EL.IrItAL ('COMPANY. Ni,.:213 \V)'Wo street, es tailied in 1877 by Eugene Ingo,ld, deal in all desvripti, id f Vleitriial nuMpli0s: also. burgltr alarm. annunciattors 17 and similar,goods. They also Imake a specialty oA' electrical elngineering in all its branches, employing about 18 hands. The \driarl Electrical Supply Com1pany, No. 47 Fifth ave!lie, is another estiabishimienit dealing in eleetrical goods and construetion. The McTighlie I'leetrie ( oinpany is a third of iihese electrical supply and constr uction companies, all three being engiaged in the mianufheture and supply of those appliances for lightinog by electricity or suich other uses as it is now used for.'The whole inumber of hands erlloyeo: by these ompnll ies is from 50 to;60, but no statistics could be obtaillned as to thle iggregiate value of the business transacted. Carbon Points. This is:an industry that has arisen in littsburgh from the increase of the use oI electricity IIr illumiating purpones. o tile uninfirmed reader it is perinaps well to say that a "carbon 1,,int" is a cylimler 12 inches hloi and abulot an inchl in diameter, made of icntrolemn coke rincipally, that being tile finest quality of cari,on. Their practical use is the prodlction of light by causing ani electric cirrent to Iss throtgh them. IThey are made at Pittsburrgh 1 the use of natural gas, as those umade by the use of this foel are l'rund to be much superior to those made.vith c,al or coke. They arc mlad le by the Pittsburgh C(arbon Compally, I limitel, established in 1883, who employ 27 hands and turn out 3,000,0I)0 points a year. The Union Switch and Signal Company. The pro.d'ct's of this cv.rporation are not only such as add to tile Imagnitude of the tllut ofi tile manu:facturers orf l I1tsiburgh, 1)1t of a chalracter that renders them vahble in othier than by peC'uniry estinmati-. This value is in tithe sa:iity which is 1lv thkm given t1 railway travel:ad the ilrevention of colli -ions by t it( electric oul,intic locking'switch and sign-l shifting, lvers nalllf:mllurod by this 'nll]ianyl. "it r lpliaiu e of hiesei. i, througli the " 1loll: sYsteml " as list intrloduced oil thIl 1eClnsylvania Nailroad',nl thlree,r!,ihur vcars since,. and theirt wX'oki,g i!o i this i'se: I O t l odttle track systen of Aulto ullie C -Electric siglnals tile rails are dividjed into blocks of a mile (r less in lenZth and insulated at the end of each block. .\ Iattcer', is plIaced at,me end of the Ilock and a simnal at the other; I,ne pole of batter'v is conne'ted to la,'ch rail, and they in turn to the wires of the signal niagnets. The ,-titavnt eurrent through the rails and signal mnunet, by attracting tite ma1n1, 1 atu0, Wls the signal t, sntly. lWhen a train enters a block the elec'lrir c'nrrenl is short circuited through the wheels and axles of tilhe train, therehv <Im,:nli>i". the signal ma:net, mrel"sin its armatrL e and nausins the siAnal 1,.oi to dani er., whe're it will remtin s, hmog as a i1lir of wheels are mn tiMe block I,r section. Thle switc!es are allsWl otIInnct'''d to.iM.cMIIits ttirouiWgh a switchl-box or shuntl, l d whg ( the.with is othen tl' c.re:t i shunlted so n hat thie si,ni al displogs dmaer. l'ortions of sidinxs are al:o includeo in the virnuit, so that any (ars standin, oi the sane in wuoh a,,sithm as to fRdl the main trOak, will swt thce main track (1ill'c- to [l,qr. 1II7'/'71Ni, IIRG lH * P; l/, E,'iISN. IND USTRIES AND lRESO LUR( ES. Also, when, the switches being properly set, a train takes the siding, main line signals will not only be at danger, but will remain so until the rear of the train has moved entirely over on to the siding, so that all possible danger of fouling is wholly avoided. Signals will remain at danger until the main track is clear beyond the danger point or line. Any accident or defect which renders the running of trains unsafe, such as a broken or displaced rail, a car left on the track, causes the corresponding signal or signals to go automatically to and remain at danger till the track is repaired or the car is removed. The single track Automatic Block Signal system operates in the same manner as the double track system. Two sets of signals are used, those on one hide governing trains going one way, while the other set governs trains going the opposite way. A train on any section ho(ds to danger in its rear a signal, or signals, governing trains moving in the same direction, and also holds to danger ahead of it a signal or signals of the second series, governing trains moving in the contrary direction. Trains oni any portion of the tracks covered by the block system are thuls protected against both face and rear collisions. T1HE UNIOx Swrv'rt AN)D StNi.(L Co1IIANY miaufaicture railway signals of all kinds, operating automatically by the passing train through rail or wire circuits, to set or reverse signals in front or rear, or both. I ydrauilic and Pneumatic Signal and Switch Shifting Apparatus. with interlocking comnbined therewith. Interlocking Machines of the Saxbv & lFarmer and Stevens type, used extensively in England and on the most prominent roads in this country. Also, the Toucev & Buchanan Interlocking Machines. Also, Frogs, Crossings, Switches and Swit,li St:amds. (Grae (rossing Signads, which, whvlttlchr olbeyed or not, render collisions at crossings imnpossilde. Trains in Massanchusctts, New York, Ohio, Indiana andl Nlichiqun arc allowed by law to r!u over gradcrsings without stopping when the latter are equtilpepd with theis-: sigiials. Alarim llells for Il,iglhway (Crossings, I)epots, etc., which give the traveling pmblie due and certain notice of appr,oaclhing trains. The company own or control over 25)0 patents, which is believed to cover all reliable or safe circuits for electrical signnalinvg. This comlrehensive corporation, of which ( Gorge AWestinghouse, J.r., is President; ('. I..Jackson, Vice President and (General Manager, and A.'. flowand, Secretary, occupy in the iannfacture of their signals one and a quartsr of an acre of grotnd, the greater part of which is Nc~-vered with a five-story brick building, in whicli 135 hands are employed, whose wages average $135,000 "a year. The works are in operation about 300 days in the year, and the prodi;-ts run from $W(.)00, to.5500,000 annually. The \value of the plant, including cost of patents, is ;I,i886,000. The office is at the works, on the corner of liwpluesne Way and tarris-on alley. 171 172 q'ITTSBt,'iRGI'S PROGRESS, In the same 1buildin.l, is located the works (of The Standard Car Heating and Ventilating Company, i corporation for the iima,nfacture of an apparatus for heating railway ears by low pressure steam heating and ventilating apparatus. This consists of a suspen(led heater cutside of the car, from which heat is conveyed into the car by pipes. BY this protection is had from fires caused by stoves in event of collisions, derailing, <or any of those po-ssible accidents by which cars are overturned or stoves displaced. The value of the plant, including patents, is,449,000. Thi.s is a comparatively new industry, and as yet limited in its statistics. T'e p)roducts are now at the rate of 10,00) to y20,000) a year, and 7 hands arc employed, whose wages "amount to $4,300 a year. The oflice is at the works, o(n D)uquesnCe Way and Garrison alley. INDIUSTRIE'S A ND RESO URCE,. 17:;. '-L ait,rtufiadtuterA of I'Ta i, A i 1?g i[ulturCd -'I)pd ir'tlvy Sub tapSde. Breweries. Malt liquors ntder some one name or other has always been it beverage of the Saxon races and their congeners. It was the inead of the old Norse nmen, the beverageofthSlvoiceole of tlie Ilin1, and SIavonic lwop of the sturdy ]rit.Ons and the fiery Welsh. It finds honest hereditary acelinmation in America, where the Saxonl bldo,1 throlgh what(ever branches ldeceeiltd inds a new nntihnalitv in the " United States'," yclept Anericatn. while awaiting the inew race cognomen yet to be coined. In:t city where the mnechanical popumlation, asat lPittsiurgh, is so largely cormposcd of the races whose ianufactured eve, rages are of malt distillations or fermientations it is natural that the brewing of beer should attain a prominence in its manUificitured products. It is 1:hardly t tree decades of years since the introduction of "lager" in Pittsburghl was one of the novelties of the town, although the old-tiie English ale was Irewed byv (eorge Shiras as early as 1795, he having a brewery at what is now kni,wn as the Point. While the brewing of;le is still olne of the industries of the city it is only proisecuted exclusively in one establishmeinint, and as a side product in a coiuple of other breweries. There are at the present time twenty breweries in opleration at Pittsburgh, a large part of which are of great ropon1rtions, representing the investment of a heav'vy amnount of capiital in the Idlants alone, and give employment to a large nuimber of I"eTple. While beer and ale as beverages are fliniliar in their merchantable shape to most persons the extent of a first-class leer brewery and the details of iianutlfact turing lager are not so, and a 1rief descripti(m of one of the first-class I,reweries of littsburgh in an enumeration of the varied Itrocesses is opportunie. Selecting tIhe lsx ('irv BIur':\iV;ty of'itRATE:xI I:IM & ViSA.C(l because of its site and that having been lately t) a great extent reluilt antId rearranged with the latest facilities, tlie variAits liroe,sses::re in ctiinection wi th its statist ical details given as illustrative of Pittsburgh breweries as a class. This brewery with its yard roomi octcies a Slnce of two acres, of \hich one atre is kovered with the buildings, which are all,f Iriek, four st,ries in height, its new extenAimns beirg cmostructled fire-lmi,f of lriick and ir,n. The first lproess in the nmnuifaietae of lagcr egitins at tile imalt floors, of which this brewery has two o(,f 50xGO feet eacih. Thelse iloors or roonms are of low ceilings aml stone floors. The barley is first pi:t 4PI7'TSi7,M II/'S I','M(U''SS. ito a large iron tank with a sutiHeienvy of water to "soak."' Ilaing been thoronughly soaked it is then it spread ovir the nialting flo)ors to "s')r;out," which it does iln a ew da:s. fteA r being suticieuntly "slo outo l " the barley is transItrred to tlhe dryineg kiln, over the floors (of which it is slpreadi and slowly dried fromn t lie hat (if ,.ke 6res burning lKneath the ironi i,, The "malt" thus Iinis'hed is then takw; to huge scales, and the proper qluantity ot' a "brew" is ast.ertained by wei'ght. From the scales the "mnalt" is passed on to the "screens," throuih whi'h it is run t, take'ut all the chalf or dust or dirt iof any kind., that it may enter int) thile ";ath tuils" as elenni Is po)ssible. The oh,et bl eing to have Ithe "tmalt':t this ',)..es- of birewitg piure, so that not distillations or juti'cs of' impin-0,re hlodik, may tlting' wINh the Imlt juicel. Blefore goingl inIt tile mab:h t tll) t i, alt is n'-3 ik w1it i: called the "millt ". that the i(e otf thi e n lhed Iea 1rile': n 1a, ti,re t'.i'i v c,,nt';.ted. Ill the " alll:sh tlub1',"' which in the rwl,wurV here in(lentAlly dpsilwel, are of a canpaity of:)(0 barrels, Ih, crushed su"stance is qaturmated with.ta amd work. (ir Ahurneil ly machinery. ri'm the "rinsh tub" the liior isn of; leaving atile bottom of t the bottomof the tub the ,ebris of the it:l1t, which is daCly (.1aimced ouit, leiti' C i.t11 is known is "grains,'" :1 sold tort tile eehing of d1ti''ry:tock. The liqor' thus obtained is pure muilt juice, and is a liQuid of great hy,_iieni' tic timd.i(s, and claimidl to be of remarkable :,'trishing qualities, espc'ially for perions of consumptive tendencies or inherent o)r anuired weiakness of thdie v4tad l''tcs. This pintt itlt liquor is then run into tihe "brew kettle" for boiling, or brewing, ait which'i time the "hops" are adde'1. "['he kettle in thie brewery, whose rmn of ptr('esses is here ftliowed, hohl;ig in ) I:arreils, constructed of copper, 1]G t'et ill (tlamier, or 48 feet in cirlcc'urence, and :hout 14 feet in deplth. Flrom the "kettle" the "tlrew" is riI into a large iron tank, called a': Io).Ja k." rom this the bee', s the liquid ow is. is trainied (i l I-oIl."t sieveS7,' t! he ilps ren! l:illill. ill the "J.ack," from whi. l(.h tiley are dailyi,m,v.d and throwil away. Thi~~ see'ls to b':. direct "vasue, and lssi,lv is, as this': rifuse is (laimnied b,'i hemci ists ti have great fertilizing ftlri'a, and it' so, sl uald he utilized tasa fer'ilizer. lrom tihe' " llop Ja'k " the beer passNs (ver a " htiudelet Cootiler."'This is an trrant,ementet (tf a sc'ore of c(lipper pipes, thlroiugh which t()old vwater is conStaitlly fo'' edl, whilih in the uirewery here describedi is obtained frotiI i'ui arite.i~n wells, of froi'm 3( ) to')()() feet in d('iepth, which deliver from:()o it:J) i,trrels cach an Lour'. Mver the surti'e (if thl-e pipes the 1,temit )(u cer lfrim the kettles tails in a 1i',)stant, -t w, dri'ir,i' s-'ower. Thuts cdrple lti lie 1 r ru' ns. intt, the tertmentinti Ilnnks, alll( ohere rcinaills fro" n tv(elve to fiourt( ei; ly.Is" goig, through the pro'ess o f' ler entatin, erlm tiae tifer.;t.,l,,i tal.ks" it is conveyed to, what is terrmed the "rs-t cllars,' v.h(.eIC it is ti ft fromt three to fot1i minilths hefiore it is ripe ior ,1le. Tio..,e.s ar a ]<it:t a Mow wimnwraturn Q" meano lf three nrtiHi'ial iAe lackiti lltes. rt ie itirtt l'g tUjitii' of 10)0 toa' ci dt'. W',het taket'toni the "rest cellar" tl(e beer is co;iveyed t(o tlile "chip cellar" for a further pluriifying txroCess, or, in other t'w(ris, that auy t ivait or other impurities that nmty remain "muav he taoken t hv what is terni "'hips." These are blocks of wood tiotit six 174 S- e.r i, s I-=s .O er-n c ~ t ~-' S ,~ r ~- 3 1, i 1. 1. :i e r L'" = =;r '' tT: ;ii " Y ~j r u s:C C tlj C tl 3EZ ii % ~-~ - 1;5= c c -~.. -.e z i - -~ c -:.Zt '"' r ti G 3 -L a --,~~ I. c .1L ~,i .~e c -- CCI :1. ~r i I. i r3 ?i C 51 tr i u-P C;%~ -c:f: *I r ;t tr: u I. Y r v ,i ti S-cL J. j v c-j ~Ir P J -= ;1. z P c o 5 i r I -I 1. r .i Y j i "; 1. c:1. e... ~~I C I ;r I r ~% ~1. . t'~ % " C, I a; t r, s ~- s s -"- ~_ - .-7. , . c = j ,L z ~r. ^r - t~I "J C i' ; i -r ~I crl u $ ~~ c= I. i ~,, c-I.~e z C ET C ~I: 5 i~ 5 C, i, C rJ -r z c, S:'L =.;i ~~-( c, - I 1 L j i -~ I. r. ij J ; -C r' r, c -~ -I. -~-c f :.z -7 I., - 8 it' I--I' r, ~I.'' j C --r i. c. I - r -~ i L sr - I. c. -~, r -~ -~ c : 1 ~ = i ;.1 1. I. 1L -~ c r I 3 3; F. S:1. I: "-I -T Z 9~ 1. j -~ ;r ir -= c, :: " i. -r. s ~1. ~3 i e, ~rTi ~1. I. "..c V i I -I.-~ -~ a ~~J. IND U1 7'PRIS A -D RI)ESO I ('EK In "Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year," (page 112,) published in 1876, the following mention is made of its first practical use and possible results: "Of late years a new substance has literally'arisen, which seems destined to p],!ace Pittsburgh beyond the power of competition, so far as fuel is tile controlling power, which it is where great quantities are requisite in the manufacture of articles. "This new substance is the natural gas that has been found in the petroleum regions of Pennsylvania. The immense quantities of this substance that rushes "ul through the holes or wells that have been sunk, is almost beyond comlprehensin,. It is presumed to b,e inexlhaustable. Similar escapes of a like gas in Asiatic Eiirope, oii the borders of thlie (Caspian Sea, are known to have continued for hundreds of years, without apparent diminution. For the manufacture of metals, this gas, by reason of its purity of' flamne, strength of heat, and absence of sulpliur or other deleterious ingr,edients. is without a peer. Somei of the largest veins thalt have been struck re withiii a coniparatively short distaniice of Pittshurgih, and pipes from one of these wells Ihas been laid a d(istance of' some seventeen miles, to the ironi works of Spang, Chalf-nit & (''., the Isabella Furnace and thle iron mills of (raft; Bennett & o., in all tlree of which the gas is used as a fuel in the place of coal. At the iron works of Itodgers &- lrurchliehl a gas well, within a quarter (of a iile of the mill. was utilized a year or more: ago, and its success fllv demonistratt-d.:it upon thalt point there is no question. The quality of iron iiade by it is greatly s:l erior to t!!hit treated with coal. Increased quality, comhinied \\with decreased cost of fuel, is the result where this new fuel is used. Such a conmbination creates a manufacturing advantage that seems to set at deliance any conlpetitioii, and opens to Pittsburgh, inl the contest of tlie United States for f,,reign imarkets, ju-t now be,-gun, a woniierfil advlanta(ge ill the production of articles iwhereli cost of fuel and supHeriority of' quallitv by use of superior heats, enters into the cheap produ(ction awd its consequet aiilitY to control manrkets. The probability tha t exists from 1n11y indicaltioens that thi-s supplyl if nautural gas is noi t merel in tile ic unities of \\ es'tein ienlsl\ vani:ll. her, Pietlroleumi is o)It:.inied, but is 1ii1 de i. the veiv sulrfu-I, oil v hich te ilaulluf t.iories of P'ittshurghi sil;ald, is ait still furtler ailv:uii,a as;t will o,t ieed to bie rolughlt friim a dist:ine in pipes, but prlocuredi ait tlhe imllr, diiate:-id f the fircs it it is io sulopk. Rushinii, up from the depths iof tlihe earth its ow\n forc' tihe cost fl, the fueil, when once thle well i- sunk, is no0tliinig." The sequeicl e of events has maile the l6regoinu prob,ability in acn tality, and oiie of tile lar.Irest iron mills of the city is Ilusilui the g'as filel froln wells sliunk within the works, while other mills are suppliedl froml wells in the citv limits, and the advantages already demo!istrated in tile use of the fuel conflirm the expressions as to competition. With coal fiuel Pittslbur-lh, fromi thle combination of othler utadvantages existing at that locality, must have still co,ntillliued one of the most noticeable and proig,ressive cities ill tilhe ulntr. nder this new power obtained bv the utilization of natural gas. and securi:ng it practically at the vemr, fires it feeds., the question of the city having a remar-kable growlth in polpulation, in produn,t-, in wealth and n:iiufacturing suiperiority. rests upon the fiact, is the gas fuel is lanatically inexhaustible as i, her c:dt: anil fuirther, is the suppll, mainly eonuined. o for as thle it- nited States is c0o:sidcred,. to, i'ittsbnuri-gh and a vicinity of thirtiy or fort-i miles aroii(l. The a!irlmnative of these indi-ates a most wonlderful flitiire r Iittsurigh. If not full aftirmnive:and I:artially negative, as to extlnt of ta erit rl in xwhlich it shall be Firm. Eagle,..... Amber,... North Side, Willow Grove, Star,...... Winterton,.. National,... ! Eberhardt & Ober Brewing Com-) pany, 1'Tro,y Blill road,.....) F. L. ()ber & Bro., Vinial st..... Kippel & opf............ Enz & Schaier............ liauerleiln I,ro. & Co......... (Z. Wainwright & Co., 36th and) l('harlotte sts..........) Edel & Seifert, 2600 Josephine,.. E. 11much, 2601 Sarah....... John Nusser, 107 S. Twelfth... Rauch & Rludman, 1700 Josephine, AL. Winter & Bro, 2700) Josephine, 1852 18s58 1859s 1861 1811 Establ'd. *Brew tonly ale and pi()ter, aLid is the only exclu,ive ale brewery i1 A.\1cggh,y county, and is a conce)ntratti,n of the Alleghenyv Brewery, estatlhisCed in 182s;, ani the l'ittsinmrgh Brewery of 1tNI, and the Dlarlillngr n lii c wery. +Ale and 1::er. These sixteen breweries have a capacity 4f 800,000 barrels of ale and beer a year, and employ 400 hands, whiose wa-es will amount to;$22')5,00( a year. The value of the plants is about $1,300,000. The product of the breweries is of a value of $1,500,00 0. 1They employ 160 wagons and 300 horse(s, and use about 600,0)00 b1)ishels of malt and about 500,000 pounids of hops. Malt Houses. There are the f,llo:winig malteries in P'itt,burgh: M. \Vil, No. 638 Penn avenue, established 1878; P. Keil & Son, No.,e16 Lilert.y avenue, established 1877; Weil & Aaron, 1019 Liberty avenue, established 1880; hllerhardt & Ober, Troy hlill. These employ in the malting fromn 20 to 25 handiis, and malt about 2(00,000 bushels of bailey. There are malt hi,uses also connecttd with the larger breweries, who use their own ialts. The fiiregoiing represents the nialteries whi se product is disposed of' by sale to brewers having no malterie.g connected with their brewerii-s. Tanneries. Pittsburgh is the recognized head of the market of the I iiit,ld States for certain kinds of leather, amonIg which that which is technicallv kiown as harness leathler, of which that Otf 1V;ttsb'irgh make is the market stamhlard. It was natural thIt iii view of the oak 1and ]in lock fire-sts of \VWsitern Penn:; lvtonia that this industry should early take roOt at itt:hinri,'andl Jhoul! have contilied to be a grovinlla branch oi the city's buIine's. Of tie ilrst tanneries altailished at this point the writer has io o'inie inlil't,tic i. 1l:ut in 1,i ldhie wN-re.,ciording to " (' ra,"s," which gives at tht dlate a svhllemlnAte of the "master workmen" in the town, seven tanmers. In 1812, aicccrding to tl:e same publicatioll, there weree ill town six tani:llries. In 1817, ii a report made 176( PtITTNB URGII'S P,ROGRESS, By. E. Eberhardt. -. Nusser. Philip Gast. .IJs. Wainwright. John Wilhelm. ~John Nusser. .John Beichbach. INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. by order of the Town Council, there were seven. In 1857 there were, as given in "Pittshbryh A Ist," thirteen tanneries having 477 vats, employing 132 hands. In 1876 there were fourteen tanneries employing 166 hands, who tanned 70,000 hides, besides callf and sheep skins, and the value of their iproduct is stated at $85),(0. ()ne of those earlier tanneries established in 1790 bhv William Hlay. is virtually ('c)tinued in existence at the present date, being that conducted by William (Callery & Co., although the site of the tannery has been changed front its earlier loiation near Liberty avenue and Fifth street. There are at the present timie twenty tanneries in Pittsburgh and A\lleglieny cities: Name ).lnueslle... Franklin,.. Keystone,.... W'aslhingto,.. Lion....... Fairoaks,... I'hoenix,. 1,clipse,..... ]Eureka,..... Fort itt,.... Aenie,...... Spring Garden, .James (allery & Co.. Martin L:lappe, Son,.. J. C. Laplpe & SAl,.. \VWmI. Flaccus & Son,. A. &.J. (;r G etzinger.::. John IaLR.rty & Co.,A . 1. l,,steiu.I....... I hart lev I'oros.,t.... Keifert, Steifel & ('o.,::. 1). P eitler & it':..., '. ( Hanti $....... Wollel & Link,.... John 1. Dlowning' & Oq., Acune Tannibig o..n. (ierdes I,eather (o.,it. \Wettach O ('o.,T... P1'. MIc(;raw,...... 'redl Emert,... 1'. AleAnn *lty,..... Conrad Franz,"..... -statblisII d. 1790 1841 18-14 1851 1853 1802 1872 1875 18]3 1882 S...... S..... *Sheel skins. **(alf skins and kips. ttse productl or leather helting made ly this firm. iBy. Vat capacity. \Villiam lays,.... 16)0. (;eor-e J. Lappe,... 80. .. (. lappe,...... 15). W\m. Flaccus,..... 100. ('. Gretzinger & Soni, 100. .James Watson,..... 7. A. I!olstein.......... 80. 1:artlcy, MIclKee i Co., Neifer. Steifel & Co.,. 80. 1). iBeitler & Co.,. t'. C. Haxs,....... 82. 110. lohn 1. D)owning &'o., 100. SCorporation............. Wmn. (;erdes & o...... \Wettach & c(o.,.... 20. t............... Illarness leather. Q eollar leather. t-tUl)per leather and calf skins. These twenty tanneries occ'upyi an area of thllirty a(ces and employ about 750 hands, whose wag-es will average over 8400(,00) a year. They will tan about 250,00()0 ides I year:: as i:ear as can( he ascertained 25,)(000 sheep skins, and from 25o000( to 83H1,00 calf skins. TO valtue of the p,lants is e:timatel at t750,000 and the value of tihe output as near as llgures can be ha! is 8N500,0,00. Fire Brick. Thv prodlttiotn aid sale of this class (of 0ri1k has been lar'elyv increased by the increa-ingi., number of iron. steel ntd glass imanufattories and blast flurnaces at l'ittsburghlI,. In a in iufatctutiinu district, where great lieats are al)plied to (rude isulbstances used for the lpro(du(ct of manufactured articles, lire brick becomnes a primary need. ailt is an importalnt itemi in the conetruetion and maintenance of all 177 PITTSBUIRGH'S PROGRESS, furnaces. The pioneer manufacturer of fire brick was a PIittsburgher. Mr.Ssmuel M. Kier, as early as 1845, in association with another person, constructed and operated what was known as the "B olivar Works," and thus laid in Western Pennsylvania the foiindati,,n of this important industry.'Mr. Kier is the same person who is mentioned in the article on the oil trade* of Pittsburgh, as the pioneer in retining crude petroleum into an illuminating oil. It is just to here say that at his death he was sl:cceeded by his s,,ns. inier the firm style of Kier Bros., in the fire-brick business. which they still conduct at No. 1029 Liberty avenue. There are now in Pitt-burgh the following tirnms engaged in this industry, their offices being in the city, but the "brickeries" at varying dlistances from it, according to the location of the clay bed(s: WVorks. Firm. Estal,l'd. By. Kilns. Bolivar,*. T(o. 11. Anderson & Co.. 1 49 Kier & Glover... 3 - Penn'a Manf'g Co........ 1884 Penn'a Manf'g Co.. 4 - Kier Bros.**......... 1845 Kier, (;lover & Co.. 4 - W. A. Scott & Son...... 1863 John Nicholson..... Star,.... IIarbison & Walker....... 1865 Star Fire Brick Co.. 16 Woodland, Woodland Fire B. Co., L'td. 1870 - 13 - Welch, Palmer& Maxwell.. 1872 W., P. &'M...... 3 - Welch, (;lover & Co..... 1880 W., (. & Co........ 8 - West Va. Fire Brick Co.t.. 1882 Thos. Freeman.... 1350 - Savage............... 1872 Savage Fire B. Co.. 25 - Black Lick Manf'g Co.t.. - - 5 - Clearfield Fire Brick Co.t. - - 6 *Mine their own clay, and make a specialty of tile and shales of higher gra e to meet the great heat in steel making. "tJohn Richardson, agent, Pittsburgh. -*Manufacturers of the "Salina" Fire Brick and Tile. +Represented by E. S. McLain. The sales of these twelve fire brick works are not to be given with any direct yearly amounts, as at times the demand taxes the full capacity of the works, and at others there are intermissions of dlemand until necessities for firnace repairs or new constructions calls for a fill suppl,y. The capacity of the 237 kilus is given at 119,000,000 a year. At a value of $20.00 a thousand, this would be a business of $2,380,000; and there are about 1,800 hands employed, whose wages would be about $750,000 a year. In addition to these works, there are several firms who are commission merchants for this class of material, but of their transactions no statistics were to be obtained. The making and handling of fire brick is among the important and financial large industries of the city, as will be seen by a reference to the great number of furnaces in Pittsburgh, in whose construction they must be used. 178 ISD NTRIIE'.ND ESO UR( Distilleries. 'Thle (dlvice of a m,-t wortlly lpriest \whpse memO,ryv is held in high eSteell in !he tradliti(, s of Alloh,~Lh ny c,n,,lly, f,,r his',stcemIable character, i,,l:(,,ted w, tht -ulc t cf llhe 1W dOu l,, I f distillhrie. in dc a( lounllt of riwh ties in the: " thie rep tatin tha i i th'lie or o f the Mt,,luo'tgahela cl,uintr.v h salw i ays to'ne is t 61ether calem:vltemnt of their qualit.v. This beranch of thle imnlstriesof Pittsbltur,l'h, :t, h Ilas l.n (':,s<, of so,m e o,thers, is also linked witlh thi 1jubl!ic imiwi' nIts,'f We,ivrn ltl iSlsyelvania, havig:g Ic d teen tte moin', eula in ti celelratt.d t hi kv inurrectit,n in 171, whibert, at o time, assuelled so threIatelning a character as tli i\ve mulich unaeat ils to head,s ()i't hile governmet ais threaitenis"eg the stalility o,f the thlie infant Repulhilic. The ftillowin I, tconll sed n t of this i tlsUrrecl on. from the challpter,,n' The M1ilitarv Record of Pittslburg.llh," illn " l';/'/hj (, 11 w,hee,l th re 1 i, 1,,," is not inappropriate to here quote. "In 175p 0 the hovine of Pen svivania laid lan excise on whisky to sustain its re(ldit. This law was to continue ten years. During the riv:iutin the law was e tnerally evaded in the welst; b,u \vhen the dl,ts of thle revolution I)e.anll to pre,"upon the State f, more vigilant enlforcement of tile law w\a4 attempted. )pposition at once alro-e, and liberty poles were erected in the western euninties. The settlers of those loCalities, descended from thle people oif N,orth Britaino and Ireland, had, manl of them, brought their hatred of a.n excise man from the old contry. Ini thae t day drinking whisky wasas Ioninon and honorable as eating bread. The cause of the Amlerian f ievoreuition hadi been an excise law, and the peolle sulposed they were only tollowing the example whose resltsio they had lately toutghil out. The State law was repealedI; but ('ongress in 1791 passed an act laying four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. The passage of the act was opposed by relorescntatives from the western c~unties of l'ennsylvania, among, whom N-ais Albeort ;allantn, re1esenting Fayette iount-, \hm with otthers a their return opAenly and loudly disapproved i f tlle law. The first pul,lic' meetinm ill' l,osition was held iat lhedstone (l d Fort, (now'Brolwnsvi lle,) on July 27, 17i1. i Il September 7, dele"a.tes from the four conties let ittsat Pittsburg11 and passed io'lutions against the law. ( )n the 41th of September a party waylai, a collect~,r f W,.le~.heny and Washingto.n,:ml tarred and feaithered him. In T )ctober a persn,of weak int-lleetl namel "Wilson, whNn alected lo be an excise man, was arred wid feathercd am burneld with hot irns. t in the 1 i th of' September toile Preside t iisuld I prh.t illi'm ti, n el.johinl'.a all per.,Is to si'lmit to the law and l dcsi.t from, milawful l I'proceedin. In Alpil, 171,3, a lparty in dis'ie attacked at night the pmse of WlCn.. \ ells, aI cuIlec'tor i'i Favette county. (ln the 22da oft Novemiber they ag%i,in attacked his house tand cmnpell(td him to srievder his monnission aml Works, ttd A, resign his I,Ju. In Jl!\-, 17'Q. m any olth l Oil'tril"es wo,'I' ollnitted. and still, ilul-lid. Aklo in.Jule ~evral -trious ri,,ts- 1'"d. in w(h')f c,: il,: c,. exci--. "wccre m:Ilrt';Z., in Inmy ways. in th turn:oil a tr, ill d ha m. int( p(,pli1lr use. to. esi)_m'e the opq"nents to the exCise laws, who "vre (015h4l TW,, 77 W, liln. The lir-i nppli(atio,n of the term is -lat(-d to haavc,wriL:latedl at tOw d,strl.li''n ~";! -till.,Ohich wa- cut to pieces. This was humirlp lw iv (-all(_,l Inlcidingo t!' ~,ill. alnp, tIll. ilpmi-rs must df,ourse he tinkers, and thus Tom Tii.ker's mr.w. tl!a'u h ( n,'res.. il June. 17'A, amendi,d lilt- law, it still remained (mdious, a, ~i "Aa,v a re,wal of the a.t that was dellanded. Thve collse(lpl'l.O wa/s Ill:,it the distl.I:,wuce sill increase, l. nd oi tl,e l6th of JulV, tile houe (it';en1 Neville. sev(. Inilel, south-west of Pittsburgh, was attacked and burned, several persous heiijikilled and wounded. N ari(us meetings of the insuirgents where held at difl~ro:.t 17" PITTSBURGI'S PROGRESS, places, and in July, 1794, a large number of men assembled at Braddocks, many in organized companies, under arms, for the purpose of attacking Pittsburgh. The insurrectionary feeling had now reached its height. A word in favor of the law was ruin to any one. ()n the contrary, to talk against the law was the way to office and personal popularity and profit. " At the assemblage at l1raddocks, when it was proposed by David Bradford. who was the most prominent leader, that the troops should go on to Pittsburgh, uligh M. Breckenridge, wh, had joined the movement to control, and, if' posiible, quell it by diplomacy, and in whose writing a fuill account (,of tihe whole nmatter is to be fomnd, said:' Yes, by all means, at least give proof that the strictest order can be maintained, and no damage (thoe. WVe will just march through the town and take a turn, come out on thie plain on the banks of the Monongaliela, and after taking a little whisky with the inhabitants, the troops will embark and cross the river.' This was a(in1,)mplished, and no damiage but the lburning of one larn done.'The lieolle,' s:ys Mr. Breckenridge,'were ma(l. It never came inkto my head to use force on the occasion; I th,ught it saltist to give goo words and giood drink on the occasion rather than p,owder and I,alls. It coist me four barrels of good whisky that day, andl I wouhl rather spare that than a quart of blood.' "()n the 14th of Aiugust a imeeting of 260 delegates was held at Pairkinlson Ferry, now Monongalhela city. Allbert Gallatin and II. AL. l-eckenridge hath took prominent lIart in the dliscussion, and the treasonaible plans of Bradf,)rd were softened down and exlplained away: the origiinal fOirce f the insurrection was condensed dt)wned to a c()nn niiittee of Wi), whiiclt wis to be riCit'((.ntied b! ant exe-('itive cntitite of 12,'iu were to ioiWfer with the I. S. tOhniissiomeris. T gain time, and thus restore itietness, was tlie object (,f Mr. Gallatin and his friends. The (,Conunisii-iionrs Ploposed an aiiinesty, which, at a meetinge held liedst ie "Fo,rt, August 28, was accepted throutgh the argutmients of MIlr. (Gallatin and Mr. INrNekenridge. This imeetinig virtmually ended the insurrcOmtihn, althouigh there t was eNQugh malcontents l-ft to render it neces.saiy, in the opinion of the P'residenit, to seInd ta armny of 15,l000 men to Pittsburgh, iindler (ciieral: Lee. Thie army arrive(d in Pitt-l,burgl in Novemiber. but met with no opposition, nor any bhlo:dshed. The tarmy soon returned to their homes, (eneral Mo,rgan being left with a few battalions to maintain quiet through the winter." C'r,roi's Ai(,iinn"a of 1808, in no(ting the 11rinciplal articles of county nianufactures in "which bartering is carried on in this ilace,'' (l'ittsibrgh), mentions 2,300 biarrels of whisky at 812 per barrel, which would in the ratio of the lpopilation then, heing albout half a barrel to each mani, woinan ani child, ble equal to about 150,000 barrels fWir the present l,olmation of the comnnimuititv. In 1812 there werc two distilleries in the town, making G0 barrels. In tihe statistics publlished in that etarlier daity there does not seem to have been any account of this branch of!husiness taken, although it was of relpute, and Pii tsburgh was always a finlous supp,ly point for "(Old Monongahela," as the whisky was popularly designated. There are now fMu-r firms in the city who are oil,erating disilleries, viz.: Mirm. ( IIt, (. E-tall'd, lly. A. (uekenheimnier &S Ito,s. 93 1iist avenue. I S-S A. ( uckeinheimcr & lr.os. W\t.II. HIol!es....... 157 Water st... SS V. 1. Ih olmes. 'Thios.'Moore,....... 157 First avenue 18: Thos. M,orue. .Ios. S. Finch & (Co..... - S. Third..... 1S.-i2 Thos.'Moore. 180 INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. These four firms work five distilleries, the firm of A. Guckenheimer & Bros. having two, with a capacity of 40,000 barrels a year, and their product is especially noted for the two brands, "Monltrose" and "G(uckenheinier Rye," which they have been imaking since ISGi5, and are celebrated as a very pure and uniform whisky of a clhoic(e quality. The distilleries of this firm are at Freeport, where, in addition to t he distillation business, they also fatten and raise cattle, having 1,000 headl as an average stock. For this npurpose and the uses of the distillery they occupy 21 acres of ground, and the plant is of a value of $250,000. lThei distillery of' WV. 11. IHolmes is at Millsboro, on the Monongahela river, where onlyv " I:ve" is distilled, and the water used is celebrated, it being claimed to be the linlcst in the country for its purity, and the 1product of this distillery has L'or thirly ea rs been thiled as being' strictly pure rye liquor. The cap:'a'ity of these five distilleries is 61)00() barrels. They employ 130 hands, and'cnuIpy about 30 acres with the buildings and processes of the business. The value of It he plants is stated at._400,00)0, and the value of the product at Salt. :;111 a l'ticl(' of tradle, salt is one of the'taples of Pi'ttlur'hl,; and althoughi from Ihe lI(w price at which it is sol,, it does not present uo imlposing a front as ,ncme othelr articles, yet it is deservin- of a distinct and s,'palrate mention as one :I the sources of' her wealth.'ntil the beginning of 179;, Pittburghi was supplil I with -tilt from tile Eastern cities, packed a:'ros the inmuntains on horse, and iln N%-a-goils, at a high rate 4f freight. In the beginning of that year Quartermaster (,enleral James )'ll ara had occasion to visit Niag'ara. lie there ascertained thiat salt could be brought to Pittsburgh cheaper fr'om the (hinondaga works in New Y(,ork State than fron'.m the Eastern cities; and lie was instrumental in causing large,quantities to be brolught by) the way of Lake Erie, and thence to Piittshnnrlih,vy Le BI(uf and Frenclh creeks and the Allegheny river. The supply firnm this soirce was continued until 1810, when the manufacture of salt on the Kanawha came into coml)petitition with the New York works, whose supply was, in 1812, entirely cut off' by the war. The opening of the salt works on the Kiskiillinetas and the Allegheny pirodu'ed a third revolution in the salt trade. For a period of several years the salt wells of the Kiskimrinetas furnished the chief supplies to tile Pittsbrgh nimarket of this staple. ()f late years it is obtained nearer homeni, and h,ut little is now brought to the city from the Allegheny region. Salt vwater, it is no(l\ demonstrated, can be obtained in great abundance at almost any point in and around the city of Pittsburgh, and a number of salt works are now inol operation in the city which are supplied with salt water obtained from wells sink in the citv's area. A fhlling ofl in tile production of salt in the Allegheny river region \\as conse1quent upon the great decline in price, owing to the cost of the fuel for evaporating the salt water, it takinig 2,s0 hishels of coal in twentv-four ho,us to plr,~dluce's0 harrels of salt. Under the use of natural gas this expense is, it may ie saii, e aIidoSt annulled, as the salt water and the gas can be obtained front "hlie same wells, and neither the salt water nor the gas costing anything after the 181 PITTSB UR GIH'S JP RO0 GRESS, first expense of boring tihe well. P)ittsburgh will be able to produce salt without a rival, and there is but little doubt that the product of this staple will increase, and liikewise sonme of the by-products also. There are now in Pittsburgh three establishmients engaged in the manufacture of salt from the water obtained in the:. limitis of the city from wells sunk to a del)th of about 1,500 feet. They are: I._Li:i:, BE( K & Co., Western and J'eaver avenues, established in 1868 by I Iiller, B eck & ('Co., who have also a works on C(hestnllt street, Tiiirty-sixth ward. Tlw,se two works employ 50 men, and prodice abwut 120,000 barirels of salt a year. ThIis firm also aniufacture "bo,,/ d'," ri dueling (0,000 pounds a year, and enm pl,!i ng mnien in its production. rahani & Courtney, whioo-e works were estahllisl!ed in 1868 by WAN. B. Ross, eil ploy;5 halnds, and produce'0,000 Larrels of salt a x'ear. There are fronm (; to 70 imen emiiploved in this indulstrv?, and their wages will ;::::o;nt to aloout S27,00i a year. The value of the product is:17.5.(),0. Chemicals. In the accoiint of the manufacture of coke imention is ni:ide of the great wastNi ,.-l'prodlicts and the possibility of ulitinately a great industry in chemical works becoming a part of the business of [Pittsbliurv. At the present time there are at Pittsblurgh foiur estabislishments mailufacturiiig chenmicals. JAMES IRWN -., No. 48 Sixth avenue, have a chellical works occuipyin- 2.1 acres of ground. wiere they iiantifature stiulpihric, mriatic and nitric acids, aqua ammonia. Iilphulr of soda and bleaching ipowders. The works were established in 1849, oil the plant is stated as of a value of 10(0, (00, aid gives enmploynmient to 5' ii'n, whlose wa.ges will average 20,6001 an1nuially. The firmi also liandle nitrate of ,la, c(austic soda, bicarbonate of -ol; a, sail sodla, ma,,nganese and soda ash. The'eullsvlvalnia Salt Manfthcturii I ng ('om IIanly, whose works are at Natirona. I:as- an office at Nio. 990 Water street, but the details of the business could not be Iadl; likewise the Pittsluirglh Acid W\\orks, whiose office is at the corner of Ni itlI street alnd L ibertv avente, anld I1aller. Beck & C('o., who iiake "broine." TIIE I'i"is[':.Itoi TAr A.ND I (iE-1lCI'AL W-Vonu,s, of wlich a separate ientio! is made as produciing a special article made by no other of the chemical works. S )f the outlut and values of the chemiiicals froni these works no data could be obtained, but a report of the IPittsburgh ('hamber of C'oniunerce for 1884 gives the hands empcl,ved at 600, and the produict as of a value of $1,410,000, and a report of 1882 as 511 hands and $1,285,585 of' products. Pittsburgh Tar Chemical Works. 'FThe works with the above title were estaldished in 1-i72. and are now carried o'l 11. A. ('LtIF' u M t) & c O., at No. 170 Rlleecca street, Allegheu'la city. 'The prodiucts of the factory are light and havv oil., roitil and paVing cements frnom ga tar. fromn whic(.h is also nilmui turt.ed the vaius t-alinihe c lors. vaiOuts grade'. f pain t, and va-nish. INDUSTRIES A ND RESO URIP(EI1S. A new article produced at these works is C'lifibrd's Excelsior Slate Paint. It is mentioned because it is lpeculiar in its qualities, being not only preservative but absolutely fire proof, and applied to a shingle roof gives it the safety and durability of iron or slate. It is made of refined coal tar reduced by oils to the consistencof paint, and mixed with slate flour to the proper density, forming, when apl,lied, a virtual slate roof. As easily applied a4 pahit it is the clheapest product for its uses in the market, and gives a rare colmbination, superior quality, with low c,,t. About two gallons are required in usinog it to a square of on,e hundred feet. The product of this article has been so tfr somne 5,0)00 packages, at about six dolliars per Iarrel. These works use in the manufacture of all the various articles produced therein a!lout one acre of gro,und. They have; la:rge stills,: steam pumlps, and t:mLk::ge for 5,000 barrels of oil. They have a capacity to us2e 25,0001) barrels of tar and uilse about 19,000 a year. The value of the plaht is t.5,(i0, and the products live a value of i60,000 a year, exclusive of the slate paint, the figures of which pr1,oduction is previously given. Manufacturing Confectioners. There are in Pittsburgh eight firms manufacturing confections to supp,lY the trade. What tlhese g)ods are need not lIe told. The are nimade lbv theset firims from the plain old timi_t " mint stick " and peppermint drop0 to the most expensive and elaborate preparations of fruits, sugars and nuts. There i-s nothing that comes from the kettles and tlibles of any confection fietory in the iUniited States I hat is not made by the mainiacturing co'nectioners of Pittsburgh. The firms are: Firmn. Oiie. 11-1 d. cBy. ILeymvner Ir,s.,. A410i old Street, 15:3 Joshua lRhodes. C'has. Mc(xiiin, *13 Wood'Street, 1857'has. McGiin. Rhodes & Wagner, 77 Federal Street, 1876 lhlodes & WaV'ner. L,. T. Yoder,.. 5th av. and Wylie, 1872 L. T. Yoder. W\.. Vogcelson,. 51 Sixth Street,. 1868 Kramer & \cgelkon. F.. Mc)onald,. 167 Second ave.,. 1878 G. F. McDonald. Edward MlcGinn,. 907 Liberty Street, Geo. Jones,... Federal Street,... These tirms employ 285 hands, whose wages will average $114.000 a year, and they produce about 3,000,000 pounds of candies, worth about $540,000. These firms are also all dealers in fruits, nuts and similar goods, of which mention is made in the chapter on the mercantile interests of the city. Cracker Bakeries. The growth of this trade in PIittsl,urgh has been very rapid and broad, and it is now to he clas~sed among the prominent industries of the city. The term "cracker hakeries" is simply teechnical, as the product of these factories are not alone crackers, but extend into the making of a great variety of cakes. The pro ducts of these works are distributed thr,)ugh a large diameter of territory, extend183 184 PITT,BIRIWIG'S IR?OGRE,SS', ing into several States, and the reputation of the Pittsburgh bakeries is second to none. There are at Pittsburgh five wholesale cracker bakeries, viz: S. S. Marvin & Co., the largest industrial establishment in this line in Western Pennsylvania; beginning in 1865, in a building on a 20 foot lot, and with five hands, the firm now occupy a six story building, covering 9lx100l feet and employ 200 hands. Jas. Mc( Clurg & Co., Edward McGinn, (has. Maginn, L. T. Yoder. These firms employ an average of 380 hands, whose wages will average about S110(,000 a year; they will use about 100,000 barrels of flour annuallY on the present basis of their business, besides a large amount of syrups, s1(gars, firuit, and molasses. The value of the outputs, as nei:a as could be ascertained-complete statistics not bcinig given -is about $700,000. IN)DUSTRIES AND RESO URCES. 185 Oil'hide. LTII()IU(T; H lard, linseed and other manufactured oils are made at Pittsburgh, vet by the term "oil trade" is generally understood the transactions in crude Alnd refined petroleneum. The primaries of this trade are not as largely controlled in Pittsburgh as in former years, yet in many respects the c'it is still the head of the market. The direct refining llsiness of Pittsul,rgh has decreased in the miniber of refineries, but that is not attrih,!table to any want of facility', }.t to ev lhutions ot tr:ade that occur in:ll great coulilliercial interests. With the inereainlg exportation,f letroleumns the questi(,n iif transpmortation and econoimiies thLercin hecai: e factoos in the trade, with the result of the creation of pil,e lines ib w, I y iclto hle ii ay piped to the scaboardi. Under thmesatie fItos the inunber Of rtineies at l'itts!)u'g-,gh Iive decr,ased, and also fr(nm that inherent char:i-tttr"i-tic ()f 1all itsiness that leads to concenltrati'n fromnt econ,tiic:al reason as as clitil theirein acciiatllt,s. There is at all tilne's a lot(not)olistic tendency in capital. which iln aiy 1ranch of buitsf creates als, irptiions,f the snzller and weaker into thie large a:nId stroling,r. iThis has, to it considirtlke extent, heen the ease in ~he refining ofi petrtleum at Pitishurih, alid is a Verfctly natural hIsiness causejnei that will iujn-taly continue to iroducc cm cenitratite resiults until such times irrive whien, to use tmt old homecly adatse, " big fishes (case to swallow little ones." And in busines, it is in tinopportune to say the little fishes s, etimes relish the being swdallwed as much as the big fishes do the swallowing. Under this and thl, ratural husiness evlnutions before cited, there has been a decrease in some of tile divisions of the oil trade df Pitt-1,iurhli in the past ten years and in others progress. Yet, as a whole, it is lrotbable that Pittsburgh is quite as great an oil centre as at ant-y previous period of the 1petrolemn production. The production of petroleum has and always will be a speculative fever. Its very characteristics of securing til territory, sinking wells on it possibility of "striking ile"; its fluctuating prices, caused by new finds of territory and iin creased yields or decreasing 1rodutio, and the periodtlic frenzies of the petroletumi exchanges, all c(nmbine to give the crude etroleumn trade an exciting existence. Yet the sober undercurrent of tie oil trade is aswell systeniatized and sedate as any other standard business of the country. Under the opening of new territory lop ulations rapidly concentrate thereon, and dissipate as quickly as the wells ex haust, creating a constant ebb and flow of business interests at such points, but all reflective of and to some chief centre. Such has been the position of Pittsburgh in reifrence to the oil trade for the past quarter of a century, and such is her ,tatus to-day, which the new petroleum producing fields in Alleglheny, Washing ton an:d;Greene counties of the present date go fAr to strengthen. In all the vaO"TTBNI lR UIF(I'S PR OGRE'SS, obtained, the fact remains that alimost inicoimpreliensible quantities of the vapor are existant, practically beneath tile very plots of ground on which Pittsburgh workshops are built. In whatsoever quantities the gas may be found elsewhere, the question of the city's progress, as in comlpetition with other localities having gas fuel, is similar to that in the coal fuel coinpetitions, which have in the past justified the remnarks in "Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year": " ltsearch may discover localities where greater natural facilities exist than here; ibe that as it may, at present there is but one l'ittsburhi." As before observed, great mianif'actrin.i progress and pow,er have been where coal is most abundaniit and cheapest, and similar imuist be the result with gas. The successfil introduction of gas as fuel for manufalcturinig purposes marks a progressive era in all thing.., and it matters no,t whNt1( ller tile sup,liv of the natural Igas shall decrease or be stable, the iindusltric.i of the (country will not, where gas is attainable, go back to coal for its tfuel. Shiould the supl)plv of the natural article fail, there is possibly no pol)int as favorably sitliuated as lPittslburgh for obtaininii artificial gas, tile coal of her scanms beiiig the n,iost produictive of gas wheii retorted, whichl is shown in the chapter of this volnuine on coal. W\\h:tever supremnacy tlie use of gas canI give in manufacturingi, Pittsburlh nIust secure tunder all circitumstances. Sho,uld it be-as is by miianv believedl-that the great reservoir of natural gas is in Allegheny countv and tlhe three tour counties contiguous, the conwentration of ma:tinuft'actures in Pittsliurgh anid vicinity mutst le very great. Under such a view two ilmportant questions arise as to How this Gas was Formed, is it still forming, and under colltsuml,tion how eon tiitnouls will bie thie supply,? BY deductive theories only can even a theory as to tile nature and causes of this wonderful product of nature be approaichedh. Like petroletuni, its piredecessor in the develi opment of Western Plennsylvaniia and the growthi of Pittsburgh, tilhe p,rocesses of its production are t,oo deeply hiiddell for the eye of man to view. Like ipetroleum, it seems to show signs in a helt rounil the earth, running southwestwardly fromi Canada to ('California, northw:irdly fromi Ilindostan to Wallachia. Inliike petroleum, it exlhibits a less con tiiollus sign, it beinllg llielyv in \Vestern I'cnls.vlvania and thle cointigioiis territory of West Viri-iiiia in its south-western course; and in Persia and thle nitig'hibolhoo of tile (Caspian Sea, inll its niorth-westerly (.c;lr-C, ill tile roIundillg of thile elt, that it s, far slhow\\s al)ulidantlv. The indications of the bel of bhitullilous co:als are similar. This has:suLtgested the theory tha:it whatever the cra;ttive soluivce, the t.hree ire iof similar,irigin. and,possible oil and coal pr'Oducts of thle uas, iunder gratt'er or less evaporations or s)lidifitiations. 'ITe retreaitive processes frol,m co,al to o,i, fr'om,il to gas, is demonistrallde and i practi,ca.ll, done. Is it not I)t-sihle that -as is lriiiMary ioV:l, so to speak? That as c()al is aIceplted as of a veaet:iIle origill, so is tllii is tile re'tillt of the dec;ay and distillat!i,n otf lants, its anal--is sho\\ir it greater Iproiperties, about;63 to 70 per celit.. io be mlarsh gas, which is a t;rnliation f'oiii deeayin vegetable matter. As exp,loratioll slhows that tlihe tractes of coial, petroilemini antd as are stratified iin a 8 PI1IYSB U[R(r'11'S IPROGRESS, I SO rions "hygerias" fromrone producing field to anotherP,littsburgh has still been tile great supply point and the dominator of the market price, and thus virtually the "central oil market, and to-day some of the largest factors in its condition are at I'ittsurgh. After a quarter of a century of oil trade, with its depressions a:ul "red letter daysj" it seems as if possilly the new fields now beginning to yield mayv reniew the excitements of the earlier petroleium fevcr. That they would is quite probable, ,ut the exl,erience of t\ent-6ive yea s has given more system t to the boring for petroleum, and there is a method now-a-days in the madness of the oil fever. The earlier years of the petrtium mining-if that term may be sed ibr oilwas one of a speculative chlr'et'er, touc.hing ali most thle verge of gaa lliinl.- The natural geolo-ical peculiarities of the oil re the i the lay of the oil h aaring sai ,tolnes, and all the "imetes anl bounds"t tli l in ian legitimate bsindiss give standird character to its proseeuii, were wanting. The purchase of a tract of oil territory, or the sinking of wells, were withoutt any deiinied rules or 1pro,halilities> be1yond the accel,ted conditihos of p/ood" (r "1ad luck." To-day the wrin,, foi (,il and the consititution of the lproduction of crude an refined oil is on the basis W' a legitimnate busines. The uncertaintuis of the early days (f the oil usiness have gone. alnd the rwindetion'!o etrolcum anmI iis products stand in tlie business world sidc h side with irin, ical or opperr:. The experience of the past lha 6ormulated tlihe depths,d the earth through whlichl the well is sunk, and given iitelligence t: each strata of s:tind through which the drill passes, so that he who bores may read Exploration and test have nimapped tle nderground currents of oil almost as nccurately as the survevor the water courses on the surface; and tlhe puirchisv of territory or the sinking of a wHll is o-dav oundertaken with a reaswnahle degrev "I ass:irahnce, ahnost approahingiii that with which the mining lfor other min"erals is /prosecnted. The production ol' petroleuni in Western Pennsyvlvania is tvienerally nicelptedi ahaving resulted in adding greatly to the wealth of the country, uit this Is rather a vague "of c(,urse belief," without knowlcdge of the statistics thereo,l except,by thiose ininediately in the trade. A few higures, exhibiting the business, will not be amiss. From 1859 until 1884, a quarter of a century, there were 38,1S2 wells drilled in the oil regions of Western Pennsylvania. The total cost of these wells is stated at $170,945,100. The total production diiring that periol of 25 years is given at l(n,.23,204,)072 gallons., or 243,647,716 barrels, or an average prodnetion of 46,515 gallons, or over 1,100 barrels, crec,y hoI,rfr a,ll the days anl nih ii/lts f p lct'/!t" (, a c'itiry. Reepresenting in its niarket value, as computed at the average Jprice Iduiring those years, of 8431,220,220, 02 4'000 of ac Pfr cre'Cy hr,f,' Me OiN 0," dQ' o!f thiq e i/i,T q/,urter qf a' cmiWrp, in which Pittsburgh has been hloked to and 'lpokeii of as the centre of the oil trade. It seems singular that Pittsburgh shiuld have been within hand's reach, as nimay e said. of such wealth, and aw:re of its existence for iyears, and yet faileh1 to benelit Iy- a Cdlvelopmient of it at an earlier period. At somne future day this fiact IND USTRIIES AND RESO URCES. will be classed among the singularities of commerce, as welj as the fact that while, the same substance had been freely obtained in other quarters of the globe for many years, it remained for the development of the oil regions of Pennsylvania to force the introduction of petroleum as an illuminator upon the greater proportionsi of the civilized world. From very early days this theli called si,u~lar smlbttce wwa, known by the merchants of Pittsburgh and the people of Venaugo and Clarioii counties to exist in those localities, but was co('(nsidered as one of the curiosities of' nature rather than an available article for the purposes of commerce. Found oozing from the ground in very small qualntities, or lying on the surface of wnater standing in small pits, evidently made Ivy the Indians with reference t,, its collceIion; a few ganllons was occasionally gathered by a process of skimminig or absorption with blankets anid broughit to PittsbIurgh by the timber men on their trips dt,,wn the Alleghenly with their raft, of timber. It lha,l acquired an hialf-accepted, lihalf-fabled reputation as a remedy for bruises, burns, sprains and rheumatism, and was occasionally burnt in its crude state as laimp oil in the vicinity of the pits from whence it was gathered. The dense black smoke produced -from the burning of petroleum in its natural form, however, presented an obstacle to its use as an illuminator, save where necessity required an occasional resort to it. The principal uses to which the small quantities which were then gathered were plit, was as a species of patent medicine in tile same rank as "Seneca" and "British Oil," as a ",imilar substance was called. In 1859, Samuel 31. Kier, deceased, began experimenting in the refining of this oil. Mr. Kier was at that time, and previously, engaged in the making of salt on the Allegheny river. More or less of this oil was dlways found in the salt wells, and in those early diays was considered a detrimeiit to the wells, and the etHfrt then was made to shut Wut the oil as much a:. it is now to ease out the salt water. "'41hat fbols tlhese mortals he," is the pitliv sentemnce Shaklespeare puts into the imoutth of PLuck. Yea, verily! Mr. Kier, in re!Ic Iting' on and examining this oil, became impressed with the helief that it had great medical and healing properties. lie accordingly experimenited with it for some tiume and then opened an office in'ittsb,urgh, andl commnenced bottling and introducing it througnhout the country under the name of "' Kier's Petroleum and Rock ()il." Many of our readers will remember the magnificently decorated wagons which, nearly thirty years ago, were to be seen in every city and town in the Union, with pictures of the good Samaritan administering aid and comfort to the suflerer. The oil thus sold was highly recommnended by physicians and others, and met with anl immense sale which continued for many years. The supply, however, after a while so much exceeded the demand, that Mfr. Kier conceived the idea of utilizing petroleum for illumtiating purposes, but ,wing to the odor and smoke arising from it, this disposition was deemed impracticable by many scientific men. The first attempts of Mr. Kier at distillation were not crowned with that success that lie had hoped for, but lie persevered with his investigations, and making some change in. the old style of eoamhdiene lamps, lie made the important disc,verv that his distillate would hurn under certain circutmstances. From this rude beinninm hlie went on imkintg iiiprovemenits in tihe187 PITTSIB URGH'S PROGRESS, quality of his distilled oil and adaptability of his lamp, by the introduction of tile " Virna" burner and the treatment of his distillate with acids, he had brought his experimients to a close and secured to the world one of the greatest and most important discoveries of modern times. Up to this time he had enjoyed a monopoly in the p1roduction of 1petroleum. but the magnificent results of his inventions led to tile discovery of ()ther wells in various portions of the State and continent, and from that day to this petroleum has been ione of the most important products of Western Peinnsylvania. The original "still," about;6 feet by 3 feet in diameter, is retained ill the fiamily as a lriceless relic. The first elih it tot obtainii this oil in quantities by tlhe sinking ()f a well has always been accorded to Col. Drake, lwho is said to have conceivedi the idea in 1859. Somen six ve;i's frior to that Mr. (,eoro if. hlissell, when on a visit to D)arts niouth C('ollege, wa:,; shown a s:ample,f this so-called Seneca oil, taken fromn the sr'tice (,f' a srintg near'Titsville. Iesirmis of further inormation, Mr. lisell wrote to )i. i'. 1". IF. rew ir, of ti le 1f1ri of il'ewcier, \\ats)n & ('i(., of l'itt,;l rllr.Jh, in retgard to this singulr:i' roiduct of n111ure.'From the answers received MI. hissell was indluced. in i'mt tnv with lMr. Eveleth, to visit Titusville in 1'54. The terri tory on which the s'rint s in whiich the oil was fitund was then owned I,y lIrewer. \Vatson I,c fi., althoigh lvin 1w s,tme yiears previously betent piurchased 1 y a Mtr. thase for a cow. AML-srs. Bi i,,ll andt Eveleth leas-ed the ir,n - erty for ininet y-iine years, lpayin,. the sum id' S)' I.())). l"llowit" mewhiat tile Oild Indian method, before mentio,liei(l1,f " pit tatrinl'," they egn the obtaning (f the oil by dig ing tren.hes \0hii.1 were allowed to fill with waterl, and it was then ipuiiped into vats and tihe +iil drawn ()iF a:t it rose to the surfaiet. It is a matter of curious Imen tal speculation to imatiti what would have been the thoughts of those two gentle men could they "'i tile visions.' the night" had a view of the 4,00!) 1arrels a day well struck in Septeimber op f 1S oni tile Tarr farm. They had, however, a vision of there being' mitoney in it," and impressedt others also, for in 18i55 Messtrs. Bissell & EIveleth sold ine-third of their troiterty to some New I aven capitalists, and a company was formed called the " I)emsylvania Rock Oil Company," of which Prof. B. Sillittan, Jr, Jr., was president. It was this company that in 1858 employed 'ol. I)rake (,f New I laven to sink an arte-ian well. Work on this well was begun in 1850, and at tile depth of G69. feet the first vein of oil was struck on the 28th of August, 1859. It would seem, thlierefire, that to ieot'ge II. Bissell andt conjointly Dr. Brewer. of Pittsbur'glh, this city owes whatever of mercantile renown and wealth has been derived from tile petroleum trade; and to Mr. Kier, before men tioned, another littshurglier, thie inmmnense business in illuminating oils prepared from crude petroleum. This first vwell fl mwed ten barrels a day for a time, and the ,il sold at lifty cents a gallon. The production,f thie well, by the use of a putmp. was, in September, increased to foirty harrels a day. The idea of siniking a well fir the pirocutring of oil in the Venango district was one of those pioneer thoughts that always miark an advance in the circles of 'ommerce or manutlaeture. Ii this case, as in most others of a similar nature, the effort was met with rii,lictile, and the originators of the idea wvere obliged to pros188 IND USTRIES A ND RESO URCES. ecute their scheme through much discouragement. In proving that, by sinking a well petroleum could be obtained in quantities, made an excitement rarely witnessed in the commercial history of any country. The story that oil was being pumped froni, the earth as freely as water was at first scouted as a farce, then at'cepted as a phenomena, and then believed to be a defined fact pertaining to certain tracts. Men were prepared to believe. from California experience, that it was possible go]di might be f,mid in such copious deposits that it could be gathered( by the shovelful, but that real (il, excellent for burning, for lubricating and all the uses of oil, was being pimne"l ftromI i)lt the earth in the interior of IPennsylvania was beyond helief. \\When, after a time, it was announced that oil was not onlv pl.iniped up, but that it gcushed out of its own power, not by the palmlo, but at the rate of hundtlreds of barrels a day, the excitement to embark in thie business and to buy oil territorv beamne alniost a mania. From that day. now a (luarter of a century, the buying of oil territory and the drilling of' wells has been a swe.ulative as well as a haitinmate business. Whatever O::ive been thie lsses in the ebbs of speculation to individuals, PIittsburgh has b,een oa great galiller in the est:ablishment of I"er oil trade. The world, as well, has been greatly b'n'ifited, and perhaps to an extienli unei-qualh,I byi few othier articles. In ls;t) petr(olteuii w0as unknown in France as:in illuminator. In 1861 fort'v ,.as.ks were sent there us ( r",r'iosity!. In 1863 there were shilpped:;,9)14 casks as a conmmnerial venture. In 1863 the demand for exportation was 29,197 casks, and in 1864 the:e were sent t Marsleilles;(;,(000 casks, and in 1875 the exportations to foreign minarkiets was 2: 2. s;.457 gallonsii, or equal to 5.54:8.796 1airrels, and in 1SS the export \\s (G;73,90o;,l17 gallons, or eiqual to 1(i,0 I5,817 barrels of" crude oil. In addlition to this, there wa\s a large quantity of the!y-pIroducts als cexplorted, and the value of the export for 1883 was about 869,6(50,769. In 1871;, the following. in relati, n to thlie Iroducitni and loca'tion of petroleum, was said in " Pittslbgiwlh mof elho io 1h,, (6A ntvimil Yt.: " While the erude and refined pletrleinm now I))lilghit and sold in the markets f, an exreii fro the Inited States, is c(hietly thce Irodulice of some three of the counties of Western Penlnsvl\ania, yet the petroleum indlications iundolltedlY extend in an iblinue belt or zonme aroiund the earthi, tandI its cnmrse is l<hstinc'tly marked Ib\ the districtis where it is alreadlv obtained for miarket. and Iy the points at which it Ciops out, so to speak, iii the slliae of il and Iar ingtiit srinhgs. Ig cinning with the Canadiani district and pas1sing south-westwardly intiio the oil district of Pennsylvania, frlm thence ti the Kanawha, then thrlioih lKemntky, tiling the indiations at varioius points. lie elt lases into.\rkansis. froin then(,c to I tal. thience to (alifornit. t(''rossii lithe ocean it is 6u tnd in lliiindllsi:tln. fr'm the(ce, challiiging the tdirecti~on a nt t-etwaidl eic, the i. he l ast to the iuruminuc spri'ings of' Persia aild the "Naphima ll tlhe nigill l ol of the i( uspian Sea. Still plilursuin ig a llorthi-\t,estwardly directio n t the peltroleuil wells' \\Wallahiiia. and tildinc traces throughi (Geriiiniv, the Ilritisli idles are rea hed. Atlithough no petroleuli has as vet ieell found in thet, the coil andil peat districts furnish, oil dlistillaithn, coal oil. Fro'in thene c',Tssing the Atlantic the ('anadian districts, fronm whlnice the dlepai'rtiure wa; nle, iare r(ached, and the circle tihus dotuned oult iby nactual lpno d wtion:ilul unliista<kable indi-ations is completed. That this is Ine i'broad ilirlianneit belt of petroleinum reoains fo'r aclitt exphloratihns of a long series of years 180 PITTSB URIG II' J(PR, OGI; R'S'S. to determine, nbut that at all the points indicated, greater or less quantities are to Ioe olbtained, is uindhubtedly true. Such inmmense supplies of petrolum as this probable zone would seem to indicate, mi,li,ht almost, on first imnpression, lead to the c,ncm:lusion that thile obtaining of that article would soon be unpr,)fitablc; vet it -houldl he recollected thiat the,ideposits of coal are no less, if not Nwider, in range. The progrcss of civilizatioi,n as it oc,cqi,i.s witil fresh population and the mnanuilcture and connimerce tlheeo(, the successive coal lields gives value to that inineral 0hivh. ponderwls to transpori, n(cessarilv lindk its consuimption principally in the inmnediate district of its prodinetion--whil e petroleulll is transpo,rted thousands of miles t( mn:nrkets tfar removed fr(on thle lealitY of its prodnition. Petro lenw. therefore, Wistide!eing imore than an eciual n.ceso:ity to civil:t,tiAin than vc, apos" resss -geatel advantages of being tranxisportaile tio consining imarkets, long dlktlan?es removed fro' it- plice of proiduhtiou. There w,uld seelm t" be ino fbar s, lIong as!aetrolenum coNtinues the necessity it now isi-taking the general facts in relatimn t the existence, value andt producti,ll of that eqinal primlaryi neessitf, coal. a- a zuide of overs,ully. " It iimay be safely nasumed that until it is sul,ersededl in all its chief uses ivy son o,ther article as alundlantly found and as cheaply produced, the obtaining of petroIclum will always he as profitable where judiciously pronsecuted as the mining for any o,ther minieral sulbstance; and holders of tracts of good lietroleum producing territ,ory wNill bie as wvealthy in lproportion as- the posstessor,f coal, iron, or o,ther producing mineral lands." As an exhibit of the progress made in the oil business by Pittsburgh for the period iof not quite one decade front Mr. Kier's success in the production of an illuminating oil, tile follohwing is quoted from "l'Pittsl,rgh al,, Allegheny in, th, (I it:ijl d ieir.' " As before mentioned, the success that followed the eflbrts of Drake to procure oil by boring soon led to such quantities being oflired in the lmarket as at on(ce brought it into use as an illuminator and a lubricator, and caused the erection of seven retineries at Pittsburgh in 1860. " in the following year, 1861, there were sferentie, refineries added to those previ,ously in existence; and in 18!;2 iii,e ore were built; and in 183c ifele,, nimre were were constructed. "-[ Irom Septelmber, 18G2, to September, 18(:-3, the export (,f refined and (rude !petro,leum and benzine friom Pittsburgh to the East and West, ijy,ii/w!,,.d (Itil'. was 28719.1)0,O gallons, and a yet additional amount s sent Veswaen t West by steamboat. 'if which there is no record. During 18(63 there was exported to fireign ports from the United States, 2s,2t0,721 allws. t f this amount there was shil)ped Easit froit Pittsburi.h 2i,971t.2st) tallots, or neatilyv the entire of,reig t cionsumiltion. The vai i of the exportation ii l New r in currenucy, was at an averauge of' rates for that year, 89,102.4 172. the average rates'or that year in New York being 28 cents for crude anld 442 cints for rWtiind. "The' entire Value of the oil trade "f Pitts1hin h fr 1fiw, 1 eing t earlt eleven mvilliin iollrs. " in 1114 five additional relineries werc put i' operation. During that year the entire expimtattion it fI'(reign pfrts wn-:,1,-72.972 ialhos. The shipinent from Pittsbur''gh fir that year was 27,.4t[.:. il in. or;'.(t00 lharrels les. s than in I i. il-ing thiN year the average rates fCt)i cruide in New York. in currency,. wai 41 i cents..ald for' refined ItQ in hWtd. The value at these prices then, in New York, of the oil exlp,.ted Ea:st fr,im the citylv of Piittsburrgh, vwas. in 1S64. equal to " 13.610,41 1, and the entire trade of the,cityv akut fifteen miilli,,ns. ";In 1 86 the entire exportation to foreigni ports fr(i m the I nited States was 28,072.018 gallon-, while the amouint shilqed east of Pittsburgh was 25,549,385 gallons. This was worth in Pittslmurglq, at the average nmarket rtes for that year. 10 INDUSTRIES AND RIESO URCIS. ~9.9290,0960 the average rate fOr crude idng 250-4 cents, and for refined 52 1-10 cenits. The entire trade of tile city may be estimated at twelve millions. "In In SO(; the entire exportatiton to forei'n ilorts was 6(7,142,296( gallons, while tile ship'nlents east from Pil itt4rgh was "42,S7'0.0(;2. This was worth in Pittsburgh 7y211 I, thie ag'a,,te rates for cnlide beuin" 141 cents, and for refined 31,1 cents, a:ll tWh i,ll;l'i' o1il traiile of the city i,o t'ihat year did not reach ten millions. " f,or!A the ex"orts to frei- 1 port's were (2,600,685 gallons, and the shipllentet e'as tfro'( itt:diurgh 2:1,7()1.7,;') galluns. The average i:ate for c(rude was ).Inds, ni for reined 4wI cienis. Ili ould make the value f the oil slip1ied !,roIn pittsurgh-l to the east ",6(i5,2i. t;;ial taking for thie home consumption andtl ,',ste'l'xcportatiol a: averngte of p1revious yevar: in their proro'-tions to eastern t-hiwn, the eitire o,il trade iof the city fr lS;7 may be put at about eight noil "- Froin th1ese igure.l, c st Wof w hiiI are fr' lSom the actual staititic.s of exI-orta(in11 and 1r('ecorded 1 l ies, it will he sieen that frt-n IJ.anuary, 1863, to Janulllar', 1"8;7, Sl.'id,4 1of lie years the e xportation0 of oil froi tile city of Iittsh,urgh bro,ught to it a siMiness and a circulation (of m!onev anMo.lting to nearly forty-seven milions of dollars, while the whole trade in that period amounted to ffty-six millions, ,,'" all W'erage of eleven millions yearly. " Ilrin, those five years thie uentire exportatio4n to foreign p1orts ftlom the Alnitedt States has been 217,9 18,692 gallons, and tile slipments east from Pittsblurgh been 12,380,4179 gallons, showing that 1TY'illshw'lh su-plied over si.lrt 1f per cent. t" the whIN, bfw l.!',,It.-poltin o!f /peb),'h-'1/, iul) t1o 186(7. At that time there were fifty-eight relineries in tlhe city of' Pittsburgh and suburbs; of these fifty-one were in operation uand seven were idle. These r'etinercies emlollyed ab,lut 700 hands, whose yearly ovwaes auniouted to 8-5(6,0)00. Tile refining ('alpacity of these refineries was equal t,.:-1,5)i):ar'rels a week. The c(apital invested in buildings, machinery, &c., was then estimated to be 47,(i( 4,4(0, and in tanks, harg'es, &e., about 5,432,()000. Nearly the entire am(,unt of these sumos investeid had been distributed aniong tile other iiralnclihes of ianu:factuing in I'ittslurgih; having, thus a:dded to the business (,f the city il live'years nearly thirtcen milliols of dollars. There was also explended in repairs aruniallv a sum whichll it is estimated, amounted to 10 per cent. upon the value,f tlie investmnent in tlie refineries, barges, tanks, &c., or an annnal explenditure of over one anw1 a qullarter millions 1 1er annum among the workshops (, the city. "There were at that time thirty-five ()il rokers, or Oil Commission Hnouses, 1doing business in the c'it\y, which, w:ith the fifty-eight firmns running the refineries. imakes nearly one hundred new business houses added to thie city in tile samie space ,,f time. lThe Oil bulsiness has also broughlt into opleration in the city ('cooperag(s, ti11nin"g out al1out 7(1,000 arrells per week, the value of whose work is nearly One "it 4wo,;ll seeli. h1,1. that petroleulm had a(dded th tie agg'regate business of l)ittsbuniLrh in those l:.it liAc ve ours ocver -ev:lty-one million o,t dollars. becsidles di:tri!,utrliil in tilhe c'm llnv it itv;,)r,lah,,r,l,.,,/ ~,/,..,:, ,,';ih f,::,in'ri,s a sumo eol to ne,,rI1v4 thllree mlillion,,4 wa4.i',. A\t that lie ih e lins weree 1 nlV 1My legining to 1he thought of, l"t econol mies in the t1' lit,ltation t, he scn lar fAr exlo4rtation was a subject of neh dli'r s-i,m,l;,d![Iso indications of tho-e natural evolutions in trade mentionedt in tile ,ieiu,pa:al,raph if this4 chaplie'r le41 to shlow. In the devlopli,melit of tI1oie 1wo,'(,L'ressive fa(ctors in the,~pctroleulI industry changes bI--gau to) take place ill I he handling of petrolem11a at I'ittliugh and the refineries to, concentrate. In 1S7i0 ti-here were at 1"ittsbur-gh twuent-lnine oil refineries, having 13S stills, iwith a,c wekly c:ipzwity Of t tillatio1n f miiruk e petrileum of 120,71 barrels, or a waqlw191 PITTSB URGH'S PROGRESS, city of production of 95,000 barrels of refined oil weekly. This is a decrease from the number of refineries in 1866 of jnst fifty per cent; but it is an increase of two htiodred perr cct. in refining capacity in ten years-there being 58 refineries, with a weekly calpacitv of 31,500 barrels, in 1866, as against 29 refineries, with a weekly capacity of 93,000 barrels of refined oil, in 1876. Although the refineries of 1875-6 were not 11run to anything like their full catpacity, yet the proportionate increase in capiacity is mnaintained in actual results iundler the partial running of the works. In ISM9 the exhortation of refined oil from I1ittsAurgh, by railroad to the East alone, was 4124,848 barrels, and in 1874 it was 1,247,641 barrels, being, in the actual amniount of oil refined, an increase over the trade of 1806 of S4l9,696 barrels, or qnuite two Inhudred pr cnt., in perfect unity with the increase of refining capacity, and etmonstratig an aibsolutie increase of that proportion in the oil trade in ten years, as' shIown b yhipnientsW tohe Esw alone. To tis is to bc added those to tilhe West and by riveri. In 1875 this increase fell offl' from inaility of Pittslurgh refineies to shii profitably, owing to the scliedule of railroad freights, In' whiMit ( leveland iavs cua)led to enter the marl.et more advantageously. The decrease caused by tliis freight di,scri-titination was ecual to 150,553 barrels; bit even nder thliis disaconntage the sihoxin,i is still, in an exceptional year, a gain of onte hundred and,ixty pier cent. in the volume of trade in ten years. The bilifliin- of thie pipe linces to the sea board hls wrought a cliang-e in the manner of thie shiipmiens of pIetroltdeum to the East, aindi it i.; only in refined oil that the shlilpnfcnts by rail are uile. In the pfaie, howevetr, of Ihandlin,g the barrels of crude 1(troleum oil brWkers now handle pipe liie certiocntets, representing specific nutnXlers of barrels. Under this system of deailing in oil immense saleW are daild maie of ctude petrolein, thironughl whiclh tte imonetary value of thie oil trade of the city is greatly eadnted. t may wb sid, lerhaps, that the same certificates for tany given nutmber oft batrrels is sold and' re-soild, and there is nio actual oil moved. That is nothing iore than occurred daily in the oil excitement from '60 until the isisuing of pilpe line certificates; thie stocks of petroleum in the city were so rold tt rl and not a barrel ioved, altmhtit glt itinmateVl shipped to the sea board or the refitery frSon the varuceihoises. The only clifierence nl,vw is, that instead of being in the city wareihoises, or sold tcot arrive fromi the wells, it is in the tanks of the f il(' line companties; ald,. no itatter howcver muclh it iimay in certilicates change lhands, does ais before, uhitimtely pIs to tlthe sea boaWl or the relinery The sale, thenii, of a tlhosand l ofrref" tf oil on certificates is usually thIe saune as a siuilar sale on (call in a warehous,;nid representingt in nctual transaction in the markelt, its ionetaq-Ii siu or Ntitt retICstation or oil. is thatir itttlifi hnsitess. tranisactel. it wwill aqwear frto tde ruuort of the f ct olemt Expftnge fOr 188I, that the trniitiotns for the yo,tir rrI retsetted 7,'i7),S72.i;i)t1 hnirctis of oil, ind a monetary valuc ot' t ransaeti ns of W AUii4i7,796) a t =Te sigr'e price of oil tKtotugho-it the year. (0 couirse a griel Ipart of this is slieculative'alestes, 1t istill it represents that valutie of actual biriess" fior alich chieckls were given or receivetd. 192 INDUSTRIES AYND RESO URCES. In the refining oils, under the natural evolution of trade by which the monopolizing tendencies of capital are developed, there has been a concentration of the refining interests. Such changes are a natural result of the accunmulations of capital and the necessity for its employment, and is not to be looked upon as other than a simple business result, by which the holders of large capital absorb, and those with less resources are absorbed. There are laws of nature whose action are inevitable, and there are laws of trade as well. While under such processes there may be infringements on individuals, the trade of the community is only concentrated or changes its character, not lessened. The refineries now working at Pittsburgh are as follows: Barrels Style of Works. Style of Firm. Elstabl. B I. Crude. "Y. Weekly Capacity. American,... Ioldshil & Irwin, 1S;0 Forsythe & Co.. 9 6,828 c;er (reek Ref. C'o.' Bear ('reek Ref. C'o. 18S0 Blear('rcek Ref.'o.1 4 4,600 Em:Tir,l... I). P. Rcihard,. 1866 1) ). P. Reigard, 10 6,000 Cemra...... Stanlard Oil ('o.. 1873 ('cntral Reflin'gCo. 14 2,760 I la,..... lola ()il W orks,.. 1SS! ('orporation,. 1,000 Vilher's O)il Eion y* A. 1). Miller & Son, 1862 A. 1). Miller, 4 5,000 Standard, No. 1,. Standard Oil Co.. 1862 Standard Oil Co. 11 2,380 "1861 Lockhart & Frew, 11 1,060 " 4-.. 1867 IL. S. W arin1g,. S 1,18) "1870 Elkins, Bly & Co. 4 400 ".. -. 1862 John Meyer,. 7 1,150 Waverly,*... S. A. Willock,T. 1880 S. M. Willock,. 4 1,200 ~ See " Illuminating Oils" ** (onsolidation of what was formerly the Cosmos and Vesta. t Consolidation of what was formerly the Peerles: and Crystal. I Make a specialty of a white 3000 fire test burning oil. SIlHave their own pipe lines. These 12 refineries employ 980 hands, whose wages will amount to $490,000. The value of the plants was not obtained, nor the statistics of.the actual output. The capacity of these refineries is 32,958 barrels crude a day. The yield of refined oil is about 75 per cent. of the crude, which, if the refineries were all running to their capacity, is equal to about 6,500,000 barrels refined oil a year. Of these refineries four pay especial attention to the production of high grades illuminating oils, as mentioned under head of " Illuminating Oils." Illuminating Oil. There are, as given below, five firms whose eslpecial business is the production of illuminating oil from petroleuni. As mentioned in the early paragraphs of this review of the oil trade of Pittsburgh, Mr. S. M. Kier is entitled to the credit of being the father of this branch of the oil trade. Various illuminating oils were produced by the refiners front 1863. In 1872 the oil known as EiL.Alr, with a I1. P PITIl UP G(;H'I'8 I'PR()(;?A'1;S, high tire test and light specific gravity, was put upon the market by \Varden & O)xnard, and became the standard of illuminating oils; during the first three years but a limited amount of this oil was disposed of, but from 1873 to 1885 over ),( Iywo,(wo1 gall)ns were sold. )Ltri: is antther high giade of illminatinm. oil from petroleum nnudle at Pittsburgh, in the American relinery, 1by Iolm)sii t & wIN. This relinery is one of the oldest refineries of this hality being manug the first estal)lishd, and tihe firm the oldtest clntinuous lirm in the tradc. A refercice t t the table of refineries will shmy e (:,wItt of their works. IsumllY:m is also the bIand of a high gr:1u1e aid rep(ltatioil of illuminanllts, and is dhlo prodnict of the hEA UI:UM: REF::ixisON (o., L0IE,11:. established in Itoy 1-. w,Yur: is a li,mrth special brand of this class ofI oil made at Pittsburgh. It is the produat of the "WAT V:RLY" refinerQ, S. K I. X V Io4Em, estallishled in 10SS, who also makes a speciality of neutral oils used for compounding with other oils. White igh t )lena, lanufactured by Emery & (',.. is a fifth special brand. The statistics obtainable of this division of the oil trade are embraced in the refineries at which each brand of this illuminant is Iwroduced. The outpiut oif these oils is estimated to lie of a value of from 8900,000 to $1,000,000, but lon absolute statistics could le had, for reasons given in the mention of several branches of the business of Pittsburgh, for fear of exposure of private interests. Lubricating Oils. The handling and selling of these is the business of five firms, viz: J. S. Ix\iA-NUsEY & Co., 822 Penn avenue, estahlished 1861 by Ce('ntral ()il C'o.. who is the oldest lubricating firm in the country. II. -1. (,raham, 804 Duquense Way, established 1874 by II. M1. (iraham. EMErn-v & Co., 23 Seventh street, established 1869 Iby IPaine & Johnston. I)enlinger & Bros., 90 Water street. (-.'. Pennock, 9 l)uquense Way, established 1875 by G. yG. Pennock. These firms prepare various grades of luhlrienting oils, from cylinder oil worth from $40 to $,501 a barrel, down to the natural Inric(ating o,ii worth fri m $4 to $5 a Iarrel. Lard Oil. There are two firmn in 1-ittsh-rgh whoI manufacture oil fl-mn lard. The v are .Janes Da):lzell's Son & Co., 70 Water street, and C'orcoran & Little, 62 Water -trect. Thlse firms have 110 presses, but the Io,odult was deilined tin be given. Linseed Oil. There are two firms whIse business is the prihduiction of linseedt oil, viz:. 1:. iivlanln, corner ('rig andm Relveela stirets. ektablished in IS.ii; by M. i. Suy111y,. and Thomnpson & C('o., West Diamoinid street, Allegl:enu-, established in 1 -47 I, Thos.. -emple. 194. IN I','I'1IE.1N)D RS L EI(SOURCES. Oil Producers. There are ),1' these a nulll ber. Whose Ih!iitot,/ is I'ittslttrgi, but whose busilnes. interests are iu other c(unitits, and neither tihe oils produced or thie monetary re-alts,: a cilmponent wtrt of the city's innlllel'. There aI'j, how\ever, two q,'norations. viz: ThI'e Ilazcl\,xdi i)i! (Co.. vhose, offices ate at Lewi s Block, Smithielid street, with! a cnpital xht,10,111, wio have 640 pmiping wells and 26 flowing wells, on the Ist,'f Maay. 1SS. Ow()ninig:',5!a4,wres olf oil territory in fee, andi h din.:: w n I a, havi IN 1 boilers and I71 eniilnes of a value of lover 182',000li. wifl a::liklt fiow 279.451 mrrvels. the value o,f the "tianks" being 412.770,60. and the total valuc tf the plants is.7 S,;7. IThey were organized in 1S74, and have paid 27 di,vidi ilds aniountiig" to'2902.051. The iotherl is tilhe (l%dumbia (il { C(., orgali:xed in 1 ~;2. Thi: c(ompany have llv10 pumping Owells and ii2 wing, al t ve paid'e dividend am,eunting to M3.995,100. They have 44 ,ilers i, 1.2c engines it' a value (of'2.;. The daily average produet of' the wells of tIhe ci mipany,v tlhe l,past 2:1; years. has bIeen about 1()00 harrels per day. The snmlnari (of' the (oil tradc is one that, while showing a decrease in the tonal nmbe<r of refineriets, still,h,ows in the money total a large increase in the aggregate of harrels of oil s-oldi. Tlhat a large tnitount of that is from the sales on the Petr doleum l'xchange ldos tnt make againt lthe totals of the trade. A thousand Ibarrels of,il silIt In'llhane, e\'t-n if it is resold within a few moments, is still.in (.tnall transaction: the only ditfferences friomn tlhe habit of tenl years since is. that now it is the o,il in the tanks of thle 1 ni"ted l'ie Ulines, where the troducer's oil is pidped, that are smld, instead as wa-s 6roerl'y in the tanks and Iarrels of the individual 1pr,dluclrs. That hisses are nide hy those thus pi:rchlasing oil does not either make agadnst the aggregate,of' the thusiness nor dccrea,e the dollar total of the oil trade. Each sale is a hsiness ti:nnsaction, and aius or losses therein are i,ut as gainls ssesnhoe in any owther articl in which men (ceal in expectation of pr,!rit. The hdilar tot;l of the oil trade ofC I'ittsburgih, in the sales olln'hange. the,r,'Iliucts'f the' retineries, the illininatingI. l,ihricatin, liard and other oils, may theret' re hi c statedl at i'.. i't -., tili slilll heing, ill sol e form or othe,t 11'l-m mited 161. ill hank check-4. draft.. or oth1.i ca-h representation. 195 INDU) TRHIEI I A ANIt) JsEo l "('BI"S. homogenous belt, the deductions are in flvor of their kinship, and the solution of the supply of natural goas rest oil certain geologically accepted facts. It is not within the scope of this volume, nor embraced in the purposes its title announces, to put forth anv elaborate scientific theory as to the origin and supply of gas; it is but here treated as an element of I'ittsburg,'s future. As bearing upon its supply and its constitution, however, some theories may be briefly dwelt upon and exhibited ill connection with the visible and known facts of its existence. If gas, oil and coal are of kin, it is to be assumed they have a vegetable origin, as coal is'geologically accepted to be vegetable in its basis. If coal can, as is the fact. he retreated into oil, and oil into gas, it is reasonable to suppose the ascendintg process is similar. (Geohlgy claims that with the close of the Silurian era the earth began to bring forth its vegetation. In that period lgreat salt seas are geologically clainied to have existed from the slope of the A.\ppalachian chain, westward. At advanced years of that periol these seas-under the (geologically claimed) gradnal uprising" of that section of the earth-drained off; leaving huge basins of salt water. which may be called I)evonian Lakes, the DIevonian era succeeding, not ulnlike our present system of great lakes. These IDevonian basins gradualliv filling with silt and lmud, began to form marshy liats, with a ranlk vegetation. Such vegetation is geologically claimed from fossil remains formed in the nmetamorphllic rocks and the coal stratas. ()mitting, for sake of brevity, the various botanical names and descriptions of those vegetations, it is suflicient to say that tihey were of a similar family to the resinous pines of the present day, but more probably of a spongy, soft, fern-like consistency, and grew to enormous size, some fossils showing a length of from SO to 100 feet..\t that date one theory is that the earth was a vast hot lhouse, enveloped in a dense atmosphere of carbonic gas; and the great internal heat of the earth at that time created a more than tropical climate, which stinltated the vegetable growth to gigantic proportions, and untler the intense heat they absorbed from the atmosphere great quantities of carbon, whlich, (combining with the saline nutriment (of their roots, caused the secretion of rich, oily juices. UInder such an atnmosphere animal life was impossible; and, unbroken by anght, this vegetation, which was prlobably the most enormous that the earth ever produced, must have filled the huge mrshYv basins in which it grew to an almo(,t solid mass. It is geolotically claimed that in the D)evonian period tlihere were submergencies of the Applalchian region, and successive periods of vegetable fornitltions of similar chuarnmter, thus forming many layers of this resinous vegetable imatter, from which at distillation through internal heat was consequent. It is not diflicult to believe such an enormous bulk (,f oily pVlants, submerged and coveredt with etreat depthl and weights of silt, and thu,s compressed between the h]eatnd rocks Ieneath and the Iiand and silt al tve wotildt bc practically in a retort, and their oils distilled. Prof. Lesley, in a paller read belore the American Institutie of Mining En-gineers at the Pittsiburgi meeting of 1,i6, says: "Twenty years ago I showed that the petroleum of't he c,onlmlerate fotrmation of eastern Ken tucky was proluced by the leeomposition of fossil i,lats." and also, "that the gas is undoubtedly evolved fronm petroleum." PITTSBURGI'S PROGRESS, 1unrbef lfkde. HIAT may be cited as the beginning of the lumber trade of Pittsburgh is stated in the following extract from Craig's 1istory of Pittsburgh: "Major Thomas Butler, then commanding (1795) at Franklin, had informed Major Craig that the very worthy- and excellent Seneca chief, Cornplanter, or (6yantawachia, as his namne was spelled in signing the treaty, had at his saw mill a large quantity of boards-an article much wanted for the service of the public. The Major therefore immediately dispatched Mlarcus Hulings, an experi enced waterman, with three bags of money and some other articles, up) the river to iis p1lace, to purchase all tile lumber. Ilearing the next day that some private persu,ns ha:d gone on the samne errand, the Majo,r dispatched James leard. a trusty Pierson, on I lorseblack, with a letter informing Cornplainter of Itiulinls' object. Icardl arrived in time and secured the luimber. The following is the reply of Cornlplanter given rcr te,l It i tl,'him: "' &,:-x u,o;,, 3d )e(emciiw, 1795. ":I thank the States i,r maiking me such kiind ofers-. W\e have made )aca(-( with the U'nicd States as ],g a1 s watter runs, which was the reason that I built a ill in or(er to suiport nmy amilv by it. More so because I am getting old and not able to hunt. I also thlank the States for the pleasllure I now feel in meeting them again ii friendship. Y ui have siient a man to make a bargain with me for a sertain time vlwhic(h I donot like to do. But as long as mV mill makes hoars tilhe United States shall always have them in preference to any other, at the market price, and when \yoii want no more boards I cant make blankets of them. As for tile money *you sent if I have not boards to the amount leave it and I will pay it in boards ili the spring.' " In 1807 there were in Pittsburgh four lumber yards. In 1812 the quantity of lunmber brought down the Allegheny river and inspected at Pittsburgh was 7,000,000 feet-worth about $70,000. In 1817 the following is recorded in CGiamer's Almanack of the timber trade of the Allegheny river: "On Brokenstraw creek, Warren county, Pennsylvania, are fifteen saw mills, some of which use eleven saws. They cut on an average 3,000 feet of boards a day, and can be worked eight months in the year, making about 9,450,000 feet annually, worth in Pittsburgh $100,000. On tile Conewango, which rises in timhe State of New York, and empties into the Allegheny river above Brokenstraw, in the same county, our informant assures us that more than twice that quantity of luminer is sawed." This account would make tile lumber business of the Allegheny river then, and conse(quently of Pittsblurgh, as at that period the product of all those mills was floated to this city, worth $300,000, and the number of mills al,out forty-five, producing 28,350,000( feet of limber. In 1831 the amount annually brought down the ()hio is estimated in "Peck's Guide" at 30,000,000 feet, worth in the neighborhood of $300,000. 196 INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. The increased demand conseluent upon the rapid progress of the population of the Ohio Valley and the manufactures of Pittsburgh, rapidly swelled the aunount of lumber annually cut on the Allegheny and its tributaries, until the amount of lumber run from that section and sawed upon their banks increased. About one-half of the entire "cut" of the mills was consumed at Pittsburgh; the remaining half was taken to ports below and sold. Of late years the supply from that section has not increased, hut the amount used in the city and manufactures has largely increased. The supply is augmented bY re(-ipts from the western counties of Pennsylvania, through which runs the P'ennsNlvainia IRailroad, also froiii the Lakes. Thle linher trade strictly is that of thile dealers in4umniber as brought to the city in railroad ears, and so sold or disposed of in thie wholesale lumtiler yards; -Iso t)a usf d and sold in the saw-mill and planing mill lprodc,ts amnd in the 4,o0eraee-. TI,e consunimptions of timniber or wood as used in the firnituiiie maimfictorie.s, the carriage and wagot fi ctolties, etc., are emlbrace0 ini the IllnAtion of thlose indlustlries. It has been diftlieuilt to classifv the dealcers io* the various inthes i" thiis business. There are (of wholesale dealers by car lot thie i()lowillng: i-Ill. (M )1i.e. EstaWId. II. I. N a,e & S n,. 1850. II. i). L,a - i (A It... 60 W \ oo(l street,... 1885. Lazt r Nicola his:....... 514 Market street,.. 184. Fr n J. I'. Packcr........ 71 liberty,..... 1s8 2... IP. 'l'hese,four firms handle al)out 55,000,000 feet of pine and :Z: val',: e of Il.000,00, 0. 'Tlhre are the following firnms who handle wholesale from yards: ty. N:e!'se & S)n. Is & t,ale. SNi cola. Pal':ckeir. ,.( wodAs of a Vi 1n. limiberilantl & Co., ",toneri & McClure, W. C. I lolpper,. 1f. C(. (earing,... 11. W. Ailers & Co., Alex. Paterlson,.. hilli Nanz..... Kolpp & Voe(htly,. C. ('. Boyle..... i. F l..nd..... '.,. W iley,...... A. II.'uwer,.... I acket & Mc'(Cain,. Union Planinm_,Mill Co., 4. 1.. & (c. L. \Viley, Snslear,.......... Me Fall, Iletzell & Co., Offlee. 2 I)uquesne Way,.... 27th and A. V. It. R., Eightli an(d ID)u(lnesne, Twentieth and Sidney, 323 E. ()hio....... 123: Prehle avenue,... 18 S,uthl Third,..... (i1r. Main and Sycamore, 20.5 Main street,. 200 Northi avenue, 100 L,acock street, Craig and Kilbuck, 8 Wood street...... 18th and Fox alley,.. 100 Laeock street, 311 River avenue, Tenth and Penn ave., Estab'd. 1875 1840 1868 1879 1850 1866 1837) 1840 1874 1877 1850 1886 186(35 1876 1876 BN. (. IK imbelanmd. Ieath, Il)ff & Co. AV. C.C. Iolper. D. Emwer & Son. llack(4t & eMICain. ('orporIatin C. ('. B. Wiley, WV. A. Iletzell & Co 197 PITTSB URJGI'S PRO G.RESS, These t wenty-one firms iandlle al:ot 70,000.000)) feet of all descriptions of hardwood, hemlock and 1ine lunmbers, and employ 175 hands. The value of the Iiimher is about $1,500,000. There are two firms who make a specialty of dealing in staves, Kimberland & Co. and C. J. Gillispie, Duquesne Way and Eighth. They handle about 6,000,00(0t staves. There are the following Planing Mills and Box Factories. Firim. James 11. Hill, Frazier BroS.,... 1). 1R. Speer,... Lewis Planing- Mills, \Villiam Trimnible. H. Schmnidt & Co.. Slack & Shoies... Mundorf ( Co.,.. Al. Simon,...... Inion Planinig Mill. - Wni. Grsh & C('o., Alex Chambers,.. ,. S. Planing" Mill Co., S. P. Planing Mill C'o., .los. A. Steen,... 'Stoner & McClure, I. Hahn,..... McFall, IIetzell & Co. Osterling & I,angenheinm, Schnette & Co., P'aul & D)ubarry,N (Geo. B. Boomer, Hill & Patterson, W. 11. Berger... Ofice. 26th and'enn av., 'lavYard and Market, 3d & I)nIiuesne wayN, Grant and 7th ave.. 245 Beav,r avenue, 3125 Penn avenue, Third and Penn:iv. 23o and "iarv sis.,. Anderson & I.obinson, 18th and lox alley, 75 Third, Allegheny, 106 North avenue,. Third and McKean. Third and ('hestnut. 66 iacock street, 27th and Railro:d,. 17th and.Jane sts., 10th and Penn ave., 44 Anderson street, 18th:iand MIarv sts., 41st and A.. 1R. E., Corry and River av., Old avenue,... 29th and A.. R. R., Estalb'd. 1 S4 1856 1851 1862 1865 18621 1862 18';: 1870 1871 1871 1872 1840 1874 1876 1876 1876 1881 1866 1863 These 23 mills employ 715 hands, whose wages will IV. Jlamies B. Hill. .I. (G. Frazier. I leath & Speer. 11ill & MJcCliure. Gillian, Trimnible & (C, I)earson &i Co. Slack & Sholes. 1'. A. -Aundorf. Th'lo)mipson & PIhillips. ('orporation. irush & Riecmeiln,1Ydet Alex. Chlianbers. ( Corporation. South Pitts. I'. I. Co. AIullen, Steen & (o. I feath, Duffl' & ( o. I laln, Harnies & ( o. W. A. Hetzel & ((,. ( )sterling & Ilngenh'i 1). O. Cunningham. Paul & Dubarry. Geo. P. Barber. IIill, Patterson & Co. White & Berger. amount to about $360,0(00( a year. The value of the plants is given at $577,000, and they occupy an area of ground of about 10 acres; and use and produce about 40,000,000 feet of lumber for flooring, which is worth in its manufactured forms, $800,000, including 1,500,000 boxes. There is in use in these planing mills 50 planers, 31 mortising machines, 178 saws, 22 flooring machines, 43 moulders, and 27 tenon mnachines. There ar( 110 horses and 75 wagons used in the hauling of the material. 198 199 IN1DSITRIES AND RESO URCPES. Cooperages. Tie manufacture of )barrlels and kegs is an industry that has grown, and grows with the increase of several other branches of the manufactures of the city. The oil, the nails, the white lead, the whisky, each and all calling for a great number of cooper made packages. Therc e re thirty cooperages in the city, emploving when running full 370 hands, whose wages will amount to from $150,000 to $160,000. The la rgest of these is the Stalnda: d O)il Co.'s coop,erage with a caipacity of 1,000 barrels a day, and that of the Elmpiire (il \Wo)rks. The actual production of barrcls, kegs, &e., is diflicult to arrive at. That of barrels being about 700.000 a year. as statistic.s of twenty-one of the factolrics whichl emp1,loy from 5 to 15 hand each showinig 4i00,0i00 as their product alone. The barrels made are niostly oil 1;arrels, :mad the probaItAI v:lie value is ranmd of coop)erage industry is a bout S900,000. While in addition there is at millimo nail kegs and lead kegs, whose value would not I)e far froin $400,000, being a totld of al;out &1,400,0100. Tiere is consumned in ithe manufacture of the oil itd whisk v barrels from 12,000,000 to 14,000,00(1) ta\ves and over 4,000 tons of hoop iroii. The entire value of the lumber trade, as given in these three divisions, is betweent 4,000,1)00 anld 5,000,(00)(0 of dollars. It is estimated that the entire receipts of luiiber in the cit y is 1 50,000,(010 feet, of which nearly or quite 100,000,000 feet comes front the West by rail, and 5(,,000,000 is rafted down the Alleuheny river. About 0,00000)))0 millio(ns of these being in the shape of logs, round and nd hewn, and 201,000,)000 in henmlock and pine I)oards, in the proportion of two-thirds pine to one-third hemlock. PII'TSI?H UiRGFiS IPROGRESS, miet'a1tile Irlteielte. NDElI this division is givel the statistics, so far as could be obtained, of the wholesale trade of Pittsburgh, in its various branches ottside of what might a be cailed manufacturing counmerce. The trade here exhibited is strictly that of the wh4nlesale joblers, or, more correcctly, nimerchants, altlough the first term is used as a designation that has grown to 1he almost techn.ical as appliid to w\ holesale trade. The term "' Mercihants of' Pittsburgh,'' iirst cct.urs in Sonh,llet's i!ist ory, in a mention of the transattion of MAjor (Getmdal Stanwix, at I)rt Pitt, in the winter of 1759-6t). In 1803 the eitire commerce and tntlli faCtures of P)itts:i)i'rg-h were sIuinmted 111u at Q35(,000. ()f this, 931,000() was creat(dl hi, B what w:s ti: hn teirmedl the "artering trade." or, the exchangngl of (o1e articllt of mtrc(l1;tltdise for:ltother. In 1808 there were lifty st(lre-lk,('e])t.or 11n hl!alll."ts. In 1817 there were 1(0) stores of variolls killds in the city; and inlt I 52 thetre were 2-0 4torcs. There is no (ldou,t th:t I'ittslii;gi ha, ill her dlv\otion to nlanu:faetltqes, neglhoted her melvaontile and (connwnr1AWd ol,orto ithis. What those apiear to (others ten or fifteen years since, the,llowiijg exiraict firom tlhe Chiecago Tr'itce indicates. The editor says: " l)itts!,urg!h lha always 1ween, hy its natural attva-tg: I-ts and manuftactories, a snul,Aly point for the West; wlichl has als(lo hoen tl( chitf tnarket for its )rodu(tion. We believe in a hei lty omlpetition:Is the life o,f progress antd trade. Yet. when one visits these vast anid varied faetories; notes"ihe natural union here of minerals adl fel; the i)on(h(iromis cotmbiiltinOns of ima( hinerv, skilled labor and caplita; with the aible and experiencel bnrais at work in thie 1mana1gement of the same, he is apt to tlhink there cal be little c(h::'ne elsewhere for t the saime enterprises with much show of suecess. It i. l'tain Mtat therf,i.'all prcobability eft' a dis(cr,,,cry, t fany wher point qf siimilr colnhinc,d adi'ioesflr,j)h",nilr icaactntc,. " Wereli re (ocate(I, t Pitt,bargh, hoo-,:',,,,' sh.uld coni,owl h,er citizoi, not lto,,ontinu the error the!y are ait posen,t 1/ilty /f,: n!am,l/lt - -'r/t i f cm,anot'ial it're'st,, while .;ecUrling (h1 4upronw,'cy (!f Ti,l/etloe.. The nat,iral position of that city for trade is something wondertful to think of. IIad it been prpierly imprnoved it would have given her to-day a population of Ihalf a million As a depot for exchanige and trans-shipllent of th e protiduts that naturallY come to her as a cetnter she controls the Mississippi basin. There is no point along the frontier of the Atlantic States westward that is so contntanding as a trade imart its that of Pittsburgh." On the samti theilt the pages of "'ittSbulrh and.IA(!l('lh in the (Y,Mtennial Yla'," contains the foillowing: "There can be no reatson given, that mnercantile enterprises and commerc'ial activity cannot overcome, why a distance of twelve hours or three hundred miles from the sea coast shou(lld act as an obstacle to a Iarge wholesale dry goods, hardware, boot and shoe, or other commercial goods business being transacted. The 200 -a Wholesale Dry Goods and Millinery House, Joseph Home & Co., Cor. Wood Street and Liberty Avenue. 7 ~..ic5 e "IA~I 30 A~ C, cn, 0 C, o 0 lo 0 y 4 0, 0D x 'I: 'V CC) C, IND USTRIIES AND R)ESO URCES. extent of which it is now transactl!d, while showing a large increase in amount in the past decade, is by no means in accordance with the strength of the positipn occupie(d by the city. "Taking into consideration the fact, that in all particulars the Pittsburgh wholesale merchant stands upon equal footing with those of the eastern cities, in all the facilities for procuring his stock-buying froin and acting as the agent of the same manufacturers-imrporting from the same European scources-paying never imore than they for the articles in which he deals, and able from the les. expense to (1do an e(llally remunerative business on live per cent. less profit, one point upon which to found thiis belief is apparent. " All thing, in prices, term.:, and (t her business considerations in purchasing being equal between the two points corlntrasted, it is at once obvious to the prudent luver that the adlvantages already mentioned as belonging expressly to Pittsburgh, froin the advanutage of lessened expenses and some oers also belonging to Pittsburgh over western cities seeking tile s:ane trade, is ufticient to decide which point is the bet. There is probably no iity in the t'nion with such advant:ages o"r a grealt coiimmerial husines as l'ittsurghli. and it need o(ilv the push iod (ntert -0ise displayed ini Aler cities in hese thin-gs to develop her equIlal resuts. Of late years this has beenii e:xertl in the ('onnlission biusiness andi wholesale grooeery business esl;eely, and as a cilselquence, t lie increase in those lik-s of "As a loint ll' f tr lrnlisa('ti,ons in p0'rlce the same:advantames present thcn.rei:s as a're I,minieni t ii her fdai,1;iiii to m illml 1i-:-ion 1 usine1ss, and there i:; no r1,lo ifr dioubt but hilt aital, anj: PxRCti61n wouMld snion render this one of tlhe larAtesit.grain 1and pn1r,duice marketsI in t e colintry. The variedl and extensive .advanta-eos C(r traislsportation alreadv recited::s pssscsd by Pittsiburgh, give the facility for recelion,, while the sauh clhamiel preV ient avenies for forwarding it , the seleaboard either spCedlily or c.1heaply and1 mIr leisrely.' In the pst ten yers ten hease aduvntagcs have becN niuch niore laid hold on, withi a correslpondling increase in most of the divisions of tlih wholesale trade. There being now single wholesale dry goods houses whose sales aggreg-lte nearly as mnuch as the entire trade amounted to ten years since, an1d (,thers whose transactions are cqual to half the trade a decade sincN. There is no doubt that the aggregation of a large popullation has its Inagnetic frce in attracting a wholesale trade. The influences that control nierantile business are subtle things and hard to be defined, even when seen in results. (Oceasionally it will he found that a mercantile establishment is transactin.g a handsome business in some obsculre street, but as a general thing the heavy business is with those tirms whose warehouses are in prominent loc(alities, and where the trade "' ml st do conglrreitate." This is alpplicable to the builting up of the wholesale trade of any city, and the rapid increase of Pittsburgh in population is I,egilling to show its efAects. The average man has always a disposition to seek a large city for mercantile transactions. The new dress, so to speak, that Pittsburgh is putting in under the use of gas fuel is also having its influence in ren"lhrinlg the city a more attractive market in dry goods, millinery goods, hoots and shoes, jewelry, etc. That Pittsburgh is growing in its mercantile interests as well as its manufacturing, one is mnade aware of by that peculiar evoh!thon in trade that always accompianies mercantile growth, before mentioned in some other divisions of the lusiness of the city, that is the segregati,lt into distinct classes by each character of mercantile interests. 201 PITTSB'EURGH'S PRO(;1GRESS. In the quotation from the ( 1ichityo B,ree,i,, published some twelve or fifteen year,siuce, it is very forcibly put that if Pittsburgh had used as much enterprise to increase her conuercial power as it had to obtain manuufaturing upremcny that a popuilation of half a million would at that date have been in its munliipal limUits. Four years from now the census will, as the ratios in the chapter of this voluiuni on polputlation indicate, have from 375,000 to 4100,100 inlhabitants. With that swelling wave of populatiin the mercantile interests from the influences shadowed out in this niention of them, will keep pace. There can be no doubt that to somce extent the old-time smoke and s,ot had a depressing efceOi on tOie trade in many articles, as it had on the accliniation here of uiany kinds of imanulfl; tme. That is of the past, and also a certain lethargy as to the extensio"in of mereuantile interests. The lo/ality of Pittsburgh a:s a conulecial centre as 1well as a nminafeturin, one is e!ually strong. o" o,,,.' ,.'iti,, lc,,l,! lijoa citi, lPitts,;1rg-Ld, is.w,o, i/il fO-l,ie'1 ti, I / " The:lr.e wr ay in \ hIiclih the 1~riter 1 Of' the cxtract from the ('Uiaw/,,eefl, b`6f;w(e quot(1,I expresses an opinion hell in eve! - reoalkable a city as (Chicago. Not olv ha.-s l~Pittsburgh the grreat and girowilng railro/li forces to reaich and msuqlly trahde, ut, as elire exIlressed, thise very roals have an incr'easing power in that they are ienteredl into a'it v of what Aill shortly lIe applroaching,, half a miillionl of lpopulation, iut there is Ihe great and res,erved iorce of ile ()hio river, that will agatin Iwe is it was before the railroad era a largc factor in her iereantile prosperity. lifore the l lilrlo:tls ittslirgh's g,ro,ce.er dry. giods iand other' mercantile traffic f,ound large customll along the rivers. That fell of' from a iwo-fVld tause. hice the natural efleit of rnilroMds in thei! reliability of c;rrying, and tile other is a direct charge of the want of efl)rt o, the part of the merc~hants of PittJsburgrh to keep their "'grip" on their rivel trade. The river is of course under its natural regimen for a few short periotds ailost unnavigable, and the inroads imade by ra:il,road transportation depressed the boating inteests, but there (an,e Ino doubt that good, active lines of I,packets from Pittsburgh to a score or more of pQints along the Ohio andl up its trilutaries would have broutght and kept trade. (in a large field that is the policty which the statesmen of Great Britain pursued to keep andl increase the traflic of that country, and packet lines to all ports that promisded trade were kept up with sedulons care. There is perhaps no class of business imen that should take a warmier interest in the improvenment of the rivels than our merchants. From lie foregoing sentences it is not requisite to dictate on the why. The fact before, llentioned that when the rivers are in any reasonable stage that goods are received at river towns from Pittsburgh by water mlore expeditiously than by rail is proof that if the river were as reliable at all tinies for daily shipments as railroads the trade would be reached, and if there were daily lines of packets to a score or two of down-strearn ports as there are of rail trains the result would be similar. INDUSTRIES.1IND RESO C I'li('. 20*> Dry Goods Trade. The force and bearing of the preliminary remarks, as to the increasing volumne of the mercantile business, is especially apposite to the wholesale dry goods trade of I'ittsburgh. There are, at present, but seven strictly wholesale houses, but thei magnitude of their sales is large. In looking throuhli such old-time ptilications as ('woi'r's Alnamacke anxi others that at in early date made a splecialyv of noting and Ipulishing the statistic(s of the business of the then town of Pittshur'lh, there is n,,where found any note of the dry goods or other similar mIervaitile bulsiness. As the writer in the (h,A,'cm' lurem'a, previously quoted, says. every efiwit was made fr maunufactu"r Pg sup7n'emcy, and little or nothin,g doliie to builh! Ill the( mercai'tile initerests. In 1808 it is recordeld cf the nm:iut' witure of somn' articles that are to, be classed as dryv -oods. Alut 3S,000 yards ere anmmally wovcii of linen-woolsey, cotton and linen mixed, averaging 56 centis oer \t(ard, worth di S,Is. (o)f linen, (;'n,or'w. , li,iuaock says "About 80,000 yards of flaxeni iii('il, ('(alrse:ad lice, are brought t, the Pitts burghi market Vearlvy." lThe average price appears to have been )tll ()it O centis. (O)f this article the same publication says: " We feel a pleasure in havina g seen ali nue piece of linen made by Mr's. James, (;ormly, of this place; it is spun six dozen cuts to the Ipod, and is 1600 in quality; it soll tfr $1.50 pler yvlrd. I,et it no longer Ihe foolishly and roundly asserted that American flax will not make, nor that A.\lmerican women cannot spin line linen." In connection with this it will not I(, out of place to say, that all the puhlications of about this date contain articles-. aond many flr(m distinguished citizens, iurging the lmanlfittcture of linen, and attention to the ciulture of flax. Pittsburgh appears to have been then looked to asi the most impllortant point for the establishmnent of such factories. Says one pullication of the manufacture of fine thread: "We are hapl)y to find that fine anil bemutifiul thread is now spun and brought to our market. We have seen some of twelve dozen cuts to the pound, about the quality of No. 28 imported." In 1857 in "Pittsburgh As It Is," the first record is statistically nmade of the dry goods trade of Pittsburgh, but the wholesale and retail houses are all dclassed together, and it is stated that there are twenty-five houses in all, employing 311 hands, and transacting business to the amount of $2,334,239. In 1876 in "Pittsburgh atnd Allegheny in the Centennial Year " it is of' record that there are ten strictly wholesale dry goods houses in the city whvo employ 144 hands and whose sales are;4,400,000. In this is included the houses dealing in milliner*goods and in cloths exclusively. It is als,~, mentioned that there are 76 retail and wholesale houses, whose sales will averaige $7,000,000. At the hpresent date, 1886, there are the following.strichll wholesale dry goods "lirms:14W 'Thie oils. in thie long pe1riodl of sbmnierging, would he superheated-if the term nlta he iNused--into a gas, tlt' undistilled and clharred p,rtions of these giganltic Sigilliara remaining as interpreters in futuire ages of the process of coal fwirnatin. and the distilled juices secreted in the earth lfor man's future use. Under the ipressures its own uliatin liation would cause, these gases would pienetrate into the superinculmbent sand, whichll would for reservoirs, and are to-day the tanks, so to sp]eak, in which it is ftunl. This seems Iromable, as it is in varitos stratas tf l,ehble, saond an111:1 hoey com) rock. at innlense depths, that the vapor is reached. .\t Taret.nt iti i d s oi)ained i) a dark, hlney-conibed sand rock without peh!dles. Swhile at Leeblngll'r it is foiid in 1peile sanml, and lie ga: is oiWtainedl at'lOn: 10(75 to 1200i feet. The oil mticls are chielly the tankage in whiAdli o fIr this was is obtaineal. Oimi:l'a in chliractert toi ii lose citced iat Tl et.itni and I,eei; bliurg. The depthli varil' from 1.200 feet at Leechihur'..\irmstrNn' cl4hiiy. to:almut 1,700 feet l i Murr:vville, Westnio:-eland counli; 2,'otll fect at thle M;iA:dLi-uin well, Washington counly. aiid ahout tlici' sani depth at thi.lolle & laii_Aillin well in!te city if Pitt-hlirglh. In thie \\atls ingtoln (cOully lield at ailon:-i'oirg' therei seillm, 1 iC t hr'eec distil,' t -as sands: o,e at 1,210 feet, thle c'ilgton!oirate( s att lpl oprl!i': c "low that the 1,7T: feet slirata of the Mhurra-\ville disirietl::nd below that thie 2,100 eet straia ofli the Mc uigiian well. ii the Caillioni rlirg dii'ct i1wre s,c ell-- ii,. i ii i watler in the 1,21t;!!'(ot collgl(n werate. as there is in other sectionll. At':dell~, Ileav(.r c(mlItY. lit.' g i ltrilck it the collgl(witrat: c at 1.,00 to 1- 01 I'tI: aild tiwre is an w!wr SNMl t a!Amt D2A) 1I1 elmo.i-. OANSmi which the w t Ecwtollyl, ill the ]~alll Oh!it\. ol ltlii their How. It is a pnoMrt f l, ipi t' ic vIned. tanid ic' e! icxFIsiko of gs&me lnder liiit :md colitinuotd 1"'rlilatioll i, promi,w ive of grl'iii!wn4tral inll f,,. This pel - r'ative f ~:iri i.'.. tijc.' -c.ic ed!h( i:it e'l l,nd is i, oftl-. ot it- pcc ii.!.rii; c, ai, w ill iits hal it wi, f.-lowini.: " uarth lo:i ds."i' whi h1 s 1- , i i h 1 e,ii i-t:,d ii inlovesti,,ttions of' y _pl. lions, -ccurring at 1,i" s ditallnt froll the k-ak ill!i:t~ piis i'from -.hich it ]a:,l esap.d. aisi,g only io the siw e wherc soen veritial cr\evices i fremq egms to the atmosphere. As so far ihe reachahle tl, ae of this vap. w i, lhoid in pehily saild aind ihoney-onie rocks, as i'viousl cited, it is reiwaonildc I" siuPposK%. as there is no indientions in these sands itf iormative processe.s, thiait tilhe as tas. in its natiai'l lihabit, ascended fro'mn the reiittive source anld becomiie stored,l. cel-'tratifii(' undeli r tlit' iorce of the ren(tive l,rvssir'e every" ihwersti('e. hlwv'everi Mili1tei., lf tlhe saulds ior r'ock, abhove. tanld eing held hack thlereiin from fur'ther a',nsioli,-.y a illltiug of very hard rock which is aillways just alhove' tit'( sand. \'lhait'\as ta- Ie'l(1e illk (1' tHis veghattion l'oni whichi. Iiider this thccry. thci vapc,r ihas be-i' cretated lth i ire is ti fet c ill icaite.'Prof. Lesleyv, iho.\ever, sivys thliait!ihe litt.lurt comi l ed, whiere it is iiiw twelve fct tlhick, i'eln-r'snlts 15)M feet thi'ksne' f veoetiLation. Vh11:11 Ialii ve, in thet lower iOciian fl ci'lmoltion: eIlow Pitisilcir- h nothin' hult a'drill 4,c 10.00) feet c ill dicter'l!lilc e, mit it iS lliost pr'olahle that there or tll't r,a'i'tlc lilS'.va, or i' tilt' treiat lati(wiator' x cl' oft iiatiral gas. \i.What Ic t'. of'ua I r'aT ho,lcliII i'k lih oh,11'tl e all, i' rMl wl!ich the PI/I"TTlS');H_R(J'I'S PR;O R ESS, PITTSB URGH'S PR OGRESS, Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. Joseph Horne & Co.,.. 10 Wood st.,. 1850 Joseph Horne. Arbuthnot, Stephenson & Co. 719 Liberty st., 1843 C. Arbuthnot. McCandless, Jamison & Co., 531 Wood st.,. 1838 Gregg & McCandless. Taylor, Son & Co.,.... 507 Wood st.,. 1856 D. Gregg & Co. James B. IIHaines & Sons, 430 Wood st.,. 1852 Hampton, Wilson & Co. W. T. Shannon & Son,. 905 Liberty st., 1882 W. T. Shannon & Son. C. Yeager & Co.,..... 510 Market st., - C. Yeager & Co. These seven firms employ 411 hands and their sales average $7,000,000 annually. The leading house in the trade being that of JOSEPH IIoRNE & CO., whose business house is one of the illustrations of this volume. The progress of this branch of the dry goodt trade will be n,)ted )by the statistics at the periods quoted. In 1876 it had increased in twenty yvears, so that the wholesale dry goods trade alone was ncarlv 10)0 pe''r'ent. g're:ter than the wholesale and retail trade in 185;; and inii 180;, only ten yearcs after, the trade again shows an increase of equal pr(,l)(portim over the trade of 1876, as was showiln by the trade of 187;S over that of I 856. Tl1is an is made under that segregation of the trade into distinct classes, by wlicl several firms that were in 1876t classed with the dry goods trade are now clss houses of' strictly Millinery Goods. These goods were formerly compri-ised in the general stock of the dry goods johbbing hi1ouses, an are still departmentis of such extensiove houses as Josep,h hlorne & (Co., but there are lirce firms whose exclusive trade is millinery goods in tlheir strict classitication. SoMe of the most expensive buildings (f Pittsburghll for commercial purposes are occupied by this class of the trade, being built ex,pressly to meet the wants of tliis business. The lbuilding occupied by J. 1). Bernd & (,o., which forms one of the illustrations of this volume, is a grand trade p)alace. It is 35Ax100 teet an-d six stories high, with a front of iron and plate and stained glass, of the beauty of whichi the cut gives no idea. In the whole exterior and interior finish there is in no city few if any superior, and it is one of the ornaments of the trade centres of the city. The firms exclusively engaged in the jobbing and millinery goods are: Firm. Office. Estat'd. By. J. I). Bernd & ('o.,.. 815 Liberty st., 18161 J. D. Bernd. Porter & D)onaldson,. 822 Liberty st., 1872 Porter & Donaldson. Renwick, Elben & Ellis, 628 Liberty st., 1882 Renwick, Elben & Ellis. These three firms wholesale millinery go)ods exclusively, and average an amount,f $1,100,000 to $1,250,000 a year, and emp,loy about 100 hands, whose wages will amount to 8S5,000 a year. In addition to these is the dry goods jobbing house of.Joseph HIorne &' Co., whose extensive department of millinery goods is in itself actually another millinery house,. but its statistics are included with the dry goods trade. (Of this division of the dry goods trade, it may be said that the 204 Mercantile Building View, 815 Liberty Ave. Wholesale Millinery House of J. D. Bernd & Co. IP'I1i'RBI/(;Ui'S I'ROURESS. stales of thle hoses therein classed sell a largter anount than the strictly wholesale lthouse(s of 1857, and one house more than all thlie millineryv houses of 187( did in that latter year. Cloth Houses i another dlivision of the dry,,otIs traule into which the uusiness. under its inr:tease, has se/r'ated; they are 11. F. 0'[ri, 900 Liberty street, Tiom,,s A. M8t9NALY, 809 Iberty street, and.ohin Kaiser & (Co., 18 Smnithfield street IThese hou,ses deal exoliusively in cloths. cai"siieres and tailors' trimniiings, and eimploy;) 1 hanlis, whose wages will averag', >22,000t, and their sales annually are Ie.twe,oi S,00,000 and t600,000. tUndler these three division: theA wholesale dry goods trade of Pi:tsoburgh is ib,it i..;om)o,)0wo. There are no:t only manyi retail lahouses, but solie whose salos trie as large as tile wholesale hounses, will i:uddanother SI 0,0)004),000 to the bull of ,lhe tradle. There is also an increase (f three hirms in what is the various divisions :i' thl. trade. Hand-knit Zephyr~,Wool Goods. These g,ods are Imanufactured b1 I lenr v..\ Armstrong, No. 7 Sixth aVentlle. This is the only imanuftactory of the kind in Pittslurigh or Western Pennsvlvavania, and was established in 187) by tie present proprietor, and now employs an average of about 40 hands. The articles manufi:tured are, fronm being hand-knit. superior to iachii e goods, and but little higher in price. The firm also manutifacture chillren's lace caps and embroideries, and in addition to the foregoing goods niake a specialty of buttons, linen collars andcilNk and embroideries and laces, but do not deal in a full line of general fancy giods--only supplementing their business of manufacturing hand-knit zeplhyr wool goods and children's lace caps with the airticles imentioned. Seamless Hosiery Manufactory. The iianufactutre of these g,vdis is carried on,by the Keystone Knittina (ttoln!,any, -14 Iberty avenue, who mabk o hl:iery, gloves and miittens. There are 2) kniittintg imachines in use in this fliorv, giving emiiphyment to 35 hanmds when running,:11l the )produvt is'abot,t S,Ii, dozen annually. The wages paid amniount to "llt fA,MMi a year,,eelanse the wx,,ks are i(t (,ntinuousI v lrun; but!5,01(1i lbs. of imaterial Ieing knit up. The Wholesale Boot and Shoe Trade. In lhi- lbramch of the xwholesAe trade of thie cit' tihe saine increase of the llia!inillue is to be notoi. As Plitts,hIrlgh j.hthbt,rs tpurthase friom the samte mianunitttirli's. MItd at as:udv:antag:eous ternis als E]st'vt hionses, and that they at all titeoWi'r to duplliate any q,,tati,n iif Eta"tern Mot: ies. in suificient in itself to give th( trade staudint,u of Pittsburh, t,t a h-toe marke: ifr lpurchasers west of the Allk-henis.' The stO(t,ks are naturally at fll,. an! in all respects desirable as rin I e thml! elsiwlChere. Thl re atre nint, litx; Io,'tdo"a sLrictly wholt,esale htsiness: IND I >l'87IIl'xl ANviD lIfO,Cl UI(',". Fini. (O)ice. Estab'd. Pyv. 11. Chiids & Co.,.. 11 Wood street. 1817 John Albree. WV. E'. Sehmliertz & ('o., 40 Iiftlih avenue, 1848 W. E. Schlinertz. J1.. II. l rland,... 7-2: I e t'Irty st... 8'0).I. 11. Borlaud. Win. Pickeri-gill, Jr... )27 Woodl stre et. I 8 Win. Pickersgill,.lr. ~ill & i;ru.,.... 312 W )o(d strect. 1N; John Gill, Sr. ;regg I& lliott,.... - \ l s treet, IS 5 rGre, 1. 4. ('0. Miller & Ilston.. )S \8 Woodi s' reett, LS7 Miller & Huston. I1ird & lay,.....-51'),YookdI street. 1877 Laird & I hay. J. I'isnn.... Seventh ae.. 1880 J. l:isiman. These niine lin make" sales to the am)ount of "2.930,000, employ 105 hand,l who,se wages will ave;aie.80).()I( a year. IThe' fiim of IT. Childs &'o., as will Le seen, lates bac'k to the time when the Ipopulattion of the town was but 7,1((1, and there were but 10.) stores, so-called. ii the town. it is the ol(est shoe lhouse west of the notntains, and in this year 18506) enters iponi the lifthieth year of its conillthation, havin, having', as is given in the table, been established in 1817 bI, John Albree, who brought his stock over thie mountains in a (Comestogt wargyon. The firm o)1 .1. If. lorland is tie only wholesale auntion house in the city, and the sole agent of' the eastern ruze,r factries. There are two Wholesale Shoe Manufactures ii Pittshuirgh, andt there are indietitons that this industry is taking root here and will flourish. It is anoither instanee of the segregation instatnued as indicative of tlihe growth of a citty's population and its trade. The two factories are, the lbivmlt-mi: Si tot: (,., estabtlished in 186S lv Will. E. Schmnertz & ('Co. The factietoryv is 250x,)S. two and a half stories. There are enillloyed in it 8 325 men who make about 1,30()0 pirs of shoes a day, and use up io:lot 8350,0(A0 of stick a yewar. This was the tirst Alrge shoe iftory, a as a distin.tive- business, west of the mountains. The ot her is thie Pittsburgh Shoe ( o. Limitel, e(stabslished in ISS:, by the Pittsburgh >hioe Manuttetturing o.. and emiploy 7.5 htnds who make alout 200) pairs of shoes T,ile productt of tllh(- two fltatories is abiit S6i)tlt(1 a year under lte pc'rvsent <)'11)t1; t Iof' shoes. Upper Manufactures. Th'ire:lvie lthree Unfirms wlto 1' he cwnside.rel au s whdoln>sale manifhutif'(rers of this las I shoc in:aterial, viz:..'hintler & ('.. oedel, Braun &'Co.. and Thonia S\tter. These three' emln,y (2 hands,. wh)se wages will a)tontl to S2 ()5,00 a \ear.;A t[ llie vallie (f the liprldl, tl is viven at I).(.000. l.s. thmree divisiwls (if what may 1)e termed thc sho,e trazle 4, Pi,s!,urgh. xhiii a total v'ale of s:i;.-,( (. Wholesale Hardware. The le"Wi'ar evlItiowns of traii have in this brIanch if the wholesale tralde of 6 - city- reduced the 111m)1111r olf tdic n-i'e,1o,()r so-C.alhd hi:irdware houses. The PITTSB URGH'S PROGRES.S, seperating of the trade into special classes mentioned in several instances, has, in this class, resulted in the creating of firms who, while dealing in what was formerly a part of the regular stock carried by hardware houses, are not known by that class name. Such houses do not keep stocks of what is technicaly known as shelf hardware. In this line of shelf hardware there are six strictly wholesale firms who keep very large stocks of that class of goods and cutlery. These firms stand on the same footing as any of the eastern houses, and can and will duplicate any quotation or bill of the dealers of any other city. In all cases the articles comes from the same American inanufactories, and are imported in the same way from Europe, and at the same cost. There is no reason why the merchant purchasing from the eastern jobber shlould not do so from the Pittsburgh jobber; and there is the advantage of freights, traveling expenses, time, &c., as a reason why lie should purchase at Pittsburgh. There are no better selected stocks to be found in the East than here; and, as before stated, the P!ittsburgh jobber is prepared and willing to extend as liberal terms to the solvent purchiaser as can be had in any city of the Union. The position u,pon which the jobbing houses of Pittsburgh of' all kinds stand m:ay be thus sunmled, up. While in every advant"age of procuring their stocks, style, assortrme-nt, profuseness, cheapness, &,., they stand equal with the jo,bbers of any eastern city, they have at all times in the smallness of their expenses the advantage of five per cent. over the East; which per cent., as previo,usly menitioned, they are willing to give the advanta,ge of to their customers. There are the following lirms in the city: F'irmn. Office. stab'd. By. Logan, Gregg & Co.,*. 306 Wood st.,. 1831 Logan & Kenmedy. Wolfl; Lane & Co.,,. 304 Wood st.,..!836 Witmore & Wolff. Bindley Hardware Co., 46 Seventh av.,. 1853 John England. Josep,h Woodwell & Co. 200 Wood st.,.. 1847 Joseph Woodwell. Lindsay, Sterrit & Co., 247 Liberty st.,. 1867 Lindsay, Sterrit & Co. Joseph Lautner & Co., 214 Ohio st.,.. 1858 Joseph Lautner. The sales of these six firms will amount to l1,800,000, and they employ 112 hands, whose wages will average about $70,000. The amount of sales is an increase of nearly 50 per cent. over tihe amount transacted in 1876 by 50 per cent. more firms, and 200 per cent. over the sale of 15 houses in 1857. As observed in the opening chapter of this volume, the strictly wholesale trade of the city is only given; although there are a number of other hardware houses where some wholesaling is done, whose transactions would swell the aggregate. If to these figures were added the sales made in the other class houses who deal in certain articles which were, in former years, in the stock of the shelf hardardware houses, the progress in the hardware trade of the city would be yet more apparent. Wholesale Jewelers. Of strictly wholesale jewelry firms there are live, viz: HIodge, Slemmons & Co., (loddard, Ilill & Co.. Ileeren Bros. & Co., G. B. Barrett & Co. and Charles Zug *This firm make a specialty of barbed fence wire and man, facturrers supp,lies. 208 IND STRIE' S AN I RIEISI ACES. hmith, Jr. ()f thlies I te firm of Ieeren Bros. &..& 42'ififih avenue, lhave a regular factory lbr mal facturint,, and is the only house in the city who carry all things wanted bY a watchmaker or jew eler. These firm.s employ from 70 to 80 hands, whose wages wvill amount to about $35,000, and their sales to $1,000,00t)0. Wholesale Druggists. There are but five strictly wholesale drug houses in Pittsburgh, although there are several others who combine wholesale with the retailing of drugs. The wholesale firms are Geo. A. Kelly & Co., 101 W\ood street, the oldest and most extensive in the city, having been established by B. A. Falhnestock in 1829; A. C. Ilenderson, 50 Seventh avenue; W. J Gilmore & Co., 623 Liberty avenue; E. Ilolden, 63 Federal street, Allegheny; L. 11. Harris, Liberty avenue. These firms employ from 75 to 85 hands, and the aggregate of their sales is about 81,250,000. There is one firm. Charles Babst, dealing in what is known as druggists' sundries exclusivelv; and, also, seven or eight firms who make and put uip what is known as proprietary medicines, of which the sales aggregate nearly if not quite $2,000,000. The drug trade of the city is, therefore, one year with another of a valuation of $3,250,000 up to $3,500,000. Wholesale Powder Dealers. There are three firms in the city whose exclusive business is tlhe selling of powder and other explosive materials and mining appliances. They are A. Kirk & Son, 910 IDuquesne Way, representing the Austin Powder Co., established 1867 by A. Kirk, I). W. C. Bidwell & Co., 143 Water street, representing the l)upont Powder Works, established 1852 by I). W. C. Bidwell, and Lafilin & Itand, 1 Smithfield street. The Wholesale Grocery Trade. The upward movements going on in the other branches of the wholesale trade of the city has been for several years past decidedly perceptible in this. For some time after the opening of railroad communication with the East this branch of the city's trade was to some extent injured, but a reaction once begun a steady growth of the grocery trade has followed. Groceries are of so staple a clharacter and without fashion that where they are purchased is of no consideration, and likewise as they are handled at such small per cents. of profit it is those smnall percentages tlhat decide purchasers. In this respect there are advantages at Pittsburgh in many articles that are among the standards of the trade. Sugars, for instance, are sold at as near cost as can be arrived at. New Orleans molasses, from the advantage of river carriage and chealp freihlits. is also a feature of the market, and also tobaccos. The stariding of the groccry trade of Pittsburgh is so high that the firms have at all tinmes the opportunities of the best options on all goods they wish to purehase. and buying generally for cashl, and being thus rated, have at all times tile ofltr of any bargains in the market. This high standing is well deserved, for it is a noteworthy fact that there has been but one failure in the wholesale grocery trade of Pittsburghl in a quarter of a century, and that was rather 14 209 ''PITINBI UIGH',S PROGRE;S'S. a liquilatii( than ta bankru)ty. This is a show of solidity, ai nocial strength and business ability that is hardly equaled in any other city. The grocery trade of the city has always had tle tradition of being- close buyers, cash men, which is well sustained, and of 1wcing as liberal sellers. Il3uying close, most always as before stated for cash, they are cOens-cqucntly able to sell as close, and from their own financial strncLith sustain their customers and extend to them as liberal terms as the cost,Oms of the trade justify or their needs require. In the preliminary chapter of this volume the pioneer character of many of the industries of the city are mentioned, and in the grocery trade this feature also obtains. It was at Pittsburgh that the feature of roasted coflee, now so leading an article in all grocery stock, was lirst intot,duced, and eventuated in Pittsburgh becoming the heaviest roast co,flte market in the country and the growth at Pittsburgh of the largest coffee house in the world. To John Arbuckle, of the now great Pittsburgh house of Arlbuckles & ('o., with its great branch at New York, is due the credit of this immens-e trade, which has become such a feature of the grocery trade that nearly all the leading grocery houses of Pittsburgh have a separate department of their business devoted to this specialty, and each its own especial b,rand. In these pages it is classed as a separate division of trade in connection with the grocery business, where:suc11 facts as relate to it are given. WVhat articles of commnierce ire generalized as groceries are so much "household woids".s to need no enumeration. it is enough tA say that the wholesale grocery houses of Pittslurgh carry in stock at all times the widest range of grocery goods from the teas of Japan and China, the toha(, s of Ientucky and Ohio, the oils of Pennsylvania, the sugars and molasses;f Louisiina, the rice of South Carolina, down to the least item kept by the smallest retail grocery. And as before mentioned these have all been purchased under the best circuistances on absolute cash payments. There is no risk in saving that to-day Pittsburgh is probably the best grocery market in the country in all respects whether as to stocks, prices, or treatment of customers. There:ire now in Pittsburgh twenty firms who maintain an c.,rclisively wholesale business, viz.: Firmn. Dilworth Jros.,... Janies A. leed & (Co., Arbuickle t (to.. IlawNorth & I l)ewhurst, Th,,inas ('. Jenkins,. '-. 1.:%,(It ~\:... John,t,,11, Eag.uy Earl. J. ll. ( nrtto: ('V... L,:im 4t) ina, lwl,h,. i o. 11. \ k 1)1) & ).,.. Curry & Metz-ar,. Soalve - \. \ lvoutIl,.A tolvin,.\txocl l A,., ( Office. 957 Penn, 501 ILiberty st., S()S Liberty st., 70l1 liberty st., Iiberty st.,. 6 Seventh ave., 120 Seaol( vVe.. 112 Seconti ave., ",2 Sevenith ave.. 1i1 Lib)crtv s-t.. ;(s Wo,d st.. 124 Second ave.. 126 S a-tvI d i, e., Estab'd, 1869 1867 1818 1866 1862 SI-i;. 155. 1051 1 5t5 By. I)ilworth, HIarper & Co. ('arter Bros. MalIom Leech. Ilawvorth & L)ewhurst. T. C. Jenkins. E. Ewart & (0o. irwin \t -Martin. Shemannker 0 Co. S i::: i] i m i:.. V(.-sk.niip. Hi ead A: ~letzgar. Janie \V. Hiouston. C. Atwell A: Co. 210 I y;),CI'7TIII'~.;.1 ND URES1'(OURCES ( L'. C,oy),V ]1ay,.:... Si olld ave., 1 8,2 E. T. ('oyan. Allen Kirkntri&k C mo, 003 I iPW'tv st... I; Allcn NAilrpatrick. iVlinter Illos..4. 514 Wood st. Is 70 lcviymer Bros. .John Wilson V F.on.. t20 1 Lilerty st.,. 11 t5 Wilson &- Watt. Ii'. C. r,... 941!4Li, rty st.,. s1i;5 Knox & Orr. Wi lli:an ('ooper O Ti., 643 L1 bei-ty st, 18M Choper N& Young. LulbLe lros.,.... 21 Iialliond S(., ThIese twelntl styietlW wholesac e Il)llumies epllloy 457 Ulands, whose wages will :unouit to 82;0,(000 a.year, and the valie of their sales is, as near as could be z1htaired, alout 0 $14,O(M,)00. That exact igllges cmduld not l,e had was because of that sname tniiditv o)f seie explosition (of what aniount of business the houses. were Tiing that has eenl tlie on,lled in lther branllcles oW business. It is to be regretted tliat such hes itation shlould obt1ain, for there is no doubt that to-day the wholesale gri,cery trl'ade of ittslnrgh is a very large bu.siness and growing, and it.coul( n1,t be 6ta benediel t,o let its magnitude,,e knovwn. There is al"ways:1 str,4ninl attraction of eustoni froini the m1agnitude of a large business, wI1ither in iildividual dealer or tIhe ajgrcipate business,if a city. So centrally Sitatedl s P'ittsblurgh is, and with the river andl rail facilities for shiipnents. its nmerchants shouril encourage inste:td of check lntura1 i nagnetisns of trade, and ais the rocery' market of l'ittsburgh is a gr'eat and desirable one let it be kn own1 bh the bulk of business transactions which is always the strongest proof of the attractive character of a market. For large sales mnean desirable stocks and prices, while snlal transactions indicate tile reverse. As the first of these nmentioned qiialities is thie character of the Pittsburllgh wholesale grocery trade, it is at pity that it should rather iobtain the reputation of the latter fromi undue secretiveness. As previously mnentioned, " roast cofWfes" are a distiictive department of the wholesale grocery trade of Pittsburgh. There are in the city the following Coffee Roasters. The really first attemlpt to introduce roa-)t cottfe in the stocek of grocery houses was at Pittsburgh, by the old Ilope Spice Mills proprietors, Baxter & McKee, who hadii a snall establishliment fi>r grinding spices (on Third avenue near Wood street. They began roasting a few ba:gs to sell, in connection with their spices, to the retail trade of the city as ii novelt, a,ut IS-10-12. Previoius to that the roastina " f c'flie was one of the iten-ms,of Pwrk of each cmisneold. To-day it is imost W(a1l,dde that in louseholds there is no co0be innsting, excelt fro1111 an o(.asiomial ". whill.." In the ute1inog to this geieal iuilim' use of roast co(ices inllstead of' the 2rcen Il rrI eviry care is taken by " h ters,a " and exertion Inade to nieet the 1,hlim tait e l Wdvonandl. As %efwre itlliioind,.))hin Achuckle, of \Arbuckle & Io.. was the lir-t t,) 1 ce to W1hat e_tetint this ield iln thi c 4,i.e irnde ofthe United St;!tis ct 41, l iw (1ulhivated, and nia nking it at oa:4 -slcialty, li. a, ais h1 fore said, klilh ip the l:ir.e-it c.ii. hnle in the wrl: whie in the feature of ro'asted coflees Tlie lhouslle,f ilworth hBr'ol. rl4 aln c nilerg2ctic -co2nd ill the race. While sonie of the 211 1'I2TTISBTURIVGH'S I'ROGIRESS, heavier retail lhouses roast, or have r,asted, for their home trade their own coffees, yet what is disinctinctively cofe roasters are the heavier wholesale houses, each having a special brand or namine for their coflee by which it is known to the trade. Of these there are six firms: Firm. Olfice. Estab'd. BJy. Arbuckle & Co... 808 Liberty st. 18 65 Arbuckle & Co. Dilworth Bros.... 957 Penn ave... - Dilworth Bros. T. C..Jenkins,... 520 Penn ave... 1862 T. C. Jenkins. Ilaworth & 1)ewliurst. 701 Liberty st... - aworth & Dewhurst. Jas. A. Reed & Co. 501 Liberty st.. - Jas. A. Reed & Co. W. T. BIown & Bro.". 9 Seventh st... 1869 AW. T. Bown & Bro. These six firms employ in the roasting and packing of their coffees some 200 hands, and roast 50,000,000 pounds of cofkfe a year, which is of a value of $7,009, 000. The whole amount of coffee handled at Pittsburgh is about 450,000 bags of roast and green. Wholesale Tea Houses is another division of the grocery trade of Pittsburgh. Again marking that pecu liar classifving of branches in all the business of a city, as its trade begins to as sume a metrol,olitian character. As a tea market Pitttslurgh is larger than Cincinnati, and also broader one in its assortment of teas, as all grades are kept in stock, and also the finer brands, the western and north-western markets selling' only the.Japan teas. There are in Pitts burgh six firms whose business is strictlv thlie wholesaling of teas, whose sales are about 48(.() pounds a year'. Tihe whole sales of teas in the Pittsburgh market is about 1,00)0,000 p)oluin(s a year, or about 20i,00 package of an average of 50 pounds each. The average price of these teas is about 43 cents, representing a value of from $450,000) to $500,000 as the valuation of the tea division of the grocery trade. Pork Packers. Therere are six firms engaged in the business of packing and wholesaling pork, viz: ell & I)ay, EI. I. Myers & Co., J. Stevenson & Co., J. P. Ilanna & ('o., Rca & Co., Walker, Dunlevy & Co. These firnis employ about 150 hand, and the value of thie trade is betwNeen $2,500,)000 and $3,000,000. But few hoes are slaughtered in Pittsiurgih, tile great bulk of the pork being brought in salt from the west to this city for further cutring. Scrap Iron Dealers. This is a class of tlie mercantile bi:siness of the cit.y that might almost be classed as a semi-nmanufacture, as the "scrap," in its limited sense of a small piece, is, by tfhose largely engaged in the business, cut up from thie large and often very heave weightso of oll manhiiiry, beams.:ils es, plates, &c.. which is by them purchased. The ib-uiness is oule of much inmportance, and is carried on by *V. J. II v%mrmox, EIleventhi street and Duquense WNay, and soime fifteen other firms and *,ous.t to order, ham ing no grocery house. 212 INDUSTRIES AND RES'O URES. individuals of -reater or less imiportance. They employ from 140 to 1(;0 hands, and the value of the sales madle one year with another is about $2,500,00t0. Paper Stock Dealers. This butsiness is one that its title expresses, and is carried on by.IJ AI Es PE:TERLS & Co., 19 Wood street, McFjlroy & (Co., 80 Third avenue, and eleven others. They employ 110 Ihands, and sell from 4,500 to 5,000 tons of paper stock a year of a v:hlie of from nt150,000 to $200,000 annually. Wholesale Paper Dealers and Manufacturers. There are the following wholesale dealers in paper of the various kinds made Jor use: Firm. Offtice, Establ'd. y. James )eters & Co. 19 Wood st.. 1870 Metzgar & Peters. W. West &I Co.... 115 Water st. 1878 West & w:lley. I [artje Bros......207 Wo,d st.. 1885 1 lartje Bros. Allen C. Kerr,... 307 Wo,d st... 1870 A. C. Bakewell. McElrov & Co.... 80 Third ave... 1862 AlcElroy & Harrison. West Newton Paper Co. 302 Wood st.. Morris,on, Bare & ('ass, 1I28 Second ave. (iodfrey & lark,.. 830 Liberty st. These eight firms enl)1oy over 300 hands, and the value of their sales and products is about $1,200,000. Leather and Hides. Outtitle of the tanneries, mention of which is made in anotlher chapter, there are fair strictly wholesale dealers in leather and hides, viz: I). (Chestnut & Co., 147 First avenue, established 1857 by De Lange & Chestnut; W'm. L. Kann & Co., 100 Wood street, established 1867 by G. Kann; Wm. B. Junkin, 152 First avenue, established 1850 by W. 1. Junkin; and John II. Stratmore, 446 Liberty street. These four firms employ 28 hands, whose wages will amount to 815,000 a year, ?r0d the value of their business transactions is given at $500,000 to 8600,000. There are a number of retail establishments for leather and shoemakers findings, but of these in this class, as in all other divisions of btsiness, no eunmeration is made for reasons given in the prefatory chapter. Wholesale Clothing. Therle Ire IMtr strictly wholesale clothingo houses who manufacture their own goods. The? are, _M. Oppenheimer, 713 Liberty street, established 1857 by I[. & M. Opplenhleiwer; I. Lelinhman & Bro., 646 Liberty street, established 18;3 by I. Lehman; J. Klee & Co., 608 Wood street; and S. KJnufnian & Sons, S00 Liberty street. These fou,r houses employ about 500 hands, mostly women, and the wages paid will average;100,000) a year. The hands not working steadily but at intervals, and the amount of the sales is about $600,000 to $700,000. 213 [ND USTRIES A ND I ES'O ICE('S. present supply of gas escapes, and their depth, nothing as yet determines; and that it is founld in the so-called Venango sand is that under the enorinmouns pressure it has sbeen forced upwards throngh rifts and followed from one sand to another. If there is any force in the theory that from the distillation of the vegetation of the Devonian era, this vapor was created, judging from the volumes stored in the present produlcing sand, it is presumable that, even admitting the generating has (-eased, the existin,g bulk must be imnlense. For, from the pressures created under its distillation, the pa,'king would be enormous, and naturally evolve- as it escapes from pressure a greater bulk than in its packed form. While any stored qantity would necessarily find e:xhiaution under sufficient consumnption, it is evident, on this theory, that while in one sense exhaustible, it niav be spoken of as inexhaustible in the same sensc as ci,:tl beds. tie n'ore especially when there are records of wells that have burn-ed for 2,000 ( years. What may be the requiireiimeint of mankind for fuel for manufacturing five hun(dred years from lliow, or evell one lhundred years, we know not, nor what science llanV evolve or nature disclose. The More Important Question Is as to the continnationi of this gaseous fuel for the next two or three generations, and where it is to be niost profitably niade use of. Whether it is the result of disillation of D)evonian ferns or Sigillaria, under which it is prolhably the formation ;l ceased; or, as other theories hold, prodnced iby the percolations of water throu,gh shales and other earboniferous formations, and this hydro-carbonized moisture vapiorized lvy heat, in which ea,;e the formation is continiions; or whether it is by action of salt water on limestone tiat thle carboln gas is thulis lprodlchd,-are ilteresting questions, w1hiih at somic future day may 1e settled. but to-d:tv its existenc is tlie fact that is the mosi pi,acticaly intereisting::and also, that so flr a:re-cords go, its snpllp seenims to be Imainly in the sectiols where it is now founild. Iff the theorv of the vegetable origin of coal is a correct one, and it seems to have been widely nci--epted by geological schools, it is natural that a radius of from thirty to forty miles of Pittsbulrgh should present the strongest clatini for con-ider ation. As the earth arose fromi its subimergencies lthese gases would escape, the heat on the uprising miass would decrease, and under lessening heat and w-eight the gas c(ondense to oil, and ill the long geological peri,ods, by evaporation of the volatile qualities, the o-il thicken to a soft viscid, tarry condition, which, under the continued Ipress.ire and the invisible evaporation of the volatile qualities. chan:,e to coal. A similiar process is apiparent oi tile hitmiinin lake, at Trinidad, whicih seems to be passing by gradual transitions into hiitumiinous coal. Near the same is!and i- a sub oceanic volcano, which occasionally hoils up and dischar:ges petrolciumi, Min i hot weather, the bitiiumen of lake Trinidad liquifies t,o the depth of an inch o: "more. Another oce:nic volcano on the east side of the island at times throws npon the shore masses of bitfmen lblack an,t brilliant as jet, apl.arentliy formnied byv some inatulrail process at thie diephi fr,i N-mI whience it is J cted(. It woul apl-e:ur that 11 PI'ITTSB URUII'S PIPOGRESS, Wholesale Men's Furnishing Goods. There are two firms inl this line of business, viz.: Rauch Bros. & Co., 800 Libertv avenue, established 1882 by Lippman & 1Rauch, and Mansinan & Bros., P1 Sixth avenue. These two tirns employ twenty hands and the value of their sale, will average',;50,000. Wholesale Notions. There are three firms who come under this class, S. McC,ombe, Winm. Mitchell & Co., and also, C. Yeager & Co. All the wholesale dry goods houses also carry heavy stocks )of what is known to the trade as " notions." The statistics of these are included in the dry -oods trade, except the three first mentioned. whose aggregate sales will average fronim S150,000 to $175,000 a year. Wholesale Queensware. There ae are ive firms in this line of business, A. O'Leary, Collins, THovle & Co., C. C. l.aweett & Co., Pittsmurghi Queensware (Company and T. G. Evaiis & Co The aggregate sales of these will average one year with another al:out S175,000. Wholesale Wall Paper. There i!s lut one strictly wholesale wall paper firm in the city, Posey & Keril 414 \Wood street, establishied in 1874. This firm stands fifth in value of transac tions in the United States. and there is but one firm in New York and three in Chicagoo tlit exceed it in the value of their transactions. Carrying a broad line of goods they eimploy twenty hands and sell about 2,000,000 rolls of papera year. Importers of Foreign French Goods. There is only one firm who are strictly importers of what is known to the g(, cerV and confectionery trade as "French goods." Reviner & 1Iro., 512 WoNoo street, make a slpecialty of carrying a large line,f fine strictly lFrenchi edlilles, o fresh peas, sardines, nimushroomis, line olive oil, olives and French fruits, and also:; secialy of ci of fIlavannia f all grades as high as 8;500 per thousand. This fih!:t are also mann facturing confectioners and dealers in general groceries. TIh statistics of these branches of business embrace those of this department of theil business. Wholesale Dealers in Confectioners' Goods, Nuts and Fruits. There are six firms who carry on this line of business in all its departments. and tleir establhislihents are not excelled in compreliensiveness by thouc f -c'an city, and the remarks that have been made in relation to the stati,;. of tici grocerv trade also fittingIly apply to this divisi(on of Pittsurgh tmsines-. The are ilenme: - Ilro.. -12 NWo,d street: Rthodtes aater. 77 1ederal -tre.t: WVmi. M1. Vogelson, 51 Sixth street; (Chrles Maginn,:18 Wond street: Edwat~ Magiin, 917.i!lertv street: ( reek American C'ompany. \NVoOd street. kAs the:; are all nitnutt.tting C,,tte,le-rs t]h-. atie- of th: uivi-,n of t:heir lbal-i ness is there giv-ni. Thel valke,!' theiir ti,le:1v,1d is alout cii . 214 YINDU STRIES AND I) PESO URI CES. Broom Makers' Materials. There is but one establishmient dealing in this article, R. Dickey & Co., 77 Water street, estaldished in 1832 Iy Isaiah Dickey, but information as to sales decldined. Wholesale Wooden and Willow Ware. There is of this class of business in the city only one firm dealing exclusively in these goods. They also manufacture all kinds of wooden ware, employing twenty -five hands, and the sales were stated as ranging from $200,000 to $250),0(00 a year. Agricultural Machinery and Supplies. There are six firms who make a specialty of farm nmachinery, such as reapers, mowers, b)inders, feed cutters, drills, etc.'lThey employ twenty-six hands, who- e wages will amount to about "25,000, and their sales will average about $400,000. Rubber Goods and Leather Belting. There are two establishments whose special business is as above. J. II. Phillips, 26 Sixth street, established in 1833 by J. & IT. Phillips, and Hartley Bros., 4010 Smithfield street, established 1863 by Ilartley, McKee & Co. The sales of these two firms of rubber goods'and belting is about $300,000. Printers' Supplies. There in but one lionse in I'ittsburgli that handles a full line of printers' sulpplies. This was established in 1870 by Allen C. Kerr & Co., No. 307 Wood street, whle keep a full general line in stock. Dealers in Cordage. There are two of this c(lass of business-F-ulton, Bollman & Co., No. 111 WVater s,rect, and Jas. S. IDravo, No. 120 Water street. The sales of this article by these two iruiis is between 8150,000 and 8~200,000. Dealers in Machinery. This is an important division of the mercantile business of the city. There are engaged in it the following firms: Firm. ttice. Est abld. ly. J. A. c\l('c(ormick... - First avenue. 1. 2 J. A. McCormick. A. G. llarmes... 92 lFirst avenue.. I ST A. G. Iarmes. [-. Baird Machine Co.. 75 Water street.. 174 U. Baird. Kay, Bro. & Co..C. 121 W:ter st. I.. ;8 Geo. ii. Stover & Co. swheriff& Ashwrth.. j WaRen strKet.. Is 79 .. Yung..... rk Way.. 1,r; James Iill & Co. Tlwse six finms sell fr,,m 5,50.01)0.;1,00 w'thl of m,achi,erv. Of these J. A. \IMcCkormirick is the ageu:t of tle \\Vrthingit,on lum!,in-iu machinery, l eing a b,ranch oc oi,ft thi, iebhirat,l maker. WVr:hii.t,n inv-uned, in I 4, the mr-t 215 P1'I'T SBLUR G S 1PRO' RESS. iniependent steam 1mnp, by which tile pump is ran independent of the engine. The result of this was the increase of the puimping capacity of tile United States to 980,0)00,000 gallons in twenty-four hourns. The Standard Oil Conil)any use these ptinmps to transport all their oil through their pipe lines, and at the time of the Solidan war the English (Government purichased these pumps for the purpose of:umping wells across the iDesert of Sahar.:. As before observed, the firm of .1 A. McC('ormick is a branch ollice of these celebrated wo,rks. Harness and Saddlery Manufactures. There is in lPittL4nrgh no regular strictly whiolesale imanufactorv of these igods. There are, however, the following firms who coimbine the whIolesale with retail: E. FREY, No. 402 Libertv avenue, establishlied in 1861; Phelps & McKee, (G. W. Ache, and Loui-hreY & Frew, being the principal firmns. Besides these, there are sonie thirty small shops, employing fronm one to to three hands, beside the preoprietor. The four principal firms nientioned eimploy f,rom 40 to 50 hands, and tile value of their product is about $300,000. The produict of the other shop)s are altogether for sniall local consumption, although aggregating proh;ably nearly $500,000. Considering that Pittsburgh is the largest and the best harness leather market in the country, the pIrodtiuc('t tf tie Pittsburgh tanneries being- the stanldard, it is singular that no wholesale tactory (of harness and saddlery has been estabslihed here. Sewer Pipe, Terra Cotta Ware and Cement. There are seven wholllesale dealers in these goods: Taylor & 1Bullock, No. 9:15 liberty avenue; N. U. Walker ('Clay Manufactiuring (Company, No. 1000 IPenit avenue; Prentice & Ihacket, No. 48 Ninth street; Pennsylvania Mlanufacti uring (niompany, No. 1004 Penn avenue; L. S. McKallip & ('o., No. 1022 P'enn avenue; Garlield, Fertig & Co., No. 68 Sanduisky street, Allegheny, and WV. T. i)Dnn & Co., No. 157 Lacock street,.\llegheny. These firms employ an average of 60 handls, whose wages will amount to;n average (of 33,000 a year, and their prodiucts to $600,000 annually. Pittsburgh Supply Company, Limited. This is the only firm in the city that handles the multiplicity of goods that gives it its homogenous title. Their line of suprplieA is not confined to those articles required by any one branchl of btisiness, lbut i, as its title indicates, a coml(pany for the siupply of anvttil,g in natuiral gas, steami mill, mine mechianical sup1.lies and to,,ls, and is the ou ly establishmllent of its comnlrehlen>iv, character west of the Alleghelny Mountains. It was established in 1SS:, and is a collsoli(l:ition of several firms and coimpanies in the line of supplies, and thle company is actiually an ouItgrowth of the progress of the citiv, which, in all its i1multiplicity of mieclhanical o.stablishments, naturally caused the lgrowth of a comp1reliensive establishienlt, where all needed sliuppilies could be promi,ptl had. The oe otfice of this company is at No. 105 Wo(od street. The coni)any als,o miake t splecialtY of nmanuficturing gas machines, which are noticed on another pagSe. "216l I)VD I -,I'RIES A )YD R>ESJ L-('El. 217 There are also se\erval,ot!1er SAUPPr Y CoWiAxiI:s, o-called: to designate class goods dealt in by the firms. Amonm these is 11. L. & Co., No. 8 Smith field street, eIlblished in 1877. dealing in geoi ral mill s;:,pplies; Pittshirgh Builders' Suppl,y A\gen-e, Lewi. s!T1ock;!)avis ",j 7,!More No. 1-0 First:avenue, oil and gas well supplies: I mni ler Bros., 0No. -2; Smithiield street, tinners' and house furnishing supIlivs. The value of the transactio ns of tii:-e firims is given at PAQ{,000. Undertakers' Supplies. There is oidv the one lirm in the city whose exclusive businless is dealing in undertakers' supplies. This usiiess was estal,lished in 1872 by William Mar shall & Co., andul is now carried on bv Jo;-s M iuiriv & (Co, No. L22 (;iGANT frTPEieT. This firm emplov twentv-five ]:hands, whose wages will amount to $12,00, and the sales in this line of goods will amount to 15M0,000. Wholesale Hats. &c. There are foiir firms who ar exclusively wholdesalers of this class of goods, viz.: Mce( ord & Co., 509 WVood st.. established 1798 hl Io0bert Peebles, which is the oldest house west of the mountains in this line of business, baving been established when there were but 1,395 inhabitants in te then vile t lage of ittsbigh, and is problably *the establislhiiint mentioned in "A View of the Trade ofthe City in 1803" as selling 2,800 fur and wool hats at $5 each, and ninety dozen chip hats at $7.50 per dozen. There is also W..1. Moreland, 40- Wood street, established in 1839) by R. II. Palmer; Oppenheimer & Kanun!'ian. 705 Liberty street; J. L. Cooper & (ob., 636 Liberty street. These iour tirms transact a business of between $4.50,0)00 and $000,000 annually, employ ing abhuit thirty-five hands. Dealers in Metals and Tinners' Stock. There is but one firm in the citv who nmke "an.ro%lsire husiness of this class of merchandise. It is carried on by.J.txi:s Bi. SCOTT & Co., 122 SI-:-~oWN AvE:NU-E:, who is the direct suc:essor Jf Jlames Park, by whom the iihouse was established in 1814, and it has been for now nearly three-quarters of a century among the prominent business houses of Pittsb,urlih, and in the same line of inaterial. Sheet tin, lead spelter, zine bloc-k tin and all the line of what is known as netals, is kept in the stock of this house. SJohn D)unlap. cornier Market street andI Secoidl avenue, is also a dealer in metals and tinlersi" stock,. hut couibines dhe nm:ifv'acture of tin ware width tlhe metal business; also IFaIn;ii & IAMi-.Xl N, win are mentiined elsewhere as manifa:cturers of.lJapaned ware. Tie rsals I,f these three iiii-s of nmetals as specified is abut i fi{(0.ii ii aiuually in the cilass of goodis represented by the oaptiiin of this mentioun. Saddlery an" Carriage Hardware. In this de-cription of go msi there are!ir iirimis, viz.: Tno,.\.As IHARE & CO., -1b3 VooD sruei.r, established 1856 iv - Mc\VWhiuney,. 1fare &'o.; V,. NEAsE 217 PTITTSUR I FRGI'S PR'OGRESS, & C('., 1023 I,iertv street, established 18, who deal exclusively in carriage hardware; IleWhiney & ('o., 927 Liberty street; Lyle & McCance, 622 Libertv. These four firms empnloy so,me forty hands, whose wages average 823,000 a year, and the value of sales is from $500,000 to 8600,000 annually as near as could be obtaiiied. Scales. These are sold by agencies of the two most ceelehrated manufacturing firms in the UInited States. The Fairbanks Scale Company, represented by 11. C. DIickinson, No. 301 Wood street. This is a branch hiouse of the celebrated Fairbanks & ('o:, of New York, and was established in 186(( at Pittsburglh under the style of Fairbanks, Morse & Co. The other is the Ilowe Scale (ompany, 108 Market street, also a celebrated scale mannufactring firm, of which this Pittsblrglr liouse is a ]wanch. Wholesale Liquor Dealers. There are the following strictly wholesale liq,uor dealers doing business in the city: Scihmidt & Fr,iday,... "WVilliam II. HIlnes,.. Weller c.....i:,...... A\dler, R(oedell;e iner & Co., John McCullo,ugh,... A. Andricssel.... !vederick And rime,-sen,. er., ell & Co.,... C. Sunstein,....... ,c etz, 1E,nzihAhumsen & (Co., t11. A. Wolf & _Son,... I). TuIfts & ('o.,..... A. Klinordin,cr & (,.,.. 3.,J. asey,...... obitzer & Blrtalott,.. (1 Ioherty, & ('o.,.... cettv \:..... 'lhee e.::hteen l,rimi(ial ab,1 t:2.}.-' 5 eam)acle.o mx Iole-atk u 8t.etdl. Ihse Otffice. 95. Fifth ave., 154 First ave., 157 First ave., 1001 Liberty, 52: Liberty,. 172 Federal,. -r} (hio, All'y, S\Vo(,d st.,. 11A5 Water st., 1:,3',Vater st., Io!1 Market. 1030 Penn, 1 029 Liberty, 1034 Penn, 971 Liberty,. 777 Liberty,. S1 Water st.,. 184 Fir~t ave., rir. emlll oy. Estab'd. Its(;l I 8G5 isi; I -70 1846 1702 1],,72 ii. William schmidt. Win. lI. lholmes. \Veller & Bro. Adler, Pi`oenberp& C'o. John -AcO nI lollgh. Frederick Andriessen Leon h ieilbroner, DIierker & Speck, C. Sun -tejii. R.'Xatsom. R. J. \VWatson. Robitzer & Blertalott. AL. Marshall. Getty \ (:o. land- kand their sale-. amount to IT'lere are - thirtY other firms Ndh on01Iile :l': e tli) t,_i.Ilii. "218 IJND USTPITES AINDX R.S( U.EN. 21 t ular icia Ih,,titutioi. 11HE first bank opened for the transaction of business in Pittsburgh was in 1S04. Sbeing a branch of the Bank of lPennsylvania. It began business on the first "of January, in a stone building on the east side of Second avenue, betwe--o Market and Ferry streets. The Luilding was destroyed 1by the great lire of i1-5. The second bank, and plerh:ap justly to be styled the first bank at Pittnsburh, as ii was organized here and its cnpita:l s:!,lied by l'ittsbuirgh merchants, was the P'itsburgh Manufacturing C(omplany, which 1,egan business in 181'. It had n, charter at that time, but in 1814 wis merged into the present Bank of l'ittsburgh, which was the first regularly chartered and organized bank in Pittsburgh. As such, a brief sketch of its early progress is in harniony with the treatment p1:rsued, as far as data permitted, with all the other divisions of the city's business. Tirt: BANK OF PI'rlSBnrnGci war clartered in 1813-14, and organized for busintess on November 22, 1814, with the fioilowing board of directors: Win. Wilkins, 4;eorge AnsInhutz, Jr., Thomas Cromwell, Nicholas Cunninghani, John Darragh, vWilliam liays, \villiam M('andless, James MorriAon. John 31. Snowden, C('raig Iitehie, G(eorge Allison, James Brown and.J. 1P. Skelton. ( )n the 2'Sthi of Noveimh,er, 1814, Win. Wilkins was ch(osen I,resident, and Alexander Johnstone,,lr., ,ashier of the bank. The cap(ital I tile bink was niminally at this time;I80100; of this only 8250,000 had 1een paid uti to 18l:, which in 18S4 was increa,n,d I,o $1,20,1.00. 3Mr. Wilkins was si~Ic(edcd in the presideincy by John Darrtlh. who was fillowed byv.Jolni MDI)onald, and hlie by Wm. 11. )Denny, who, in April, 1835, was succeeeded by John (rnaham. In 186( Mr. ( ralham was succeeded in lthe p1residency by John H[arper, who entered the bank in 1832 as chief clerk, \\which po,sition lihe retained nltil 1854, when lie became assistant cashier; and on .J1ohn Snyder's resignation in 1857, cashier, and on the retiring of MIr. (;rahm in 18(i;, presi(lent, as above stated, Win. Ro/,selurg being elected in March, 1-;1;, to the office of cashier as successmr to Mr. Ilarper, who still fills the oflice of president after fifty-four years of continu,iiu service in the same institution, nearly three-foirths of the Iank's existence, having, filled all the otlicial grades fomin clerk to president, being t,o-dhl the oldest Imank officer in contuiniuus iervive 1'erhaIs in the country anud certainly in the city, John D. S(ullvy, cashIler of he irst National Ezink, being the n ext o11,st balnk 4hie.r, having served thirty-four vYears, and Charles E1. Speer, as-is:ant casilier of the saime h,lnk, thirty-two) v:. The l:ading 1lANy of the RUmk of Pittskiurgh has Ween tv w4rnider its liaHili(-- ~t al. tiimes Iayaile in -weciu. awl to AWlhere to tle a,,wd 4(i' t of thle "i'itt-- burgh t Man i o:i rin':i a ( m p y," ii w(hen,. \, pr 01e-i(i. 1. -t!h:1 e I n( n - PITTSB URGH'S PIROGlESS,, facturing interest of Pittsburgh. It is claimed that in no instance has the bank coerced a loin in a time of financial difficulty. The general impression prevails that the Bank of Pittsburgh never suspended specie payment. This is not precisely the fact. In 1837 they suspended at the general request of citizens, expressed at a large public meeting, but the suspen sion was only brief as after a few days specie was paid in special cases to small amounts, and the bank soon resumed fall specie payment. In the general suspen sions of 1839 the bank continued to pay specie on all its liabilities, and in the sus pension of 1841, by the banks of the whole country south and west of New York, the bank continued as before to pay in specie. in the great crisis of 1857 the Bank of Pittsburgh still continued its policy of paying coin for its liabilities, and in 1861 the bank again resolved to pay specie on its every liability, and in carry ing out tflat resolve paid, from December 30, 1861, to Decemnber 1, 1866, in yold $1,374,938.99. The bank declared its first dividend of four per cent. the first Tuesday of May, 1815, having paid six dividends previously as the "Plittsburgh Manufacturing Co.," and has p:ai(l regular dividends on the first days of May and November ever since, being one hundred and forty-two dividends which have averaged about eight per cent. In the coming November of 1886, the bank will have attained an age of seventy-three years, having passed through the depressions of three wars, and five suspensions of specie payments by the banks of the country without ever faltering in its original policy. The third bank organized in the city was "THE atERIIANTS AND MNANUFAC ~ TURERS BANIK." This bank was organized in the old Exchange Hotel, in 1833, / when Michael Tiernan was elected its first president, who was succeeded on April !st, 1845, by Thomas Scott, who, in 1857, was followed by I. L. L. ollman, and he was succeeded by Robert IH. IHartley, on whose death, October 23, 1875, Win, Rea, who had been a director for sixteen years, was chosen president and served until 1885, when lie was succeeded by E. M. Furguson. TitE Exc(iuANt;uE BANK OF PITTSBUr:GH was the next organized bank, it hav ing been chartered in 1836, when Wm. R tobinson was elected its first president. He served until 1851, when he was succeeded by Thos. M. HIowe in 1852, who had previously been the cashier of the bank from 1839, having succeeded Mr. Forster, the first cashier. iMr. Howe, on his retiring from the presidency, continued as director up to his death, being thirty-seven years continuous connection with the bank in an oflicial capacity. Mr. Howe was succeeded in the presidency by James 1B. Murray who had succeeded Mr. Howe in the cashiership. John H. Shoenberger, succeeding Mr. J. B. Murray, and Mark W\. Watson, the ptresent president, succeeding Mr. Shoeinberger, and Andrew Long, the present cashier, succeeding II. M. Murray, who was cashier after J. 13. Murray. In 1833 there was chartered the Pittsburgh Saving Fund ('onpany, which was in 1843 re-chartered as the Farmers Deposit Bank of I'ittsbuirgh, under which title it continued until it became a National bank, under the same title with the addition of the word National. The dividends of this bank from its organization .A/ /L il. 220 INDUSTRIES A N RESO UR(rE` until 1875 averaged from 10 to 12 per cent., and in 1856 a dividend of 26 per cent. wvas paid. It is a singular fact, interesting to state in this brief sketch of the earlier banks of the city, that from 1833 to 18,57, the loss of this bank in its whole amolit of discounits was not one hundred dollars. Ill 18533 the CITIZE:NS i)Erostc (o'iPANY was organized as a chartered company, with a capital of $200,000, Oliver Ilackburi: being chosen the first president and E. 1). Jones cashier. In 1857 the name was changed by Act of Legislature to the (Cl'rzZEsN IT. NK, and Iprivilege given to issue notes. In 1864 the bank became a National bank, Francis Sellers being its first presidle:t, and succeeded by George A. Berry, the present president, in 18(5, R K. K.Wilson being its cashier since 1870. In July, 1852, the I'TrTrsouIt n Tl rs'r (C,oMA~NY was chartered and organized simply as a bank of discount and deposit, with a paid up capital of $200,000, but in 1863 was chartered as the Fits"' NAT'IONAL, BANK, of Pittsburgh, and its capital increased to $750,000. On the onrganization of the company James Laughlin was chosen president, which position he filled until his death, I)ecember 18, 1882, when he was suitceeded by Alexanider Nimick. John D. Scully was at the same time elected cashier, which offtice lie still fills, and is the oldest bank cashier in the city in continuous service. Int 186i3 the company, as before stated, was chartered as a National bank, without change of oflicers. In 1855 the Mechanics Bank was organized, with a capital of $500,000, being the sixth batik established in Pittsburgh. Ruieben Miller, Jr., was chosen its first president, and (ieeorge I). McGrew its first cashier. Mr. Miller was succeeded in 18158 in the presidencY by by W. B. Iolmes, who, dying in 1882, was succeeded by Winm. Carr, the piresent president. The Allegiheny National Baink was organized as a State bank in 1857, in Alleghlieny City, but it being found that there was not business suflicient at that time in Allegheny ('itv to justify such a bank ther, it was, by Act of Legislature, removed to Pittsburgh. The first president was the lion. IIopewell Ilepburn, one of the judtges of the courts of Allegiteiny county, who continued in office until his death, when lie was succeeded 1b Win. R1tgalev. At his death, in 186G, J. WV. Cook, the first cashicr of the bank, was elected to succeed him, at which time Robert 1V. lMackey was niade cashier. Mr. Mackey, being some time after elected State Treasurer, resigned in 1869, when Wilson Mc('andless, who had entered the service of the bank in 1858, was chosen cashitr. Mr. Cook served as president until the begiiming of 1883, and at his death, in Janiuary of that vyear, Wilson McCandless, the cashier, was chosen tas his successor, and George A. Cook, a son of the deceased president, was elected cashier. The bank organized unter a National charter in 1864, the limitation of which expiring in 1884 the bank was rechartered for another period of twenty years. THE I-Nx CITrY hI.NK wNvas organized as a State bank in 1857, with a capital of $400,000, and J.ames MeAuley, of the firm of Spang & Co., iron maniufacturers, ch,osen its first president, antd John Magoflin cashier. In 1864 it was organized as it National bank. ()t the death of James MeAuley, January 9, 1871, Richard 221 HlaysX was elected his succ.,-sor, andl,m the death of 1Ir. SinAa,,wiin, Juyd. 1:71. eorge I. )Dumn was elected cashieri, which olike he still tills. ()n the deawth of MI. I layvs, in )October, 1N77, A. M. 1yers, of A. M. .vers & Co., iron manufacturers. Nv as cllwhosen to suiceed him. Such is the brief exhiibit of the ol.ranizatio, of the earlier aiinks of the citv. In 1857 there were but nine c'hartered banks of discount, issue and deposit, and the entire banking capital did not reach quite $4,9,00,000. In 1876 there were 72 banks of all classes. Thiiese banks were divided into four classes: The National banks, of which there were 28; the State banks, of which there were 12; the individual liabilitv banks, of which there were 8, and the savinWgs banks, of which there were 24. This latter class are next in numlier to the National banks, anl are themselves propierlv to be subl-divided into two classes:'ir.i. Those loaning on mortgagoes alone; and, S,clold. Those loaning their funds on all satisfactory security. The growth of savings l anks is one that tells lllnch for the prosperity of the nleclln ical polpulation of the city. Until lS55 there was no savings lank in Pittsburgh. at which date was organized the IoLLAR S..nVMus BANK. kAs the first institution of this class it is 1proper that a brief sketch of its origin shoulnl have a place in these pages. The bank, which is now by far the large-t financial institution of the city, was originated in.June, 1854, by Chas. A Coltnii. the then treasurer of thile bank, which position lie held from its organization until his death. The pr!ject was received with little favor at first, and it w:is only through Mr. Colton's energy and persistence that the institution was chartered and organized. The following extract from a communication written iby Ir. C(olton, and published in " litfsbro'ih a(ad A.l/h'yf/ieiy in tie Cr,,,llt' aol Yea,'." tells grallhically the story of its early days: " We organized June, 1855; elected a president; lie declined-lhad no faith. I told him that if I lived ten years I woul have morelir depo:its than the calital of the IBank of Pittsburglh, at which lie laughed heartily. Tried three otl:her, before we we ound one that would accept. ()pened fior business July 19th, 187,5, and with an advertisement in nine daily papers iand thirty-nine good iinmies as trustees. and imv youngest son with two dollars to start tile Ibank. The first and seconid day we took abount u.5t in deposits firom the trils4tee-mlade to please me. They had no faith, and some if themi wiuld call dily tm see ihow I vot along, saying,' Where is your,ank?' Lookin_ at theI few i mdllar, the e unter, the'y would ask:' Is that your lbank? YDiu nult.e crazy: n ha,d ett'r n itit )ip and gcl to w,,rk ol the railroiad.',c. I nmUt o'f,~jmhat it went vcry' ard, much worse than I had expectedl ni,t a person calldI sorltillmu i for ta i,hIle daiy, and no, reeceipts for tw) days. Two moionths had ljsseld wefi'e I ad m ythint to inlve-t ior the first ceInt wNas phi cid to ilIterest Ii','(li I::iui I,Ier-,, \' n I. call two'o trIii'e timest to t~k al)out p -1. i'1%i.:11d r'i \ }, l k- iiig loul"' r dtollal-. ()I 0e of o!r 4), t san'i,-:r.teri s thouglio i gcml I t'ttime 2i,ii t'''rst veO A' I w'a l t-ahlog, I spT)k of nWrl lunlV in tlhe Owting 1T this Iank for this reasn, that "what ithers did was withnu:o t eal ianv t in tihe thing, t tme only to lfa-e me: and in getiing a itu run t i"' Q.ix t ali thirly-nine at monthlt mieeting> of the bImini I Inul to lo v, it e., nieiher:-. Ow two or thrne days Ieh I nelnd as I nlit 1 17'7S]"1,' (; ltFS 11'10";iIESS', INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. fthunt. and then have to send my V son around before there couil be any business thne; and to tthe first year or tnre the Investing ('ommittee (lid not meet at all, ,W very -eldoim-but the iinv\'estmietnits were imae lhv one peirson, who had little fait h, but did it to please me, and at the e d f Ithe ntmonth I would intke out the :taiteilent of invest ments, and lie wouii get them all live to sign, many of whom nNever cae t te t ank excel perhalps, oice or twice to the monthly meetings. as the books wi"l show. In starting without any capital we had necessarily to run in llebt for books, litting" up roorn,, & -..and.Judge IHepburn asked' What security have I that my main will get his mioney back if I send him here to deposit _5'i I said that if the thing did not suncced in three months I siupqosed the trustees w,muld contribute $10 each, whichll would raise,.390), tand close it uip and pay back the money to the depositors. lie moved that the trustees give a bond for 81t00 each, which Mr. Ilmibstaetter drew tip, and which only twenty-three signed. At this time I told the Judge it was bound to succeed, and for three years and eit-lt mioinths I (lid all thile work myself, many a time taking the assets in my pocket to step out ftir a mioment; bit the latter part of this time it was very tedious, a thing tltt i w,ould not do tgain for any anmounit of money. I was seldom out door frotmi nine to thr,e. I would have to wait it)n d1tliosits at the counter and talk to th-,se who, wantedi to li rrow on mortgage at the end of it, alternately; and in the generp,l suspension in Seltenlmber, IS57, the cash on hand was only about $1,5.00, vet we had assets enutgh to pay all in full. And now I would say that this is the 11nly I'rovident Saving Institution in thie world, so far as I know, that has paid six !)er cent. fronl the start." NMr. Colton's narrati-ve tells the whole story of the origination anti foundinig,f this institution. In contrast with this the present statement of the bank is vivid. Ther re re now 20,300 depositors who have in the bank $10,408,000. This state lmient oft deposits tells its owno story (of not only the success of the institution, Iut also of the great good it must have wroughit in creating a system of saving in the c mounity. (,eorge Albree was the Iresident of the bank from its start until Septenlber 10, 1869, when on retiring from personal reasons Jatmes Herdman was selected to succeed him, and is the present president, Charles A. Colton having con tinued the treasurer from the bleginning until his death; and the present treasurer, J. B. I). Meeds, who was tormerly secretary and succeeded Mr. ('olton on his death, having been in oflice front January 16, lS6;5. The money of the depositors is in vested in tfirst mo,rtgages and bonds, and the bank had on the 1st of June, ls 6, 8 10,-I4S,00i so invested antd in cash. The Pittsburgh Biank foir Svings was the secoim of the institutions estalIlished It was originally incorporated as tile " 1Dinme Siavings Institution " in 1862, and re <organiedi in 18t5. Its fir-t president watis Jamies l'rk, Jr., and I). McKinley its Airst trea,urer. The present president is George A. I erry, who succeeded.James Park in 2iY at the date Of the reo,rgnizing of the bank, and ( harles;. Milmor is tie pin sent treautrer, having succeeded Mr. MclUnilev on his resignation in Mai, - i7;. Thie smine year the lval Estatc -savings Bank was charterel,, latnc Jonesli,icfirst pr ~-Io,!t l A.los6I. c,rd the p,rc:cnt presi ziut,and C. i. -' d,ri, h (".M ier. Tnre is in IittsUl0rgl otne SV IE::nr ( yWPiANY, rgam1ied for lthe -afRe k in of papetrs, bonds,or other valuailec. It was charteredi in january, 1;. Midi a (-~!Jalih;, of.525.01,0on, in )i)ALi YUjpt,!l,r it, Iq W 0, 14M. ihillilS QeiQg 12 under thlie island are veins of l,etr,leuni and gas, the former of which is ejected to the sulrface by thle explosive firce of the latter, and the hitumeen lake retirred to is consiMtly evaploratingi celrburetted hydrogien. The approaehing process of petr leuin to coal is indicateld by a barrel (If the oil, being left undisturbed and exposed to thle sun, when, tafter a certain tilhe of evaporJIatioi frmil heat (f the volatile qualities, the res-idttiui becomes tarry' and bitumninous in its consistency; and it is quite ev,ident. that under ininense weight for a long lleriod, a substance similar to 4l al wii lhe tound. if not absolute coal, were such c(,nditions carrie,d n in the earth, where possitbly other influiein'es besides heat, evalporatioin, wei'ht and pressure are exerted. liisch, lsys that the inmnnlaldle'iaes, alwavs e,api lr ml nineml coalws, invariably Con'tain anic (, nilltural tgas. Lesley "vays lhat evoi r kind of ve,getable ia tter', when huriiI ill tle earth, exl). (:p d to ni,dstmie:mul exi'ltl'ic. fruin the air, cr v,Wk oarl:honic gas, heing aI similar (,n'lition toi the tltse v('e gtable gr'owthl of the Devo:itlan et. The' e facts are not iw oghit ty.etie"' aI' s i..',. that natural as is oi~f v'gt al,e )lriig6il. l iut i l showl tihat possibly its smurne is the distillation of lhe dense vegetalion of resinous ferns, Sigillaria, tml all thile Clat.v plants 1menliml,ed in twe l)evonialn er:nl. At that riod1 lthe North A\nlerican ( Cntinent, it is gcl,i'laly alin,'l,'ontained a series (t, bins ~iiilar to our present svsteni ii lakes.'The largest of these basins was along the c,urse 1of the Allegiheniy n1ol litailis. lyingi iln thie State of A\lab:ama atnd running wit h thI course of the mountains tiroin-dh West Virginia Kentucky. Marvland and l'enni,lvania, which is the trend of the Appal:achian bitunminous c':l lield, iand oil and gas where they have been fould. As observed ai~ove, while it is not asserted as a i('oilusive fiwt, it is sutggested that possibly the geoloaieally claimed s,ihimtergene of the eo'rnuons vegetation of the Paleo:.oic age, and its distilation in the retorts hrnild by thie ignenus rock, andl the inense weight of superinc'umbient dleposit during long periods, is the o.igmin (Of our sotcalled natural gas. PIssibly unde-r the invisible existenie (if this vapur in petroIeuli, the terin "' I "oh,'tn " ir spirit Of Oil, inight not ihe an inalplorolpriate terin for it inste:al of witural gas, of which vapors there are iiianN, tilhe results of othlier calluses, quite ais natuiral. If such is the orniin it is miost Ipro)able that \while not twing e t eoiituiiusii ly tiormed. it is quite p,Ioable froi thie gre:it hulk of' it storedl and placke in the salds to unrlea'li:ble deiphls, whichli assending as vent is givei. givegs griound that it is, in a simiila l lr to cioal, prawti.ally illexhal lls!ill ti"I erh'ils.tieneriatii andl Piltsurgih ininanufacuturers need have no te:irs )t' its uex auIi ion. As~ulin'i, l icalle le('nli('al atts w:irrant thie assulimptiin, that Ias fl'Ill petrOi linin ca' li' i'uprodul ei ga siiniltal to lthe so-c;iled iatural gas, tlhait the facts :s io the dlepl.it.s i' tIhat Oil lealr uil il the prodlution o(f gas, the coniClision is, rtut ai al! mid aniy i Insiderailhe dep,sit. of 1wtroleuli is in;l thile neig,lihOlio(il of Pitlsbiurgh, s) iillst the siiily of isychoelieleui. To this section those who wmild uli-e it iule4r the best coiindition must conie; for ift thile aidvantage,s tof coail fuiel are gnrent.ts where ia is llhpest ann! iuist lndalint..iniilar results will obtain N\ith f:is h tl at Pitti ugh I) rli o ln Ik C,,4' s. 1I'IITT L SBI1UW'S I'll,OGIrES~, View Corner of Fifth Avznue and'Wood Street. First National Bank Building. so Sf--:-':: -%:;'--:.... -:-. i .: S:-: I F : !i:i::i,: 17 i, i INDU S'TI?IES ANDI) RESo UhIEs. the first president, who, on his death, was suc(ceeded by I Ienry Lloyd, and on his death by A. G;arrison, present president. The first secretary and treasurer was S. F. Von ltonnhorst, who was succeeded by Willian Little in 1874. The company. by their charter, are l,eruitted, hesides providing for the safe keeping of valuables. to act as trustees of eStates, iardians of orphans, transfer anl interest agents of bonds and stocks, and all other fitliciary capacities of a like nature. There are but live PRVAlr:E BANKIMN I IOUSEs. They transact all such business as usu:all pertains to such financial business; receiving deposits subject to check or on time certificates, lu.ving and selling stocks, investing funds, making collections in other cities, and transacting all other details of a general banking business. The firms are: Firm. Office. Est ab'd. By. N. olnnes & Sons,.. 309 Market street,. 1822 N. Holmes. R. Patrick & Co.,.. 52 Fifth avenue,.. 1850 Patrick & Friend. Thomlpson, Bell & Co., 59 Fourth avenue,. 1850 Thompson, Bell & Co. Semple & Thompson,. 314 Wood street,.. 185( Semple & Jones. T. Mellon & Son,.. 512 Smithfield street, 170 T. Mellon & Son. Bankers and Brokers. There are four firms which come under this classification, combining a special brokerage business with banking, negotiating purchase and sale of listed securities on conimiission account, in the stock market of New York and other eastern cities, in addition to selling and buying local stocks for account customers and depositors. They are Robinson Bros.,.. 415 Wood street, 18(34 Robinson Bros. Whitney & Stephenson,* " 57 Fourth ave.,. 1871 (;co. I Whitney. Rea Bros. & Co.,.. 425 Wood street, 1882 Rea, Bros. & ('o. J. ). Thomnpson & Son, 614 Liberty street, 1886 J. I). Thompson & Son. :i:Membiers New York Stock Hioardi. The following tables exhibit the classification of the National, State and Individual Banks, with their capital and other details of their finaucial standing.15 225 Table No. i of National Banks, showing: )ate, irst Plresident.'Preselit l'rSi.hent. Yeer's i i hb ( I.L, / Offi ce A.l!gh' ieny,.... ('iizelo........ )qui: es,L...... 1 )II('ole(,. Exclhil e,..... IlIrlners I)vposil,. Fifth,........ Fi rst......... First of Alle-gheny, IFoi't iltt. F irst of Blirnhn,111. l li i ]i,....... ( Iern iIl of Allc'.,Ii, I Io l ('it...... M lehani(sll. Alterch.& o laiiiif.,. Metropolitan,... Peoples,...... Pitts. of ( 4 1i V07l'ltt, Sccolld....... Third....... Thlird )of Allghl'y, Tl'ad Sillen's,... I "I iOn,....... 1870 I s;;:;i 1875 18 52 1861 Is;l r-)-- 18577 1875 18.75 1865 H 1875 181 186; 187-1 1875 1s;, I hil. II. Ile!icn.rn, Fran; lis stllers,. (leo. 11. Anderson, JanL,es -1. CoopeLr, A. J. Bt1ker,... NVIII. It0insonll,. .J11Ues Marshall,. I'.obert Artihurs.. ~I ule,s ILlughlin, T. I l.Ne\vin.... S:ini'l McClurken, A. level,r, .\. \\ivse,.... ,INS.,h',uh,y,. Wini. I1. Elvers, ti, l"euI)en Miller,,Jr. Miclmel Tiernall, (C. A. D)ravo,.. Saimulel iLtea,. Alfred Patterson, John BIr-iwn, Jr., ( ". E. NVaI'I-(T,.. Ad.\L1un Fhellean, ,\. (nlLigherv A. Bhadle.,.. John R. MOelUlic, WV.'1<M('llhls,., ( io. A\. Ilrryh M. W. Rankin, A. (Grrison,... W. (...Johnsol,ton. Mark WV. Watson, Joseph \\ilt,l;. Kim,ert Arthnurs,. Alex. Ninlick,.. J1 s. (ItI 1utcheoln, 1). llostetter,... 1I. ellers'I I kee, James M. 116iley, A. (rWetzinger, A. wiese,... A. i. l eris,... WMn. H!. Evernou,, NV inl. ( irr,.... E. Al. (crglisoL,. 1). LI. 3 elntie, l. Preston,.... Jlos. I". ( olvin,. J. N. D.avidson, NViII. Cooper,.. WVmi. F. SeIhllertz, I lugh S. Vleniing, N. I1'ndlde, John IL. NI(cunl, I-1 14 11 4 11 1I 4t 2 21 9 12 21 12 "21 21 J. NV. ( o',... .l. E. Era'al,... .John 1). Frazier, ,John. SIull,. EJ. J. I oerts, John Forster,.. ]N.. ( IeI <r..1,.. I,.!la sev \\ilIiains .John 1). hull, "C(. E. Speer, +u't.. .1. 1 ). K rain.er, 1). Lcet \Vilson;. S.... S. 1). Hierron,.. 04L. A. WA<ly, (h:i. NIims t,. Jol <]ill l il,. IV. K. [AW'nini., (wo. 1). Alc,r \i';v 1.11lell s CorI'',.. IV. II. Sinith, F..1. (ord)on. Josq)h 11ii1 .j. \. avi(s)i. Pl<)'t E'.Schile(rtz, HtOW ( %. Sdinunz, W. A. CIcllcltis,., "( o.T.\VI1 )Dorell, 1. S.'nilith,... (,. (. d,..o IL K. Wk \ils., S11. \V. Bickel, .JoIl)hn. Scully,. A\. II. attelronl, AndreNw Long, TY 1. 1i ven,. A. (. Knox, Johll) 1). Scully,. (I. E. Speer, ass't, F'. P. Kr lnier,.. 1). Lec, t \W ilso) l.. Ihn P.' Bech(A. .c. A. I:1rron. III i. I)ln(li \V. C. au-1111,. IThos. P. DIay,. (. I. \V'Ide.. A. S. Cnllenroln, ,hs. 11. Willock, \Vn. Steinniever II. It. Sp"Ing4er,. Poss \V. DIr1lni,. 1R. S. Simith.. A.s National I: nk in 1;;:, rligi:lllL I'iiIs'l,lIllt) I II 1r s ( n()IIl]aiy. lLr'i.tte Bianlkinlg (',l. Lr,evionIsly. ,.L iriginl l r1l il' ll Cily'Irl's Co. in il59. " ~ l.\s - L iI l i k INatio n l B a n k'S,6, "N ll, ( bir. L ~r I ti 1 lti 11 15 17 1 8 18S 18 16 Ii 11 14 11 4 21 ~I, 4' J. Z ,, 4 j4 O :1:S thi NliIianind Iti lng Ili nk. iAs Nativial I1n1k in iSm. *1:0riginlily m-gallize,d as, i;rlllj l Tl' i und Sa vings ]Ba nk in 1 L,5. i lgallizod as I 1 NalmmiBank IInk i 18 7.:. t's (C'diI MIll's T-11SI (I ')I igillillv yLo'lgallized as Wylie AvI A\ille Sil LIlgI Banlik ill 1s,1. Table No. I of State Banks, showing': I)te of I First Prh si'Ielnt. Preent P'resident. re in'i.h csht,. ILunk of Pitkslmurh, 1814 Al.\We',....... 1873 .\rsel............ 18 71 (it\ Saviings..... (Cit,y Deposit,.... lS72 F,:1nmers & Mcch. of 1870 M aso llic,....... 1_;t Lae st,ne,........ 18-I Keystone,...... 188'WVIn. Wilkins,.. John Iiarlper,.. A. i. 11'Br lwn,.. -. I. l'rown,.. ~J01hn W. Riddell, S. J. Wainwrighlt, QJ. J Iall,],. Jls. ('Illery,... A. II. ross... -........ (Wco. D111c:,.11. C. J..h~,, lltz,... (has. W. lIatc(helor ( eter ('. (Shlidle,. 8. AI. Kier,.... W. WV. Young,.. J. J. V\and1grift,... J. Vandegrift.2)0 14 ii 4 .I lii ,) f XXWin. Iieilii,ii"'' A.Johnstone, IJo. I W1I JI. A.1.. H arpetr, ast .JIIIes I I. -ol,. Eobt. J. Stoiney,. (C. L. sAu 1... W. S. VillIans,. E. A. ~I:crmnl. J... 11 W. Taylor,.N ().J. Parker,... C[. M cFlavIlnid, Ile I'Y I". V\I)iL,t,. ienrv 1. \ i t,. n o. ( MX htic:m,.. C.. Mclxan,. WV. W. Yoll-m,. John 11lor1,... A. 1).!) vitt,... A. 3". D t)nvitt,. NlTabized asNo. of Indiida Banks, years preiowing: Table No. T of Individual Banks, showing: Naiime. A nI ri''1il,....... CeInt rI,....... Fi ft h Avenmi,.... Nations In k t S':\iviiis ofI.llci.y' I lalto'l t. Years ill Orgniz'n l First Presidnlt. Present Preside(t. Office. lirsi C14iieor. 189.Jolhn Floiyd,... W'm. Floyd, N...... Wi. l"hv,... 1868 Thos. I';l\. tt,..'hos. w'm-cett,.. 18 La. W.!:vitI,. 1S;9 E. W. I)ithriid e, II. E. W hite,..... 1F'. E. -henl k, i.. 188 A.'ithimr' Ilols(n,..Johlln A. My'ler,. 8 E. M,I. Jenkins, YIv:lrsi ill lP'resent ('nIher O. flie. Thos. FloYd,.. M1. Ilun ings,.. J....,k. C. W. l1"e1,.1.Y. 12 15 I. 1i; I: 11 14 - I Table No. i of Savings Banks, showing: Date otf Years ill Organ iza- First Pre>ident. i Pre,ent President. i Ollice. tio, 1. First Ca-hier or Treasurer. Pre-ent ('ashier or Years in 'I'lceasurer. Office. l)olhla,...,.... 1855 (eorge Albree, Enterplrise of Alle'y, 1870 Winl. I)ihlortlh, r. Frclhold,...... 1870 Edward l use,. ;lermain Savinls & Ieposit of Eir- 1871 J. P. Ifeisel,... mingh:,... I. i (;ermania,.... 1870 -m Me?wan,.... Iron aid Glass,... 1870 Thos.l. kAtterbiry, O)dl cllows,...... S72 llIenrv lamlbcrt,. Peopl'cs, 18..... 6 lIenr Lloyd, fPittr nt Ik in 1 872 Jzames Park, Jr., Ileatl EIstate,..... 1862 Isaac Jones,... ReI:1 Estate, Loni 1872.... 'lrusl t', (.0... West End,....... 1871 W. II. ier,.. Workingmen's,... 1869 J. J. lerrman,. U.:ames Iferndman, Thos. J. rtf";. IEdward House,. John I. Lutz,.. U. IMeyran,.. Th1os. 1. Atterbury Andrew Miller,. "iiliamn Rea,.. Geo. A. Berry,.. 17 11 16 (has. A. Colton, F. 1. H olmles,. J..'. Speer,... 1 E. (3. Scholze,. 16 (. Seibert, 16 iI. Stamum,... 11 ohn.1. JSculy, 10 S. F.VonIIBot11hor 20 1)D.E.McKinley, M,.,. 1). Meeds,. * (. Stefihn, Jr.,.. SJ. P. Speer,. J T. 1. Erny,.... st .as. S. lc('ron,. 4 A. A. arrier,.. (. Meyer,.. WJ. 1J. Siner,.u, J. J. llerrnma,. 4 14 17 W. II.Wilson,.. Jamnes Wettach,. 11 11 16 2 C'. M. Seibert,.. 16 11. Stamuri,..... 16 F. 1". -Moore,... 7 S.F'.Von lmlnhiorst 20 Geo. C. Milnor,. 10 C!. I. Fedtlerich,. 10 C. Schaoi'r, Jr., W. II. Wilson,.. 14 John1 L. Iluerkle,. Name. iy, INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. Table No. 2- of National Banks, showing: Citizens........ Diamond,....... Duqutiiesne....... Exehane,....... Farmers DIeposit,.... Fiftih,........ First,........ First of Allegheny,... First of Blirmitiniham,.. Fou-th,........ (Terman of Allegheny, (Cernman,....... Iron (it,....... Marine,........ Mechanics,...... Merchattis amn Manufacturers, letr opolitan,..... Peoples,....... Pitts. Nat. IB'k of Commerce, Second,........ Second of Alleglihcy,... Third,........ Third of Allegheny,... Tradesmens,...... l.nion,............ Alle hen Capital. "8500,0o0o 800,000 200,000 200,000-,* 1,200,000 300,000 100,000 750,000 350,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 250,000 400,000 200,000 500,000 800,000 200,000 1,000,000 500.000) 300.100 150,000 500,0100 200,000 400,00(, "250,000 Table No. 2:: of Individual Banks, showing: Name. Capital. Americain........$200,000 Cent ral,....... 100,(009 Fifth Avenuei..... 10(1,0001 Fort Pitt....... 200,000 Nation Bank for Savings, 100,000 tDi\iden Surplus. organl 130.1(011 4,500 61,000 6,400 51 28( idIs since Av. debosits zatiol. Past 5 yrs. tt )M,00 5(00,000 1,500 171,000 1,875 tt *See Table No. 1 for years in existence. **Original (apital ~1o,0,000. tRefused Information.:+Including dividends while German Trust and Savings Bank. (1nily since a National Bank. 83355,000 dividends as a State Bank. +.+,Stock dividoend of 50 per cent. from surplus previous to organization as National Bank. >.Since organization as a National Bank. t'No information received. 229 Surlplus. $160,000 180,000 60,o000 40,000 400,000 400,000 20,(00 190(,285 150,000 84,000 55,06(9 40,00011 267,000 250,000 1 9,500 "390,00o 30,000 15,000( 300,000 15(0,000( 10(,0(m1 96,0(01 210,000 40,000) "2550,000 380,000 ]Dividends since Av. Deposit Organizatiotn. Past 5 yrs. $1,156,000 $1,500:,000 1,628,500 975,677 126,000~ 650,000 104,006 2,60),00+o00 1,500,000 933,)000 1,700.000 1,5G!1,250 2,000,000 845,500 1,000,000 tt t 1,049,7{93{: 1,300,000 1,203,000 1,200,000 t 1,54-0,90-O 3,05:3,0(00 1,200,000 1,560.,00)0 975,000 882,500 1,020.000 it 280,000 1,070,000 1,2!00,000 132,100)0 450,)000 672,000 1,200,000 577,1000 1,200,000 P'ITTSB URGI'TS PROGRESS, Table No. 2* of State Banks, showing: Dividends since Av. deposits Name. Capital. Surplus. organization. Past 5 yrs. B:3,k of Pittsburgh,.. $1,200,000 $341,690 $5,217,445 $1,690,867 Arsenal......... 55,000 1,325 25,000 180,000 (ity Dl.)epoit........ 50,00 10,000) t C'ity Savings,...... 100,000 7,222 t Farm. & Alech. of Iirmiingh'm, 13(),00 15,000 145,000 -121,000 Masonic,....... 200,000 20,000 160,000 700,000 I.awrence,........ 80,000 56,000 t Table No. 2* of Savings Banks, showing: I Di idends si nce A v. deposit Name. Capital. Surplus. organization. paSt J yrs. Anchor,....... $100,000 $15,733 t S200,000 Iollar,...... assets, 10,408,000 - 9,000,000 Enterprise of Alleglien, 72,150 Freehohl,....... 200.000 35,000:,Germani of 1,irminghinm, 1(00,(000 9,729 8 1,028 (;-termania,....... 15(,000 37,000 " io0,000( Irn anl Glass,...... 100(,000 20,903 115,01) 25),((( ( hdd Fellows......... 120,0 00 5(,000 9,Y( })0:)(i ~,01;0 P'coples,....... 3010,000 100.000 1. (0,0( Pittsbur'gh lak for Savin'gs 75,000 88,156:-(,) Real Estate,...... 100,()0 90,510 t Real Estate L.oan & Trust Co. 7"8,0()) t t t West End,...... 10,00 Workingmens,...... 5(),000 2,000 t ::Intcre t dividetl 1 d 1 I clared to depo itors. 'l'Paid in.62,(00; piayal te in weekly instalhnents. tNot given.: S -c table No. I for years in existence. 230 Fire Insurance Companies. A great city like Pittsburgh m1st necessarily have a large amount of fire risks; this naturally cauises many agencies of foreign conimpaniies to be located in the city. The honme companies, however, are 22 in ilInumber, aitI suljoined is a table thereol; with statistics of capital, dividends, etc. 'ltal Lotal Net stirpls Total Losses Company. Organized. Cash Capital. Total Assets. I'renl's since I)ivid's sille over all paid since A\IIIalla Orgallnizai,. Organllizationll. Liabilities. Orgallizaltion. Risk. Allegheny,....... 1859 10,ll0 S1-48.149, 884.2(;1,173,000, 34,273 S 492,220 8 2, 15,22(; AlleSnanla,.. 1866 200,1000 887,8S;2 2,9.59,09( 203,000 27,2('8 1 )11,88 13,13:2,515-) A rtizans,.... 18( 1((),00 127,408 428,045 183,0))0 9,764 22,407 2,478,374 A.\nlenia.... l 1872 2501,00 8:107,971 700,576 2135,00)0 28,4 81,146 4,59,768 Bell ra klin,.. 18(;(; 150,000 18:, 84 708,029 122,:31 4,4(; 351,792 3,761,695 Ilir miniih amI,... 1871 2001),0100 242,888 471,277 170,848 11,185 227,574 3,589,911 8lottl:a's,.... S(i65 250,(00 1:2,1 9 1,517,220 2 17,1117 33,877 884,211 13,G95,949 (itizens,..... 1869 50,0011) 8, 1, 4 2,058,700 (184,00( 4,482 89)(;,;46( 2,303,0 66 ('Cash,...... 186( 1()(,0(0 17",2,s; 415,621 209,000 62,60 217,019 1,659,6;98 (I ty,...... 1870 11)(),0)00 208, - 951,881 141,000 41,4:138 48(;,954 9,19),839 German,..... 1862 2()0,00() 4 19,i 2,852,479 584,00 ) (4,100 781,554 26,035,13( German Amerlican,. 1873 10,000 56, 120) 412,878 62,000( 25,145 1193,217 3,8)5,450 lSInh hlt,.... 1871 1m,y1wo 10 1 5, 1 2.7,741 57,:895 5,318 119,795 2,808,481 Monolgahla,... 1854 175,(00 "220, 915,324. 517,685 30,15 5)08,124 1,977,95) Malnuflact's & A1erch. 1865 251),1000 401, 2 1,195,24- 5110,00 76,429 441,141 10,801,012 Nation8al,.... 18 100,000 17-1,92 (618,88"3 141,(000 50,20 298,401 4,003,160 Pittsllrgh,.... 1851 100,0010 275,2 6( 1,5016,351 520,000 156,150 714,676 2,839,162 1Pennsylvania,... 2 185. 211,. 284,814 1,905,758 190,():1 4,905 1,)020,645 1 0,396,01) P'eolles,..... 1862 200,000 2:,,).8 1,366,772 270,000 27,684 800,056 10,618,298 Tleultonllia,.... 1871 125,000 ) 183,11 4 349,76 8 1:)5,:105 38,005 1()3,901 2,25(;,752 Ini(ln,...... 1871 100,000 131,445 228,042 (7,910 1(,174 1,19,717 2,:'08,392 Western,.... 1849 306,0(10 4 8.,50(1 2,338,671 809,50 )- 1,118,112 10,493,589 232 itAde"gioum d lele'eitpl h 0 tble. SHE multiplying of wires for the telegraph, telephlone and electrical light com panies has caused such forests of poles in all tie great cities that they have S become eye sores, and in the endeavor to keep c(own the increase of poles tile roofs' of houses have, to tile great annoyance of tenants and sonle little danger, have been taken possession of. These house-top wires have made tile roofs of high buildings in most cities almost mosquito nets of wires, and planted thereon tiniber structures, dangerous and unsightly, through whose hundreds of wires in stormy weather the winds howl and moan with startling noise, especially of nights, rivaling at times the ghostlv groans and shrieks of fabled haunted houses. The publie has long clamlored for the removal of the unsightly poles and to be relieved froni the annoyance of repair imen reg-ulatin tile roof strung lines. Although mnan inventions have been pateinted and tried y which these wires of telegraph and telephone comlpanies could be laid lnderrground, yet none of the inventions were satisfactory in their practical working. As imentioned in the preparatory clihalter of this volume to Pittsburgh talent, invention and persistency belonhmg the honor of having solved tile problem, which success ressulted in the formation of the Standard Underground Cable Company. This company nanufactures the Waring underground aerial and submarine cables for telephlone, telegraph, electric light and other electrical uses. In the sulmmier of 18s2 Itichard S. Waring, the inventor of the cables and processes owned by the Submarine Underground Cable Compan l'y, laid his first experimental line of five-wire anti-induction cable from Vesta O)il Works, Waring Station, on tile Allegheny Valley Railroad, to the general otices of tile Standard O)il Company on Seventhl street, Pittsburgh. This line, nearly nine niles long, laid in a trench without any external protection other than the lead covering of tile conductors, proved beyond peradventure tile plractica)ility of the Waring system of underground electrical conductors. In experimenting tile wires were coupled together at the endls, each wire being separated from tile other by the shield of lead which is a special factor of this cable, and over tile circuit of forty-five miles thus established Morse telegraph instrunments worked with entire success, an,! using it as a telephone circuit conversations were carried on as easily* as over a mile of city air line, while all induction and other troubles incident to air lines were wholly elinlinated. Operating a single wire as a Morse circuit and an adjacent one as a telephone circuit it was denmonstrated that induction, the bugbear of air lines as well as of previous undergound systems, was completely overcome. In 1883 a PIT T,8 b'l{ II', P R O O RIP, S, IND LS1T1IIL'S /IND 1RES1SURCE11S. company was formed with a capital of $83,000,000, and a large manufactory was built at the corner of Sixteenth and Railroad streets, in Pittsburgh, for the manufacture of the W\aring cables, which covers 100x117 feet, four stories. In the same year the comipan\ put several miles of the Waring anti-induction cable into suecessfiul operation for the national government in Washington, connectiing the (,apitol, the White House, War, State and Navy Departmlents, and several miles for the District Fire I)epartment. The Waring system of this company has proven eminently successful, the cables being now in use Iby telegraph, telephone and electric light and power conmpanies and municipal telegraph departments in nearly every large city of the union and not a failure having yet to be recorded, and, as before observed, the inventor seems to have solved the problem of underground telegraphy and marks :another era in the progress of Pittsburgh in the building up of its national reputation as a cosmopolitan man fitacturing centre. In addition to the large sales reached in the United States the company has sent cables to South America and to the EInglish Governimentt at Calcutta, India, the latter lot being the first goods ever billed direct thlrough to Calcutta, India, from Pittsburgh. Large quantities have been sold to electrical supply companies throughout the United States and to mnany mines in the West and Northwest. The business of the company has grown so large that increased facilities of mianuftacture are now being provided by large additions to its works. Though unable to give the animount of labor, as it varies from time to time, it is safe to say that it ranks among the leading industries of I'itts1murgh. At the present rate of mantufactiure they use about 120 tons of lead a month, and bef,re the year it is tprobabhle that from three to four times this amount will Le used, and a corresponding amount of copper. IXD I,'TRIE, I ND A I?I',Y, fn'.' The penetrative quaitky of this -apor is filly demonstrated. That it forced in its courses hv imnense power is shown by the pressiure with which it esca:ies filtm the well tbes. That. in the absei e a-' of siface vents, sui,-t'er''il jrc-srsnre wo lhi force it wherever it could miike it; way to long distances is e\idt't. That the great I)cvollial l',:kes 4qr marshes, in which it is as:!nmied this g:s was di.~Iilled, were, as heire sketched, along the Appai;whiall chain, and of NN hi'( h'ittlrgl is a:i,olt the e'(liter, is tlc,h,gii ly true'. That to tle ('east they were wallc,I iin,v t1e mounttaint., and natuirally shiallowed to-xard the' wet is presuniale, tid it is ;I-, adm issiile that sm'e shallower and smaller lains existcd to tihe no'th-we-t. While then, under the drivinl_" pressure from t1w n1ain s, nrce and the limited sulpply of tile smaller and shallower hasills, the ga;i may h e, and is to solni ex(''tent obtained at points westward o,f Pittshlurh,. here is biut little dolubt that illn radius of tfromt thirtyv to fr'tv miles of that city the greattest stpply 4f the gas fuel will he. ()f the le1 at tniniuthetilringt" territory that it will there treate. Pitts1,lurlih will be tlhe hicart, and is a sound basis fir re-asserting the claim made in i57. in PIttsh,ow!h -,s i Is, " that hen,'eforth I'ittsbl IrgdI will be the most progressive and accumulative city in the I'nion." Althounh lltutral gas wans first pactically applied in Pittsbturgh in MI7A--;, by Spang, (ChIalfnt & ( Co. andl by irafi; Bennett &'o.,i aa manufactiuring fuel, having heen brouight in pipes s(mle seventeen miles fri'm the well to their wiorks, yet its general adolption as the fuel of the future hdtes hack only to.July,v 1s,4. At that date Mr. te(re Westinglghuse, Jr.. assoei'nting with hil solic other persons, organized t he I'lhiladelphi: ('ompan.y, and ibeg:, on a broad comtprehensit n of the value of this gas fuel, to supply the muills, lactories and residences of' Pittsl~iurvh. At this date, not quite two years from the tbrmation of the Plhiladhelphia C'ompany,:(,000 families,'4 iroi and steel mills, 60 glass ftetories, and 300 smaller factories and hotels, are using for their fuel gas oltaiined:nit d(list riluted throuigh the p,ipes of this,one comnipany, of which there is at presenlt laid 3ob miles. O)f this, 66 miles are within tile city of P)ittsbluri.gh. ()f this p,ie;50,,000 feet, or nearly 10 miles, is 24 inches in diameter; 37,(001i feet, or over 7 miles, 20 inches in diallmeter; 29,t00 f.et, or niearly 6 mile, 16 inches in diameter; 159.00 feet. or ver 11 mniles, S inces in iameter; abot 14 miles inches in diameter. These statistins give some idea o,fhow rapidly the se of this va:por heitme general, when not only* the laying of this large atnout of pipe, butll'all the details for safety, distribution and adaptability to the pecuiliarities of the varitis fitetories, as well as tests of its appliability to manualifacttU'iniT uses, halve b,!en accOmiplished in the brief tiime specited. The trasfowtiatiol in the appe:1r1antce of the mills and fa'ctories is alwost incredible, so rapidlyv l:s it keen dl.oe, and the lchange is still going on, liecalse gas fuel bring's in its use improved presses t,f tproliducti,n, e cont mics of cost of imiuatletring, cleanliness, superiority of product., and imtreased yield froim miaterial. This vapor, which is thus transforming Pittsburglh into thile cleanest mantifacturing city of the worlt, as well as nrging it into the foremost positiIon, is shown by analysis to l,e thus constituted: ('arbonie Acid,.tM; ('arbonic Oxide,.; (Oxygen, 11 PITTSBURGH'IS PIROGRES~S, PI e Pr oduhe Tihade. I IATE\VI'ER may have been said in previous pages of the difficulty of obtain i ing absolute statistics of any department of the trade of Pittsburgh may be u repeated of the produce business. This is especially the case in the grain trade, and what figures are here given are but indicative of what the business is, not an exhibit of its real proportions, which is something "no man can find,out." Even the " Produce lxehange " of the city confesses itself beaten on this point from the wilful neglect or indifference of its own members. In presenting other matters in this volume touching the res,ources of Pittsburgh this failure of application of the power of the fullest possible exhibit of business transacted as a magnet to attract capital, enterprise and trade, has been lamented. Business is like a sn(,wball, gath(ering as it grows, and still gathering g'reater bulk as it increases in size. It needs no great business acumen to understand that there is no inducenient for,rodice to go to a simall nimarket or a sluggish one, hbut that to one of a reverse character the natural flow of trade is. That Pittsburgh is neither a small market or a sluggish one there are many facts to shlow, but that it is statistically a secretive one is also true. Whether thls comnes from certain inbred characteristics that obtained in the early days of P'ittsburgh's settlement and growth, or fron an absence of public spirit that fosters a trade selfishiness which is as a stupefying vapor to commercial progress, cannot be said, most possibly a imixture of hoth. It is certain that a buyer or seller of cereals or other producei inifluenced in his choice of a market )iv whether its trans:autions are of peddling or a coiinuanding character, and such progressive'changes as those of C'hi(ago, St. lounis aiid Cincinnati appreciate that fact and are sustained by their i,olpulations in eflorts to show their importance. They take a pride in the statistical sliowiiings of their grain and produce trade and believe that public support does pa'y, even if the individual is not at once finan6ially benefitted. The business of a city cannot well be grown b.y public exertions in whatever way is best without all within its limits obtaining profit from its increase. There is no doubt that if the full statistics of the produce business of Pittsburgh could be presented as thorounghly as those of some other cities that the showing of its miagnitude wouhl not only be a surprise, but create thereby freesh accretions of c(apital and material for transactions. Be that as it may, the bulk of the produce business of the city of Pittsburgh, notwithstanding the adverse intluence comnimented on, has been for the past several years steadily on the increase, though it is far f'rom what the position of the city should command. There is no I etter point for the holdi,g of grain for the advantages of the eastern and foreign markets. The western rivers and rail ways atfibri admirable fac.ilities for the c,iicentrati(on of 234 INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. grain or other produce at this point; while the three admiral,le routes for shipment, at short notice and in qiuick time, to the sea-board is shown in the chapter on the railway system of Pittsburgh. Grain can be held in storage at Pittsburgh within eighteen or twenty hours of three eastern cities, and thus be able to catch at once a rising market, on telegraphic advice, even when the advance is of a brief hI,lding. Whereas, stored at Chicago, or any other of tne western grain centres, the opportunity to benefit,Y a temporary ad(vance would be lost bewfre, in the longer transportation, the grain could reach the market. Grain held at Pittsburgh, from the admirable facilities to reach the three chief grain markets of tilhe coast in a few hours' time, pIlaces the cereals held in Pittsburgh almost on ant equality in taking quick ad-vantage of a su(lden aidvance with th-cse stored in the eastern warehouses. WVith the improvenient of the ()l:io river as contemplated, the cheapeninig of freighlts consequent upon that increased facility will build up at P'ittsl,urgh a large produce trade based (,n this very facility of quick shilment to the eastern markets, and cause grain held for a rise to be largely handled and stored here, to avwait:tn advance, instead oft at more remote western po,ints. Even with railroad shipping facilities alone it is quite possible that, under the advantages of Pittsblurgh as a'grain depot, the produice trade of the city w ould have "gTrown with a greater rapiditv it' it had not been that discrimination iin freights retarded progress and deterred enterprise and c(apital from locating where such restricti(nts to trade exist. From whatever reo-uonis such discriminati,in exi-ts, or by what cause they are created, they havo nioe t he less "slowed" the advance of 'ittsburgh'.s l roduce trade, \\Ihose inicre:tse utnd(r restrictions only shows the nattural strengtlh of the city as a prodnee centre. A t the,present time the p,rod.ce trade mav I)e divided into thlree classes. Those dealing in grain and hlyv those handling flour, and those sellintg on commission general produce of all kinds. There are the following wholesale Grain and Hay Dealers. Ft irm. J. & C. McCune,.. C. IIolinig & Son,, James (ilenn & Co.,. S. B. Floyd & Son,. fI. McCracken & Sotn, J. W. Gibson & Co.,. Z. W. Cartmack & Son, 1'. Keil & Son, II. S. McCague, Walter Iforning & Co., L. S. MeKallip & Co., RI. Di. iNlwvood & Co., W. (. Miller,... AL. F. Ilerron &' Co.. Offico. 184 First ave,.. 119 Water street... 1008 Penn ave., 113-5 Liberty street, 1024 Penn ave.,.. 3(; W. Diamond, Al'Fy. 141 Water street, 963 Lib,erty street,. 959 Liberty street, 1148 Penn ave., 1022 Penn a-c.,. 1007 Liberty street. 1029 liberty street,. 118 Li, ertiv,b re-t.. Elst atb'il. 1866 1875 1880 1859 1880 1876 1853 1858 1872 1882 1870 1872 1859 1'-6-7I J. & C. M(A-u:ce. C. Hlolitg & Son. James Glenn. S. B. Floyd & C,. BI. McCracken & Sout. J. W. Gibson & Co. A Melcane. 1). Keil. Ilouck,AMIcCagut & Co. WVaiter I lorning & Co. Lang & McKallip. Ei wo:d & McACrackn In. W. G. Miller. m,oit & I be-roun. IIir[I'SB li/B CR'S IBOGRESS, Firil. John lod,.. $. i, MIIenrey,.. J. C. Iloucek,... ,ames. A. HIenderson, There are the f,ollowi Fi rmn. B. F. Veah,.... Roberts & Steele, B. 11. Voskamp... \Walter, I1orning & C Joseph Barckley, T. C. Jenkins. Also, the following 0., Office. 1025 Liberty street, Smithfield & 7th ave., 1040 Penn ave., Water street, no Wholesale Flour 011ice. 907 Lilbertv st., 1027 Liberty st. Liberty street,. 1148 Penn ave. 1021 Liberty st. 520 Penn ave., Estab'd. I v By. 1866 Melenry & Hood. 1871 1hlouck, Janiison & Co. Dealers. 'A1 t,',1. 18;65 1S02 1863 18'2 1877 18 5(; By. M1. Steele & Son. Seghlneyer & Voskanip. "WAalter, I forning & Co. Mahood &- Barckley. T. A1. Jenkins & lBro. Flour Mills. There are in Pittsburghi three flouring mills: The Pittsburgh, 5 stories, 102x100, corner Fifteenth and Libert v streets, established blv L. Wilinartli in 1850. The Allegheny, 4 stories, 11 (Cx100, established by - Voeghlitly. These two mills are owned and operatel by Marshall, Kennedy & Co., the successors of 1. T. Kennedy t& Co., who enia(aed in the business of " milling" at Pittsb!urgh in 1852, in what was then kn(own as tihe " Pearl Mill;" so that the prcsent firm c,(imhines the three oldest tiour mills in P1ittsbrglih. These two mills have a capacity of 1,100 barrels a day, and employ 78 hands, using 5,500 bushels of wheat a day. The fl,ur is all made by the roller i)rocess, and the phlants are stated as worth `200,000. The flour of tliese mills is known on the market as " Camellia," "L Bayard," "Amiber" and "Pearl," which last brand has been in the market for 34 years. The Iron City is the third mill, owned and operated by Whlitiier & ('o. This mill is at Thirty-eighth street and Allegheny Valley Railroad, and was established in 1873 by Whitnmeyer & Baumngard. The mill has a eataecity of 300 barrels a day, employs about 20 hands, and the value of the plant is given at 850,000. The brands of this mill are " Lawrenceville," " Iron ('ity Mills " and " Thirty-Eliglith Street." There are in the city four elevators: The " ('entral," with a capacity of i)00,000 b1uslels; the "'Iron City," with a capacity of 100,000 bushels; the "North Side," with a storage capacity of 75,010 bushels; and Whitnimer & Co.'s Elevator, with a capacitv of 100,000 bushels; makiing the elevator capacity nearly 600,000 bushels. The " Central," the largest of the four, is 110x70 and 100 feet high, with 150 bins of various sizes, and tracks connectinig with all the railways of the Pennsylvania system. As observed in the preliminary remarks, just what these twenty-eight firms handle in flour, grain and hay, is not to be obtained. Much of their business is .strictly "railroad business;" that is, transactions that do not break bulk in the city, INDUSTRIE'ES AND RESOURCE'S. 2 T7 but are dispatched to other points to fill orders or nicet market activities. As sonie indication of the bulks handled, the following receipts by river and rail, of six of the leading articles of produce is here given, from 1871 to 1875: 1871. 1Kt. T.74. 1i0-i74. Wheat,. bush., 630,560 534, 535 571,042 712,268 274, 762 Corn,.. 40,928 619,562 435, 228 537,564.52,039 Oats,.. 839,47 97,117 1,34, 52 1,627,046 958,58 Rye... 16918 184,597 162,645 139,317 76,691 Parle,.1 366,142 260,960 492,455 -126,442 316,834 I:ay,. tonis, - - - - 16,000 Flour, kirrels, 273),302 313.138,2 -346,605 4G-7,17 399,608 In the lollowing table are statistics of thirteen leading articles for 1876 to 1881, whlicli are imanifestly incoimplete, but sinmply given as f6iund. IS,1~7. I 1 -1. 18 78. 1,S79. 1 8~ 1. 1.~~ 1. Flour,. barrels, 899,604 503.267 384,252 389,696 357,4l1 38,382 Apples,. 115,161 39.265 45,767 33,649 44,736 58,240 Cheese,. boxes, 5;,131 67,185 49,443 501711 46,387 64,269 Butter,. packages, 1,440 21,151 19.031 13,674 12.,857 17237 Potatoes, bushels, 449,152 309,053 217,668 186,988 233,748 269,790 Wheat,. 1374,762 426,665 337,169 25,963 461,617 579,076 Corn, 1 -2,i' 4 13,188 327, 931 345,818 491,377 987,770 :l5 03 4, 491,377 98'7,770 Barleya, 31 i, 834 383,203 284,331 334,414 510,977 584,827 I,ve,. 70,691 83,001.13,852 124,972 216,924 559,878 taIts,. 958,518 1,0(08,495 850,742 644,015 750,683 1,288,378 Bacon,. piece-, 8.4,054 560,142 456.341 41-14,42 476,344 620,758 I:ioi1,. tierc, 28,207 3.753 21,631 27,816 10.484 27,982 I l1Y. bales, 106,848 75,020 61,646 20,756 45,673 119,454 These figures are, even for t hose yvears given, believedl to b e far ftront representing thie produce tradle of the city in even thie particulars in which statistics are given, as those do not inchltle carloads that, not breaking bulk at Pittsburghi, lpass direct through to fill as before observedl orders fronm other points, or forwarded 1y the Pittsburgh firmis before unloading to meet market activities at othler localities. As before stated, thie aversEness to give statistics renders even those obtained of any one or miore articles inconmplelte, and in the article of flour, as given in the fore'oing table, that is well instanced. A firm claiming to be the largest flour house in the world declining at all tinimes to give an- inforination as to receipts or sales of that article. If that claini is correct the bulk added to those obtained is somiietlhing that should go to the credit of Pittsburgh's business. For such and other similar reasons the comnparative ireceipts or sales from 1881 to 1886 cannot be given. However, a report of the Pittsburgh Chamiber of (Commerce for 1882 gives the transactions of the grain and flour dealers and the flour miiills at 84,891,630 for that year and the prodluce commissioni business at 82,6!00,0t t, and a report of the same body for 1884 gives the transactions of the flour and grain dealers and the flour mills at 87,970,000, or an increase of 83,000,000 in two years. Althongh such figures as could be obtained were so incomplete for the year of 18'5 of the fiiiur and grain trade, yet suflicient was gotten tL, indlicate that the,progress shi,wn from 1882 to 1884 was continuted from 1884 to I 88;, and the whole plrodi'e b!siness most probably sum up 810,000,0(_i0. An-'thlir divisi,o m f the prod~ice trade of I'ittsburgh is the General Produce Commission Trade. In the paist ten years there has grown up in the cit v ofI Pittsburgh a class of Iq,1i;,eSs jirmis known as p)roeiice coiillis.i)imi Iihouses, w,o(.se ( ne:itv is almost (ntirelvy,n Liberty street, extenjing fro,m Sixth to Eleventth street. in eachl of the vari g s,as(ons, spring, s1ut11n1er, autumni ai11n winter, tlat section of the citv is a clri,iosily to visit. A quarter of a miiile of most interesting commercial locality. 'The pro(ducts of the earth seem, in their season, to Ibe gathered thereto. The "golden orange and bananna, and fragrant pine applle of the tropics, in their seas,n. lIeer and 1partrid,,Tge, prairie fowl and wi!h duck, tuirkeyv and chicken in the fall and winter montlis; and the year roundl cranberries, appl,es, pears, sweet potatoes, lea.lihe-, dried fruits, eggs, beans, butter, onions, and, in fact, about all the edille lIrodlcts of the earth, from Canada to Florida, from (Conneetient tio Minniesota, crowd the plavemlents an 011 the warelihouses along that interesting (iquarter of a mile of trade, whiclh may ibe likened to a pr,duce therm,mieter. So strikingly do, the iwrodults there tell how the spring warmth,.the sinnier heats and the autumi n frosts are iprogressing in the vario,us sections of the co(mtry by the articles that crowd the warehouses. In the past three years the increase of this branch of ilmsiness has caused an overflow of this prodlice (uarter, and Second avenue is fast becomil-n another similar business section,of the cit.y. In these two sections there are the following General Produce Commission. C. W. Van ( order. I [ead, ('arson & (Co.,. A. M. Voight,.. Ilenry e,...le L. Butler & Co.,.. Clarence'Pettit & Co.. (innamon. IBros. & Co... MeAli:ter & Bro.,. II. J. Mec'racken & Co., Martin I)errick, John Wallace,. R. Harvey &' Co.,. C. L. Walker,... Somers, Bro. & ('o., Tlihoniis II. M[cGowan. S(ifice. 609 Liberty st.. 205 Wood st., 813 Liberty st., (33 Liberty st., 116'Second av., 114 Second av.. 6;29 Liberty st.,. 63 1 Liberty st.. 641 Liberty st.. 613 Libeirty t.. 92 Third ave., 637 Liberty st., 639 Liberty st., 607 Liberty st., Esta;'d. 18657 1866 I s(;s 18(;3 1870 1870 1871 1871 1874 1 876i 1877 By. 1F. Van GorMder. I HIea, & Metzgar. IL. II. Voight & (Co. Eea & Keil. A. Buitler. John J. Pettit. \. ( annon. W. MeAlister. II. J. McCracken. M. Derrick. Akin, Wallace & Polloc,k. R. Harvey. Neisbrod & Walker. Somers, Bro. & Co. Thomas H. MecGowan. ],IT7"E 7Y'(;U,; HI'S IRO11[I1061;.'_, INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. Firm AV. IBachmer & Co., John Aiken,... Caskey & Healey,.. Robinson & \egler,r. John File,.... J. A. Craig,.... "Wilbert Bros.,... Voight, McAfee & ('o., Wilson & PliHilips,.. Baxter & Renton,.. Scott, Sullivan & (o.,. William Ltdwig & (Co., Otfice. 625 Liberty st., 605 Liberty st., i I Li)bertv st., 118 Second av., 5389 Liberty st., 616 Liberty st., 035 I,ihertv st., 112 Wood st.,. 811 Liberty st., ;19 Libertv st., "100 Smithfield, 20 Wood st.,. l'ittsburulht Produce C'om- ) mission (o., Limited.; L,stah'd. 1879 lSS0 1880 1SSl 1882 1882 1884 1885 1:185 1sS5 18815 By. Thomas Tate & Co. John Aiken. Caskey & Healey. A. Mutlh & Co. John File. Craig & Myers. Wilbert Bros. Voight, McAfee & Co. Wilson & Phillips. Baxter & Renton. Scott, Su!livan & Co. William Ludwig. SI'ittsburgh Produce ('nim"( mission Company. These firms emnploy 213 hands, whose wages will amniount to $125,000 a year The value of their sales is, as near as could be o!tained, from $3,750,000 to $4,0o0,000 annually. As before stated the great variety of produce they deal in prevents any recapitulation of all the (juantities of the several articles. As a matter of cnriositv a brief statement is given of some of the more prominent. According to the amounts given by these twenty-eight firms they average in sales annually 150,000 barrels of apples, 300,000 boxes of peaches, 1,450 carloads of potatoes, 15,400 packages of cranberries, 4,737,000 pounds of butter, 75,000 packages of eggs, 2-,700 packages of white beans, 79,000 bunches of bananas, 21,800 barrels of onions, 27,1)00 barrels sweet potatoes, 1,577,800 pounds of dressed poultry, 30,000 boxes of oranges and lemons, 6,000,000 pounds of cheese. These are but the bulks of some of the leading itenis of prodiuce that are handled by these firms. As before stated, the entire sales is about $4,000,000, and it is probable rather exceeds than falls below that suni. Cheese Houses. The firm of J.Al I: A. T:ADI:EN, 819 LIBERTY STM.i:r:r, established in 1860, is the o,ily house in the city whose exclusive business is the wholesaling of chcese. Others of the comnmission houses sell occasional lots when received on consignment, but this house making a special business of dealing in this article are a representative house and carry heavv stocks, and represent the leading dairies of Western Ohio and New York in the cheese handled by theni, of which they dispose of about 3,500,000 pounds yearly. This house also are large dealers in butter, and the statistics of this and the gross amount of the sales are embraced in the aggregate of the produce conmmission firIms. PITTSB URFGH'S PROGRESS, Tobacco. The tobacco market of Pittsburgh is a large one, but it is diflicult to present statistics. All the wholesale grocery houses are large handlers of "the weed," and their valuation have been included in the grocery trade. The nianufacture of cigars is more largel y carried on than any other branch of tobacco manufacture, with perhaps the nlanufacture of cut and dry, by which is a produce of the old-es tablished factory of Wev-nan & Pro., which originated with Geo.Wevinman in 182'), and occupies witll its processes a building six stories high, 10xI100 ft. There are over 250 cigar factories that make returns to the Twenty-second and Twenty-third districts Internal Rfevenue, which represents the lahor of 7.50 employes and $1, 250,000 of products at Pittsburgh. Several of the grocery houses have large cigar fiactories of their own, I)ilworth Bros., Penn avenue and Tenth street, carrying:on a very extensive factory in another revenue district, and are said to piroduce 10, 000,000 cigars a y-ear. There are seven firms dealing in Leaf Tobacco. These are Martin Ieyle & Son, 965 Liberty street; J. W. & G. Barker, 961 Liberty street; Maul & ( irote, 953 Liberty street; A. Schaub, 949 Liberty street; It. & W. Jenkinson, 919 Liberty street; John Grazier, 13 Wood street; L. IM. Borchardt, 56 Tenth street. These seven houses sell about 3,000,000 lpounds of leaf tobacco one year with another. There are two Tobacco Manufacturers, Weyman Bros, 720 Duquesne Waay, and 11. W. Jenkinson, 919 Liberty street, who eniploy from 70 to S0 hands, but no information could be obtained of the amount of the tobacco turned out. Importers of Cigars. The fine cigars,f ITavbunna are ilmported by REYMER & RInos., 512 XWood street, who pay especial attention to the choice brands, as high as $500 per thousand, and Wevnman Bros., 421 Smithfield street. The jobbing of Cigars and Tobacco is followed by Wemnian Bros., 426 Smithfield street; Revmer Bros, 425 Wood street; John Fullerton & Son, 96(6 I.iberty street; L. II. Adler, 943 Liberty street; L. Goldsmith & Pro., 441 Liberty street; James MeClurg & Co., 602 Wood street; Pretzliell & Co., 111ll Lierty street; MN. -M. Kann & Co., 204 "Wood street; A. N. Martin. 641 Liberty street; Charles T. Wagner, 212 Wood street; Charles C. Baer. 444 Wood street; II. Dalnever & Son, 333 Liberty street, and ten others of less prolinnence, there being in all twenty-one wholesale dealers in tobacco and cigars. As near as can be ascertained the wholesale tobacco trade exclusive of that done by grocery houses is in the neiglhorhood of $1,500,000. 240 J 14.8; (Olifant Gas, 1; Ethylic Hydride. 5; Marsh (Gas, 67; lHydrogen, 22; Nitroen,;i, = 100;,hich analysis is very presmiptive of its vegetabile origin. As befo)re stated, it is obtained in certain sands at various depths. A fierce IwNar is waging alnlolg geologists as to whether the iargest flows are to be had fronm wells sunk inll "snlines" or "anticlinates," but both agree that obtained in either plau,e it is, as before stated in this chapter, because of storage in the sand or honey-combed rock, where it has been packed by the subteranean pressures; the dark close slate, with which in nearly all cases the sand is overlaid, causing the rock to retain the gas. For what years this primary pressure has been forcing the gas wherever it could find channels beneath this close,late luting cannot be told, but that by this driving it is presuniable the vapor has found its way long distances from the main reservoir.,. as well as been densely packed. If ventage had been plentifully h!ad the packing would not have been is great-as its pipage, so to speak, by its creative pressure through the sand belts or rock rifts to far distances wNould not have occurred, as they necessarily mnust, where ruder the interior three only lateral escape was possible, As vertical escapes in the great reservoirs-which seenm so ftr to be in Western Pennsylvania-are, Iy I means of wells, being greatly multiplied, tile lateral supplies at distant points will naturally diminish, no matter how densely pa(-ked in the subterranean depths the vapors imay be; for the simple reason that vertical motion is the greatest natural impulse of any light gaseous vapor, and the unpacking would be through the well vents instead of by sand channels or rock leads,--tending to the conclusion that while supplies of gas may be obtained in territory in other W'estern States it is, possibly, simplyl natural pipeage, and subject to cessation sooner or later, as the vertical artificial ventage by wells in Western 'ennsylvania increases. ,m-ever, be this as it may, there is no disputative theory a~: to its existence and that at Pittsburgh it is supp)lementing coal as a 1fuel. In the Manner and Matter of its Use too short a time has elapsed since it has been genernilly introduced to allow sufficient information to generate from experience in its use to enable its economies to be formulated or all its values discovered. IHere and there a fact has been noted, but not in sufficient number to give any broad statitistical results. The economies of the use of gas are as vet but crudelv understood. Issuing from the wells in apparently unusable quantities the mo1st wasteful extravagance in its use has obtained; but, as it is now used, the citinlg of two facts will indicate possibilities when such results are attained under the present unscientilic and wasteful lmethods of use. Under its use in a steel plant it was found that where it had formerly taken.96,000 worth of coal to produce 12,000 tons of steel, with gas it required but S4t0,000 for tile fuel cost, and a further saving was madle of 812,000 in the cost of laulilng the ashes and coal. A c(lose observation demonstrated also that there was a saving of about 235 per cent. in the wear and tear of the firnace in the use of gas instead of coal fuel. A further fact was demonstrated in the working of a glass factory, using some 2000 tons of material a year, that the saving as again.t coal with gas was equal to $6,000 a year in the fuel expense. In DecemPI;U11 tGH (; 1110 (;h1'ss, 1 IXD,SI"TRIEN A ND RAIE,O (',S. ber of 1cS5, as the result of one investig-,tion, made by a manu:facturer of iron from another city, as to the resultis at PIittsburgh in the use of gas instead of coal, it was st:ated that in tile output of 1!i heating firunaces the saving was, in fuel cost, $6,53"1; in removing ashes, $2,612; in repairs,,$4,186); and further, that the saving in a heating furntace usilng gas was, in reduced w\aste i,v oxidation, in twelve weeks time, Q1,200. The best method of applying this gas heat or its quantities in the manufacture of iron is as yet a matter of experiment. There are many opinions on the suljject, and there is no absolute dictfo. It is stated that tile nearer to the Siemens principle of a flrnace the gas is used the best economy is obtained in the waste of iron. It has been denmonstrated, in an establishment in the city where the u1se of gas is closely studied, that heating the air to 1800 iFahrenheit. and tile gas at tile same temperature, the chenmical combination takes ipace at once, and perfect conibuistion ensues, under which the best results on the iron is obtained, and the most economical use of the gas. Only such a supply of gas is wanted as will give the flame desired, as too much gas passing into the firnace does not consume, b:.t passes up the stack. Natural gas requires a greater aniount of oxygen than artificial, but too much oxygen destroys the iron by oxidation, while an increase of gas creates a cooling flame, unless the two are of equal temperrture at the time of combustion. This inflow, it is claimned, is best regulated by the pressure between tihe valve and the furnace. Tile more lazily tile gas flows into the furnacee will, it is said, give the best combustion results, and tile pressure should be only sufficiently strong to deliver the quantity of gas in tile required quantities at the point of combustion, 2 to 22, ounces of pressure through from to 2 inch inlet is said to give the best flow for a large heating furnace. Tile heater, by watching his flame in the stacks and noticing it pass the hole in the square, can see that lie has too mubch gas as perfect combustion has not taken place, and waste in iron is going on. With the flow of gas reduced to its proper quantity, and the heated air a bright orange color, there is perfect combustion under which no excessive waste of the iron occurs. When the air is of a bright orange color it indicates that its temperature is 1,8000 or 2,0000. These statements are from results noted in several iron mills, and are probably confirmed by the use of gas in others. The gas introduced about two inches below the top of the bridge in the furnace, was stated by one firm, to give, in their experience, the best results furom the heat, as the minute it passes over the bridge it is wasted, the combustion occurring at the point of introduction. The introduction of tile gas at thewbottom of the firnace produces a waste of caloric and burns the brick. As previously observed, tile use of gas as a fuel in the manufactories, is too recent to have allowed any reliable data as to the best method of its use or actual unvarying results. The leading facts are, that great savings are effected in its use, that the quality of the products are not only better but there is a greater output from similar quantities of material than is obtained with coal. On this point tilhe improvement in quality of window glass is in the use of gas fuel most striking. In a comparison of a sample of what was claimed as a most excellent window glass r-- 16 as to color, clearness, free!domi from si)eeks, &c., i:ade of (coal fiel, with one made with (as, thel result was, Ithat while ordinary print could Pnot be read throiiugh four thiicknes:s f the coal foiel glass, a newspIa!er couill b)e re'ad with ease through a boix of Sxl0, as the'l:,ss cinles from tlhe (ordinlar v (ttin r table. The natural polish of!: cylinder (,f!ai i- eo,al to a,oliOhel d pic lat; in the milnutfacture of winlow l )ss byv coal ful(. tlat iliidih is destroyed byl t lie sull hur acclinulat ing in blowing and i! the iCannelini, during which the sullphur, filmn or stain, is hibrned in. In the (!' 0!gas fuel tfhlre is no suliihurons funlts, and tile glass retains its natural brillaiit p1olish, withi the increase of transparency as well, Is the reading test cited ab1ove. In addlition the factories are able to imake six batches a week instead of live. As before statcd, the general use of this vapor as a fi:el is to!, recent to have generated nimuch distinct d(ituml as to its ecinionli(s or other advantages. Th]ie few that are cited are amniong the iore prominent ones that have bieen noted, althonugl there are niany minor ones connected with those given. The general sunliniig up of the results so fatr is, that the saving in filel cost is possibly over 5)0 per cent.: the increased yiels,'from 1-5 to 25 per cent.; the improvel quality, though hardly to be estimated in per cents., may Ibe, as illustrative, stated at from 10 to 20 per cent., as i demnionstrated in the facts cited as to its use in the manufacture of window g!ass; while in table ware the same implrovements are attained. In the treatment of metals where regularity of heat and freedom fromiii sulphur are desiralilities, there is no question as to the superiority of the product of gas fuel. That there is such is apparent fromi the fact that workers of iron are already beginning to make a dificrence in the plurchase of "gas iron" over "coal iron." No attempt is made here to give any statistics as to the numbers of wells at present sink within the radius of twenty miles of Pittsburgh, nor of the companies organized. What wounll e approximate figures att the Ires;ent writing would be no giide in one, two or three months later, as new wells are almost daily being borerl and fresh companies f(rmied. This suggests the tihoughit that so manyiv wells will decrease the flow, but as vet such does not seem to lbe the case. In the Murraysville district, which nimay be likened to a pepper bottle, so thick are the wells, a well sunk by the Peoples ('ompany in I)ecemiher of iSS5--ten years after the first Murrayvsville well--ws the strongest in its tlow ever struck inl tile district; and the original Murraysville well, altholigh " b)lowing" for ten years, is said to bIe as strong as ever. As. of all the.gas fields, this is the one most thickly perforated, any decrease of yield might be supposed to show itself here; as it does not, two thoughtsa re suggested: the one that the theory of at practically unlimited supply is being sustained; the other, that the increased ventage in such concentration at one locality is estalblishing a piowerfiul draught that has a tendency to divert the lateral gas currents toward the Pittsburgh centres, and the longer they continue the more the concentration of the gas will there be. To attempt, however, to give absolute dictiiin on a sl!iject where the indisputable truths thereto are as unreachable as they are in the matter of this so-called natural gas, is not to be thought of. The efftbort has only been made to present IND STIJES.15D RIES(OU) (C1i'. 17 such facts as are established, to recite some of the most probable theories as to its existence, and to show\ what the result will be to Pittsburgh, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions. Whatever may be the future discoveries as to the laws that govern its sulply, or the territory where it exists, it is self-evident that lines on lines of pipe are beiig laid from all the producing fields toward the city of Pittsburgh. The supply there will be most abundant; while the general use into which it has come is daily educating the people as to its best application, of which Pittsburgh will reap the fullest harvest. That she will do, not entirely because of the superiority of this vapor fuel, which, solely and in itself, isolated from other advantages, might be a curiosity but not a power; but because, combined with the other great manufacturing resources presented in the chapter on that subject, which Pittsburgh possesses, she is best able to utilize it to its greatest profit. Should exhaustion at any period near or remote of the supply occur, the immense gas coal field of Pittsburgh gives the best locality in the country for a supply of artificial gas at the lowest cost, and Pittsburgh be, through the introduction and education in the use of gas fuel, still the greatest gainer in all respects. 18 PITTSB URGlH I'N PRtOGE,SS. eCog, ta lca1, oiierlogid,l aid A-Litiltfd tulirt dv,ulht,bi EOGRI; H.\ IIll (. and ininerological plsition and manutfacturing advantages are necessarily so honogenous in lie progress as well as in the birth of a great manufacturing community, that in the subject matter of this volume these three requisites to the growth of such a population are combined in their exposition as they naturally are in their power. Pittsburgh combines more geographical advantages of position than any city of the Union, and from that cause ha:s always been a marked point. But 150 miles from the great chain of inland lakes, with all their advantages of intercourse with Canada and the lake States, as well as access by that route to the ocean; she is distant but from:0()( to 400 miles, or a day's travel, from tihe important cities of the eastern sea-board. While her location to the whole extent of country, bounded by the Atlantic on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, the Mississippi on the west, and the Lakes on the north, is nearly central, To this territory she stands in the position of a geographical centre, the circle of which embraces every variety of' climate, and nearly if not (iquite all the staples of the various sections of the Union. For the prod(dct and business of whiclih Pittsburgh, as the centre of the circle, reaches but 400 miles on either hand, and twenty-four tlours of railroad carriage lands at the doors of her tfatories such products as mayv e wanted, or delivers the products of her iwNorkshops over tlie samne extent of territory. Situated in the heart of the bituminoius coal formation of the Appalachian field, and apparentlyv at thie very tiuntain head of natural gas, and equally advantageotuslv located as to the dep:,sits of iron ore, her geographlical relations to the staples of P'ennslvania, as well as lie IUnion, are unequtalled. At the head of a remarkab,le natural systemn of internal navigation, she reaches bY river transportation eighteen States and two Territories; not only the borders thereof, but their interiors aflirdling unparalleled advantages for reachiing, bYv water carriage, from the 46; of North latitude to the 30~; fron, the () to the 22d of longitude west from \'aslhinigton. embracing an era of 1,l.-2,00(0 square miles of territory. Situated at the be-inning of such a great inland water IigPhway, Pittsburgh must ultimately beconme a plroduce centre, an(l a trans-shipment and distribution point, not only of western finrm products rneeded bY the Atlantic States, but also of the importations from Eulmope and the eastern products required by the west. The increasing demand for cheap transportation miust ultimately cauise:ll the navigable rivers to be made as fully available as engineering skill can render them. IND I TI'RII< AND ItES0O IUCES. In view of this unequalled river systenm, giving Pittsburgh thus direct access to thie velr hearts of eighteen of tile inest States iof the Union, can there be any doubt of the fiuture of the Iron ('ity as a commlercial and shipping, as well as a manufacturing point. The contenillated imllrovement of the rivers may be for a brief time delayed, Ibt the very necessities of the country will force the expenditure of the money requisite to render this great highway of transportation all it can be made, and which its location to producing and consuming populations of the c,,untry indicate it must lie. Not only will the constantly increasing wants of the people for cheap transportation require this, hut the steadily growing bulks requirinig transpiortation will render it necessary, and such improvements of the navigation of all connecting rivers, as will miake most available to those twenty "States this system of inland navigation, witihoutt a parallel in any nation or in any countrv. Suchln geographical position as the f'wegoin brief sketch has faintly presented is enjoyed by few, if any, connlnuiities, and especially when conltemplated with reference to its Mineralogical Position, by which all the advantages of' its geographical situation is reinforced. Although natural gas as a fuel at Pittsthrgh has lessened the value of the coal field so far as the niantifacturing consumpntion of that comnmunity goes, yet it is to her location in the bituminous coal basin of l'ensylvania that Pittsburgh owes the position she hold as as a ninfacttring city, and in that supply of coal has for blast furnace purposes a great minerallogical resource. In event of the exhaustion of natural gas this will become a vyet more valuable resource than before the gas fuel era, as set forth in the chapter on P'ittslburgh's vapor fuel, and in the exposition of the coke industries. It is coal and iron that have been the basis of mnanufacturing wealth; or, in other words, fuel and inieral. If; in tile past, Pittsburgh has made such progress with coal for fuel in all her imanuhiticturino industries, it cannot be less when, with the same great bedis of coal tr sucllh treatmlent (Iof ores as it is best adapted to, she has the great reservoirs of natural gas, withi all its superiority in the manufaecturing uses,of fuel. Itf, in the past, P'ittsbhritrgh was strong in the axiom that the mineral seeks the ftirl, it is tlierefwre now doulldY attractive to minerals, and has aclluired niew po wer. Thro,ugl,ut the colunties emllbra'ed in the hoitminniuils coal region are to be foiund extensive biids of iron ire, andl equally large deposits in tihe counties east of and lying along the hases of the Allegheny mouinitains. The Allegheny river aflbords a cheap cliannel tor the supply of iron from the counties lying upon that river, and the Monongahlela river anl Baltinmore &- Ohio Railrioad for the iron from the neighl)orhocid (of the Youghhighenyl and (Cheat rivers; the Pennsvlvania Central Railroad for the niota;l of the interior and mountain counties. The quality anid quantity of the Allegheny river and Central Pennsylvania iron is so fully known ats to need no exposition. It is sufficient that the fifullest acces to PITTSBUROf'S I'ROGRES,S;, them is had. The irons of the celebrated Juniata region are, as it were, at Pittsburgh's door, while to the west of her those of Eastern Ohio are equally available. T'he rich ores of Virginia will, on the completion of the Pittsburgh, Virginia & (harleston I:Railroad, be as fully beneath her hand. The ores of Lake Superior, or the iron of the furnaces of those regions, are cheaply transported by water carriage, while tilhe irons of Missouri are realched by the cheapest of carrying agents, through the Ohio river. The flrnaaces of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the central river counties of Ohio, also send their metal here for sale. It will be noticed that in iron, as in coal, Pittsburgh is centrally situated to the lrodlucts of four States, and that she is in her own State inmmediately contiguous to vast deposits of that mineral, while to those of two other States, Michigan and Missouri, she is, by reason of facility of cheap transportation, brought almost into as central a position. By this same facility of transpiortation the lead, copper and silver ores of the country are equally at Pittsburgh's call. What has been the natural effect of such a mineralogical position upon the past of Pittsburgh, and what will be its efflect upon her future, it is hardly necessary to inquire. The results are seen in her past progress and her future indicated by that past. To dwell upon The Manufacturing Advantages of Pittsburgh, when the reputation of her manufactured products is world-wide, is "like carrying coal to New ('astle." In a volume, however, where the progress of the conimunity is tilhe subtject matter of its pages, and that progress is the result of manufacturing advantages, an exhibit of the scope and strength thereof is well, to the end of piresenting the ability of the city in the trade contests of the nations to retain its pro(gressi\e character. In its coninmercial sense, an advantage is some quality, positive strength, or other inherent power, held in sluperiority by one coinnmunit v over others. With Pittsburgh this is all summnied p in the one word, concllentration. For it seems ias if Nature had gathered all manulfactmuring lacilities and hurledl tihem in one mass into position there; in its vicinity being all the requisites fori a plermanellt domination. To (omnipete successfully withl Pittsl,burgh other loaiities must have tile same aggregate of advantages. As before observed, elsewhere in these pages, as yet no other location has- been found where such alggregatioin exists, and an impregnable mnauifacturing advantiage is in this possessed. I'itil some other conimmunity or location shall have equal concentration of advantages, competition is weakened wlhere sonime one or more requisite is wanting..\s:an individual, with all his linibs fuillY developed, nmind trained, brain healthy, iphivsical and perfect muscular developimient, is to one where one or niore limbs are wanting and with inferior muscular developments, deficient education and limiited powers o,f mind, so Pittsburgh, in the contest for nianufacturiug supremnaey, stands to-d:iv in comparison with any other commnity. There is nothing wanting to give it the victor's wreath if its people so will, and a pro.res to which its palst is but limited. An 20 IND USTRIES AND RESO URCES. analysis of this concentration of manufacturing advantages presents each as exceptionally strong and some unsurpassable. It would matter not what facilities were within a factory if its doors and windows were closed so that its productions could not be sent to the market. If Pittsburgh was restricted in reaching the consumers other manufacturing powers would be shorn of much of their value. The following, quoted from Pittsburgh and Allegheny i, tih' (C,'ntennial Year, is pertinent to this point: " In the very important requisite of natural and cheap channels for the distribntion of productions, Pittsburgh is possessed of reinarkable adivantages. In her artificial avenues fobr distribution there is an equal superiority of position. Through her river channels she reaches from her own site an extent of country, embracing more than 1,000,000 square miles, over which she has unlimited powers for distributing her ninufactures to the populous cities, growing towns and thriving villages, which are profusely located throughout it; and by her railroad system she possesse, almost equal facilities for distribution. "Tlhe power of distribution is in itself an advantage of great weight, without which the ability to produce copiously and cheaply would be of less worth. It stands in the same relation that ability to send his crops readily to the best market does with tihe agriculturist. It would matter not how bountifully the earth might yield of is grains and fruits if the carriage to consumers was diiiicult, slow and costly. The gains would be small, and the anmunt disposed of limited, whille some more favorably situated section would obtain the trade. Not only is facility of distribution of muchi consideration, but centrality of location to the market to be supplied is of equal desirability. Transportation to a wide circiuiiference is easy when but half diameters are traversed to reach any point of the ircl!e; thus greatly reducing transportation expenses in the aggregate carriage to: broad market.!)ittsbirgh not only possesses that centrality of position, but combines it witi suchi remanrkably comprehensive lines of transpcrtatimn, that proba,ly no city is possessed of equal advantages." While the power of clheap, wide and easy distribution of products is a ipowverful manufa'cturing advantage, yet to as cheaply, easily and widely oH:tain the materials for manufhtture is an advantage that is and should be twin to tlhat of distribution. In The Power of Reception, in all its most desirable development, Pittsburgh is quite as advant:geously endowed as with distributive qualities. By the Pennsylvaniat, tlie l)itts:lrgli & Erie, the l'ittisblmrgh- I)vision of the Baltimore & Ohio, the Alle'hleny Valley Railroadls, amnd thie Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, Pittsbiurghm reaches into the entire iron region of 1'Pennslvania in every direction. There are buit eight counties Omut (f tIhe ~ixtv-two in the State that are incapable of the production of iron. The body of irmll, and thie variety of ores, and the consequent character of tlihe metal, whic.lh, thus, as it were, immediately surrounds Pittsburgh, is apparent. To this vast amount of material Pittsburgh has full access. In addition to the Pennsylvania ore deposits, slle has equal facilities for receiving the proihducts of thlie eastern Ohio fturnaces, by transportation over the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & (:lic'ago, the Pittslburgh & ('leveland, the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis lailway, and the (Ohio river. The ()lhio river give.~ als, cheap facilities for receiving the products .Of the Tennessee and Kentlcky furnaces, and the ores and nmetals of Missouri. 21 \'hlil,t Ilit lakes, with their cheapl water carrign. and the short portage of the ('level:,l. Pittb-ir.gh Ftailro:il& give yqlal a Wn<taqes fha oMtaining the nitalb of 1k' Suiperior'. The Allegieny river and tihe Alleghleny Valley l ailroad, penetrating ie of the woomded distriK(ts of lPennsylvantia, give to PIitt1urgh en iable WLWili tit, i or heapI tlranspWotation froi that district of such tilmber a,; the various m1uaitnfcturre in wll wil hich havc, o(r may arise, demaianl. The Mnow,alhe11:1e river, now, and the Iittsbnurg,h, V\irginia & ('harhcston laih:1(d, mriwe fIlly in TiIli future. will pive facilities for ohtainin,i, the line timber of Western V\irinilia::lid tlhis Iitter r,,ad elikewiettherihnes ikie t li'i l desirable ores ofl that section. For llc, ign wIod the Pennsysvania EailroaolI. Conlect i 11ng, with the eastern se:a r:lld, and the ('hesaIpeake and O)hio ('anal, connecting by the PittSshrqh l)ivisiIn of the IHaltimore & Whio Railroad lo this eity, with the sotlithi-erstt't sea-const, aflird a cheap transfiet any of the stnples of the variollus sections oIf the Ul'nin, tile exhitit given of otl rivers and our railways shows how readlilv they call e laid (own in Pittsblurlgh. and how cheaply. In the reception of material the same advantage of centrality of position ohtains:s in the distribution of it in its manufatured fArms, InAonucing, in the omibinatiom of lessened expense, of trempiom in erude f'rls,:ind of re-distrilaution in linishell shapes, a greallt general advantiage not to be too highly valIued, and oliv at all limes lowerful in hhling I,sition aginsit "C,mqltii!. Here is a- ~vrent r1rasp1 of mat'1ri:al:1' has eelln s'hown,f (ldistrilutioln, yet, withoit filel, hy which Lreat alnlufactilning pro(-;,secs caln he (heaply, in that r(-pecct, carried on. neither'of the two l)re~keding, a(Ivantazcs wo-ll! hay.c any coilllwtiivf Imwer as anainst a lovatiAmn h,lidi-- the oth,.r. It w:n (,minlg to'; l f tlcl nt:tes in the past that l'ittsbill-ghi tol.ok sO li-111 a hol(hl inll the mtnIlI.etlrint:. lIt. till coIliltI.y, aa ld attained to);llch a po"iti,n. Cheapness of Fuel jullsiie. tralnsiportati, in of min1ral to the filel, 1and wherc thll minlleral can be ti%mported hy ensy artificial or natural channels tile locality where this -heap,:))b nation of fuel and mincrat arel~ made just always [we a great Inalnu aeti:rilg, centiv. These two reqtiisites Pittscur,-h has always possessed to an extent n]ot even ai)proaceicd by ally dwtr locality, and has now ac(nuired a new fuel power of s))rpaI,-.in,, value. This imp))rtatnt a lui-itioin was thus ten,e\'ar-:1()o lo)reshadoh,Ned i,l " Pittslhirgh and A\lhiheny in th1( ( entennial Year" " Within the last twulve \(a)'. l, hm has pmrWan n lam1wn ly addcd to the nlihi,r]! pnrd ct', and hYlv:tt ),, I\ which Pit"t'blrgh i, sil-r,Oun<tded, aw1 witil it!ar;,e veins of ilatil-al ga, Irive ),e(n stlr,'k, whl)< fl'tilre valle is yet imnbd-termilled ill tile is Int11tal(tl"rin' p1 I'.0 1,gres,' of Pitt' h ll-gi anmll its viciuitY. Thle v(di'I o,e o) thi.' - gas is ilnlc'lti-e1 and, it, powkr i n cmI i d ill,llemp i mnalliaftilrin-Z w1ill 1e 1 rXat Vo;nd in V., intn go, Biatlcr ait l Armstr,lI,," co)l tic~s ill grc.;ll ah)llil;lll, tht1(rc i every indication that it will als(, hc obtailici ill A. leh,dwl-.v c':',.y, atlld ill the very heart of, tho, city it.e,l, i; a;i:Axw,. It 11., a!roe:ad.\ L'ecn },rooug"lt from ltitler P[ITTSB UR'; IIS PL,0V.I'MlN& INDUST'IlE S AN.D lRE'O )UR( EN. cotintv to tile iron nmills f itt rgh by means of pipes. W\Vhile 1much vet reImains to be done in,'onvcyiig it trom thle gRs wells of those coiiunties inl the most reliable imannter, yet suithicieit results have been obtainedt to showV tihat, 1111ich 11s I'ittsll,rglh owes to her centUrt: positiol it tile 1,itmiinlious c:oa litelds, it is quite po,ssil,le e s will be itiore, iindel,ted t( to this iimmlise provision) of gas fir sl-treit'y ais a ninufictutiring city. If, as iindic:1ti 1sZ give every reason to believe, this gas should be obtained front thle very -rouil ulpoin XIwhich thle tfactories of Pittslburgh staild, there will be at hter coitmmand a iftwel which, surii,:ssin,g eveitn her Ival for qualuitv in its:lpplicatio,l to the redtctiot aiid im:ufaificttures of imetal, will be of :lm,ost incoliceiv:1l:le cl,he:ntiess.'Shootitg uilt) (,f its own iorce froim the depltls of the earthi, and needinll Ilit to be distrihuted in pipes to the lurnwces anil forges, or siclh tires as a t.re necded let1 r n1ultitt-tllattrii tpiiUrposes, or for tlie creatzition (if steatnl. it will be seen the cost if siich te1l wvill ie veryv small." In thile past two yea:rs this fuel has bee,i g11enerally adopted, and it is clailmled that chiea: as Nwas tile coal ftiel tlihat, eveu mtitiler whitat is but is yet exlperimtental use of this gas, a savint t f iorty per cent. is had ill the filel cost oft' mtanufacturing. In the chapter on natural gas some of the advantagtes of this fuiel are written. This adlvanitage of futel, withoiit the ability to distriibute widelyv altd cheaply, and to receive raw imtterials 1'roiim distance ea:tilv and cheaply, wii,uld of course be in itself is ilated froimi the other twoi, of little or nto value; inor would they without the i other le of the stiame freit'e or vXthitv; butt Itch a co-minalhtion of these three:is exists at Pittsltrtgl is, Ibe \,Ild disputationi, unsuirp:tssed-pterhtp,s uinparelled. With tilhe grr,wtN of:t atioll t'cotpettiito must:itutit:ral' arise, but A Great Manufacturing Community is Not Born in a Day. It has takei P'ittitrgh uivir sixty yv -:itr- to attatii her p'roporti,tis, and guither iroiind h.r the fiwiltics of kiflful wc,periclc.,:!, in e, replutti,ol, 1t1d varied fa wtories, \Olo~-'i f1.1iltics:1rv e:wh:I s!llij,rt to, tille it r. The oz!,, with which the g,over,i,wt.t it. ill the lit', r..:. )t,, it:1tve' tri,)il'hed witholl t idehYl', at Pittsburgt l,. a vre it v,tri,tv 1, m1 tit, w,f d,:I!.: to N!i!1:[miled:iml iroll plated ships: to ohtAitl,t h-,11 thw1, r'illcd: to hI ve sh,t:aId shell, -. l1l1l )t,ll te8, (iun Ctll.arrit-e a:tt1 t1i- w a:ti-- \ b:ilt ~ltl with ut the l,ss of tin.w i. llthe rol istruc'tion l iv it i' a work-dl i ho tp, iittz hiner*lv- for the i',u itutiii - lttirt of' those tirticles, shows forcilly what power, icilitv iid ohilitv there is i, a log i-stat c lished mn:uitiatttirinig ll mtnllllit'v. This is w.iother:tdv;itt:i,,e that Pittshr1. - lO ss1 s,C s whic. h',ee,ls )I, dlilatil" upoit, a,d 11mst in ull coImilettitiotis give her spriority, v.'Possessed <it' great natural tidvaintatrg, sit. has str1,'1 thetle til,sl e hv -ixt" Vurs bt- cumtitlutti,n of those artificial adv:ant:,-es of v\tried tch.er,, ii;tsses 4+ skilh woII( men. taId div,ls+ kind (d iwwuit'1t(toric, which like the v\:rio.l~ ro'<t'l1, of't well trdered armiv. stitpportt oine:titht-r:Intd l ive pov-w-.,ttd eeultinittl"ce t the wholoe. Ill all \ IIIIpetiti, w i lh j'r, Jsh )!lt it on4titors )itt. t Ir,1_1 st:11,s in theP rcItltiou t0h:t a Nvell 1 -.1 t(.t,c,\( I w _,ll.;';l ize I. w.lt l (c),;te I. well tili t Iq d I nt:1.i'llory, witlh:u1 lc v;itlil utt1l g-retit failities, surrottioded by a poptutlttioni of skilled worklilme, does to o!w le 1. 1'avonrl tiv Il:cated, with inltt rior f:i-u ilitiXeh, freshly establishvd. wZ11,tinll, exi,crielice.:ld+ (lcticient itl me<.ch;m ii;tl kiiovv'led,e illd skill 24 to draft from. With Pittsburgh it is not the ability in any competitions that may arise to maintain her past superiority, it is simply the will so to do. The power she has, and competition will only bring out the will to maintain her own, nnder which competition will benefit rather than impair. In Pittsburgh Locations for Building combining the requisities of space, water, transportation facilities, and the best of those advantages already mentioned fir obtaining fuiel, are to be had in every direction around the two cities and suburbs, at very reasonable prices and on acsonmmodating terms. On both sides of the Allegheny river ruin railroads, also on both sides of the Monongahela. Between the two runs the Pennsylvania railroad, while the Pittsburghi, Ft. Wavne & Chicago railway pa:sses through nearly the entire length of Allegheny city. Along all these lines sites for factories are abundant, where facilities for the receiving of filel and materials into the very mills and other workshops direct from the cars exists. Into many of those which are now constructed along these lines, side tracks riiin directly into the factory yards. Along the Monongahela or Allegheny shilmnent, direct fromn the thfactories, by either water or rail, is practical and daily practiced. This facility has so much increased in the past ten years as to have cauiied aldnost a total abandonmlent of maintaining large warehouses by manufacturers, nearly all shipnoments being made from the factories, eflecfing a large saving in rents, which is not without its power in holding trade under close compl)etitions. In intimate connection with tile advantages belonging to l'ittslbrglh is the Salubrity of Location. The tables of mortality treating upon this are conclusive of the superiority on this point of this conmlunity; and, without doubt, the great health possessed by this manufacturing population weighs heavily in the sulnuming uil) of the advantages of this location as a manufacturing point. Not only to the workman is the health of his fanmily and of himself of importance, huit to the nmanufacturer as well. The loss of income by three or four weeks sickness suGifred by a workman, or by the increased demands upon his earnini,gs from frequent illness in his family, is seriously felt in the conseqnent deprivation of comforts, whiich tile money lost from lost time, and necessarily expended in drugs and doct(,rs' hills, would pilrrchase. The lesseniiig of such misfortunes is an () bject in the selectioii of his pIlace of toil. To the maniftecturer, whose proftits often depend upon the skilled and unbroken labor of a set of hands, the loss fromi the forced substitution of g-reen hands for competent ones, or the ragged runningii. of his machinery front the forced depletion of his working force by illness, is also, esjupe(ially if occurring when his order books are fill, a great injury, not only to his profits, but to the smnuioth working of his businesss. To the employer, therefore, as well as the employee, is the healthfulness of a location a subject of carefill consideration; and there is no point, as statistics 11IT1WB) UI?R;1'S Is PR)G(E'l S, INDU rSTRIES AINi) RES'O URCES. show, in the United States, possessed of all or any of the requisites for supporting a manufacturing community, which can in any way compare with Pittsburgh for salubrity. The cheapness with which workmen can live is another point in manuficturing advantages. In this respect Pittsburgh compares favorably with other cities; a majority of the articles of food are low in prices, and articles of clothing as cheap as in any of the large Eastern vities. In filel the cost is not more than half that in Eastern or Western manufacturing communities. The cost of manufacturing, from these advantages and many others of a minor character, is so lessened in Pittsburgh that it may safely be called the cheapest point of the United States for the manufacturing of most articles. There are in Pittsburgh abundant openings for manufacturing enterprises, which will not fail to be highly remunerative if properly conducted. There is business and demand for more manufactories-in iron, glass, wood, cotton, wool, and in fact every staple of the country; and for the capitalist and mechanic there is no point in the Union where skill and money can be more profitably employed than at Pittsburgh. Especially are there openings for the establislnent of factories in which the leading staples of Pittsburgh can be transmuted into the various forms for the daily uses of life. The iron, the steel, the co,per, and the glass of Pittsburgh is sent to many sections of the United States, to be re-nmanu.'ctured into scores of articles, which could be cheaper made on the spot where the staples themselves are produced. In this respect there is much room for the establishment of manueactories at Pittsburgh. To the capitalist desirous of investing money, the mechanic of employing his skill, and the merchant of exerting ability, a closer and personal examination into the subjects treated of in this volume will be undoubtedly advantageous. 25 P'IfTTIBW R I? G IF'S PR 0 GR E,8 I irohId iSySteimf of Vittsbur'gl. i IATEV ER the city of PittsburghI has gained in the past from her unrivalled water highways, and however imuch she may hope to acquire in the filture z under sonime comprehensive system of river improvements by the National 0Government, her present and her future is largely influenced by the facilities for railway transportation the city may possess. Hlistorians have styled Pittsburgh " the gate-way to the West"; with equal force it may be entitled "the enitrepot to the East." The location of the city is that of a natural geographical centre. Such a position in this era of railroads il of greater or less importance in proportion to its railway facilities. Ability to receive and distribute quickly and cheaply the multiforms of traffic is an all important fiactor in estimating the value of a location as a point for profitable business investment, and as indicating the possibilities of progress. A map of the railroads of the country shows that tile railway system of Pittsburgh is one of great value as a factor in the future progress of the city, while its increase in extent bears witness to the natural adaptations of the location to a railway centre. Its geographlical position has always rendered it a marked point as coimbining more advantages thereby than any inland town or city of the I nited States. Located, as before said in anot!er chapter. midway between an empire of population on tile Fast, and an empire of people on the West, to both of which tile products of P'ittsburgh, and tile consumpl,tions thereof, are requisites to their own commerce, and the city's hfailities for railroad c(mlmnli ication with either section is direct, (complrelensivke and well sl,stained. There is no City of the Union whose railway system so complrellhensively grasps, in a day's travel, the three great cities and export p,rts of thle nation. Witih equal directness and force Pittsburgh stretches out a giant hand to grasp the trade of the \West; literally as well as mletalphorically, for the deliniation of the western railway routes of the city on the map is strikingly similar to an Outstretched hand. The little finger of this hand is the Erie & Pittshiirgh; the ring finger, the ('leeland & Plittslurgh; the niddle linger, the Pittsburt-h, Ft. Wayne & (Chicao: the forefinger, the Pittsburgh, (inhinnati & St. Louis; and the tmini), the Littlle Miami and Kentluckv branches. In tile brief exp sition givecn in this chapter of lPittsburgh's railway system its Iower is well defiln,d. its lilnes reacih to tlhe North, the East, Nortl-east, South,.ast. West. outhI-west, N.ortli-west and Soouth. ReOaching the great sca-plorts of the Atlantic coast with singular directncss it lays 1hol! on lie great lakes:s strongly, covers the West witli a poweriful grasp, and will so,on place ais firm a hand on the So-Iut Ih. 20 INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. If the tonnage of Pittsburgh, receptive and distributive, under her manufacturing powers with coal fuel, was such a powerful magnet to draw to her boundaries the railways of her system, what is it not reasonable to anticipate that system will be with the gas fuel, that gives such reasonable promise of making the city and its adjacencies the manufacturing metropolis of the Nation. It is an axiom that the mineral seeks the fuel. Never before has any such fuel for manufacturing purposes as the natural gas drawn mineral to its embrace, or prophecied for Pittsburgh such great tonnage, that load-stone of railroads. Tonnage is the food on which railroads fatten, and where the tonnage is there will the railways be. Pittsburgh's railway system is as possible to increase with her tonnage in the future as it has with her tonnage in the past. It may be a partial pen that indites the sentence, but it seems that, viewed from any standpoint, progress is the handwriting on the walls of Pittsburgh. The Railway System of the City, as it exists, is one of her foundations of strength as it is one of her powers. The same lines running through large unpopulated distances to far terminal points, were less important to the activities of her business than passing, as they do in their routes, through what are dense consuming populations. The case is analagous with a city tramway, that runs a route of closely built p)opulous streets, or only from some cluster of inhabitants to another group, with large stretches of open fields between. In the one case the treasury is benefitted by receipts in every square, in the other by a limited number of through fares. Thus lPittsburgh's railways, passing through the best sections of the Union, find not only in each State, but in each county through which they lass, sconsumers of her products, but likewise contributors from their products to her business. Her railways have thus not only had a double force in the past progress of the city, but will have a similar power in the future growth; for, under the natural reciprocities of trade consumTption begets consumption, the increasing population of Pittslanrgh will demard more of the products of the section of the nation through which her railways run, andl they in the wants of their own growing population consume greater bulks orf Pittsburgh products in exchange. That this may be statistically shown, the routes, population and agricultural wealth of the various lines is presented. The labor force and agricultural products always determining the consuming and purchasing power of a city's market. Seated midway between, as lhas been before observed, an empire of' population on the East and an empire of people on the West, Pittsburgh's facility for railroad communication with the trade of either section by railway is direct and comprehlensive. Ea:stwardly by the I:ENNssYLVr\ A.xt lItRaox., to Philadelphia, it attaches to New York and the Nortlh-east by the New Jersey Railroadsz, aid to Baltimore and the south, by the Northern Central Railroad, which connects with the Pennswvlvania Railroad at Hlarrisburg. 27 PITTSBURGH'S PROGRESS, The value of this communiication with the great cities of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, by such direct routes and in such brief time, needs no comment. At a time when the manufacturers of the United States are essaying, and with success, to secure a share in the trade of foreign markets, for articler which ngland Ilhas sold heretofore, a direct connection with three such great seaports within twelve hours time, acquires additional value in view of Pittsburgh's manufacturing ability. Nor must the fact lIe overlooked that Pittsburgh is the natural point of refining of that great staple oil which has attained such importance in our foreign exports, and of which the chief supply is from the two or three counties of Western P)ennsylvania which lie just at Pittsburgh's door. The developments of the past year seem to indicate that fresh fields of oil will pour their treasures into Pittsburgh, and neccessarily revive the refining businest which had somewhat decreased of late years. North-easterly by the A;Ir,x;(tn:xv'ALLEY lAILR.tA,o, the great trunk linea of the lake routes are reached, and a second direct connection with New York obtained. South-westerly by the PM TTSBURGItI I)IvsIbI()ox rI TIE IALTIM(ORF: & (Io RAILuoIAD, a second direction is secured with Baltimore. The value of a direct communication between I)ittsburgh and so important a sea-board. city as Baltimore need not be pointed out. It is of itself suggestive. Neither is it necessary to dwell upon the importalnce of the connection thus made with the southern Atlantic States. The road brings Italtimore 31 miles nearer the Ohio river (a great desideratum to heavy freiglits,) than she now is placed by her OAIiirM()rIE "& O)io RAILxUoAin route to Wheeling; and from the character 'of the route of this road, having but one summit, the gradients are all level or descending eastwardly and westwardly; therefore it will attract travel and freights by its ability, from these abilities to carry cheap. Thus, by her Eastern railways, two direct connections are available with New York, and two with Baltimore; while the admirable advantages of the IPennsylvania Railroad give every facility to reach Philadelphia as well as New York and Boston. There is no city where three so great and imnportant cities concentrate by their lines o.f railroads, traversed in such few hours, upon one comnmunity, so advantageously situiated to distribute by water or by rail to the \\West.''he advantages of this eastward portion of Pittsburgh's railway system the city has not vet began to feel; its power for increasing her commerce and her wealth is yet awaiting its hoir in the fluture, and is a reserve whose value is not yet comprehiended. W\estwardly, by the PI'rUrra;r t, "r. \VAYNE &- ('!CAa;o RAILR.OAD, to Chic(ago, it embraces in its connections the entire net-work of roads which cover the States of ()hioi, Indiana and Illinois, and reaches by various roads through the States of Miss)uri and Iowa. Bly the P1rTrsii(no;i, CINrINNATI & ST. LouIs RAILROAD not only is a second avenue to Chicago and the North-west secured, but a direct route to St. Louis, 140 miles shiorter from the I.ast than that by way of Bu,flalo and Cleveland. By this road a second and differrent connection is formed with the net of roads which INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. so thoroughly intersect the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the State, beyond the Mississippi. It needs but a glance at a railroad map to see how great are the facilities pIossessed by Pittsburgh through these two western railroads to distribute to nearly every county in those three great States, and to the Mlississippi river towns, her manufitctured products, or to receive from all those agricultural districts their products. Northwardly, by the CLEVELAND & PITTSBURGII RAILROAD, the Pittsburgh railway system reaches the Lakes at ('leveland, and by the steam boat routes oni them, with which this road forms close connections, the railroads of Chicago and Detroit, and thence west wardly. As a northern route this one is extremely valuable to Pittsburgh; affording an outlet to a vast expanse of country for her coal and her manufactured products and fiacilities to receive from the regions of Lake Superior and Canada their copper and iron ores, which Pittsburgh uses so largely. By the ERIE & PITTrrsURTMit RAILROAD another direct Northern route is had as well as a second connection with the great East and West Lake lines of railroad, giving yet another facility for reaching the East, as well as the West and North. By the PIrTTSBtRGH & IAKE ERIE another route is had to the North, Northwest, and West and East through its connections with East and West lines, at its intersection therewith in Ohio, and also with the Lakes, thus giving Pittsburgh access to the supply of the Lake region by four distinct routes. By the P'rITTSBURc;, VIRG1NIA & CHIARLFSTON access is had towards the South along the south banks of the Monongahela, and by possible extension in the future into W\estern Virginia, and thus into the great central South. The N'WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD gives facilities along the north shore of the Allegheny, and an auxilliary connection East by way of the Pennsylvanik Railroad. The PITTSBURGH & WVF-STERN also gives facilities along the north bank of the Allegheny river, and in its future extensions or connections another route to the North-east. The PrrrsBURrnn, McKEE:aPORT & YOUGIO(;ItENY furnishes a second route up the course of the Youghiogheny and to the Connellsville coke regions; and possibly, in the future, in its extensions, a third trunk line to the sea coast. Of these Twelve Distinct Roads six may be classed as trunk lines. Of the Eastern trunks the PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD is the great artery of the city's communication with the chief Eastern cities and tide water, placing it, as before observed, within twelve hours reach of the three great cities of the Atlantic coast and correspondingly short time in freight transportations. The second Eastern trunk is the BALTIMORE & OHIO, of which, in a preceding paragraph, is stated its importance to the city. Of the W'estern trunk lines tile PIrrITTSBURG, FT. WAYNE & CHICAGO is the oldest completed route of the system. In its course it runs through and into the 29 I'I TTSCI URUGI'S I'ROGRESS. territory of four States, and gives, by its own direct line, transportation to 30 counties of those States, through whose lands the road passes, and whose trade, travel and products it grasps direct. The second Western trunk is the PI'rTesnBUGII, ('nCiNsATI & S. Lotis RAlLROAD. In its direct course it passes through and into six great States, and reaches the trade, travel and products of 51 counties in those States. The CLEVELAND1) & PI'r'rsBtuR(; l RAI,ROAD is a third short trunk, passing through four counties in Ohio. The ERiE: & Prr'rsiuuRGHt RAILR.OAD is a fourth short trunk, running through three counties of Pennsylvania. These four trunks-while separate corporations and distinctive roads-are, as before stated, the railway hand of Pittsburgh, under the management of the Pennsylvania Company, at its wrist at that city. The value of these trunk lines to the growth of Pittsburgh, and their power of consumption of her products, is indicated by the population along their routes and the agricultural and manufacturing values contained in the counties through which they pass. By the census of 1880 there was in those counties-served by the four main branches alone-4,268,919 inhabitants; a cash value of farms of $1,221,383,473; a cash value of farm products, annually, $189,634,059; a cash value of live stock, $113,612,804. There were 27,764 manufacturing establishments, which consumed materials to the value of $489,771.72, and produced articles to the amount of $577,995,091. A consideration of the consumnptions, the purchasing power, the traffic importance, the transportations, the travel, the circulation of money, which these statistics represent, show forcibly the wealth and importance of the markets these four lines alone chain to Pittsburgh by their facilities, and the value of the lines in themselves as the transportation agents of all that this wealth, production and consumption represents. Nor is that importance in the immediate lines alone. Connecting with them are all the north and south lines that form the borders of Pennsylvania to the Mississipi river, intersect these four Pittsburg western trunk routes. From them likewise concentrate toward Pittsburgh the yield of their territory, and into these also flow Pittsburgh's products, because of this comprehensive system of railway transportation. It is the centrality of Pittsburgh's position on these lines, so briefly sketched, that renders this system of railways so valuable to her progress. By it an economy of time in the transit of goods is secured; and, as before pointed out, her products need but travel half diameters to be distributed over a wide circle. All quarters of that circumference Pittsburgh's railway system markedly and admirably bisects; and beyond the rim thereof, at the Mississipi, connects with the transMississippi roads to all the wide markets beyond in the most direct manner. Marching with rapid steps to the position of a metropolitan manufacturing centre Pittsburgh has at her command a railway system equal to her demand for supplies of whatever nature, and to her distribution requirements, whatever may be the magnitude of her productions. INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES. Tati.o$ of tiogreg ill Fopul"ktiort. 0 make a living' is a primary requirement with all men, to acquire fortune its accompanying desire. It is where the elements for the realization of those two desires seem most abundant the tide of population flows. Where the statistics of the flow and increase of that tide show constant increase over such volume as is equal to that which is indicated at other growing areas, the infer ences are that such a city has powers which must continue to cause the growth of the community. Statistics are almost prophetic in their relations to the future; and a study:f' them gives confidence in the deductions from their showings. Where the statis tics of any given thing show the original ratios of increase to have been sustained and verified from decade to decade, there is good reason to have confidence that where the same powers that have caused that increase still are operative, that what has been verified in the past will be continued in the future. With what statistical prophetical force the foregoing sentence applies to the past and future of P'ittsburgh's progress in population a few analytical statistics will show. As it was not until 1790 that the first census of the United States was made, nothing in comparison with national populations can be shown of the city's growth until a decade or two after. A few paragraphs as to the Quantity and Character of the Population of Pittsburgh at dates previous to 1810 may not be without interest in connection with the subject of this chapter. On the 24th of November, 1753, George Washington records in his journal that lie stood at the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the ground where Pittsburgh is, and " thinks it extremely well situated for a fort." O)n tlthe 17th of February, 1754, Ensign Trent erected- the stockade, which was the ". Sgerm of Pittsburgh, and three llionths later, on April 24th, the stockade was sur rendered to Captain Contrecwur, who at once began the building of Fort Duquesne. On the 24th of February, 1758, the French evacuated the fort on the approach of the English General Forbes, having set fire to the magazine and burnt all their imlprovements. General Forbes immediately set his army at work erecting a small military work on the east bank of the Monongahela, capable of holding 200 men, and entitled it Fort Pitt, in honor of the English statesman, from whence arose the name of Pittsburgh, as the settlement was called from the 1st of January, 1759, in the letters and the newspapers of the day. The small fort of General Forbes should not be confounded with the second Fort Pitt begun in the summer of 1759 by General Stanwix. In Pittsburgh and lAlle/gheny in the C(entennial Year, A. 1, / - -~--- /' ~~ k;~ C ~ C I tL~~` t z --_ .nY C -8 -c-u k OO C - Nl'j j = __________.LVD[I) UNTRIE,;.1 ND I RES' IR(C'E,I. '5 U BE It was not until 1764 that Col. TIoIquet built the redoubt, which is still standing, outside the fort,;,f whicl! thie unljoined cut is a view iade a few ye:,rs ago. The size of this then village of Pittsburgh il indicated by the following extract from the diary of one James Kenny, who kept a trade store at tile fort in 1761. ( )n November the 20th of that Nwar he records: " 20th.--I have been informed by a young mail that was ordered 1y ye conunanding officer, Colonel Boquet, (this sunmer), to number all ve dwelliiiLg houses without ye fort, ma'rking ye number on each door; that there was above one hundred houses, but ye highest ilniber I have seen, by better accounts, there is one hundlred and fifty houses, to take notice of I think was seventy-eight, these bein., ve inhabitants of Pittsburgh, where two yetars ago I have seen all ye lhouscs that were without ve little fort, they had then, thrown down, only one, which stands yet, also two that was within that little fort is now standing, being ye hospital now, all ve rest being built since, which if *ve place continue to increase near this manner, it must soon be very large, which seems likely to me." The following record from the samne journal, made on 4th of I)ecember of same year, indicates the character of a portion of the inhabitants, and from the number of churches at the present day in Pittsburglh, progression in that direction seems to have kept pace with the growth of population: " 12 mo: 4 -Many of ye inhabitants have hired a schoolmaster, and subscribed al:ove sixty pounds for this year for him, lie has almost twenty schiolars, likewise, ye soberer sort of people seem to long tbfor some public way of worshipl, so ye sc(hoolmaster, etc., reads ye Litany and Common Prayer on ye first day to a ('ongregation of diftfrent princ.iples, (lie being a I)risbiterant,) where they behave very grave, (as I hear) on Ye occassion, ye (children are brought to ('1hurch as they call it." This James Kenney, was a Quaker, and it does not seem that the atmosphere of Pittsburgh was not congenial to the growth of that faitih here, although the " Prisbiterant " seems to have thriven. O()n Christmas day of that year James Kenny nmakes this entry in his diary: "12 mo: 2th.--A yolung Indian man brouglht us four turkevs, saving, that lie was recommended by several of lis acquaintances to (come to ye Quaker who would use him very well, and having bought thlien and paid him six shillings cash, besides victuals and drink, lie going out heard of a better market, so came back and got ye turkeys, delivering ye money again, but his secon td ('halt not pleasing him in dealing, hlie brought them back to us and had his mnoney again, but he said l)am it several tiimes at ye second Chap." The custom of buving turkevs at ('hristmas seems to have been well kept iup in P'ittsburgh, as the statistics of the chapter on " Produce" of this volume shows,and " it will come near to be thought" by those familiar with oil certificates, that the Indian fashion of saying " Dam it several times at ye second Ch'ap" has lost nothing from years. 3 PIITTSBURG'S I'PROGRESS, Three years later than the (late of the journal from whence these extracts are made Pittsburgh began to take form as an embryo city, Col. John (Campbell laying out in 1764 a plan of lots near the fort. In 1766 the Rev. Chas. Beaty, under date of Septembler, mentions Pittsburgh in his journal as " some /.-ind if a toniv witlhoit the fort." In October. 1770, George Washington, being at Pittsburgh, on his way to the Kanawha to locate lands, records: " We lodged in what is called the town, distant about 300 yards from the fort. " * The houses, which are built of logs and ranged in streets, are on the Monongahela, and I suppose may numbier twenty, and inhabited by Indian traders." "There appears to be a conflict here between "ye Qulaker," James Kenny, from whose journal of 1761 we have just quoted, and Washington, as to the number of houses, James Kenny giving seventy-eight nine years previous. iBt, recalling the story (f the little hatchet, we must c(onchlude that " twenty" was tile truthfid numher of the house,s of Pittsburgh at that date, and that "ye Quaker" was not one of " ye soberer sort of pIeople " he mentions as sulbscribing for a ('hurch. In December, 1784, Arthur Lee writes in his journal, "PI'ittsbumrglh is inhabited almost entirely bv Scots and Irish who li,r in paltry log ho',ss." If the ghost of Arthur Lee ever "revisits the glimpses of the moon " in and around Pittsburgh, his ghlostship will be dlisguisted with his mental discernlent-Nwlen hli recorded in his jourlnall,'' tlie place will, I beliece, never le considerable"'-in view of tile massive mill, the immense war:lehoises anid palatial re.si(len'esn ni which live and woo "fickle fortue'" the direct dese('cdants of the S~ots and Irish dwellhcrs "in the paltry log I,uses." 1Mr. Lee says further: "There are ill the town fo,ur attorneys, two doctors, and not a 1)riest of' any persilasioin, no chlrc'h nor chaplel." With a poipulation whose natuiral traits were likely to give fuill emnployment to the "four attorneys and two docto()rs, and not a priest of any tpersuasion" to mounteract what might be a IDarwinian exposition of the survival of the fittest, Mr. Lee may be well excused from not investing in c'orner lotts in this little fronticr village of about four lindred inhabitants. That this was the size of the populati,,n at that date is inferreed from an account given by 1)r. Iildretli, of Marietta. wh,o arrive(d at Pittsburgli on the "May A Flower," 3d of April, 17SS, with a bodv of New England emigrants. )Dr. Ilildreti, after giving a statemIent of the startin-g,f the "May Flower" from E-obbstovwn-now known as \VWet Newton--th p'assage down the Monongahela and the arrival at Pittsburgh, says: "Pl'ittsburgh then contained four or five hundred inhabitants, several retail stores, and a small garrison of troops was kept in old Flort Pitt. To our travelers who had latel v seen nothing but trees and rocks, with here and there a solitary hut, it scenwtd quite a large town. The lihouises are chiefly built of logs, biut now and then one had assumned the appearance of neatness and comfort." In 178(6, aceording to _ile R1'egisterr, vol. 30, page 436, Pittblurgh contained at that date thirty-six log houses, one stone, one frame house an(l five small stores. In January, 1788, 1provisions were very scarce, and flour rose to sixteen dollars a barrel; and in Jannary, 1779, bacon was one dollar per pound. At that date the ."r,,(" / 34 V) DUSTRIES IAND RE1,' SOURCES. first newspaper west of the Allegheny Mountains was estal)lished. The first number of the Pitt,sburh (ir zette being issued July 29, 1786. The Gazette, ably edited and prosperous, will, in this year, 1886, celebrate its "Centennial;" but it is very doubtful if its proprietors, with all their nerve and enterprise, could venture on starting a newspaper in any conmunity of 36 log houses and 5 retail stores, and where there was no regular mail route, and the surrounding country as sparsely mettled as the town. In 1789 we find the following description of Pittsburgh in a rare volume entitled "An Historical Review of North America, printed at Dublin, Ireland, 1789." Says the author of the volume: "Pittsburgh is a neat, handsome town, containing about four hundred houses; it is situated at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. It is expected this tow,n will in a few years become the emporium af the western country." The italics are given to mark the difference of opinion from Arthur Lee in 1784, and the fulfillment of the expectations of the towns people at that date. In "Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year," published 1876, it is said on page 10: "There seems to have been considerable difference in the statements of various authorities at that time as to the population of the town, and the number of houses it contained. A conununication from Judge Breckenridge published in the first numinber of the Gazette, on the situation of the town of Pittsburgh, says: 'The town consists at present of about an hundred houses with buildings appurtenent. More are daily added, and for some time past it has improved with an equal but continual pace. The inhabitants, men. w(omen and children, are about lifteen hundred.' Mr. Breckenridge has either made some mistake in the estinmate of the population or they stowed cl,ise, for his estimate gives fifteen persons to each house. As Niles' Register, quoted before, gives less than half the number of houses stated by Judge Bre'kenridge and IDr. llildredth two years later, says'Pittsburgh then contained four or five hundred inhal)itants,' and a census nmade of the borough in 179;, and published in the G,,zctte of January 9th, of that year, states the population, ten years after Judge llreckenridge's statement, at only one tl,'moi,ld three,oldred d o ntl,ety-ric,, it is probable that the Niles Register record of houses, in 1786, is correct, and that the population at that period, ninety years ago, was about four or five hundred. There was no mail carried to Pitts)unrgh:it the time the Pittsburgh G,,zette was first established, all correspondence of any nature being carried by travelers cr a special express. In September, of 1786, an order was made by Government to establish a post between Philadelphia and Pittslhurgh, but on the 1st of October, 1790,-four years after the e,tablishment of the nmail-the postage tbfor the preceding year was only one hundred and ten dollars and ninety-nine cents." On the 22d of April, 1794, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a borough, and in 1800 had 1,565 inhabitants, in 1810 the city had 4,786 inhabitants, in 1820, 7,248 in 1830, 16,988, in 1840, 38,931, in 1850, 79,873, in 1860, 124,844 and in 1870 the community of Pittsburgh and Allegheny and the immediately joining boroughs, in which, save by surveyors' lines, nothing shows they are not a part of the city, there was 199,130. In 1880 there was about 291,800, in the same area, being the population in the strict corporate limits, and the adjoining boroughs in directions where it is impossible to discern, from the continuous houses, factories and stores. ~/ a " "J E, "' /,,:, 35 O 0 c c: r. ~z ~ i-, ci r 8 0 rri XL H3 H) 0, CL -j z~ CL, 0 1'[TT'NIB U'RGII'S PIRIOREJNs, where the populatihn of the city proper ends and that of the,ou111ty kei,s. To give the conllunliity of Pittshnrgh its,just rank on the roll of c(ities neairly the entirte,op Ilation of Alleglheny county should be credlite(d to her census. The plplfatimn ot,f Allegeny coullY, ill 1880(. was (i\ven iv the census al:;55.S(;9. There is reason to believe from inaccuracit-s in other respect, that this report of population is inaccurate. Be that as it may, all iut Ietween 50,000 to 6 ),000 c.an be justly claiilied as tile p putlation in Iss(), of thle commllunitv of Pittshurgh. That is six years since, during which there has heen a large increase of population within the sanme area. It is previously claimed that it would be far from unsatisfactory if; in present ing Pittsbulrglh's'rogress, it was sho,\n that the city had increased in iopulation in corresponding ratios with the nmass of the Nation; and especially wit h the South erli and Western States, in which, in past years, littsburgh has found her chief nmarkets. Should the statistical ratios shnw vgains largely greater the deductions wouldl be that Pittsburgh is one of those few Magnetic Trade Centres that exert great force in attracting p(olmlation and trade. A hrief statistical comparison of ratios will exhibit, in the nist comprehensive frm, Plittsburgh's magnetism. In Pittsbrgh t aid. I eheT! in th wi (citiaml 1"Nr the fbilowing omilparison is made: "To Exhibit a Steady Growth with the Population of the South and West, .he rat io of ftu r-ltenths of one per cetnt.,f tlat,populatii,n is aill that vwould be requiredI to be maintained. In 1810 the popultiohni, of the city was 4,786, or ninetwentieth.s of one pler cent.: thie ratio of fobur-tenths of one per'ent. being only 4,300. In t820 the pomlIlation of the city was 7,248, being not quite three-tenths ,f one per cent.; the ratio of tbur-tenths requiring 10,164 inhabitants. At this eriodl the bu siness of the city was in a ruilned.ondition in consequence of the reactio in i the prices and activities of tile war of 18s 12, under which l'ittsbuirgh had been very prsersperous. In 1s;:1 the maintaining of the ratio of four-tenths of qle per cent. Would rei lire that I'ittsbirih shoulhi have 13.:124 inhabitants: it had at that udate I,988, or over live-tenths of one per cent. In 1840 the ratio of 1SO(i required aI popltlatiou of 20,1i2; there was 3:1S,;l or lifteen-twentiethsof one per cent. In 18.3 tile population of I'ittsburgh was eqfial to nineteen-twentieths of one per cent. Af that of the \Vest and,oSouth. or 7l.87. whi tile tlie;litintailltanl( o(f the ratio of tu r-tenths would dei:and but:3,76. In 18(0 tIhe ratio of foir-tenths u,f one per cen t. requ(ired at popultlation of 47.!956, and there was 124,841, oI (Ie iand nearliv e,e-tenth per cent. In 1,70, thie co uliuityi of Pittsburgh ianid Allegthenly inumb,ered 19b,1:0, being one and nearly fourr-tentlhs per cect. if the popuiation of the 'West and (Sollhl: thile ratio of 1800 only requiriniiz,:,322 inhabitatits, that being fiur-tentlis i,f one per cent. of the t ihet populatllt of thiie Southern and Western States. In ISf) tihe c, unllit.t of' ittasbur.inh. withii the same area as in 1870--as indi eated a few paragraphs pirecedting--was 2il,s00, being one aind four-tenths per cent. of the population of the Southern and \Vestern States, on which the wrevious ratits of increase have been calculated; being an increase (of 2.50 per cent. over the ratio requisite to keep (:ace with the growth of the poullation of those markets, if the I - INI) USTRIES ANDI) RESO URCES. city grew as fast as its market, which, as assumed in the beginning of this chapter, would be far from unsatisfactory progress. In other words, in 1800, Pittsburgh having a p-opulation equal to four-tenths of one per cent. of that of the South and West, to which she had access by rivers, would have grown as fast as those sections of the country, if in I880 her population was then four-tenths of one per cent. of that of those sections, which would be increasing in population as rapidly as her market. That would have called for but 85,000 population, instead there was "291,000-or, one and f,our-tenths increase instead of four-tenths, showing a coml,undting on the ratios of gain over the previous ratios of increase. Says Dlibttsbrg1h aol.-111/,,yhen! in the (C'nt,nnial lYar1: "Frmnt 1817 to 1825 the city was at a stand still, fromu efktcts produced by the termination of the war of 1812. In 1817 many factories stopped, and until 1821 there was ai continual downward tendency in all business and property. In 1821 the distress appeared to have reached its height; manufactories, trade and industry were all prostrated. In May of that year the price of flour was one dollar per barrel; boards were two dollars per thonsand feet: whisky. lifteen cents a gallon; sheep and calves, one dollar pr head. It required a bushlel and a half of wheat t, btuy a pound of c,flee, and twelve barrels of tlomr' to purehase a yard of superline broadelotth. " In 1825 tiand 1820 the citv began to rally, and in 1830 she was again prospering. In 1837 she was was Nvith other cities retarded by the subsidence of the land speculation fever and lhe panic. It will, however, be observed that notwithstandinj these aduverse y-ears, that from 1820 to 1830 there was an increase equal to 135 per cent., or 1 3I per cent. a year; and that from ln 18: to 1840 atn increase of 129 per cent., or illaily 13 per cent. a year." '1'ronl 18(10 to 1 S5(0 thef ilcreasc was equall to 105 per ceitt. Fromt 1850 to 1860, while the ter,cnt e of itcrelse \i-ws but a little ov\er (1 per cent. on the whole Inl et,r t (.llllllltnitte. tilte:i. t nal nw,pltlait,n:udlei \\was five thousand over the incre:s 1. dI t hervious dele. A'hilie frmn 18ls to 18701 the rate of increase was ln zit) per cen,.., ht aeltual!platiom adifed w as - per cent. greater than in ilt decade tricd fi, wl to l; o. The duimintimon dt gr.'ss pIerecnta:iges arises from the tcomptti,ii sn being on larger gross ipopulations. This decrease in per cent. avcrages if tIn increase ton gross population shows also il the dev:a1le fromt 1870 to I880. lbut as the sium ui1pon1 which the increase is calcllatced is al,.t 43 per cent. "greater than in the it decade from 160 to 1870, it will lie at once seen that the -ross perctentage wo\\uld be Iess even where the i(,ross increase was larger. During the Past Five Years of the present decale the polpulation of the community of' Pittsburgh has most visibl\ increased, even to the supl,erficial view, and is o,verfiH,\ing in all directions ouitside of the survevyor's lines of the ecorporatc limits. by reason of various causes that render it cheaper dwelling just outside the city iboumary than within. Therei,re tlie acttual census emnieration of Ptt1mlattion1 dwelling within the corporate lines is no exhibit otf the population of tile community who follow their avocations in what is lpopularly known as I)itisburgl.h, and the census of 18 i0 will therefore possibly fail to shi'w the true poimpul:ition of l'ittsburglh as a conmmunity. 37 38 1PTTS'IU'ITI['S IPROGRES,' Where the aggregation of population is so forcibly shown in a period of eighty years, du(hiring which Pittsburgh has been, from increased manufacturing skill and facilities and commercial influence, gathering magnetic force as well, it is reasonable to believe that the statistics of the population of Pittsburgh in the ninth decade will repeat what the eight past show. Why should it not? Pittsburgh's geographical position is unchanged; her railway system is more comprehensive than ever; and she has acquired a new manufacturing facility in the past three years that is making her the marked city of the world, while the production of petroleum is going on around the city in large quantities in most every direction, where, in past years, it was not supposed to be. Under the same ratios of increase only as have been previously analysed, the census of 1890, if accurately taken, should show that the communitv of Pittsburgh, as heretofore defined, has a population of about 37.5,000; and Allegheny county, approximating the same proportionate increase from 1880. Under the possible additional impetus of the two new attractive forces to population just mentioned even the estimated increase may be exceeded. In this increase of population and the business that will have attracted them, and the business that will be increased by the increase, are there not possibilities for capital, merchants, skilled mechanics, industrious workmen worth thinking of? IND USTRIFS AND RESOURCES. 'I"e frtu ufadtufe of CittWbufgh. 1HE manufactures of Pittsburgh have been a familiar commercial term for nearly a hundred years. Growing and broadening with the spreading wave of population they were borne on its advance from territory to territory with the wagon of the pioneer and the flat-boat of the trader, meeting the necessities of the early settlers and supplying the wants of growing civilization. " Pittsburgh Manufactures" was of old time one of the prominent announcements on the sign boards of the frontier stores. As early as 1803 publications of that date show that from Pittsburgh was supplied not only axes, hoes, plough irons, scythes, sickles and various other manufactured articles essential to the advancing bands of settlers, but also cow bells, of which $200.00 in value were made in 1803, suggesting visions of the frontier clearing and straying cows amid the dense forests; and also "Spinning Wheels," of which, in 1803, it is recorded, 400 were made, calling up thoughts of the rude log cabin and its thrifty dame spinning the flaxen or woolen thread for the household clothing. While the item of "Buckskin Breeches," of which mention is made in 1803 as being manufactured at Pittsburgh to a value of between one and two thousand dollars, brings pictures of the Indian scout and the adventuroous trappler. The cow bells, the spinning wheels and the buckskin breeches are of the traditions and the poetry of the early settlements; but the axes, the hoes, the plough irons and Pittsburgh Manufactures are still potent in the commerce of the country, and still as household words and necessities in the markets of the nationThe $26ti,000 of value of the manufactured products of Pittsburgh in 1803 have grown to almost as many millions, but an itemized list thereof, which, in 1803, harely filled a scant page, would now make a bulky book. Therefore the manufactories of Pittsburgh are in these pages treated in classifications, and no attempt nmade to present the hundreds, perhaps thousand, distinct articles that are the result of the skill of her workmen and the product of her workshops, leaving to the catalogue of the individual manufacturer such enumeration. It is enough to say that there is nothing in iron, from a steamboat or locomotive to a tack, that the ironworl:ers of Pittsburgh do not or cannot make; nothing in steel, from a rifled cannon or armor for a ship to a watch spring, that her steelworkers cannot supply; nothing in glass, from window plates, 10 and 15 feet square, so clear that but for its sheen there would seem to be nothing but air into which the gazer was looking, down to the smallest wine glass, so fragile that it would seem to s(carce bear the weight of a butterfly without dissolving as an air blown bubble. So varied are the products of Pittsburgh factories, and so interesting their processes, that it was but lately a party of scientific tourists called Pittsburgh the 39 4ot "Cu ( risitv Shcp of the Country," yet so important are its industries that its producis command the markets of titem co, ntr y, and rival foreign nationi. it their own productions. To-day Pittsburgh has the largest lIessemer plalnt in the 14nited State,. the largest glass ellhimne nl:uItllutatory existing, and a table ware nlanihitetory the greatest in the world. While other instances of the size of thie manufactories of the city could be cited, these are siml,ly mentioned as amniong the acts entitled to record. The heaviest irn m roll ever nmade was lately cast at P'ittsburgh, and in contrast with that nmay be mentimned that a Pittsburgh worknman rolled iron so thin that it took 1500 lea:ves t, llake an1 inchl in thickness. As stated in a preceding paragraph, there is in these pages no atttempt Imade to present in enumerated detail the thousand and one distinct p,roducts of Pittsburgh's factories. The ef!i,t is only made to show tile progress of Pittsburgh, and thrituglh what reso,urces she lhas grown to her present eminence and will reach greater prominence; by the leadinL industries to indicate the ramnifications thereof. th rough which she is, year after year, aequmiring new attractions as a continental store house of n11amutfaetlure, and a priominent'connmmercial city as well. ()ne of the nmarked features of this metropolitali direction is in the segregation of its manutIlactires into special produets, in the se same line of business evolutions that occurs in the growth of a village to a thriving town, and to a great city. In that process the general country store, with its various classes of goods, is succeeded by class s!ores, anl they in turn by estab!i:;slhints dealing in only one or two articles. Such processes are naturally obtaining aniong the matufa actures of Pittsburgh, and, Is previously observed, indic'nte its c(,ming mlreto,,lita:.n ct:a,racter, and show, in tlie followving mentions of tilhe city's chief industries, by which the ln:lnmbr of estab:l!ishmtnicts will multiply, altho,hi tle classes t,f,r, ducts nuay n,t inlcreaso rapidly. That. however, under the attractions of the llcew as fulel, it is mossible, will he ccl,_rated, as in h(su mages several new iltdustrie are ni,ted, whose estahblishimetnt within the year art to, ie attributed socl.- to thv' a-vaaets obtained from gas fuel, and tlhev are pnlaibly mbut as the scouts iof the nlumbers mcoliniig. PIYYSBVRGIP'S PIROGRESS. Fisher Engine, Foundry and Machine Works, Wm. Fisher, Proprietor, Twenty-fourth and Smallman Streets. iqU J' x W4 View of McKeesport Iron Works. W. D. Wood & Co., Limited. 1117' ~JF* b1L7mh ~ \ itkP1-'';,:," ~ , ;hSJa~im;i"..laWmnAr;ph.~ LND,S';TRIES AND R1EN UR(L'S. TJhe Irt'o Worki of VittObuifg1. T is probable that, at all points where iron enters into the uses of civilization, a more or less vivid thol(ught of' Pittslburgh comes into the mind when that metal is nanmed. There was a day when Elngland was more prominently counected with the -generalities of the material, but it will hardly be disputed that at the present day Pittsbt:rg.h is equally prominent. Iron ores in their natural beds may be said to be valueless, mlless for speculative futures, until labor thereon gives value. Under the application of labor it grows in commercial values, as it is evolved into the co,nditions called for by the iants of man, and the locality where its evolutions result in its chelapest and most varied nmerchantable condition is naturally the center to which the iron trade is attracted. The consumption of iron and steel is growing so rapidly that the demand is yearly increasing the prodhition, except where periodic overprodtuction checks it. but not the consumption, whIiich naturally soon cure the lethargy of a surfeitIn 1856 it was calculated that the next century, upon whose birthliih.v the wiorld is now so closely verginll, would show a deAmnd for 14 -l),000,001 twns of iron. This was based oni English statistics. showin- tthat from si8 to 1824 it required a period od eighteenl years to dioub!e thite amounit consI.med at the lptrvious late. In 1836, a period of tw'elve years, tihe cons,Umiption had again doubled. In eleven years thereafter, 1847, it hamt again loubled. ini eight years after. 18555, it had reachedt 3,.500.000 tons, being:u increase of 1,,)00,000 tons in that time. In cllmmenting upon these c,mplloundiing produlctions and the estimated deiamul ill the coming cetintur, whlise ulearing activities are almost aludtible, Pi!jy,f,; As It f says: "The question at once arises, where is tihe immense quantity to be made? To solve this question there is a certain condition of things to Ise considered. Fi rst. is required an adequate supply of the raw materials; then a location of those materials that will enable tlhem to be chteaply brought together; ifor, as previously stated in another chapter of this volume, thie valiue of raw material does not lay si, much in what it is, but whNiere it is. There must be cheap and extwnsive means f6r transportatiion to iarket, also a sufliiently populous ecoutr v to rtnd(-r Iahtor attainiable at a reasonable ctst; antd likewise skill to manage such' works as I;may 11ec erected in an ecuonomical manner. " All these requisites exist in Pittsburgh;:in(d it is o!,viouu that in the solving of thoe questi,m, of from whence will co,me the immense iicreatse required liv the c:alculation of lMr. ]Icewitt, that Pittsburg'h Imust aid largely illn ulppl ing a\ny. s11ch demand, and consequently increase w(lnderfully in furnishin her uotta of the demand." -11 PITTSB URHII'S PROGRESS, Research may, perhaps, discover localities where there are greater facilities for the manufacture of iron than at Pittsburgh, but be that as it may, there is at present, as has been before said, but one Pittsburghl. As yet no examination shows the same facilities for supplies of good ores, and superior fuel, nor the same concentration of natural and artificial receptive and distributive facilities, and Pittsburgh will remain the great iron market it always has been. As illustrative of the grounds for this assertion the subjoined extract from a letter of Mr. William Metcalfe, of Miller, Metealfe & Parkin Steel manufacturers of Pittsburgh, to the Congressional Ordnance Commission is pertinent: Writing of the immense and varied resources of the Appalachian region in iron ores, of which Pittsburgh is the magnet, he says: "This region and its borders, from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, forms one continuous, homogen,eous district, in which there can be no possible opposing interest. It is so great in extent that the whole mineral region of England coild be duumped into its forests and( be lost for generations to come. IHer people can produce anything, of as goiod quality, in as large masses, and in as great quantity as can be made anywhere, and the Government has only to create the demand, the supply will follow. Twenty years ago the peop)le of this region revolutionized the ofenusive and defensive amrms and armor of the world. It has taken Europe all off' the intervening time to catch up, at a cost of nman hundreds of millions of dollars. Now, let the people of this region start where other people have left offl and in a few years they will l)rove that they are as well able to lead now as they were twenty years ago." Referring to the exposition made in these pages of the transportation facilities at Pittsburgh, and her fuel resources, there arises no question as to where the great,centre of iron and steel will be. For eighty years Pittsburgh has been progressing to such a cosmopolitan wposition, and to day the name of Pittsburgh is almost synonomous with iron and steel. Through the combination of natural and acquired powers the city has obtained its world-wide reputation. Through them she will continue to prosper, and it is no vague dream, but if statistical ratios are reliable, a safe plrophecy, that the city of Pittsburgh will continue to hold its front rank in the world's industrial populations. In 1857 the product of the iron and steel mills of Allegheny county were 121,487 tons,- according to statistics at that (ldate collated. In 1885 they produced 819,485 tons.t From these statistics it would appear that the prediction of 1857, previously qluoted, has been largely sustained. Is it venturing too much to repeat it, especially undler the additional manufacturing force that the natural gas fuel adds to Pittsburgh's;po)wer? Touching that point and its force of application to Pittsburgh's progress, the following, from Pitlbbatytrh ind Alleyheny in the C(icdtennial Year, is quotable, although only showing the ratios as compared with the growth of a western market alone: *Pitt.,.hs nrgh.1. Is l P, 1 57. fStatistikc. American Iron anl Stool Assoeiation. 42 IND USTRIES AND RESO URCES. " In 1800 the population of that section of the Western States to which Pittsburgh had access by her rivers then, and her railroads now, as well, was 385,647. In 1S03 the value of the city's business was $350,000, or 91.2 per cent. of the population which furnished her market. Ilaving at that time, withoul rivalries or competition, nearly one dollar of business per capita with the population of the market she controlled, it might have been, perhaps, by some thought somewhat sanguine to expect that through all the growth of population, under all the rivalries of other cities and manufacturing districts that must arise, that Pittsburgh should continue to hold a progress equal with that growth, and maintain a trade of equal pler (c)ita proportions as that with which, having no competition, she started. At that time the wonderful development of the West was not conceived of. Couhld that development have been foreseen, and the great, active ambitious conmmnities that have arisen, it would have been thought yet more sanguine to hope the city would keep a trade equal to one dollar per1 copita through all the competitions that would arise. But little more could be asked than that a city should grow in trade in the same ratio of increase as that of her market, especially if competitions, foreign as well as home, fotr the trade of that market should not only arise, but increase, within the nlarket itself; by reason of the market's own inherent facilities and growth. "As before stated, in 1800 the trade of Pittsburgh was equal to 91.2 per cent. of the population of the West. In 1810 the po,pulation of the South and West being 1,073,531, the business of Pittsburgh was, bY estimates then made, s1,000,000, or 93 per cent. In 1820 the census gives the p()pulation of the section designated at 2,54,1,522, while in 1817 the business of Pittsburgh was stated at $2.206,3i(i6, or a fraction short of 90 per cent. In 1830 there were in the same section of the U1nion 1,:131,298, but there is no record iof the value of the business of the city at that date. In 1840 the population of the Western and Southwestern States was 5,173,949, and in 1836( the business of Pittsburgh had been shown to bIe $3l1,11,550, being something over 600 per cent., or six dollars per capito, eshowing that the business of the city had not only kept pace in its original ratio withi the population of the West, but compounded thereon five hundred per cent. " In 1850 the population of the West was 8,419,179, and the value of the business of Pittsburgh, given by authorities of that date, at $50,000,000, or about the same ratio of six dollars per capita as in 1840. In 1860 the population of the Western and Southern States, under comparison, was 11,498,318. Of the value of business of the conmminuiity for 1860 there are no reliable figures, the census of that year of Allegheny county having been greatly deficient in comprelensiveness. In S156, however, a private coinmpil:ation of the statistics of the city, published in Jittsbu,rh Ae s It 1,, before cited, shows the manufacturing and wholesale business to have been $70,000,000, by whichl it is clear that the ratio of six dollars p)' r cpitro wvas maintained at that date, and leaving it very probable tlhat:in increase tihireon was attained in 18((60. In 1870 tile pol,ulation of the section of the UInion with whose increase the,roiress of the business of I'ittsbh'rgh is being conM1)ared was 11,583,567; but in thlat:lat decade the trade of Pittsburgh had largely found eastern as well as western markets, and the ratios of trade and inhabitants should be with eastern as well as western populations.'' The Early History of Iron manuihftcl uring at Pittsburgh, although by iormer piblications robbed of its freshness, requires a brief mentio,n as c:lrr.ving the thread of the woof of the story of P]ittsburgh's progress and industries. "B,irr iron'" is mentioned in ('r,,',',"'s.1I7,'iar of 1804. in "A View,of the Manufacturing Trade o,' 1Pittsburih f,,r thle Year 180):."'' How much " Barr" iron, Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the Year 1886, by George H. Thurston, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. '4 JTFR I J(/I.'5])R 8S', rw whence or h,?w obtained, is not indicated. kAs Mr... MI. Swank states that the first rolling mill in the U;nited States for the production of bar iron was at Plumsoek, Fayi'ette tcounty, in 1817, the "Barr" iron of 180(3 was probably imported stock for inanufacturintg uses. In 1811-12 a rolling mill, so called, was erected at l'ittsbtrgh by (Christopher (Cowan, an Eli n. It was without puddling furn:lees, and di(d not roll lbar iron; this mill long since passed out of existence. A second mill, says a report of the Pittsburgh Chamber of ('ommerce, was built in 1811). This was two years after the mill at PImnlsock, designated by MIr. Swank as the first h:ir rolling mill. The mill of 1819 was the first mill in Pittsburgh to roll bar iron i, no had four puddling furnaces. In 1824 the Juniata Mill was erected by I)r. Peter Shoenberger, and is still loperated by the firn of Shoeniberger & (i. Three years previons to this. in 1821, a rolling mill was b,ilt on (;rant's Hlill by Haylvs k Adams. This mill is menti(~ned in P'erk & TSoiane's. (",virde ot 1831, it an an enumeration of the rolling mills and nail factories, as " G(:rant's HIill," and the weight of metal at 50(),0(0 lbs., of a value of 820,000. In 1820, on the site of thle present "Etna" Alill, of Span!,'Chalfant & ('o,.. at Pine ('reek, a works f,ir lie manufaetuire of scythes and sickles wa:s built, which, in 1 82, was purchased by II. S. Spang, to roll bar iron frino blootns. Three years previous, in 1825, the "Sligo" Mills were built on the site where they still are by Stewart & Tvons. The !KensiUngton Mill. originally called the 1)swlas, was also erected in the same year by l,ewis Lactwloulghli Pitts llugh in Ite (t lt niaiol 1Torw gives the date of this mill as 182S, and.Johin. Nickle as the owner. The latter ldate is possibly an error, as the (A,:f'r, of Novecmbcr 19th. 1825, states tliere were seven rolling mills in!'ittsbur.rrgh, and it is necess:i'ry to include the D,ohl:is to obta:in the required nunilber at that date, auid -al,o the works at Pine rin., whi'ch w:ls no0 strietly a rodlin i mill until_l1828. In 1825 the "Sable" tmill ws built 1v Z. Pau:'kir, and int 1829 tihe" Wavne" i M. A. A Smion. In the latter year (129) the loi.-h't r (,'t, li stillts "ihr e are i ine rotillng miills itn Pittsburgh., using, (;,t tiisons of bli omns and 1,50M tons if pig, iron, emnployiit,.:o(i hiai(ds." That 1p'lper aiso etiots nine nil toi'r'iti(, proda:cing s18 ti is (f nails. imtl eni,pl,ying 150 hands. In 11;M two niwre rollin_, minills were erected, but yiv tihe statistic's of L;I.'DtA' lllts/i'it ),''iiet there is only nine mills iredited to P'ittbuirg in I8t;, which is awcounted for by the imill of 1819 having' been dismantled in 1829, atid Iurobaibly also the (irant's Hill mill, which ieased to exist ailit that date. At this time the product of those mills were stated in L Mir,l'.s Iiri'cto,, at -4,106000, but this inelutded axes, shovels, hoes, saws. nails land spikes, ns well ais bar and sheet iri,n. The rapidity with which the rollin tills of lPittsl)trgli multiplied fromn this date is shoiwn in the 1t,1ulated record forniini a part of this ehaplt' r. it wa, not alone in the creetion of rollinr mills that tile seed for Pit,s}hl'Irgh -"nowth as ail iroll vettre'wa:s SOWI. The lituibling anid tunnuing of iron fiunitdries ,iite as early enlisted Pittsbutlrgh i ca!dital land entertlwWi. As ear'ly as 1 ti6 ( iraniti,s.l,t i n, i mienitionis:n Air otuidry'v fAitr astio irtnl pots, kettles, mill irons, &c., whl i rsuma the g ir n wh is Iresumably M tie a' i'n ai mentioned in tilhe saite publieatioin f.r i7. The 1s l founh is nkoted ol that unt,liceation of 1810 41 IND U('7STR 1'N,I XI) I?ES(O UR('I"'sN. :Is Lavin'g "l'itely (':ast 70 tons of ('ann1(,n bals f'1r the lnited States," a;:d it is claimed that in this foundry a portion of tie gulns for Perry's fleet on Lake Erie ini 1812 were cast. In 1813 there were two Ia (rge!oi (ndlries, Mc( lurirs bein g one and leleelen's thle other, while a William Price. mos.t pos ily "Billy Price'" of E ound Hlouse fmnie had a sinall one for casti.g l i ines. ll 1s17 thewre were four" iron founidries enumerated in a report of that year to the City (ouncils. These lo,ti r employed 87 handsan'd prodn,ced Si4,(0, 09 worth If ca:tii:gs. In 1S2S the " Gazcl,ti," reports 8 foundries, and in 1831 there,',erc 12 foundries in and around Pittsburgh, enmploying 132 hlands, and casting 2,96; tons of mietal. In 183(1 the number of Foundliies, EnIaine and Machine Slihopsl, h increased to 18, and Ltfordl gives the value of the product of the -'oundries, Elngine and Machine Slhops at $2,130,000. In 18S5i it is stated in P'ittsb,rihi as It Is that ther1, are:)2 Foundries and M[achine Shops, with a yearly capacity of 66,900 tons, and consuming 28,000 tons pig iron, employing 159!)7 men, paying wges to the am,111ont of 8653,302, and producinug a valuation of 82,880,000, while the nmlnlder of Rolling Mills had incre.ased from i in 1836 to 25 in 1850, consuming 140,000 tons pig iron, scrap and bloom, employing 4,623 hands, whose wages amounted to $2,866,021; year, and whose product were valued at 810,730,062. T'he ratios of progress in these exponents of the iron business of Pittsburghl, would appear to be in two decades, from 1836 to 1856, about 112 per cent., including as in the estimate of 183;, widi which the comparison is made, shovels, hoes, nails and spikes, with the foundry and rolling mill products. In the succeeding two decades, from 1856 to 187(6, the ratio of increase is about one hundred and lifLeen per cent., on thle sallle items iof iron product only with which the eomparison was made in 1836. The rolling mill, foundry, nimil, spike, ax, stiw and shoIvel produce, being 83:1:',250,000 in 1876, as against $14,202,000 in 1856. To include all the iron and steel manufatctlurers in the city, in 1876 would make a much larger ratio of increase, but as the data of 1836 o,nly furnishes the value of those products us.ed in comparison it is necessary to conllne the exhibit to the articles whose value is given through the four decades. It should, however, be noted that the per cent. of increase in the last two decades is upon more tlhan double the factor of ls:i3, and consequently shows yet greater vitality of trade. This vigor and progress as shown by the various hrantches of Pittsburlgh's iron industries are best exhib,ited in connection with the statistics of each, anlld are not here necessary. The Blast Furnaces of Pittsburgh are a l,rominent feature ia the progress in iron ma'kimng. The developlment of the Connellsville coke region, elsewhere exhibited. hias had muchli to do with this, while in reaction the growth of the blast furnace industry h;Ls stinmlllated tile making of coke. This is illustrative of how comprehensive accUmlluiiations of resources at any point creates aggregations of power, and forcibly presents the position before taken, that in eighty years Pittsburgh has developed so powerful and varied manufacturing powers as to render her ilmpregnablle as a controller 45 4JITTSB UR(;H'S PROGRESS, of the market, even if at a future day some other location with as great manufac;uring resources should be found. From the very aggregation of facilities and resources Pittsburgh has acquired her magnetic force will increase, while another location of similar natural force, if any there be, mnust be long years accumu1ilating Pittsburgh's present facilities, during which it is but compouinding up,on its powers. The first blast furnace wa:s erected in Pittsburrgh in 1792, and only operated about two years. It was not until 1859 that the second one was built. Previous to that all the pig iron for rolling mills and foundry purposes was brought from a distance. There are now at Pittsburgh the following Blast Furnaces: Namess.. ('linton, Eliza No. 1, Iliza No. 2, Edith, thioenl erver, No. 1, Shoenberger, No. 2, 1L'ahella No. 1, lsdAblla No. 2, )oh., 1,u.cy No. 1, Lu.y_ No. 2, A, )':C arrie, Eliza No. 0, -Owned y. Hteight. (rafll Bennett & (Co.,.15 I'uall"hlills & (Co., 0 National Tuibe Co., 70 Sho(nhei'rger, Blair & Co., 62 Shoienbergc'r, Blair & (Co., t;2 lsabl)ella l urnace (o., 0 Isabella urna(.ce ( Co., 75 Moorhea:d, Mel'leane( & Co., (5 CarxegieC, l'Phipp.s & t o., Ltd, 87 arne'giei,'hiplps A( Co., ILtd, 87 Carnegie, 1rxos. & (Co., Ltd, 65 I'ttshburglh iFurnace o., 70 Carnegie,'Bros. & (Co., L,td, 85 laughmlins O Co., 0O( F'roim this it will le noted that whicre in 1859-6 1 thie c:ilacity for pig ir;in liro(dutition at Pittsburgh- was 75,1000 tons, it had increased in 1886 t1, 835,000 tonlls, r over one thollsallnd per cent. ()f that, in the four years froll 1861 to 1(;5, t lie increase was ah)o;it (i5 per cent. In the seven vyea:rs fr,,o 186( to 1872 there was an increase in seven years oni the capacity of 1865 of abo,it 214 per cent., and on the eapa)city of 1871 of:150o per cent. In -the seven years frorn 1872 to 1879 the increase on the cal,acity of 1872 was about (Go per cent., and on that of 1S61 of 6(00 per cent. In the seven years from 1879 to 18,86 the increase on the capacity was about 40 per cent., aund on that of 1861 over 1,()00) per cent. In these increases in capacity in septuplle periods it should not be overlooked that the percentages are Cal*L,argest daily output 29s gross tons. -~:* It 1:,111 1 Buil.1 18(;1, 186I1, 1872, 1s7d2, 1872, 187S2, 1877, 1879, 1879, 1 s 1, 18 -G, 18, Bosh. 12 17 14 18 ) 20 j 190 "20) "20 18 "20 17 ('apacity. N{ct toims. 15),0(00 (;5,000 48,i00 130,00 S)0,000 25,01l0 57,00 40,)(00 46 VI)ND USTRIES AND RESO UJWES. culated at each recurrence on immensely increased multiplicands indicating great activity when such large percentages are vontinetl on continuously increasing capacities. There are also, having offices at Pittsburgh but the furnaces in the vicinage, the following' additional furnaces, which are virtually a portion of the blast fulrnace business of the city: ('apacity, Built. Name. Owned,yv Ifeight. Bosh. Net tons. (Charlotte Furnace C('o., Limited, 65 1I 2 1872. Charlottei, Office, Lewis Block. 65 1 22,000 1876. Oliphant, Fayette Coke and Furnace Co.,.. 50...... 9,000 1876. Lemont, R. Hogsett & Co.,....... 65...... 14,000 1880. Dunbar, No. 1, Dunbar Furnace Company, 77...... 1880. Dunbar, No. 2, A. H. Childs, Agent, Pittsburgh, 78...... 52,000 These add a further capacity of 97,000 tons, making the total capacity of what mavy be classed as Pittsburgh's out-put of pig iron-922,000 tons. The total product of pig iron of the United States in 1885, according to the statistics of the American Iron and Steel Association, was 4,529,89 tons. ()Of this amonunt the l'ittsburgh furnaces made one-eighth of the whole lproduct of the countrv. Referring to the claim made in 1857 in IPittsburlgh Als i! is, previously quoted, " that Pittsburgh must aid largely in supplying the demand, and consequently increase wonderfullv in furnishing her quota," the ftregoing statistics justify the claim that as her past has been so will her future be. Less than fifty years aLo the American blast furnace imaking from six to ten tons a daxy was doing good work. What a contrast between that and 3(03 tons a day! A writer on this subject said: "A time came when men were no longer satisfied with these little smielting pots, into which a gentle stream of air was blown through one nozzle, which received its supply from a leathern bag squeezed by some tired water wheel." Little "smelting pots," "leathern bag," and "tired water wheels," "be good) words" in the contrast between the eight and ten tons a day furnaces of the Allegheny River region from whence Pittsburgh in early years drew so much of lier pig iron supplies and those that now within the very limits of the c'ity plroduce over 300 tons a day. The i agnificent new three million dollar Court HIouse now erecting in the city is not in more wonderftul contrast to the little, low, squat brick, in which a Iahldwin, a Wilkins and a Mountain poured out legal eloquence some fifty or sixty years since, than is in comparison the old-time blast furnace on the Clarion county bill sides with tile immense, scientifically constructed blast furiaces of Pittsburgh of to-day, which, under the administration of a Carnegie, a Speer or a Chalfautt, yield frorn twenty to thirty fold metal of the old-time charcoal smelter. As an illustration of the extent and complete construction of a Pittsburgh blast furnace of to-day, we give, in brief, the details of thile Lucy Blast Furnaces of the Carnegie plalts. These furnaces occupy nine acres and forty-five perches of ground. They are two in number, having a capacity of 200 tons each per day, with stacks 87 feet high and 20 feet 1II,J',BJ (l"?(;1t, O JJ)I PI;t S~, hosh, constructed witht incline planes and self-dltiping ski,-hoists. These fur!atces are built with Whltwell's hot blast stoves, there being seven in use. Two. bmilt in 182, are 2)) fc-et in) diameter and 70) feet high, and one of 21 feet dianmetcer and 70 feet high. Two, btilt in 1 84, are als,o 20 feet in diameter and 7i! feeo hi,ig, and three, built in 18;'4-.85, of 21 feet diameter and 75 feet higih, all Awith chinievYs 9 feet 6 inchtes in diameter and a height of 1901 feet. There are six blowing engines, with steam cylinders of;15 incihes diametcer and.-4Z-inch stroke, and blowing eylinders of 84-inch diameter and 48-inch stroke. O)f these, five were built by Mackintosh, Ilemiphill & (Co., of Pittsburgh; three in 1872, one in Il881, and one in Is82, and one in 1877, by.the Keystone llridre (Comnpany, of Pittshurgh. There is also one inverted beam en;girne, built in 1884 by E.'. Allis & Co.. of Milwaukee, WVis., with a steam cvlinder of 42-inch diameter and 60-inch str,)ke, with blowing cylinders of 84-inch diameter and (h0-inch stroke. There are 24 boilers. viz.: 8 iron boilers, 42 inches in diameter and 60 feet long, with steam heaters 30 incihes in diameter and 45 feet long; 4 iron boilers 48 inches in dianieter, 61 feet long, with steam heaters 36 incIhes in diameter and 45 feet long; 4 steel fuine Ioilers, 42 inchlies in diameter and 26 feet long, with two 15-incli steel flues; 4 steel flue boilers, 42 inches in diameter and 30 feet long, with two 1;-inch -tiel lines; 4 Babcoek & Wilcox water tube boilers of 208-horse power; chinmevs 10 feet in diameter and 135 feet high. Also, 4 Stilwell & Pierce No. 9 feed water heaters, for heating the water supply with the exhaust steam of the engines. There are *5 pumps, viz.: 2 vertical fly-wheel pulmps, with 14-inch diameter 24inch stroke steamni cylinders and 10-inch diameter 24-inch stroke water cvlinders: 2 Ca'meron pumps, I of 18-inch diameter 18-iich stroke steam cylinder and 12inch diameter 1S-inch stroke water cylinder; I of 18-inch diamleter 38-inch stroke steam cyvlinder and 14-inch diameter 38-inch stroke water cvylinder; also, 1 Worthington duplex pump, I14x14 inches, with 10-inch stroke; also, I Worthington type duplex compound condensing engine, with high pressure cylinder of 12 incihes in diameter, low pressure cylinder of 22 inches in diameter, water plungers of 16 inches in diameter and 30-inch stroke, built, blv Wilson, Snyder & Co., of Piittsburlgh, in 1884; also, 2 Epping boiler steam feeding pumips, with 9inch diameter steam cylinder, 5-inch diameter water cylinder and 15-inch stroke: I Wilson, Snyder & ('o. bo,i!er feed pump, with 10-inch steam cylinder, 7-inch water cylinder and 15-ilch stroke; 1 Wilson, Snyder &'Co. duplex boiler feed puimp, with 16-inch steam cylinder, 8-inch water plunger and 18-inch stroke; 1 Wilson, Sny'der & Co. pump for wetting sand in casting houses, with 10-inch steamu cylinder, 7-inch water cylinder and 15-inch stroke. "To those familiar with the completeness of the blast flurnace of the present day the foregoing enucmeration of the items of tmachinerv and its dimensions will give an idea of the magnitude and completeness of the Blast Fiurnaces of Pittsburgh, To those who know of blast fuirnaces only as a place where iron is made from the ores, it will give an idea of the mass of machinery and building requisite to build and complete suchll n industrial establishment of which, in similar or apSHOENBERGER-.& Co.& SHOENBERGER, SPEER & COP STEEL &IRON WORKS. 14U~ 15Tt 16 &" b ETNA, ST'S. 3R.D ST WORKS. WIRE MILLS Oliver. Roberts Wire Co. Limited. 8T.H ST WORKS. rp -~n:~,~ :~~: " lb, INI) I "T"IIIE AN' AND REl'SO UIICES. 49 proximate, size and coimpileteness of equipment, Pittsburgh has, in 18G8, seventeen within her city limits, and three more building, as against ten in 1876, or an increase of one hundred per cent. in ten years. For tile handling of the ores and metals of the work of the Lucy Furnaces, above described, tI here is used 2 s;ddle-tank locomotives, 81 four wheel iron dump ears, 2 ei!Jht-wheel tank cinder (ars, li ed:with fire brick, of ten-tons capacity each, and 6 miles of t;1tandard-gauge i. R. tracks, for their handling in and around the lilrnace, with 2 Fairbanks EI. R. track scales, one of 60,000 tons capacity and one or 80,(00) tons for weighing. Truly, a Pittsburgh b,last fiurnace of 1886, with its 87 feet stacks, and 20 feet boshes, its 70 feet high stoves, its 190 feet chimneys, its wilderness of engines, pumps and boilers, with their 135 feet chimneys, is a grand and magnificent edilice, to which the old-time fitrnaces are as a childs' toys; and when the red molten iron comes pouring from the furnace at the rateof a ton every three or four minutes, as has been the case, there is an impression of massiveness made on the mind of tihe observer that ever after characterizes Pittsburgh in their thoughts. From the blast furnaces, it is in a sketch of Pittsburgh's progress a natural transition to an account of its rolling mills. In the perliminary paragraphs of this chapter the progress of this division of Pittsbur-gh's manufiactures has been statis tically sketched, and it would be but a reproduction to here give tile facts as to tile growth of this industry. Pittsburgh, in 1876 has the following Iron Rolling Mills. SlYhe of' Works. tYI(o' Iof F irm. S)ff,ik. l,'st al)fishld. \Vio BY. 7 I'~:otv a,L Tolls Sligo,... Phillips, Nimick & (Co. C4arson, Inear m, ifil Jluuiata,~-~.. Shoeenbergcr & Co... l5th and Em: sts. Ellua,lt... spanig, Chalf:mit 4: Co. 66 Smndusky -tree., SIl,hV,... Zug & Co.('..... tli;h and Pik(e.~. Kelnsi,gton,. H IlnrV Llod, Son & ('o. Secolud avet ill Navil1.e,...11 & ] n.... Ith & DuyuesiW'y P'ittsburghil,.1. Painter & Solns,..; Water street, Allnhor,. C(hess, (Ook,& I 1.. 11'2 Water street, iIsylvmia IIiuiuon,l, h'r,(o,l,d. S,o,.ondl avenlue, ra' B ll Bennett & C o.. 97 Water {o'(, Vesuvius,..I I Niorhead Brois. & Co. 66 An,dersoi1 -e-t, Apollol,.. \ 1-olt ron Co.. Lim'ld. 13th and Pike:-1. E g h,,.. ~................. .McKeesportl,. Wiml. 1. Wo,od & Co. III Water strckt, Americall,. Jones & Laul.hlins, I'd. Third av. and T'l',. , ldoll Ihil ifrth, lorter, W ater & SlliIi (Ald, ",h c,j.if. I to., Limilcd,. Soho,... Moorhead & ('co.... Second avviue, "'See,teel WV rks. fOriginally run with water power; hI s used natulral ga since 1 7. 1 S25 Stewartl & 1 lyo,... 1:-21 Peter ShOinlcr.cr,.. I S2 lle 1em, I'utler & Belknip, 1 2S Zvbulioin lmackard,.. 1828.John (. cNickle,.. 1S129 M.S.1 MI s A,:.. 1 L w Lrenl l"'r. the & Cqudh" 1N42 1 im pi,1l V (51les-.. ISl I Everson & Co....... 8 15 A. 1111 1111cli &'o. IS-b);.\. m'l NVrood C c'o.. 1851 XW. 1 )ewees'Woof!, l 32.ow,es. Laith A, o. 3:4 10 5I 29 14 9 29 9 5 34 11 1; 20o ( 42s 4 5 67 16 1: 2.4 6 4 1.28 10; "2 4 1() (; 21 10...I 12 22 8 71; 30 2,' 92 (I( "22 401. 51. 15 I7 l,; ltcr, Il, 1: S W6vetlt,.... 20.5 1539 M5AIIore;ad & o..... 21 10) 9 1 6,000 26,000 20,000 11,0100 42,1000 15,000() I(), ()w() 8,010 0S,(j(() .. 20,001) Sl cIO alli IIII IIIi, M: ::::*Col w?o 1vly called, from hi, inilials, Manuscript Mason. "Originally ca11ldi the D,( wilss; rebIllilt in 1s7.5, Freema111 Miller & C. -\Iso 51o TIck iachilns. Erecting new Steel Nail Works. "1 Do)out,le'miIdling Furln.es, P1 Dainks lotary, 1:1111am r. 4i Ise their own products for manutfacture of spikes. ~Railroad Spike Ma chines. Style of Works. Style of Firtm Star,., L..,inlsay & iMcCutcheonl, 98 Reboecca street, " Stl t't n( ra il Bennett & ('o.. 97 Water street, .......... v rs Co.. 98 W ater street, lRepullic,.. Relpublic Iron \V'ks, Ld. First and nSmitliield, 29th Street Ir'n ('ariieie, lPhipps ('o.'O)thl and R1ailroad, NIM ill I,... L td....... -' S Pitts. Fol " Union In Mills Iarlegic Iri s& ( 1) I ( 91 m1 LIilroa(l. l'ittsl,'dh 1"re r,m. o10 ith a:d pringl:ley SX I ro,n to',., j ~' I nl 1 E'lb,... Elba Iron & BhIlt ('. S'econd av., 2Id ward,. Keystone,..IKestone lHoll'g. M ill 0. Second aventue,.. Sola r,:.. Wiln. (lark & ('o... 35th adl ailroad,. U.S. Iron& Tin Vnited States Iron & Lierty stre Plate Works, Tin Plate('o... L evhbur11 I) K i rk;t i i ri,ck & S,. \Wood street,.. Vulcai l"r. ~ ~ Lom, & (o..... S Vo,d +treet,..4 & I ron \Vk'll!( C'harliers Iron (hartiers Iron & Steel Wood strcet "& Steel (Co.. (')., Lnimitedl, Canonsurg Ca oilshur 11-o Co(.. Lewis lfl,k.. L. & S. (., I " Beaver Falls,. McKlee,.\Anderon & (Co. 60: \Woo,)d street,. *Sheet Steel. Hit are double, anld 4 singtle Siemneno l eatinm, Fiurn:mwr, anl! 1 singlo Reverbatory IT ating Furnno. EstaIlishe d1. 18G2 1861) 18(;63 ls-;4 18(1i; 187(1 1'77 I SS3 S..... I-itir Who By. -. -.- / Rees(e, l f & Dull,. ( (l -4 I 1',-- ) Wharton Brls. & t'o.. Klonmat1 & Phipps,. Cychl,pS Iron Co.-tH Lewis,( fliver& Phil'p)> L.ewis,t )liver& Phil'ps i Nitt. Fmr.e- & Iron',. 'itts. liolt W orks ('n,. GhIss, Neelv & (Co... L.ewis, C(lark & Co.. B c'I t.,painy--buin- 1c 4d:a l rI-chuilt'8 ) h irk14 ttrick & I,... Loig - &,.... I ( a;irt e'rs Iron i; . Stel ('o., Liu'd., 1Callon,A) I ron (41.. hMcKee(, Andc'r-,n,'- Co. 'Six ste:la holneor-. cSe Steel Works. S1Ii; TiTmllnre.'25 Forgo FirrCapacity. T o I I. ;7 "22 381 :1) 21 '-4 10) 12 4 -1 10s S 2.1 1 :18 s 24 14 17 8( 7 12,000 12,0(00) 20,00()0 6(5,00() 120,000) .. 25.000 1 M,0(() 12,000 ... 3,(00( --- ] (,( )00 1 ~-: -- 4 /1 4 r 4. I-~ ~s -- ~j INDEX. Air Brake, Westinghouse,... 65 Brush Manufactum ing, Artistic Iron Work,....... 7 Bell Foundry,.... Artistic Brass Work,..... 153 Broonis,...... Architectural Irons,....... 79 Bedding and Mattresses, Agricultural Steels,...... 92 Beds, Spring,...... Agricultural Works,..... )2 Broom Sewing Machine,. "Machinery,... 215 Breweries,..... A xes,........... 93 Box Factories,.... Axles,.......... 91 Boot and Shoe Trade,. Artificial Limbs,...... 154 Broom Makers' Material, Axles,........... 93 Banks,....... Bankers and Brokers,. Blast Furnace, First,..... 3 Banks, Table of,.. "Table of,....4 Bank Statistics,.... "Fifty Years Since, 47 "of To-day,... 48 (opper, Mining (Co. formed, "Lucy," description, 48 " Manufacturers, "C(onstruction'Works, 71 ( " "Workers, Block House, Cut of,... Builders' Hardware,... Bolts and Nuts,..... Boiler Makers,..... Boiler Flues,...... Beauty, Pittsburgh Glasws, Boat Building at Pittsburgh, ""Early Ships,. " Steam Boats, "" Iron,.... "Steel, Brass Foundries...... " Spinning,..... " Artisti(,....... Bronze,........ Britannia Ware,..... Burial Cases,..... Baking Powder,.... ehlting, Leatliher,... .. 161 ... 162 ... 163 ... 164 ... 165 ... 166 ... 173 *.. 198 ... 200 S 215 S..220 *.. 225 * 226-228 ... 229 3 *. 151 ... 151 S. 33 " Tuyeres,...... 151 ~. 64 Cannon, Fort Pitt,...... 58 . 7 " 1812....... 58 S. 74 (Chilled and Sand Rolls,... 74 S. 77 Carriage Springs,....... 91 los, 10 ( Chimneys, (ilass,.... 111 1M6 D )ecorated,..... 111 S 137 Quantity Made,.. 111 S. 139 Coal Trade of Pittsburgh,.. 117 141 " By Products,...119 . 1.12 G" as for Manufacturing, 118 ~. 152 Pittsburgh's Supply,. 120 . 153 Sunning lip,... 135 . 153 Early History,...120 S. 154 Coal, Towing,........ 122 156 " Tows, Iow Formed,... 122 ]. 15 " (Collieries and Statistics, 124-129 1. 6(0 Coke'Manufactories,..... 129 S. 160 -"Early HIistory,..... 13Q 52 PJ'J"J>,B ( J?(dI'S J1ITh(;RJfS There are 35 of these induistrial establishliments. F1or various causes, not nececssary to enumerate, a complete statistic of their product is not only difficult but seemingly impossible to obtain. As near as could be collated, and it is it is thought to be a close approximation, the product of these mills in 18855, was over 52;5,)00 tons, including nails, of which 9,000 tons were made. This latter proiduct is far below the average product, owing to the strike of thile nailers, extendling thfrough the year. The average product of nails for the five vrece~dinu years was over 25,000 tons a year. Accepting this as the natiural activity (of those nills, the,itput of the iron rolling mills is set down at 550,000 tons. The capacity of those mills is set down as reputed, at over 7;6,000 tons a year. This it will he observed, is exclusive of the steel and rail mills. The area of ground occupied by these mills in the usages of their business, is 138 acres, employing over 18,000 hands in all the departmentsi of labo,r, whose wages would average, as nearly as could he arrived at in rmund nlnumbers, from $11,000,000 to S12,000,000. Owing to the reluctance among tirms to make any exposition of the details of their Lbusiness, and questions arising out of labor disturbances the exact statistics of disburseiment of wages are not to be arrived at, but the figures given are probably a close approximation. The capital employs in this branch o(f Pittsburgh's industries in the prosecution of the business thereof, is an item inhat could not be consistently asked, or expected to be given. That some idea thertof may be had, it was arrived at that the capital in the plants of the-se 25 rollin:i mills, viz: ground, buildi g's and machinery &c., was between 817,000,000 and $18,00,00,000. Or an investment of that large sium, which unless the mills are running, is virtually sunk and non-productive. The value of the product of these mills is also a matter upon which no absolute statistic can be given, as there are Iluictuations in values constantly arising from various causes. Neither can those values be based on past returns, or comparisons made with any periodic dates, the rates for instance of 1S76, being much less than 1886ti, and those of 1886 showing greater declinations. Then there are specialties made 1,y especial mills, whose prices are not regulated by any fixed market rate made by the coinpetitors for the general trade, but regulated by the circumnstances surroiinding their production. Taking the value of the about 670,000 tons of metal consumed by these mills, the estimated amount of wages paid, together with all the other outlays of mannfacuring, and allowing but a very small per cent. of margin over cost of production, it is probable that the value of the out-put approximates $35,000,000 either a little above or below. The kinds of goods manufactured, are Merchant bar, hoop, band, boiler plate, tank and sheet iron, wrought iron pipe and boiler tubes, railroa:d spikes, nails, and tacks, horse shoes, galvanize:J sheet iron, and light plates.- skelp iron, axles. Railroad specialties, bridge rods, angles, and peculiar sllapes. lThe iron produceel by the rolling mill of W. D. Woods & Co., Limited, is a sep -nlling mill product, and is known as 52 fIND) UTRIES' AND RES'O URCI:S Patent Planished Sheet Iron. The manufacture of this article was established in 1851 by Wl. Dewees Woods, the senior inemnber of the present firm, under a patent granted to James Wood, his grandfatther, in 1841, and under an improvement by J. Wood & Brothers in 1844. The imitation of' Russia sheet iron made by this establishment, although equal in appearance to the imported Russia article, would not resist the action of the atmosphere as well. This diffticultv was partially overcome in 1861 through improvements by W. D. Wood. Other improvements were patented by him in 1865,'67,'73,'74,'76 and '78; but the required result was not fully attained until 1883 through the present new process of manufacture, the principal feature of which is the removing of the oxides from the surface of the iron without the use of acids (as heretofore) before planishing; and at the same time forming a magnetic oxide upon the surface, thereby securing a finish that resists the action of the atmosphere better than any other sheet iron known. The growth of this important branch of Pittsburgh's manufactures is the result of forty years' experimenting and study upon the part of the inventor; and this citv is the only point in this country where an article of planishlied sheet iron is produced fullly equal, if not superior, in all respe,ts to the best Russian iron, and which is so endorsed by all the master mechanics of the railroads, locomotive builders and stove dealers throughout the entire country. The establishmuent now covers about seven acres of ground and employs about 4)50 workmen. There is consumed in the works about 10,000 tons scrap and pig iron annually. Natural gas is used for fuel in all departments. The product of the mill is about 8,000 tons planished and line grades of sheet iron per annum. The present proprietors are W. I). Wood and his three sons, Richard G(., Alan W. and Thomas I). Wood. Cold Rolled Polished Shafting is also a special product of one of tile rolling mills of Pittsburgh. This article is made at the American Works of Jones & Laughlins, Ltd., and has seventy-five per vent. more eflective strength than the same size of turned iron, and is made no where else in the world but by this firm at Pittsburgh. This slhafting is rolled out in the ordinary wayv, hot, and after being scaled is rolled through ponderous chilled rolls, five feet long by twenty-four inches in diameter, which, while reducing the diameter of the shaft, gives it a bright polished surface. The power which must be expended to overconme the friction of cold rolled shafting is less by thirty per cent. than is required to overcome the friction of turned iron shafting of equal strength, and by its use thirty-five per cent. in weight and'ost of shafting, hangers and couplings is saved. The buildings in which the sliafting is manufactured is 600 by 200 feet, and about 200 hand, are employed in its production.. 14171-TlUR(IGl'IS I1 1PROGRElSN, Another establishment which is classed in the talulatcd schcdule of iron rollin/ mi ls, but w INh is a slmciaI manu"Icbt,ry, is the "leiid,n" mill, whiich uses its own prodnct for its e-ecial Ian:ftacture of Railroad and Boat Spikes. The niilatnulllfactllltre of these imwpotant articles is the exluNsive owsiness; of one rolling mill, the "'lendlln," D)ilworth, Porter & Co., lLimitcd. Thi, extensive manufitctory Nv~a, st:irt!d in 1, ~-2 hy Porter, lHolfi & S%\ctt. It is the only cstabli.shinent 0f the kind in I'ittslurgh. The railroad spikes are lanIlitctured l "Swett's IHa il 1aml Slike Mal-hin'," the patent of which fior thie 1 inited State-s is owned by the firm. The peculiarity ot tie spike]s madnle v this machine is, tlhant they are larger u11der the head whr+re tho /rtest sn' t] is rq-circd, aud have a sharp chisel ,inlt, therc,in dillir-ing, front th,e a-ticle lamde by vother mIllchiles. Althoungh !ittled to carry on the mIani':acture of nerchlant ironl in all its I,r:ntichs. the prolet of their mills is usle in the making o railrload s-ikes and bioat Mslikes. The works cover an area of ah,ut two avlrl-s, and the caliital in groulllds-, i'uliliings and llachilnerv is 84to0,0 0. Three hundreld andt twcnty-livc hands are employed, whose NaIges will average S175,000 a year. T'i'e c:li,Aityv Vt the w=rks is 110 tols a day, and during the war priodl the value of prllwodlcts wa. 1.0o0,00o yearly. "I'hle works have lifhecn spike mavlhines, R Wsi hcs.atii,g fitrnncs (-n, ratcd in the tablch oC rolling miill,.. W hihl not in its most exchluive.cn-c a rolling mill, Yet thl,- ~Nire mills (lf thc Oliver & Roberts Wire Company, Limited, are among the indlistric; Xf Pittsblur.L,,h that:illd a lrnyer +'ls+i!i,.ti+n under tha0 lead,. Tis VmIll:pa:y was organized inll the slpri&ng o,f 1o'. l,ou! two years previNus a small mill h:m. bcon uimM bg,th"r parties in Piti~>,Inr'h, the pllant, \whi,il was tpurclhaleIl 1i thi.s coml ny. anl i lIn rg1:i, litihon- made. nli tihe 7th iof November, lS 2, tie V,hil establilhmenlt was lurnled hdoN1,. but retmilt wit, such speed tihat operatiols wNere resumcd on the 2d,,f J.anuar'v ollowhing.,.'T4l' area ocluplied by these works is nearly eight acres, a:nd. running full time, thy er::Iploy 1,10011 hands, whose wages average about. $400,(000 a year. The calpacity otf the works is ablI,ut 3,((000) tons of finished wir per 11annum1111111, and the acl(tual out-put has excecdcd 30,000 tons. The most of this goes into harbued wire and othIr fencing materials. Inl the early part of 18,,4 this ciomlany built a mill for tI.e mnianufwturo of wire rods on the property lbetwecln Fighth and Ninth strc,tts, oi thei Monng:hela li\r, which is the most colmplelt e.stablishtment,of the kind ill the world. With a ltoree of only 70 men they are able tol roll ftrolm'I) to l10 "/ro.s tons oI' No. 5 wire rods per day. This product is drawn into wire at th, IMther Mworky of the sa:. The (liver & Mhebrts Wire Onanymy aWi own a controlling int(rest in the larlued wir factory (X HI. 11. Sult & (1), ]Amitedt,which, fro lla I) llt ln ttt1ring1 oilt of viOe. il:a,art of lil filrrmler works, as the drawn i X ire oIfl t, th i t iln tiin l,h,- pr(llhi cts of(t, tilhe'arld ire t.actryV. Inll 04t I.I'STRIE. A"ND RLES'OUR(CS. this factory there is yearly al-,ut 15,l000 tons of wire made inlto,rbed feneing. 'IThe works oc1cupy ia entire sluare of ground. For barbed fencing alhie there is 200,0((00 tonls of wire used a ve:ar in the United States, and Pittsburgh stands seeond in the oliutpit 1f tollliage of this llmaterial. The wire made at these P'itt,sburgh works is all soeel, and the investlmient in the enlltirie lant is statedl at 1,0.00()0. Tack Factories. In addition to t11o fhim of Chesl, (Cook o Co., nmetiolincd in the table of rolling mills, having.wo ta,-k maclhines, the firtm fl M( organstern. Malalv & Co., 292 Penn Avenue, esihtliihel in ls'-, have a factory of "1 tack imachines. ce ployinog ahioot 55 hands and a cqap.ity of (000 tolls a year. In view of the lare ooinsumtpionl o! crude nmalerials that the l(product of thl-e iron rollilnl', miill, suizs's, adl that of tlhe fiirnaes and stoeel miills, the data of tl Pittsburgh Metal Market is of nmuch ilternt in nattuml se,uine. The ironsi and ores of most all uarter, of the globe, as well as of the |nited States tind a market in Pittshlurigh. England, ic,tland, Sweden, Norway. Spain, (;rece, Afrlica. all contrillute fromi their iron treasures to the demands of the Iron ( itv. Miclhiigan. Miss uri, Tennesee. Wisconsin, Kentucky, O)hio, Alabnma, New York, (C'anada, \Vest Virginia as well as Pennsylvania feed with their ores and irmin the fiurnales a1 thie imills of IPittN - burgh, verifying the axioni that thie nmetal gos to the fuel. Siince it has beeo demonstrated that naturml gas is not tnly in imnrov',ment dof quality as well as in economy tof cons,:imllti,ll slwerior to any il her fio,l!'r tihe, treallitent of nmetal-. the axiont will be, it'f possibli. yet more, at axioln. Ilyv referring to the railwaand other fA, ilitie hell l i'ittslurghl it nievls no words ito show what reeeptiv, powers' the ito has to C;ause its l:agnet oi&l to( exert its ftree i attracting the. metals of the wi"rld to her. Data to leline absolutely theexact quantiities irecived at PittNsbrglh fiomi eachli supplying localities is aniong the thiinig. that slomtl be, but are int. Flrom estimates made by the hanil, s of foreign otres there appears to( be allut 2ti00.000 tons, Inangailiferous ore fromt Enlgland and Spain, imiported for Pittsliurgh consnumption, and 20,0040 tons riroum (;reece; pig iron to the amiount of 10.i000 tons from lE'ngland and Spain, and tfront 1.000 to:;,00)0 toins fronm Sweden. )f Swedish har about 4,000 tonils fir steel making lpurposes arie imported tanold l0,000 tons spieglh., also 1),000 tons steel rail croppinis. As before stated, there is no alisolute statistiets of these illportatios to blul had, and thle estimiate is made by those ill the trade anul given as illustrative o, the sol: os and Im"sible juan"tities. Taken as at gross bulk, the rvceipts (of re, iIg iron, loom:, billets, o1l rail and serap iron, for the ten "years from 1470) t, 181 is given lyv (. Follensbee, Suiperilitenluttl Pittsburgh (Chamnher,t' Ciiioninrcr(o. i;i a relprt to to the lnit)O l States troeia of Statistics, a f llows: PITTSB URG(IH'S I'ItO(;GRESS, Year. Ore. Totals. Year. Ore. Tolals. 1870,. 44,900 tons. 319,720 tons. 1875,. 175,596 tons. 410,604 tons. 1871,.. 75,820 " 367,207 " 1876,. 208,262 " 479,798 " 1872... 115,420 " 496,648 " 1877,.. 230,476 " 552.037 " 1873,. 320,844 " 533,918 " 1878,.. 299,856 " 676,728 " 1874,.. 255,317 " 631,182 " 1879, 356,093 " 782,16 " 1880,.. 346,733 " 8:34,582 " The receipts of ores and raw irons for the succeeding five years are an approxination to these figures. To this must be added the make of pig iron of the furnaces at Pittsburgh. The statistics of tile American Iron and Steel A-ssociation give for the twelve "years from 1874 to 1885 the following figures: To'ns. To ns. Tons. 1874,. 143,660 1875,... 131,8556 1876;.... 128,55-1 1z77,... 141,749 1878,... 217,299 179.... 267,315 1880,... 300,497 1881,... 385,004953 1881882,... 358',840 1883,... 592,4735 1884,..... 85,694 To this, also, may be added the three other furnaces cl:a.sed as in the vicinage of Pittsburgh. From these figures it would seem as though the metal market of Pittsburgh represented in the handling of ores and raw iron between 1,400,000 and 1,500,000 tons. As there is:n anmount received by river of raw irons, scrap, old rails, and o(re, and also the old rails and scrap of the vicinage, it is quite probable that the handling of these classes of iron approaches 2,000,000 tons a year, and represent a business value of about 830,000,000. In addition to these iron values, the metal nmarket is also enriched and augmented by the handling of lead, spelter, copper, tin, antimony, manganese, and other metalic ores and substances, and in the precious metals, silver and gold. Some of these are statistically exhibited under their classification heads, while of others no definite statistics can be at present reached. It is, however, when it is stated that, in addition to the other metals mentioned, between 83,000,)00 and $4,000,000 of silver and $2,000,000 of lead is embraced in the valuation of one smelting company's business, not overstating the matter to say that the business of tlhe metal market ai here sketched will aggregate over $40,000,000. Iron Commission Houses. There are eleven firnns properly classed under this head. Tile business transacted by them is strictly a commission business, and involves the handling of what is technically termed "pig iron," upon the receipts anid dispositiois of which somewhat has been said previously. These firms are: Nimick & Co.,... 96 Water street,.. 1814 Allen Grant. L. WV. Dalzell & Co.,. 86 Water street,.. 1846 King & Morehead. Jas. Collard,.... 81 Fourth avenue,. 1845 i1. C. Loomis. Robinson & Orr... 115 Water street... 1859 G(eo. S. Bryan &'o. INDI'STRIES AND REiSOURIECES. .Josiah Reamer,.. Neal Bros.,... Frank Scott & Co.,.. F. N. l Hoff4tott & ('o., Murdock & Co.,.. A. 11. Childs & Co., P. D1). Nichols,.. John B. Herron, Thos. H. Rabe, E. V. McCandless, Lewis Block, 612 Liberty street, 55 Lewis Block. 112 Water street, Bissell Block,. 83 Fourth avenue, 8 Wood street, Second av., near Wood, 98 Fourth avenue,. 98 Fourth avenue, 1862 18741 1882 1881 1884 1871 1872 S...... S...... .Josiah Reamer. W. B. Neal. Frank Scott & (o. F. N. IIof!stott. Murdock & Co. A. 11. (Childs. P. D. Nichols. John B. Herron. Thos. 11. Rabe. E. V. McCandless. The valuations of their transactions are virtually embraced in the totals of the metal market, and would be a duplication to here repeat. Iron Brokers, Merchants and Importers. Under this heading is classified a brainch of the iron business of Pittsburgh. which, while in most respects similar to that of the iron commission houses, is somewhat of a more vers:atile character, inasmutich as lher. haiidle on conmlissioll the products of metal in the heavier forms of 1manuifactured iron. They are:"I f. E. Collins & Co.. lewis block.... 1;77 . Hatrv.... " "... 1874 ovle & Bissell... Bissell block.... 188I t(George Carter... 400 Wood...... s7; Ir. E. Collins & (C'o. A. U. llatry. IBoYle & Bissell. G(eoryge Carter. As is the case with the Iron C(ommission firms, the aggregate of the transactions of these houises is also included in the commercial statistics of the metal markets. and to be a,gain given would add a factor of duiplication to the aggregate of Pittsbulrglh's total business. As the effobrt has been niade in this compilation to avoid exaggeration and rather to keep within the facts than to exceed, any duplication of values is endeavored to be guarded against, although inl this case a large amount of sales are entitled to be considered additional business transactions. The Foundries of Pittsburgh ratnk next in the iron indtustries of the city. In this is necessarily etmbraced the engine and machine works of I'ittsburgh, as many of thelm have extensive otiund ries as coumponent parts of their estal ishllments. Sonmewliat of the early history of the establishment of the ftoundry industry of Pittsb-hlrgh is mentioned in the opening statemnients of this chapter on the ir:n iin,iustries of this city, and would be butt a repetition to here recite. It is sufficient to say that the first iron f,tundrv estaublished in Pittsburgh was in 1803 by Joseph McC(lurg, of which in its general blsi:ness the firm of A. Garrison & (Co. is the ;lAporter of foreign ores and irnoms. :*Manufactured nimaterial, rails, railr;od supplieis and equipments. -Hmporter of foreign "pig," Sweldi,h iron and steel ral rail croppings. - ITT';bI UI(;II'S PRBRUIES, dir&et slclessors. The fa,nI(s IA )rt Pitt ('annon lFoundry was also a partial successor, as in the rastirng of ann10on Joseph McClurg made the guns for Perry's fleet ini the %ar of 1812, iand ( Cramer's Almanac in 1810 mentions this foundry as having "lartelv cast sevelnty tons cannon balls for the IUnited States." In view of the atlenltion that has from tillme to time been directed to Pittsburgh as the site for a National Arsenal, it is lpertinent to qiote from " Pitts-burhli and Allegheny in the ('en tennial Year" th e foll o wing statistical account of thiIs foundry, as showing how well Iprepared P'ittsluriigh is t) assune at any time tlie provinces and function of the National Arsenal. In tihe chapter on the steel indusitries of Pittsburgih further facts are ogiven to indicate that virtuallY the city is. for the construction of many of the requirenmentsof national defen(ce, an arsenal ready vade to the hands of tile ( overnmllent. The publlication refirred to says in nintioning the Fort Pitt (Cannon Foundry: " The ndr was originadrv as rigi lly located oil the corner of FIifth tavenue an(d Smithfield streect, (n tile lot where tnow stands the (Custom IHouse, and was established by Joseph Me( lurg ill 180I. In tile seventy years of its existence its operations have been conduc(ted by several firms, anm(g whi(.ch were Knal) & Totten, Knap, ade & Co., Knap, HRudd & ('o.,'The Knap Fort P'itt Fo"undry C'o., Cis. Knaup, and Chas. Knap's Nepl,ews."~ Mince 1849 there have been 2,408 caminon and mortar; made in the establishment, of which number 2,038 were east from 1861 to 18614. Thlle fillowilng tal,le shows the number and size of tile guns cast, together with their wei.-iht and the weight of the ball or shell carried by thenm. The ar1my -guns of 8, 10, 15, 20) inch, are technically known as Coluimbiads. No. of Size of S,rvic(e dt'- Weitht Shot or Weight (,Iu s. IeI,S siglBd for. eich iin. SheIl. (:ach )al. I;o inch. NaIv. 9,11) lbs.. Ihell. 70 lbs. 10 l " " 6,l00 " lL 70 50) 11... 1i,,i " Shell. 130 S 15 4" "B i,l,) " lail. 450 0 1 21) " " I i.,0 ) o 1,000 S" rmiv.,8.4 0 04' 100 () " " I.00 12-00 ,) 15 " " 511.000... 450 " 1 20 " " 110.487 " " 1,000 " 2W)i) S " i lowitzer. " Shell. 50 2(0 8 & 10 " Mortars. - " " 50 & 84 " 150 18 ". -. 2 00" 150 - 1 " Rifle G( ls. _ " Ball. 3S " The b:lance (; alnd 12 poundiers. liL'The I.-ilC h a:1rmy 1 uns emnu'rmerated inl the above talle are 17 feet 9 iii~hes hnm,,: the navvy guns 17 fiet 5 inches l',rig; and both descriptions 4 feet in diameter at the tlrnitns. D)uring thle co,ntinuation of the civil war these works were continuously running, with the excepltiion of Smiindays, and in addition to the great number of gurrns turnedl lout 10.1)00,000 po) l(unlds of shlot and shell.: *The cannon f undlr is now distnantl.td, and t Im lildtinls and grmind occupicd by -Mackinlosh, Iletnpthill & Co. i i tt 11f.,s tiut the (i\t.oerniiim't, hr,wever, to require sinmilar service to reIive. it. f'i -tiitzi.h ft,h't'.it,f n-d:y re a.s s'. tind l i)r sr, than twenty-five years ago. IND IUSTRIES AND) IESOUE,. 059 The foundry business ranks second in the iron business of Pittsburgh in the amrnount of capital invested. The variety of their staple castings is large; and there is no description of foundry work which the skill, facilities and resources of the firms engaged in the business does not justify them in undertaking. Heavy mill gearing, railroad castings, rolling mill castings, cannon, plows, chilled wheels, shafts, machines for punching, drilling and planing iron, etc., hollow ware, stoves. grates, steam engine work, a long list of articles known as domestic hardware, and in fact every description of form which necessities and luxuries demand, are daily turned out fi;om foundries located in this conmmunity. With the increase and growth of Pittsburgh in the past two decades the foundry business, as a class, had gradually sub-divided itself until it is more properly shown in its various branches, which may be classified as general foundries, stove foundries, heavy machl ine foundries, light machine foundries, steam engines. machine shops with foundries, engine factories without foundries, engineers, iron founders, machinists, roll foundries, and malleable iron foundries; and there are in Pittsburgh the following Engineers, Iron Foundries and Machinists. Styvle of Works. Stvle of Firm. lEstablished. Who by. Tons TileWasinto.: 1836 Robinson & Mini, nso 1 1,000 J Rolling mill machinery, marine and sta Washingtoi, Rea M'?\Ff Co. 1 oinson linis,, 1 1 tionarv engines, heavvD machinery. n Grooved chilled rolls, rolling mill Fulton,.. Totten & Co.,.. 1855 Pennock & art, 3 2 12,00 Grooved chilled rolls, rolling ill V nmachinerv. "Mackintosh, - Mnahurr, ",Fort Pitt.,. Mckinoll ('., 1830 McClurg, 3 1 6,000 olling mill, blast furnace, steel works ill & Co., machinery. Atls...Atls Works,t.,. 1866 2 1 10,000 Steel works, rolling mill and heavy SAtlas Works, 1......... 1 0,00 machinery. cafe,ife odlv. Fowler 4, Rolling mill machinery, steel and flour .aife,..ine o., Lt., 1848. S. Fowler, 1 4) mills. "* See Stool Works. ** In addition to their other work, this firm are the sole makers of the Ilake Patent Crusher, and Pittsburgh is the locality only where they are made. Specialties. Roll and Heavy Machine Foundries. Style of Works. Style of Firm. j Office. Estab lished. Who by. - " Tons ,Capacity. Pittsburgh,. A. Garrison & Co...110& 12 Wood 1803 Joseph McClurg, 2 3 15,000 Chilled rolls& heavy castings. I.....un 10th st., s. S. 1863 Rlossiter & Lewis, 1 1,800 Rolls aind heavy machinery. Phccnix, {Seanan, Sleetlh }2d and R. R. 1861 Bollman & Co.. 1 3 12,000 Semi-steel sand chill rolls. Black, " The Following General Foundries. Style of lirm. Office. Est ablished. SNW. G. Price & (Co... 15 Wood....... SW. 11. Irwin.. 612 Liberty.. SJohn Ronev..... 20th street... Il. 1\I. Morris.. 23d( and Liberty. N W. Yeagle & Co., Ltd..'32(1 and A. V. R. R.I S. Jarvis Adams & o.. 14th and Etna.. I5 ittsburgli Smelt- 13th and Pike. I ing (o., Limited. I" 'Campbell Mfg. Co. South av. and Mason S(Carnegie, Phipps & 29th street. 1808 1866 1861 1863 Who by. William Price. L. Peterson, Jr., & (o. John Roney....... D)ickson, Marshall & C(o. 1." .5.. 0 3 "'~ "~. 2 1870 Jarvis Adams.... 2 1878 Pittsburgh Smelting Co. I 1881 Campbell Mfg. Co... 1 ...... Carnegie, Phipps & (o. 2 3.().00 Miscel's ('Cast'gs -,(000 ( icneral ('ast'gs 1,0(M) 7,5t)0 I ceavy Castings :8,0()0 ( en'l Castings. 6,000 Li-ght (Castings. *i~:,00() Ge .. 3,000 ie ..-. 5,000 ral I *Specialty, architectural work. Specialt ies. Style of Works Berlin... Rosedale. Ileckla. "*Iron City. Lawrence.. 29th Street, z S s. ::: c, ~, I 7; i ~ -/- " - 7.I ,... c~ ~... -3- - iJI,_I = -~ %,r z ~i. Is I~c. - -I ~, 5 ~. -O - C C-Z t 4-- t -I i04 C 0 ~ 4 OC:! S S 1S; 3rC I?Ci -1 Oi O cA L I;t I [L L -C I x Z3 4 55 i r;C, 7 II I: ;I 2 rr, r, ~i -I c r3 =-a 2 I-: sj 1r. I ~z S.C ~i e -,... ,...,. 7 "5 7 Cf -7 Zr" ~. o ~. -r Z z 4IC. c r. - r., - 5 c -1 -e -~ ,kc %$ crC c -- ,=- -~-: - 7; 5 Y r, ni F, c ;I h^^hrrh O = r r c 7; r: % = C)~ Z: T, C-" c=.:l~'3 r' i, cis t~L C~ C3 i j- i ;; CI; %%-I ~ ~CA CA CA ~ r -. - -..... 5 I ;7 e 5 e I I II c 3 c: I rrrrrrrur CC;rCC3CI;CS Stove Foundries. Style of Works. Style of Firm. (Otlie. Iissell & (o..... 715 I.il,erty.... 1827.\Artihrs & Nicholso,n.. altihvdwin & ( ralm:n. Libertv..88.. I.)'82 l To-i. Mitchell.. SA l'alev &'(o. C. Wood and Secotn( a v. 13; A. &. Il lhy... v SAnshuitz, i6radlury & o. 64) Libert... 18-H 11. A.shltz & Co. ; ra I II i u-Ius & (Co.. 682 LibertV... 1-4......... Keyst one... I). I c I lhaven &4 Co., Ltd. 108 Wood.... 1850 lielhhau,t & v'll Crv. ......... Crea, (rah: & ( o. 923 Liberty... 1877 C(rea, (1raha ni (.. ......... Reed'oudry Co. 626 libertiy... 188,3 J1. heed & 1. Style of Firm. Office. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Malleable Iron Foundries. i Who iy. -B McConway & Torley, 25th & I,iberty sts IS(S Lewis & (o.. 1 Artizan,t Kinzer & Jones,.. 27 Penn avetine, 1870( Kinzer& Jones, I 2,00))0 Stoves, Umgesand (;1irate 1"ronts. 4,.)00) Stoves and R tlges. 4,5)(00 1,800() Stoves. I Stoves, ( rate lFr'ts, , ( allngces k, I Ieaters. 3,00 " ,4()() Stoves, llanges, etc. 1,000()( 1. Sp ialties. 4:,0()()c All descriI tions of inall'ble Castl'ngs ... t0l I.. SuPl)plies a1d small casti)gs, *This firtm make a specialty of Jaanney's Coupler. tThis firm make a specialty of Gas Burners on the Argatl printlille for fire plae(s. it, spieCtial advantage beinlg huriiing of garhave without cleaintig grate. iMitchell.. Etna.. L,afayette. WIhI) 1y. Specialties. "SIvle of Works. w. I Foundries and Engine and Machine Shops. -7' Ityle of Firm. Ilobert Lea,...... James Rees,..... O()litee. 1st ave. and!errv st. 4th & I)uuesiine wa:t. S( P -,, 1)t *il,.,- n d: Industrial, I[ugh 31. BDl1e,.. - i - iI wv, ....... 1enton,..... 67 \\ater Stre t,.. S........ &,I. B. 3 ilholland,*. 617 ()tl avelue,.. ...... Ilhthison,.. Park way & S:iduiskv W. Fishlicr,t...... -34th a:1:d S',:tlh1a1 n st. Tl,e l"i.,.her Fo,undry ) "". & Mach;ne Co.,.". I21st and Mary iivects. ......;oodmav, I foga't & W oods, 15th a11d N v'Illc sls., Specialty l tll1fa07t'g C(o., Frazier strctt, I...l lhghl " [:ill ine C,o.,. ( 4ralt a)nd Bll )11 et ts,, 1...... nl.Monihturing Co., 84 Irwin sireet, ......'ittsbliurghi Sale & 11ock CO. 9 Madlisonl a\Venle,. ...... And1rson, Porter & Boyd. ('o,r. Srtnh & River:Iv. 4th1 Ward 1 Malhine i llTIS. (:rlin,i.....liok & Sandl ky st. Works. Anchor,. Cav('tt & Mc(Knight... 44 Peti:tvemic, l...... Vclte & MI)Dolnald,.:2)206 1P,n a-vnie.. lin...... &'am il. Ltd.,. 8 Th1ird avenm, I. ...... M arslm ll lros......,. D)ianlliolld street. Style of Duquesne.. DuqlieslSl lS'''i:ilt. v Wire liope, ifauling Machi nl 1. Colal Mines, alnd Light lmoiv. +Specialty. lling Mill and B h1si Furnnee, Brick fa; hitiery. S,e.ialty, P il,, D rivcr,;, (I iy a n d 2 1 (',' a TP M 11 I h OJ'a v v F 11.i "i, Wh\Vo By. 1854 lolwrt Lo,e....... I >41. l1n>s l,es....... 87 1 I' It.. Sale It. M8,. 1. lu,1hn,........ 1817 H..:(7 & Co,,... 1'6 1VI( alllial & Milholkwl 1 6) Andrews A +rm:str,n,. 1857 VIm. tit..,. 1 V7 V.,. io+,,l..... l883. )ci:tlty? ct'.'."'Co. I'S'S6 A1ctli.[ vny`irfacililw'o. 1"7; 1I. I'. t aukin.... S,7 1 Pilt~-,I,lr'/h Sa`e Co.,.. \,u'vdes.?I xxvt.[,k ) P<u-}!L ter.....! 1 ~~77 (':ivott. I'Wt'm & 1.. l W il. \N,,It(..,..... B:61Oet. & en ( 1;Imim. i ss" ll:,iv A" t;zzamn.. ll>.l,)', M ar-h:tll,.. 11. ) L "" I S.... 0.01; u I" IIIii(Il'V, '(1111 V'. i Itu rv. i... S. y... S... S.... S... ] 'h r. - + _ 12,0 3,;);1 No I"olndrY , + C,4 These forty-fotur furnaces and nmchiniii shops have a cupalo cap,acity of 139,600 tolns of metal. They employ an avetra'e- of,,,,) hands, whose w:ges will amount to about 52,175.000 a year. They usei an average of 125,000 tons of pig iron a year, and the value of their pro,irc'it, as near as could be obtained, in ro l nd:. - l,ers, approximates 6,0((00,000) to';,-((00,000. The value of the capital investcd in tihe plants by buildings, grou:ild an:t machinerv was stated at r,s,,o0.'Ilse figures can only be received as approximate, because of the hesitancy on the part of some interested in this indulstry in givinll full information. They are, however, believed to be nearly c(trrect and lililer the actual figures. An importantt manufiacti,ry, which shotil Ie classcd with the foundries as a (omponent pt:art of 1)mth the iron and brass imindry business of'ittslmurgh, lIt dlistinct in itse,lf. as consuming its own castings, in thie.production of Builders' Hardware. These works are known:as the Nimick & Brittan Manaufacturing Cotnpane, and manufacture a full line of buillers' hardware, comprisinlg dor locks, knolbs, latches, hinges, sash locks, bell-pulls, pndloeks, etc. The proprietors of these works have given especial attention tio ine work in genuine bronze goods, being leaders in the direction of higlher ant more artistic imetal productions, in which Pittsburgh is progressing, as N\ell as in all other things, and have added to the reputation of the city as a locality for artistic metal manufactutires, as well as the old standard heavy iron products. The original concern (of which the present one is the last outgrowth) was established by Jones, Wallingf,rd & C'o., in 1855, and was known as the Variety Works, and in 18(63 the firni was merged into the incorporated compalny of Jones & Nimick Manufacturing Company. In 1872 the companiy was changed to the .Jacobus & Nimick M[anufacturing ( ompany, and the present company was inco,rporated in November, 1882. The ofticers of the company are: Alex. Nimick, President; Arthur Birittan, Manager and Treasurer, an(l (;lenfly. ( rahamn, Secretary. Mr. Nimick is well and favorably known in Pittsb,urgh. Ile was president of two of the old companies, and at present is identified with many other manufacturing interests. Mr. l,rittan was connected with hlie old tmicern, arid has been in the hardware trade for over thirty years. His acquaintance in that branch of ibusiness extends all over the United States. Mr. ( raham was also connected with the old concern, and has been in the hardware nmaI facturing trade for fifteen years. Thlie company is a stock company, the stockholders being among the wealthiest nimen of the city. All the goods made by this c),mjl,a-:y are guaranteed perflect in construction and finish. The comlpany's siuperintendent, MIr. Philip Mathes, is one of the finest mechanics in the country, and an inventor of many locks and knobs made by the company. When the company was changed ii 172 to to the Jacobus & Nimick Manufaetiring Comnpany, they purchalsed the good will stock and patterns of the old Novelty works, i Moorhead, Adams & ('t,..),iri-inally establisheid in 18-3 iby L. N1. PITT )! UI" (;f1%'S PR'OGR EST, ].VD)'STRIES AND RESO)URCES. Livingston, thuis vir-tually becoming in one respect one of the oldest manufacturing estahlishmnents in the c(itv. \\'Ven the present firm was incorporated they increased the facilities of the works, the former companies having made common lo(eks and novelty goods only, and inow not only make full lines of builders' hardwiare from their ownt desigdes, but sfrogi special lesigns flurnished vY arch]itects. Nearl V all of the public and private buildings erected in Pittsburgh during the past five years have iheen made by- this firm, and their name exteinds all over the United States, Canada,.\usttralia. Mexico and South Amnerica. The area of the foundry g'rounds is about seven acrles, and tihey empllo 3)00 hands whose wages will average 890,000 a year. The capacity of tie works is from 60,w00) to 70,000 locks and knobs a year, witllhot including bronze goods and other builders' hardware. The works .onsume anmong other material, 40) tons of copper a year, 40 tons iron wire, and from 1,200 to 1,5i ) tons pig iron, and use from 70(0,000 to 800,000 mineral knobs annually. Tvhey make tlheir own screws, which are the only screws of the kind made in iittsburghi. The assessed value cof' the plant, buildings, grounds and mac(hinery is $140,000 and the value of the products 8250,000. Ainother important establishment that properly comes under the classification of thelt machine works of l'ittsburghii is the Westinghouse Air Brake Manufactory. It is of no small interest that Pittsburgh is the birthplace of this extremely iml,ortant invention, as well as the seat of its iIanufacture. The Commnittee on Sicience and'rt of the Franklini Institute, in concluding an exhaustive relport on thle \\Westighllouse Air lrake, says: "That b)y (tontriving and introducing this:ipparatius Mr. W\estingholuse has become a great public benefactor, and deterves the gratitutde of the travelinIg public at least." At no time imore than when sleeding a,long at the rate of fromt thirt y-live to fortyv miles ni hour. does the traveler feel the value of an invention, that, either by the \will of tlhe engineer or acting autoitatically, brings the train to a stop in.(ftee(t sec,ids, without shock ol' action to disturb the inmates of the:ars. Broken bridges, wild traiis, accidental obstructions or imaliciou:s impediments, lost their terrors when tile persevering eflorts of the inventor and his friends succeeded in securing the adoption of this invention, so wonderful in its ef.c.ts. In a series of expleriiments conducted by the committee above quoted, a train runnning thirty miles an liour uip grade was brought to a stop inll sixteen seonds I)Yv he en-ginteer. In a second experiment, the brake I,cing applied from the interior of til(e car, a train running between thirty and thirty-hive Iniles an hitur came to, a full stop in fifteen seconds. In a third exlperiment, the train running thirty miles an ho,ur, down grade of tw(nit--six feet per mile, tile four rear cars were detached, and tilhe brake acting autom:aticallv the cars came to a full stop in eleven seconds. In anothier experiment, the engine alone being severed from the train, the slpeed being forty miles anl hour, down a grade of twenlty-eight feet to tile mile, the train came to a rest in ten and a half seconds. The first experiment quoted showed that a train moving at a speed of thirty miles an Ihur rimay be stopped at a distance of less than 550 feet in a quarter minute's 65 PITTSBURGH'S PROGRESS. time. The second showed that a train, by simply pulling a cord in any part of it, may be stopped, when going at the rate of thirty-two miles an hour down grade, in 552 feet in a quarter minute's time; and the third and fouroth, that if the ears became detached the brakes apply automatically with equal efict. A train running thirty-five miles an hour will pass of 4,080 feet in a minute, or ablout the length of an ordinary car in a second. Two trains approaching each other at that speed, coming into collision, would require only half a second to telescope. The importance of this invention is thus easily seen from the certainty and celerity with which the application of the Westinghcouse Brake brings a car or a train to a full rest in a quar er of a second or less. The W\estinghouse Air Brake is now in use on about 25.000 engines and 125,000 cars in all parts of the world, no railway of any importance in the United Staces attempting. to run trains without it. By its use. as above shown, the engineer caxin brin- his train to a stop in the shortest possible time. It can 1,e applied from any part of the train by any emplove if necessary, and it applies itself automatically if the train ireaks in two or any accident occurs lo the brake iapparatus. The application of the lrake to freight cars is I;ecoming very general, some 4-5,000 of these having alrea lv bcen equipped, and the advantages being as great as in passenger service. The company's works in Allegheny elmplo aboullt i500 men. Although, technically, engine and mnachine works,.vet the Locomotive Works of Pittsburgh are a distinct and prominent division of the manufactuiAs of Pittsburgh. Of these there are three. THIE: Pir.-nHGII 1.().CLo OTIT:VE AND (CAl WORKs, a joint stock company, chartered under the laws of Pennsylvania for the building of locomotives, passenger and freight cars, was the pioneer in this business. The company was organized in 1865. The works are located in the Sixth ward, Allegheny City. The ground was broken for this manufactory within the limits of that citv on August 1st, 18(~5, the shops were ready for occupation in the autumn of 1866, and the first locomotive was turned out in the spring of 1867. Since that date the works have been in almost continuous operation, having turned out nearly 1,000 locomotives and a large number of stationary engines; and although the buildings were liberally planned and furnished with machinery fhr exceeding any anticipated need, so much has the business increased that frequent additions of machinery and buildings have been imperative. At this time the structures required in conducting the operations necessary for the production of a complete locomotive cover nearly two and one-half acres in area. They are all of brick, built in the most substantial manner, and embrace the following: Machine shop, 290x 120; engine room, 50x25; smith shop, 250x70; paint shop, 70x55; carpenter and pattern shop, 115x70; iron foundry, 240x;-:5; flask shop, 35x23; cupalo house, 23x22; brass foundry, 60x50; boiler shop, 250x70; pattern store room, 125x70, and other smaller buildings. The grounds have a frontage of 415 feet on Beaver avenue, running back to the Ohio river about 800 feet. Switches of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Itailroad, with tracks running into the enclosure, give easy 66 INL\D'NTIIES AND RESOURC T' E. 67 v,onnection with all railroads centering in Pittsburgh, greatly facilitating, as mentioned in the cll:pter on their manufacturing advantages, the receipts of supplies and shipment of their manufactured products. These latter are alhnist exclusi\vely locomotives, tile comnpany never having embarked in the nmniitaecture of cars. The locomotives c(:,s.tructed are of every class of broad and narrow gal;e,. froln five to sixty-five tons weight, and adapted to all kinds of service. They are 1used in everv section of the United States, and have achieved a high repultation. The aniul capacilty of' the works is about 150 locomlotives of tile class usually 41mlployed oin full gauge railroads, to produce whiich requires the Ilalor of somne 0:! worlo:lell, mi1lYV skilled, aind a vast arrav of machinery. The projectors of tIis esta:lishnment aire rca:ing a fair reward fr their enterprise in iniaugullrativg it, anzl the aggregation of this body of mechhanics has had a large influenceo tht vlmvowtll and p,roperit.y -,f the in iedi;te c calitvy. T'he Locmoiltive works of 11. K. Pii'rkt & ('o. is tile next in ace. Situateld in tile 17th ward on the liine of Ilhe Allegheny Vallehy,ailro:il, they occii\py llt "lle and osne-halmf acres betwecn 4thli and 50 th streets. These works are the only ines in this conitry. and so far as is known ill tlhe world, anumfict tires light loco mIotives,'.r./,,,I. lThe business was beguni by Sinllith IA Porte r in 186 in a three-stor'y woodenl building oil tnIe SooItli Side, and tIle first locomotive was run across the old Smilitillield Street bridge 1iv its owni steam, and thence over cobble -tones to the railroadl fli'eirlt station for silmnt. Thlie old shop was burned in 1871, and larger and more complete sholps were built by Porter, Eell & Co.. at the present location. Thle first locomotive was shipped before the new shop was roof'ed in. In 1878 the firm of II. K.'Po,rter & Co. succeeded to tlie hlisines, and thic hlops have been enlarged several time sicle. These light locomotives are illustrative of tilhe reach of' litst)lirlh's manufln't uring repultation. They are used in nearly all of the States and Territoritries in iith I nited States; in varions parts of ('anada and in C'uba, San Dominhgo,'orto Rlico,. the I nited States of (Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, AMexico, Aruba and Japan. Ini every quarter they are doing work and to the credit of Pitttsbiirgh. They lul I oranges in Florida. phosphates in South ('arolina, 150 foot logs on the Pacific coast, tourists at Saratoga, the White Mlountains and tile Rangeley Lakes; street cars in New ( )rleans, lumber in Texas, Michigan and the Southern Atlantic coasts; vopper and silver in Arizona and Chihiuahua, lead in Utah, and steel, iron coal and coke in Pennsylvania. Some of these baby locomotives, built to run inside of( coal mines, are so smiall that an ordinary sized mani can ride them straddle ftashion or stand oni the track and look down the smoke stack. The sizes built vary friom three tons' weight with cylinders five inches bore and ten inches stroke, to thirty tons' weight with fourteen by twenty-four cylinders. They run on tracks front twenty inches to six feet gauge, but the more usual gauges are thirty-six and fifty six and one-half inches. The smaller sizes go around curves of twenty and even seventeen feet radius. ( rades of six to nine feet per hundred are common, and some grades are climbed as steep as ten and eleven to the hundred. 11. K. Porter & Co.'s contractors' locomotives helped construct the Iloosac Tunnel, the Northern " ~- T " c 5 ii Q, ';'' Y i a, c; - L i-;I 1 & k J. CB".(;r- _:_CB_;Y=r:CT:ii-i 1601 o '3 C-i = r,." I ~ C ii, ="ir 3 =;5~ r: ts: " =. i. L~-= C.= r 4L = I.: " = -.; " s = = = Z = = 3 ~J1^ - =, iTj " i:E 3 ii '1; - "L - i+ s = r: .= = c3 c=r; -5 3 c, " = 1C = J, 5.= ~--.'3 L~; tt_ T;I: ; o I c;,, 3 ~~ " = ="-'.; " f " -c ~i r' E re =.; "4 " "~ ~- ",'' -, c = " ;,;, =;;'~ C'~ .- - 5'" - - r c -" 1, = _I_ ~= = _ f: F % r:'3 i = T = ~= ~ 5:;L c,': i. = = I 3 " = "' p,;'r, " = t:C r " 1,C.r: % "; 4= -- rr, = ~; ~e -I- < E' 13=w rSI j -= L( i: c- c 4; 1 ~~ = -- i: ~, c~ 3 T i= i) O cl (tr cc " a 4 = - = -~ '1 - = %;;: t = ; = = ~" "; z'":I~ -~ =, =..1. "- - = C r:~~ =.", "--.-7 1 3 "- 2 z .r ~ 1 Y r-- =: =; C ~ L~ '".= ==' .i I (d T" -; "; = c -r -;. r $. `I: -.= i,, = 5: i i I = /I;7 =; = i "3-' - ii r4 2 - tL ""=:: e) r= r=?c. z 0-; ~; i" ~1 7 - C, Z i: --''L . r: = C j = ~ C' " = 7 C a O r ~= - n c, 3 c -= - E: 6iqi S O 3 " M -i.'" -+":".E I~''i:e u, 2 r = a 1= " -I, ~' r ~=, z,~';" i Y"~-: -, 1. = c -= ~", -c: -= 3 -r ~ C:' " j-s- "; -= Ii C: " i,g " LI " ---i ~ = = _ = " c= 5'=': % ~; - - = -,; -=; "j L =,; % = f 3'= C = L) t, =2 = = __ _== = =.IL t,.= -3 - j ~t~l .,, % = C r Cpr L. = i. e 4 1L 3 ii ~'' = i 3 % ^I Ic - " ~,,, s - r. _ LL i c 5 ~,;; r: r h tr: r. i- lo tL -'I ~L c,'?i r' 5 - r.: ~3 rr Y ~~ ~- L ~3 Il 5 $ j -lj iC j r: % _L r, tr.~= --~-~ "- " 5 I I, - ~ Work,' of The Westinghouse Machine Co. Liberty Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street. Manufacturing View, 21st, 22nd and Jane Sts. Window Glass and Bottle Factories of D. O. Cunningham & Co. LVD STi'RIES AND RESO URCIS. parts are assembled into engines. Thence they pass into the testing shop, where each engine is tested under a full load for ten hours. After the test they are lthoroughily insp ecteLd, and a cert1ficate is attached to each engine, piving the details of the test, as, for instance, the steam pressure, load, dKration, speed, horse1"mver developed, and the name of the expert who condunted the same. This certicicate acomplanies the em-rine, for future reference. The enigines then pass to the jaketiniq and pIainting depiartment, where they are finished and prelpared for hipmenit. The, then pass to the comnlmny's warehomse, where they are sorted and stored according to size. The theory on whin'h the business is eonducted is that the ftatiry at littsburgh shall at all times be ready to ship immediiately on an agent's telegraphie or other order ahniot any nnnher of any size of the twelve engines manufaictured. The company also carries a large and coinplete stock of all the repair parts necessary to repair any engine that has heret,ofire been sold. Desigined by celebrated experts and oodl steam engineers, great:dlvantages over ordinary steam engines are claimed ifor the \Westinghouse enginec. In the examinations madle by the designers into all those particulars that.z,o to the testing of thlie working of a machine, some of the results as tN the waste f ipower in a common stcamn engine, in speeding uip, in the driving of the bare shafting, &c., before actuil weirk u,ilil be commenceld, were suirniprising. Nearly all th endines tested w'ere wa\iting onei-huf their power or one-half the fuel comsumed-onme establishment iv:!st ing one-half of the fuel and engine power; another wast i ng 73 per cent.; another firm, using a 160 horse power engine, consiomed 55 horse power in this d:ial ( ork of movini lhliftins, piulleys, &k., leaving hut 5 horse pmwer to produce "good], a,r s'al'. The W'estingholulse engine has been desig,nuwd r0,, rrect these and othler manifest evils in conumon slteam engines: 1-I. I suimh hiigh initial speels as to enable the user to hit!t direct from the,a>ine to the ma,hi: without the inte'rvention of any piulleys, angirs, shauti,s.,r'., thus eiwbling the utiliza:ion of tie entire power ,f the ongine on acntal work. The smaller engines have standard speedq of 5D0i revolbhtinms per minute. Thesce standard speer Is,II.crease until they n'iach the 200 horn.e-power engine, wihich runs at 250 revolutiMs ler minute. Twelve huiindred revilutions lper millute have!ein retlcheld wiih these engines. "2nd. 1ly eliniiating tIe dil)ule aetion la'inrciplentiril'. This is aciomnplishel he usi,ng, two, eylind'rs intead of o,ne each of wihi'h takes steam only :1'!he upjwr eol, lIheri,1bv % king the pt-iure coniltiuuois iln ole dir'ecti"nI inst,: t,,f,i n.'.,h.: 1~, illn the unnillon c l-6ine. :iuol. l i a f-tcqi of c Pi aus auinmatii lu'iiKcatiauni whic.h is ti' most thro ligh M!d ethyctive of any in u%e. if a mauhine lubhricates its-lf it is, as a rulv. trust-,vorlithv and attentive. 4thl. le an.:tutunmatic ivernIor xwhiihu awa.vs rumns in oil, thulll inslring lill,-quale I sensitive.iess. There are just two 1Ioints in a revolliuthm a:t which an aut(matic governn,r tn reguulate the steamni supply to the engine. If -n engine makes o10 revolutinus per minute the steiam supply can he regwlated 200) times INDEX. Glass, Window...... "" Factorie,. "T'ale WVare,... "Factories, " " irst,.. "('hiinneys,..... "Factories,. " D)ruggist lFactories, "rvet',....., "Earl Factories,.. "at Pittsburghl, 1797,. "1s807,. "1S37, " 185,. "and.atios Population, "Steady Progress Trade, "M ade with (Coal,.. "4 s,.(. "Ileauty of Pittslburgh, "( olored,.... "'clorate,. "Stained,..... "Mould Makers,... "Melting lots, " I )ealers.... Grocery Trade....... Salvanizers,..a.... a hlvanized Conductors,.. (I,h e,...... ,rain I )celAer's,.... I lardware, WVrought,... "D )ealrs,. I... "Trade,...'... Hats, &c...... I osiVery Manufacturing,..I lHarness A[anufactmuring,.. Ilay D ealers,...... Illuminating Oil, Experiments, 101 i rn, Finrt Mentioned, Pittsburgh S 110 " olling Mills, Table of,.. 10)7 " (;mmission lHouses,..... 110 1" irokers and Importers,.. 107 " Bridge iBuilding,.... S. 11 " Pipe, Wrolghlt..... 112 " ('hain Manufttacturers, 113 " Boats,........ S. 11:3 " oundries,...... I. l 7 " A rtistic,...... 102 Architectural,..... .102'" Agricultural,.. .. 103 " l'ols,........ S. 103 " (;,tods, En:am led,.... S. 103 " Tanks and oiltrs,~.... 103 " lls, A. ( arrison & (Co.,. .. 105 " Furnace Building,.... . 105 " S rap,........ 10, 109 Injectors,......... ~. 109 Insurance Co. Statistics,. .112 S. 114 Jatan W are........ S. 115,ewelry l)ealers,...... I i Keyst one Bridge Co,..... . (;s 9 209 Locations for IBuilling,.... S. 158 " Salubrity,.... I. 1 1 Iocomotive Works,..... S. 161 Lead Manufacturers..... S. 165 " \VW hite,........ . 235 Pig,............. "'corroders,..... 7 - 8' Pipe and Shot, " 207 L,eat her Belting,...... Leathcr and lHides,..... 0 I ightning Rods,...... I umlher Trade,...... ".. " Early Statistics,.... I lealers,...... 43 50 56 at 71 77 77 141. 60 78 79 92 93 78 74 91 70 212 166 231 155 20S 71 24 24 66 147 147 147 148 151 158 161 213 163 196 196 197 Iron Works and Tralde, PLittsbur-ih, 41 Litqor D(.:lh,rs,....... 218 " lProduct, 57, 7,'ittsbulrgh,.42 3o ullineiTtical osiion of littshl'h, 19 " Win. Metcalf's ( )pinin,.. 42 Manuitacturin. Advantages,. 20 " Early History, Pittsburgh,. 43 Magnetic Trade Centre,.... 36 V 1'"TINI? U(lJ;l', I,:;1J15S,Y per ininoe. A., these en!ines make fr,m 2.-() to,.(5) -revolutions per 1minute the steamni supply is regulated frotm -)il) to 1,t(0 tiues per minute. The present cap('ity of the estahlishmnent is a,lmit lAur tinished engines pel working day, 100 per month, or 1,200 per annum. The compniany's present salcK run forty engines per month, owing to the depressed state of business. The aver age size fronm the sales of 1885 is 50 horse-poower. The nu.nber of engines sold and in dai ly use up to February 15ilth, 1 8, is 1,446, aggregating, 45,5;;S horse power. Of these 1.1)00) are sales to purchasers of single engius, and thie balantve represents repeated orders for duplicxtions of those eng-ines by reaso, of satisfactory results in their use. The comnipany enphloys at present 200 actual workingmnien the wages per annuin amount to about 121.00)0.00; the works cover an acre of ground on Liberty and Iennm avenues and Twentv-fourth and Twenty-fifth streets,. the cost of the plant being $,350(,000.00. The sales of this coimpany are not inade direct to thie actual uiser, but throug-h general agencies, of which there are in the I'nited States sixteen in as many different States; also one ea'ch in Ilolland, France, England, Australia and Souith A merica. As mientioned el're, the growth of the industries of Pittsburghl has caused that natural segreg into especial industrial works that occurs in mniercantile branehes in the progress of a town to the position of conmmnercial center. [-ndet that natural evolution the iron working, or, lperhaps, in better definement, the m;'nipulation of manufactured iron into advanced ftrms, has (reated firms who., while workers of iron, follow only especial branches. It is, therefore, peculiarly noteworthy that, in just the reverse of that, an establishment should have grown in thie past ten ears where concentration of various distinct branches have takeai place and'created an entire new and distinct business, which ill Blast Furnace and Steel Works Construction cncentrates within its details specialties of several other classes of blu.siness. The increase of the iron andol steel industries of the country has naturally cre:ated this class of business, which it was eqtually natural should find developmient i Pittsburgh. The construction of blast tfrnaces and iron utdl steel plants, while in former years the result of less scientific study than now. has at the present day called a class of mechanical engineers into a e(mnstructin business at l'ittsburgh whose character is best descrihed Iv the heading (of this par:grTa;h.. F"or the miechanics of Pittsburgh to build thle (entaines, to mIake the rolls, to forge tlie eamns or g'irders, or do any or all of the separate details of' an ironl plant has been for years amonog their avoncations, but it rentained for the later yea rs of the developlmuent of the c'itly to grow es.,talishniments which would produce a ]last furn or01' steel plant CoIplelf, in all its mn:gnitlude and all d'tail" a:s readily as in ftminer years any one essential to its ('onstruction. \While, as bIefoire observed. there have bleen, as there are now, establishments in Pittsbturgh whlio - facilities for the production of the various m'achinervY or for'cd naiterials of f'rnaces and iron and steetu planits nave of gr'eat ningitud,. yet thetre is t (one wh'ho(se distinct INI D N''T, IE~..11I) Ij".'O I RP.( Ecl.o and special business is the manufiacture, if the term may be used, of blast furnaces and iron and steel plants (is ia whole, to their most minute details, and deliver them over to thile owners in running order, with as 1(uch comparative ease as though it it were a titted illup cook-stoe. This branch of business was establishe dby J.J AMEs P. W\rutr: owN in Pittsburgh in 1876, he making, at that time, a specialty of Whitwell's fire-brick hot blast stoves. From that beginning the business has adtvaiced until he now assumes the construction of entire iron and steel plants to the smallest detail of such industrial works. In the last six years this firm has erected 30 blast furnacees, of which S were at l1irmninghaim, Alabama, and vicinity, 2 of the largest and latest style at Dl)aton, Tennessee, 2 in thie Hlanging ock region, 3 in I locking Valley, 3 at Troy, New York, 2 in the Lake Superior region, 2 in Virginia, 9 in the Lebanon Valley, Pa., also S ('lapp-(Griftith steel plants-being a net business of $1,000,000 a year. The business offices of' this firm are in the Lewis block, Smithfield street, Pittsburgh, where all the plans and details of drafting are perfected, the contracts made and the business of the establishment transacted. The machine and boiler shops of the firm are at New ('astle, P'enna., where they are now erecting a new boiler shop equipped with the most modern hydraulic,,!.;Alinery for the special manufacture of I leine's safety water tube boilers. Thi aU,,p will occupy 80x100 feet and emplohy- 100 hands. The machine shops employs about 275 hands, being some 400 hands in all their shops, whose wages will amount to 8350,000 a year. There are in addition from 200 to 300 hands, whose wages will amount to $250),000), employed in the erection of those furnaces and other industrial planits for the manlitacture of steel and iron, which the firm constructs from time to time. As will be no,ticed from the brief enumeration of some of the more important works built by this firm it is not at Pittsburgh alone this nmassive sort of business is hanclled be it, but in aniv section of tille cl,untry, and there cou,ld be no more striking instance given of the mechlianic:'al progoress of lPittsburgh than this account of a Pittsbiirgh firm, whose business miight e littingly described as that of a wholesale dealer in blast furna'aces, iron and steel pilants. Ile it a complete blast furnac'e or a steel mill, an iron ship, or a 20,000-pound calunnon, notlhing to) e constructed of iron draws too heavily upon the resources of lPittshurghl, or )presents obstacles to her skilful mechanics, nor is there any iron work of however so great magnitude whose constriction they do not engage in. That, therefore, companies should have been firmed in P'ittsbturgh ftor Iron Bridge Building is not to be womndered at, nor tlie miagnitulde of the structures they build. There are in tile citv foir comilpaniies an1d tirlls engaged in this indiustry. The Olde-t and chief of tlihse iron bridge construt.tionists is the Keystone Bridge Company, which was established in If;o1 Iv Sheftier & Piper,,iut was orianized as a company in 1,65. The magnitude of' their business and consequent tfacilities 71 IPITTST TR7GIf',S' PtOGREJ'S" of their works is best expressed by the fiact that they have constructed liftyone imiles of bridges, and thirty miles in the last ten years. Those who have cr'osl-ed the bridge at St. ILouis over the Mississipii or the one at IIavre de (;rasse acro:ss the Srusquichanna, built entirely of ]lessemer steel, have sonme idea of tile nimas:ive work done by this company, by whom those bridges were bluilt. The St. Louis Bridge is claimed to be the largest steel arch bridge in the world, having two spans that are of 515 feet each, and one that is of 52i, and it is the lmot exl'ewsive brid_e in the United States. The bridge across the Susiquehanna, 6.0)00 feet long, is claimeOl to be the best bridge in the United States, being Wbiilt of Be-senmer steel, 2 of the spans being of 520 feet each. Bessemer steel, which has been lrouglht i, PittsA ugrgh nmrnufactnrers to its lpresent superior quality, is :tssertedi to bie the best nietalic material for bridge construction. It is more uniform ill its constttitution, and has 20) per cent. more tensile strength than iron. Another one of the largest steel bridges in tile United States, also constrncted by the Keystone Bridge Coirpany, is that arl,ss the Ohio, at Henderson, Kentucky, having one span of.)20( feet and six spians of 230 feet and an entire length of 3,500) teei. The large donuble dcck bridge across the Missouri liver, at Plattsniouth, :;,00 feet loig, is also the work of this company. Also the pivot bridge at KeA,kuck, ali the Kridge over the C(nnectit at at Middletown, likewise the Newpllt and ( ovingti,n bridge. Not nl has this itts!,urigh engineering ability,. and .;laittil and neclhanical -,kill thrown road.s of steel across the rivers of the I-nited -::tes, bilt thily have also arche,d those of foreign countries. The Keystone lBridge (I mpany ittving in the past year e,qnstructed ten iron bridges f,r the governmeint;f Brazil. 'The'.1om1np11y: emknlI).ys nl average of;600 hands at their works at 51st and i lar:ison streets. wth,icih htave all area of between 6 and 7 acres, and an annnal (c:atcity of i,,.)Oi( tonls!inished work. The wages dishiursed by them will average firm 8il,0S 0 t,i -W40,00) a year, and the value of the out-plut of the works in tie past ten years has been over 20,04.00,000. (wi, to the nature of the work, whilh in the hegin'ingi an111!nishingr of the bridge extends into a year or twvo,l an aggregalton If the resi:lts of" a period. are necessiary. to give an idea of an a eragce yearl prolr 1 t i n. Tll: ItI'TrmltlR! llIs.: ('Ot 3.N v is the second of these imniortmant industrivs of'ittAll igh. Thllir works, whichl have:in area,of one acre, hr:ve a'apacity of 0 teo 3,Ions at rVC. and rmploy 1St.5 hatntds whise vages will averatre.;0.Iyto annually.'This ,r,ne \;:nse, cnstr;liditei,ine imPOrtani w,rk. One viadutz t otridge rf 1.200 tvie. a s~ispe (de cen: ver, J.bride over t zorta evenue. t. Lstieet and.. me bridlt,r)r the New York. New I faven and I RartfrO Hilroad, and are hu'aiehinW w,rk f,r the new Conirt I[:e of Aib.ghcny C(',nty. now building in Pittsburgh. The value of their out-put in the Inast ten y,nars is about 5=3.1.000. There are two other bridge building establishments. One, the Iron Cit-" ;ridge Works, established in 18.56 by C. J. Schulz; the other, the Sheiler Briige Company, J. W. Walker, at Forty-seventh street and A. V. E. R. But INDUSTTRIES AND) PIESO URC(ES. as from these latter two no information could be obtained, the presentation of the iron bridge huitling inidustrv of Pittsburglh is necessarily incomplete. The facts given. however, show that Pittsburgh iron and steel bridge builders are prepared and able to bridge the rivers of the world, and from the reputation of the work they have done, build better and cheaper bridges than any others. A mention of the Manufacture of Bolts and Nuts naturally is suggested by the co-lltru(ction of iron bridges. As the manufaieture of these articles by machinerv iriginated at Pittsburgh, a brief history of the establishiment of this industry will be in place. In 1845 or 18-(6 William Kenyon, of Steubenville, ()liio, invented a machine for cutting and pressing a nut at one operation. Some period after the time mentioned as the ldate of 11envon's invention, Isaac II. Steer constructed dies for a similar purpose. In the sprinig of 1850 the first machine for that purpose was built by Henry Carter and James RIees. IIenry ('arter then llrchased the right of Isaac H. Steer, and obtained letters patent, both in the invezntion of Steer and of (Carter & Iees. In April, 185;, Jlames Plees disposed of hisi; intere-t in the manuifactlure to Henry Carter, v-ho:at the same time formed a co-partnership with ( harles Knap, then of the Fort P'it IFoundrv. (),n the 1:!t of Jani:tmar., 1857. they ass.,ciated with tlheml. Jloha W. iOltler, the style of firm being K1natp, C arter Co., fromN which firm the Standard- Nitt'CompanYl prc1eeds. There are sevetin estal(!ishmentts ill thle city, viz.: Firn. Fstal'd. I. thfi:o. Standard Nlt C ompalnY. 1850 ('tartel & RLees..... ollth 11h. Oliver liros. & l'Phillips. 1~;:, Lewis, ()liver & Phillips. 1 NVater. P ittsburghl Manl Ic,... 1T 1 Pittsh~rgh Manf i',. 2. 8th street. Wmi. (hlar'les &'o...... 1 75 harles & liurtr.v.. 1Gth street. C'has. I. H lead... 187 1F. M. IIaslett & ran. ai& hilset. (eCo. i. Mc)l1rtr.......88 (eo. (i. Memrtrv..v. 22d & 1ai!:road. Marindl.`eel'. Co.. Ltd. 1S t,:2 [a\ a nd el Neely....;.~...: d r;r'et. Tithes' 111m inld'act.Ire 1il de,c,riptiol,s of t,',Its a,1, u 1d:11,16. v'unwi.-- full, '11(ll, i h:,:ds, \h,,e \a,,s am,unt t::,m e;li:',ve'.:;,'o:). The.,ks li,l' y over ifolll:l('lw..s of,roUlld, ld lhe l:lile, the il,i:alli; in b'ilii;L.&'s, 11:1chlinrl: n. d:o roud,- i estinm tcd to be fr,l -n 40.i l c to l,0.0~t0. (1ne,'i these tirls, tlVi-ri Ii ros..' Phillipl. however. enldoy a large I propoIrtion o1 tII eir ha-ds in the 1111, l.wtnure of heavv lanhd\vlre. The others produec bolts and lrlts exclusively, except the PI;-'jIUtAG!1 AIANU i" T'iIiINI; ('lwt N il. who mtnufia'tire blIsides bolts a variety of specialties of iron,,and make a s (Icfialty It maiinlg nail and sl;ike, machlines. 74'PITTSB IU (;II' IPROGRIIES,', \ large aimo,nt of machinery is in use in these works, (:HARi,ES B. II1EA employing twenty-five bolt heading an,l nut machines with a capacity of 15,000,000 bolts a vear' of fromn three-fourths to 1., in diameter and from one-half to 25 inches long, nmaking a specialty of roof and bridge bolts and small forging. The ','rs,ND.ArD use 15 nut, 8: bolt, 6 washer and 12 tapping machines and have a capacity of 200 kegs a day. ()Livie.i lHwos. & Pmum.i,S use 100 bolt, 20 nut, 2puinching and loS miscellaneous machines. William Charles & Co. run 10 nut mtachines and (ieorge (. McAMurtryv nut meachines. The produice of this division of business as near as could be ascertained is from Sd1,250.00)( to $1,500,000. AS every one knows what bolts and iron nuts are there is nothing peculiar to mention. They hold together the parts of maclhinery, as well as many of the produicts of ma(:hinery, they clinch the plates of hoilers, they hold the iron work of bridges over which the locomotive with its train speeds, they fasten the frame of iron vessels mind their shell, they tighten the braces oft' architectural work, and render secure the wagon, the carriage and all vehicles, and, wherever constructive work is being done, these usefuil pro(duc(ts of Pittsburgh are playing their part in t he world's progress. Chilled and Sand Rolls. Although there are other establishments at Pittsburgh that combine tile manufaicttre of rolls with other foundrv work there is Ibut one in the city, and the only one in the country, who make:I business of casting chilled and sand rolls to the exclusion (f all other tbfoundry work.'I'his is the PHOENIX ROLL WORRKS. SEA.MEN.Z, SILE;:TH i iLACK, lpririetors, at F'ortyv-s'econd( street and Allegheny Valley Railroad. These work,s were established in 186i1 byv Bollman & Co. as a general foundry, but, tafter several clihanges of firm, hlas becolne a special roll i" tImndtr'v as stated. Thle firm make a smci-lIeel roll, fir whii(Ih g,reat density. losenless of -rain iodl strenglth is chtimed. They make r'ollis tor all I)ll-poses for which r(lls are tlsed, for rolling steel, (copper, irm I ahra-. uim, etc'. The heaviest roll so far matde by this firnt was seventeein tos weihit'. Their plroduct in the past year ihas Iwell aboult 3,000 tollS ant1d Ilhe Im,sine.ss is steadily inc('reasillng. Their foundry his thiree furnaces and one cllalho Awith Ia melting c'apacity of forty-five tons a Liay. The area ocvcupicld by the works is about two acres, and they employ from tifty to sixty hand,s and di:tril,ute waces to a al average of 830,000 to S35,00( a year. Tank and Boiler Manufacturers. lThere are 14 lirtms (engaged in this Iusiness. lirm. i ih.(.. -10 a lib hed.i By. \V. )otu.lass & Son... 41 Carso(l... s8 Witherow D)oughl,ss. N1. Munroe' S,o... 22,1 street..... 18:)5.ames Fitch. ' a:rroll &C..... 3d av.:ilt L.ilcIrtv 1842 Nl. Stackhouse 1 liines Lippan.l..... 20th iand l'Pike... lS2 B.'. Agnew. IND U sI'WIES AND RES, OUIRCE. ]irin. .las. Rees & Son.... .Ias. (McNeil & Bro... lteiter & (onle.... S. 1. Eheami & Co... Anderson,'Porter & l'c,Yd. lZees & Thorni....... l)ougherty & Morrison. Velte & McDI)onald... 'llhos. Carlin....... Win. MlnThlester & Son. ( ff ce. Established. * 209 Penn.... 1852 S 20th street... 1865 . 55 Water....1861 1 43..... 1865. SRliver and I)arah. 1869 I)llcl"ezne wnV.. Dl)uquesne way. 3206 Penn. I aeock & Sand'sky 2Sth street. 1866 1872 1876 1881 1872 By. Wmn. Barnhill. .Jas. McNeil & Bro. Jamnes Reiter. A. Stetler & Son. f Anderson, Maxwell & ( Porter. McCallister & Co. lBauman, Sunday & Co. Wvm. Velte. Thos. Carlin. "Wm. Manchester. The products of these works are indicated by the class head, and embrace boilers, tanks, bridge works, hulls, oil stills, furnaces and iron works generally. Some of the products of these works is of' a very massive character, especially in the matter of' tanks, holding from 20,000( to 40,000 barrels of oil each, for the great oil producing wells of Western Pennsylvania. Steel as well as iron boilers are made, of which, as near as could be ascertained, from 6.50 to 700 were made in 1885. Much heavy plate iron work is made for bridges also. The works occupy 18 acres of ground, and the value of the plants was given at between $550,000 to i600,000. They emlploy on an average from 750 to 800 hands, and pay wages to the amount of about $400,000, and the value of the out-put is stated at $1,960,000. There are in the cit v the following Steam-Fitting Machinists and Manufacturers of Valves. Ft i Im. Atwood & Mc('afl'rey.. lees, Shook & (o... KellY, Joines & C(o.. U ntion F'oundrv Machine'o. l;est, IFox & Co.. lc(;illis, Smith & (o. Wilson, Snyder & ('o. Mansfield & Co.... ( ffiee. Established. 551 Thiird ave. 18 G5. 46 Water.. 1872. 141 l'irst.. 1873. 112 Water.. 1886. 77 lirst... 1884. ('or.\Water& M'kt. 1884. -2 Water. 1874. 13 Second. 181. Bv. Atwood & Mc'aflfrey. G;rav & Everson. F. Blake & Co. I nion F'nd'v Malchine ( o. Best, Fox & Co. McGinnis, Smith & C'o. Wilson, Snyder & Co. Mansfield & Fitzsimmons. The character of the prodlet of these eight establishments is'shown by the title of its classification. They, are prominent industries of the city and the value of tleir produict is given at 8750,000; in the transaction of which they occupy an artea o: three acres, emplo\y:;:)() hI:nds, p:ty out 810,00()) o,f wa-es, and the cost of the p,lants is about,82l()(ll,000. Every one knows what steam fitting is, and the work of these firms casts no discredit upon that of any of the iron workers of the city,:nd their establislihments have every facility for any contract in their line of business of whatsoever magiitude. The introduction of natural gas has given a new direction to this business in the manufacture of gas fittiings for that fuel, and in this line in a smaller way arme some twenty other estal,lii,hmemnt that are, however, lhardlv to be class'ed as matnufacturers, but whose business woutl add $200,000 to th e total of t Iis branch of Pittsburgh industries, and make the whole appr,,ximatI 81,000,0t O. Saddlery Hardware Manufacturers. The IUnion Mallealhle Tron Works, II. W. Minnemeyer, 187 River avenue. Allegheiy ( itvy, is; the only establishment of tie kind in the city, and manufacture all!ind-; of siaddlery hardware, employing therein 1225 hands, and a works covering 1 I acres of groln, the ldant of which is estimated at 8140,000. The works have one (inldoa, with a ciaplmity of 70)( tols, and four annealing fLtrnaces. The value of tlie anllnlial Ipr-duct is given at l150,I00, and the amount of wages paid at 5%0,000., There are two iirns manlufatcturing Steam Pumps, who emultay SIo lhands, andi manufacture steu:n punlmps, air condensers, exhaust heaters, and siniiiar nutchinery. The value of their prduct is about $150,100) to $175,000( a year. Fire-Proof Safes are riade by only one est:t!,li.-h:lent in the ity, WIt it cccuplies a priomenent place in the nubotthmurint, r'nown of i.ttisrh The safes of the DAu.ts St.F: tNt LoiK ('t' P k., 129 TlOhrl aeNile, iare a st,,dard in fire-J'OOf saes, tand have well earned their hi r teputation throuti h the severe tests throtugh wbich they have letn subjetWoed. This,rmminent,nt in:tmuf.aclting establishment of PittisttirglI lhais been a,i tO er tf- ty years froim its small beginning to its present size. atnld fromli a l,uri ly tocal traol. to what is atltynoat a ltional one, but like iany ether tAf the llmli thl ellrel of ~(itlt Btth, tlh,u,.'hP it ha, igrown slowly it ha.s i,r-m n solidly. It was first estaltishett d bl thk the'i of'tsttiet, Bi-ku'e & Co. in 1S40. whlo werc succeded in 18-10 i tMrke O& Hinmes, alder whh i sthi-pal the manoft,rina of safes andt vault doior was tproecutd fi:- tover a qt1arter of i a ctentli,rv, until 1ol7,t whenl. i tihe dc.lth of Mr. Burke, the firlm wva, d" s, ed, whell Mr. I"'h,:s. Parl.es pulCh:1st,;d the il[eV'st of his de"ca,ld partlller l lid co1 itinued the h,ss. At a later period he:s,wtiated vith h tim his soTl t al v ite the ot!t:a i sit: \Iho LW kDntx.\. in whith fArm:tvle tik ha!;.]l, - 1"eell cudetinl:d. r'he n v ent:halid over:,i_ht of It. T'1;o. ~a).., to ~ x e 11eChanicAl skill and over f,,: yla?',- X rlhev in slfw-hci l h of the r(liaMe vl v:r and wide 1re-kout::i,n 4:f the w,,rk {of this e.tablish n t is 1,~:e. Thiis fir?'ii f,:-y an UvNrIAe of 1 A hKnds in the makinz of sals, and occiipy a floor art a of iWx85 Wet, of thi%c st-ai in GiO& 11w v oosraiie inaterial to) the anuan of OVORM', and pay ill;\-agesl ahout $45,()( a year. The value of the plhmt is statud at 57t)0.,t i0, and the sales- averatge M2tN'OIt it annilty. T'Fhie sa:tfets made y tlii estatlih'lttont are the p't1i:i in loaut'ii' Ih Itish tf any imlade in any other city, and full.v slltai. l the retlilatiolln'f Pitrz:,ui:i ih lor 11-,cil:anical skill, while their proPI1TTSBRGII'S PROGRESS, LDI) SI;TRJES -1NI) RT,ESO iR(',,'. tetive,qualities, proven under many extraordinary accidental tests, has, as said. made them a standard ill iron fire-proof safes. Wrought Iron Pipe and Boiler Flue. The fiacilities at Pittsbhurh for namnufacturing this article are not approachalie at any other point. Thltt covers the subject witlhoit fo'rther words, as a coinsideration of the facts given in thie varic s remarks in this volume as to tlhe iron, steel and fucl resources tof the city demonstrates. Iron tubing from' inch to 16 ini:: es in di*ameter is llt!' at;ll the mills en-agaed in this class of manufactures. and two-thirds of all the iron tlubing imade in the Midde id States is tlie pr'duct of the tite works of Aleiog.lwy county. There are five of this class of mianulfacttories, viz.: Firmu. O)fliec. Esl:.t'd. iB. S:Ing, (1h1,lflant & C(o. 76) Sandulos-,.... 1'41 ~ Spang & (o. .\.. Bvers & Co... 9S W ater..... 18 4*......... (Evans, ('lewes, DalP'einns\lvania Tnbe Wrks. 1(5 Fouirth a\c e.. Is( ( ze & owes Dal"National Thbe Works (o. S9 Water.... 187 Nat. Tube Wrks Co. Continental Tiube Wks, Ld. Second av., 23d ward. 1884 Con. Tube WrksCo. *See rolling mills. The capacity of tLes live ie mills is aboitt 1-50,000 tons, and the area of ground oW,lpiejid i, theml:,pproxinimates fifteen acres, atnd the value of thli plants is estinmated at $'3,,!tille.y119.'l'hcy employ an atvero.ge of 2,(000 lhanls runnini full, which thy are niow d,oing up tto their capacity, and distribute wag-es to the amoiint of ,ti,eten 811,000.00(0 alnl SI.lOl,000. The value of the output of these mills is from -,00!t.0 o to C,~(00,woo o. Thtis tclass of manwif,atl.uires in Piitsburghirl is in ailvance of the quality and mochanism of of ny of their product in iany other part of the world, not excepting Elnglaiind. ()irders lir the products of these works are filled in sharp cI,mnpetition with the bid.s of Euroipean plants, large quanlities bineing lately shil,ped to Rtussia and also C'atadal, at mhich point PittsL-,nrglh makers are not oni- able to pay the duties, but still undcersell fithe English ihoses. A.s, served at the lpocniniyg sentence of this mention of the tube and flue works of littsbirgh, the abiliyv and facilities here to minuf,et re this pro,duct is not aplroached at any point in the world, and that eo0ers the subject without futrther words. Iron Chain Manufacturers. This braInch of n ufieturties is carricd on in Pittsl,urlh by three establishmerits, who emIploy when r1i:ning fUll al zkverage of 100 hatids. The works occupy one 1and a half acres, alnd the plants are valued at $100,000. They hiave a capacity (f somethling over 2,000 tons finishied prodIuct a vear, the value of which is about 1120,(01. 78 PITTNrS'.,',r' IIR' tRESS, Enameled Iron Goods. The Standard Manutficturing (C',mpany, a corporation lchartered in 1S73, is the only establishment making these goods in Pittsburgh. The business was established in 18s59 by.\lbron, Ihartje 11 Wylie, whom this company succeeded. The factory of this corporation occulpy an area of 250x225, and the buildings are four stories. Running full the compa,ny o1mploy 1:5 hands, whose wages will amount to 860,000. Tlhey use 1,200 tons nmetal a year and produce enameled goods, such as hollow ware, plumbers' sanitary goods, etc.. to the value of 200,(Q)j a year. The plant is esti mated to be of a val ue of S150.000. Wrought Hardware Manufactory. The I,Klinne,V M:ufantnEumin.iig,Ml:llny. colwner lidg a'V(lIe and lteb,l.Ia. street, Alleglheny, esta:blished in 1l87I, is the only establisllment ih the cit y that comlles strictly vunder tile clas f 1, indulstrics indicated by tlhe aIbo\e calpt I l. Their sp(itlItY is 1dl kinds of wrought hiinlii(g or any article prodiwcd by1,old Imm h work. The. l torv ctlc.upi:nlt aIra do 10)llx250t eel. three st1'cies1 in 1liht, and gives empldoyment to 125 hiand. whose wages averaiy-:INIlt 41I,NI0 ti vyo,ar. Thtre are te ty presses and drills ui,l I in the work of the tst hbli-httent, and there is tn average of 1,000 tons of iron consumned in the;manutilllfatures of this estlablishment a year. The plant is,t all estimated valuei of,t0,00(, and the prodnct of mainufactures about $125,f000 a yeatr. Artistic Wrought Iron Work. During tile last ten years the chatnge and improvement i tilhe architectural designs of business houses and reidienices in Pittsburgh has been marked, and i:i no detail is this more evident than in the ornamental iron wlork of the l tildings. Heavt and rough, cumbersome rl'nls lhave given pi ce tl gra:llceful ami artistic designs, where while the strength is retained, alltv of Arml is secured. This has called into existence another new industry of l'ittsbuhrgh, in the estalishmnent of a manufactorv of artistic wronght iron work to take the pliace of much of the enumbersome cast iron shape used for so many a years. This factory was established in 1886 1v Citm-:s i,th B. ALtB:tP:, at the corner of (Craig and Killhbuk streets, Allegheny City, and marks another new advance in the iron industries of the city. The factory occupies at present an area of 50x6( feet, and employs 20 hands at present, Lut will necessarily be shortly enlarged. As the estaidlislhment has as yet been less than one year in operation there are no aggregated statistics to give of either consumptions of materiatl or out-put of finished work, although the factory is actively engaged in prodm'ing the work it was established to do, and its emptloyees are also busy preparing some designs for wrought iron work said to be the finest ever made for building ornamentation. It is an auspicious omen of progress in Pittsburgh industries to find work shops being established to transform the heavier forms of iron made in its mills into ornamental forms, instead of shipping it to other sectionsll for such lpurploses. 79 Architectural Iron. 'iThe shalping of' iron for" architectural purposes is a special business of one of tie oldest firms of the city. The firm of W. I. SixIFE & SoNs, 119 First avenue, with whom this industry originated in Pittslrg-h. make it their chief business to shape, prepalLre and frame iron ifr the building of railroad depots, rolling mills, and11I all (lescriptions of bliildingss ised as inufaeto('ries. These works "are vet another illustration of the progress of Pittsburgh industries, having grown from a sniall tin. sheet iron and copper working shop, establishied in 1802 by, efth'ev Sncaife, the grand-fathier of the pro'e nt Ip,oprietors. The works at present!cct'py 23.600 square ftet on the ground floor, extending fromn First to Third avenues: tie chief l1ortions of the t ildin sbeinu three stories ill eight; and tlhe capital in ground, buiihldings and machinery alone is about.250,000. The establishmllent givs emplovllent to an avertlge of 120 han,Is, to wh,om $80,000 of w1,.,Ies are annnally paid. The cosinsuptio of iron, whIich is steadily* oin the increase. has been in previous years 1,80( tons yearly. iThe irm are also niantheturit rt: (if "Seaife's patent dome head-riaig boilers." ( )f hi iese a large amiount are anni!:Illv iimalde, thle constimiption of' iron for whicli is in.lliled in the tons previously Vii'en. This firm also mainff:ctutres the fi;lowiii- specialties known all over the 'ountrv:-Scaife's patent kitchen lrange 1Nilecrs: Sea;ife's patent'eamiless sticant elevator blo'kets, illade withoult seanl or rivet; (a':lweljl's patent slpring shliet convevor fior grain, sandl, cotton-seed, flax-seed andt a great variety of imaterials. Froim the oniuieration of these few specialties of ian industrial works whose chief business gives its manufact rinng title it will be noted, as is elsewhere in these pages said, that to make mention of all the various articles manufactured by all the classes of Pittsburgh iIndustries wouild in themselves fill a volume, and the city is only therefore presented in classifications, not in extreme details, which would only be wearisome, without aftording any- more inforniation as to the main designi of the voltme to exhibit the city's progress and facilities. Meat Choppers. The lankin Manuf'acturing ('ompany, corner of North and Irwin avenues, is an establishment especially devoted to the nmainlfaettire of meat choppers and butchers' supplies and tools. It was established in 1S73 as a joint stock companN.y, but is now carried on by \William lowbottom. In addition to the Rankin patent meat chopper the works nmannfactture what is called the Jnniata portable boiler and engine, especially designed for the running of light machinery. Of the meat c('hoppers there has been so far over 1,000 turned out from the works, and they are used by the leading pork packers of the United States and also in ('anada. INVI)VISTRIE'S AND RIMSOURCT'S.